1
|
Klaihmon P, Pattanapanyasat K, Phannasil P. An update on recent studies of extracellular vesicles and their role in hypercoagulability in thalassemia (Review). Biomed Rep 2024; 20:31. [PMID: 38259586 PMCID: PMC10801351 DOI: 10.3892/br.2023.1719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Thromboembolic events are a significant clinical concern in thalassemia and hemoglobinopathies, highlighting the need for new strategies to treat and detect these specific hematologic complications. In recent years, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have garnered interest due to their role in cell-to-cell communication, including angiogenesis, immune responses and coagulation activation. Their multifaceted role depends on the cellular origin and cargo, making them potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic agents. The present review highlights recent advances in understanding the involvement of EVs in hypercoagulability in thalassemia, the characterization of circulating EVs and the potential for using EVs as predictive biomarkers. β-Thalassemia intermedia exhibits a high incidence of thromboembolic events, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. Advanced technologies have enabled the profiling and characterization of circulating EVs in patients with β-thalassemia through various techniques, including flow cytometry, proteomic studies, reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blot analysis. Microparticles from splenectomized β-thalassemia/hemoglobin E patients induce platelet activation and aggregation, potentially contributing to thrombus formation. The abundance of these microparticles, primarily released from platelets and damaged red cells, may have a role in thromboembolic events and other clinical complications in thalassemia. This suggests a promising future for EVs as diagnostic and predictive biomarkers in thalassemia management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phatchanat Klaihmon
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Kovit Pattanapanyasat
- Center of Excellence for Microparticle and Exosome in Diseases, Research Department, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Phatchariya Phannasil
- Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhai R, Wang W, Zhang D, Li X, Zhang Y, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Wang J, Xu D, Cheng J, Li W, Zhou B, Lin C, Zeng X, Yang X, Ma Z, Liu J, Cui P, Zhang XX. Novel polymorphism at KLF15 gene and its association with growth traits in Hu sheep. Anim Biotechnol 2023; 34:3287-3293. [PMID: 36346056 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2022.2138413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Growth traits are important economic characteristics of livestock and poultry. In the present study, the expression features of KLF15 and the relationship between KLF15 gene polymorphisms and growth traits in Hu sheep were investigated by using real-time quantitative PCR technology (qPCR), Sanger sequencing, and Kaspar genotyping technology. The qPCR results showed that the KLF15 gene is expressed widely in the tested tissues of Hu sheep, and the expression level of the KLF15 gene in the heart and the muscle was significantly higher than in other tissues (p < 0.05). Missense mutation c.62565119 A > G was found in KLF15, and an association analysis showed that it was correlated with the growth traits (body weight, body height, and body length) of Hu sheep (p < 0.05). The body weight, body height, and body length of the sheep carrying the AA genotype were remarkably higher than those of the GG and AG genotypes (p < 0.05). These results showed that novel polymorphisms at the KLF15 gene can be used as a genetic marker of growth traits of Hu sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Weimin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Deyin Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-Ecosystems, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yuan Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Liming Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jianghui Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Dan Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jiangbo Cheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wenxin Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Bubo Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Changchun Lin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiwen Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiaobin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zongwu Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Panpan Cui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xiao Xue Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abdolalian M, Zarif MN, Javan M. The role of extracellular vesicles on the occurrence of clinical complications in β-thalassemia. Exp Hematol 2023; 127:28-39. [PMID: 37652128 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2023.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Thalassemia is the most common monogenic disorder of red blood cells (RBCs) caused by defects in the synthesis of globin chains. Thalassemia phenotypes have a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations and vary from severe anemia requiring regular blood transfusions to clinically asymptomatic states. Ineffective erythropoiesis and toxicity caused by iron overload are major factors responsible for various complications in thalassemia patients, especially patients with β-thalassemia major (β-TM). Common complications in patients with thalassemia include iron overload, thrombosis, cardiac morbidity, vascular dysfunction, inflammation, and organ dysfunction. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane vesicles released from various cells' plasma membranes due to activation and apoptosis. Based on studies, EVs play a role in various processes, including clot formation, vascular damage, and proinflammatory processes. In recent years, they have also been studied as biomarkers in the diagnosis and prognosis of diseases. Considering the high concentration of EVs in thalassemia and their role in cellular processes, this study reviews the role of EVs in the common complications of patients with β-thalassemia for the first time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mehrnaz Abdolalian
