1
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Qin P, Yan J, Huang H, Wang Q, Li M, Zhang Y, Wang J, Jiang T, Zhang X, Zhou Y. Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3 promotes the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma by regulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 241:124323. [PMID: 37023875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.124323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 3 (ENT3) belongs to the solute carrier family 29. Nucleoside transporters encoded by ENT3 play an important role in the uptake of nucleosides, nucleobases, and their nucleoside analogs, as well as participate in and regulate several physiological activities. However, no study has so far reported the role of ENT3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We employed bioinformatics to analyze the expression, prognosis, and mechanism of ENT3 in HCC, as well as verified the same through biological experiments including cell proliferation, cell migration and invasion, and cell cycle and apoptosis, along with the detection of the AKT/mTOR protein expression in the pathway by Western blotting. ENT3 was widely and highly expressed in pan-cancer and upregulated in HCC. The upregulated ENT3 was related to the poor prognosis and clinical features in HCC patients. ENT3 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and invasion and promoted cell apoptosis. ENT3 knockdown reduced the p-AKT and p-mTOR protein phosphorylation level, inhibited p-p70S6K1 and increased the p-4EBP1-the downstream effector of the AKT/mTOR pathway-protein phosphorylation level. Our study findings demonstrated that the expression of ENT3 was upregulated in HCC, which represents a poor prognosis. Thus, ENT3 promotes the progression of HCC through the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifang Qin
- Department of Microbiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jianguo Yan
- Department of Physiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Haitao Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Physiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Mao Li
- Department of Physiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jiahui Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Tingting Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
| | - Yali Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China; Institute of Pathogenic Biology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, China.
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2
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Nucleoside transporters and immunosuppressive adenosine signaling in the tumor microenvironment: Potential therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108300. [PMID: 36283452 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine compartmentalization has a profound impact on immune cell function by regulating adenosine localization and, therefore, extracellular signaling capabilities, which suppresses immune cell function in the tumor microenvironment. Nucleoside transporters, responsible for the translocation and cellular compartmentalization of hydrophilic adenosine, represent an understudied yet crucial component of adenosine disposition in the tumor microenvironment. In this review article, we will summarize what is known regarding nucleoside transporter's function within the purinome in relation to currently devised points of intervention (i.e., ectonucleotidases, adenosine receptors) for cancer immunotherapy, alterations in nucleoside transporter expression reported in cancer, and potential avenues for targeting of nucleoside transporters for the desired modulation of adenosine compartmentalization and action. Further, we put forward that nucleoside transporters are an unexplored therapeutic opportunity, and modulation of nucleoside transport processes could attenuate the pathogenic buildup of immunosuppressive adenosine in solid tumors, particularly those enriched with nucleoside transport proteins.
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3
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Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporter 2: Properties and Physiological Roles. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:5197626. [PMID: 33344638 PMCID: PMC7732376 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5197626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (ENT2) is a bidirectional transporter embedded in the biological membrane and is ubiquitously found in most tissue and cell types. ENT2 mediates the uptake of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides and nucleobase besides transporting a variety of nucleoside-derived drugs, mostly in anticancer therapy. Since high expression of ENT2 has been correlated with advanced stages of different types of cancers, consequently, this has gained significant interest in the role of ENT2 as a potential therapeutic target. Furthermore, ENT2 plays critical roles in signaling pathway and cell cycle progression. Therefore, elucidating the physiological roles of ENT2 and its properties may contribute to a better understanding of ENT2 roles beyond their transportation mechanism. This review is aimed at highlighting the main roles of ENT2 and at providing a brief update on the recent research.
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4
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Sabat N, Migianu-Griffoni E, Tudela T, Lecouvey M, Kellouche S, Carreiras F, Gallier F, Uziel J, Lubin-Germain N. Synthesis and antitumor activities investigation of a C-nucleoside analogue of ribavirin. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 188:112009. [PMID: 31883488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.112009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
SRO-91 is a non-natural ribofuranosyl-1,2,3-triazole C-nucleoside obtained by a synthetic sequence involving a C-alkynyl glycosylation mediated by metallic indium and a Huisgen cycloaddition for the construction of the triazole. Its structure is close to the one of ribavirin, a drug presenting a broad-spectrum against viral infections. SRO-91 antitumor activities were investigated on 9 strains of tumor cells and IC50 of the order of 1 μM were obtained on A431 epidermoid carcinoma cells and B16F10 skin melanoma cells. In addition, studies of ovarian tumor cell inhibitions show an interesting activity in regard to the need for new drugs for this pathology. Finally, cytotoxicity and mouse toxicity studies reveal a favorable therapeutic index for SRO-91.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazarii Sabat
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, 95031, Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Evelyne Migianu-Griffoni
- Université; Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Chimie, Structure, Propriétés de Biomatériaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques (CSPBAT), CNRS UMR 7244, 74, rue Marcel, Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Tiffany Tudela
- Equipe de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire-Cellules, ERRMECe (EA1391), Institut des Matériaux, I-MAT (FD4122), University of Cergy-Pontoise, MIR, rue Descartes, 95031, Neuville sur Oise Cedex, France
| | - Marc Lecouvey
- Université; Paris 13, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Laboratoire de Chimie, Structure, Propriétés de Biomatériaux et d'Agents Thérapeutiques (CSPBAT), CNRS UMR 7244, 74, rue Marcel, Cachin, F-93017, Bobigny, France
| | - Sabrina Kellouche
- Equipe de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire-Cellules, ERRMECe (EA1391), Institut des Matériaux, I-MAT (FD4122), University of Cergy-Pontoise, MIR, rue Descartes, 95031, Neuville sur Oise Cedex, France
| | - Franck Carreiras
- Equipe de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire-Cellules, ERRMECe (EA1391), Institut des Matériaux, I-MAT (FD4122), University of Cergy-Pontoise, MIR, rue Descartes, 95031, Neuville sur Oise Cedex, France
| | - Florian Gallier
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, 95031, Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Jacques Uziel
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, 95031, Cergy-Pontoise, France
| | - Nadège Lubin-Germain
- Laboratoire de Chimie Biologique, University of Cergy-Pontoise, 5 mail Gay-Lussac, 95031, Cergy-Pontoise, France.
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5
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Sahoo S, Ravi Kumar RK, Nicolay B, Mohite O, Sivaraman K, Khetan V, Rishi P, Ganesan S, Subramanyan K, Raman K, Miles W, Elchuri SV. Metabolite systems profiling identifies