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO), Tehran, Iran; Ramsar Campus, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Ramsar, Iran
| | - Mahin Nikogouftar Zarif
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Javan
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Iranian Blood Transfusion Organization (IBTO), Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen H, Tang Y. Iron-loaded extracellular vesicles: angel or demon? Free Radic Res 2023; 57:61-68. [PMID: 36927327 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2023.2191813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are identified as a non-classical way to mediate iron efflux except ferroportin. Interestingly, recent studies indicated that EVs pathway is a novel way involved in iron efflux. Mitochondria-derived vesicles (MDVs) are the potential mediator to load mitochondrial iron into EVs. Additionally, iron-replete cells resist excess iron-induced damage by secreting iron-loaded EVs, and the uptake of these EVs induces oxidative damage in the recipient cell. Importantly, iron-loaded EVs play a key role in aberrant iron distribution, which drives the progress of diseases like nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we summarize extant research on intracellular iron export with an emphasis on EVs and put our eyes on the relationship between iron-loaded EVs with both parent and target cells. Iron-loaded EVs will be an important avenue for later research on their vital role in iron redistribution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhan Tang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chaemsaithong P, Luewan S, Taweevisit M, Chiangjong W, Pongchaikul P, Thorner PS, Tongsong T, Chutipongtanate S. Placenta-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Pregnancy Complications and Prospects on a Liquid Biopsy for Hemoglobin Bart's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:5658. [PMID: 36982732 PMCID: PMC10055877 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-scaled vesicles released from all cell types into extracellular fluids and specifically contain signature molecules of the original cells and tissues, including the placenta. Placenta-derived EVs can be detected in maternal circulation at as early as six weeks of gestation, and their release can be triggered by the oxygen level and glucose concentration. Placental-associated complications such as preeclampsia, fetal growth restriction, and gestational diabetes have alterations in placenta-derived EVs in maternal plasma, and this can be used as a liquid biopsy for the diagnosis, prediction, and monitoring of such pregnancy complications. Alpha-thalassemia major ("homozygous alpha-thalassemia-1") or hemoglobin Bart's disease is the most severe form of thalassemia disease, and this condition is lethal for the fetus. Women with Bart's hydrops fetalis demonstrate signs of placental hypoxia and placentomegaly, thereby placenta-derived EVs provide an opportunity for a non-invasive liquid biopsy of this lethal condition. In this article, we introduced clinical features and current diagnostic markers of Bart's hydrops fetalis, extensively summarize the characteristics and biology of placenta-derived EVs, and discuss the challenges and opportunities of placenta-derived EVs as part of diagnostic tests for placental complications focusing on Bart's hydrop fetalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Piya Chaemsaithong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Suchaya Luewan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiangmai University, Chiangmai 50200, Thailand
| | - Mana Taweevisit
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital and Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Wararat Chiangjong
- Pediatric Translational Research Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Pisut Pongchaikul
- Chakri Naruebodindra Medical Institute, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Samut Prakan 10540, Thailand
- Integrative Computational BioScience Center, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom 73170, Thailand
- Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool CH64 7TE, UK
| | - Paul Scott Thorner
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A8, Canada
| | - Theera Tongsong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiangmai University, Chiangmai 50200, Thailand
| | - Somchai Chutipongtanate
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li N, Wu B, Wang J, Yan Y, An P, Li Y, Liu Y, Hou Y, Qing X, Niu L, Ding X, Xie Z, Zhang M, Guo X, Chen X, Cai T, Luo J, Wang F, Yang F. Differential proteomic patterns of plasma extracellular vesicles show potential to discriminate β-thalassemia subtypes. iScience 2023; 26:106048. [PMID: 36824279 PMCID: PMC9941134 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The observed specificity of β-thalassemia-subtype phenotypes makes new diagnostic strategies that complement current screening methods necessary to determine each subtype and facilitate therapeutic regimens for different patients. Here, we performed quantitative proteomics of plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) of β-thalassemia major (TM) patients, β-thalassemia intermedia (TI) patients, and healthy controls to explore subgroup characteristics and potential biomarkers. Plasma quantitative proteomics among the same cohorts were analyzed in parallel to compare the biomarker potential of both specimens. EV proteomics showed significantly more abnormalities in immunity and lipid metabolism in TI and TM, respectively. The differential proteomic patterns of EVs were consistent with but more striking than those of plasma. Notably, we also found EV proteins to have a superior performance for discriminating β-thalassemia subtypes. These findings allowed us to propose a diagnostic model consisting of five proteins in EVs with subtyping potential, demonstrating the ability of plasma-derived EVs for the diagnosis of β-thalassemia patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bowen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yumeng Yan
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng An
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuezhen Li
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuning Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yanfei Hou
- Department of Nutrition and Health, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoqing Qing
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Niu
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhensheng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaojing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiulan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tanxi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianming Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning 530021 China
| | - Fudi Wang
- The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Public Health, State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fuquan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Protein and Peptide Pharmaceuticals & Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Daou Y, Falabrègue M, Pourzand C, Peyssonnaux C, Edeas M. Host and microbiota derived extracellular vesicles: Crucial players in iron homeostasis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:985141. [PMID: 36314015 PMCID: PMC9606470 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.985141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron is a double-edged sword. It is vital for all that’s living, yet its deficiency or overload can be fatal. In humans, iron homeostasis is tightly regulated at both cellular and systemic levels. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), now known as major players in cellular communication, potentially play an important role in regulating iron metabolism. The gut microbiota was also recently reported to impact the iron metabolism process and indirectly participate in regulating iron homeostasis, yet there is no proof of whether or not microbiota-derived EVs interfere in this relationship. In this review, we discuss the implication of EVs on iron metabolism and homeostasis. We elaborate on the blooming role of gut microbiota in iron homeostasis while focusing on the possible EVs contribution. We conclude that EVs are extensively involved in the complex iron metabolism process; they carry ferritin and express transferrin receptors. Bone marrow-derived EVs even induce hepcidin expression in β-thalassemia. The gut microbiota, in turn, affects iron homeostasis on the level of iron absorption and possibly macrophage iron recycling, with still no proof of the interference of EVs. This review is the first step toward understanding the multiplex iron metabolism process. Targeting extracellular vesicles and gut microbiota-derived extracellular vesicles will be a huge challenge to treat many diseases related to iron metabolism alteration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Daou
- International Society of Microbiota, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marion Falabrègue
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Charareh Pourzand
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom,Medicines Development, Centre for Therapeutic Innovation, University of Bath, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Carole Peyssonnaux
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France
| | - Marvin Edeas
- INSERM, CNRS, Institut Cochin, Université de Paris, Paris, France,Laboratory of Excellence GR-Ex, Paris, France,*Correspondence: Marvin Edeas,
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Type 2 alveolar epithelial cell-derived circulating extracellular vesicle-encapsulated surfactant protein C as a mediator of cardiac inflammation in COVID-19. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:1003-1009. [PMID: 35909187 PMCID: PMC9340698 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the countless endeavours made at elucidating the pathogenesis of COVID-19, those aimed at the histopathological alterations of type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AT2) are of outstanding relevance to the field of lung physiology, as they are the building blocks of the pulmonary alveoli. A merit of high regenerative and proliferative capacity, exocytotic activity resulting in the release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is particularly high in AT2 cells, especially in those infected with SARS-CoV-2. These AT2 cell-derived EVs, containing the genetic material of the virus, might enter the bloodstream and make their way into the cardiovascular system, where they may infect cardiomyocytes and bring about a series of events leading to heart failure. As surfactant protein C, a marker of AT2 cell activity and a constituent of the lung surfactant complex, occurs abundantly inside the AT2-derived EVs released during the inflammatory stage of COVID-19, it could potentially be used as a biomarker for predicting impending heart failure in those patients with a history of cardiovascular disease.
Collapse
|
9
|
Extracellular Vesicles from Naegleria fowleri Induce IL-8 Response in THP-1 Macrophage. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11060632. [PMID: 35745486 PMCID: PMC9231210 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11060632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from pathogenic protozoans play crucial roles in host–parasite communication and disease pathogenesis. Naegleria fowleri is a free-living protozoan causing primary amoebic meningoencephalitis, a fatal disease in the central nervous system. This study aims to explore the roles of N. fowleri-derived EVs (Nf-EVs) in host–pathogen interactions using the THP-1 cell line as a model. The Nf-EVs were isolated from the N. fowleri trophozoite culture supernatant using sequential centrifugation and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis and transmission electron microscopy. The functional roles of Nf-EVs in the apoptosis and immune response induction of THP-1 monocytes and macrophages were examined by flow cytometry, quantitative PCR, and ELISA. Results showed that Nf-EVs displayed vesicles with bilayer membrane structure approximately 130–170 nm in diameter. The Nf-EVs can be internalized by macrophages and induce macrophage responses by induction of the expression of costimulatory molecules CD80, CD86, HLA-DR, and CD169 and the production of cytokine IL-8. However, Nf-EVs did not affect the apoptosis of macrophages. These findings illustrate the potential role of Nf-EVs in mediating the host immune cell activation and disease pathogenesis.
Collapse
|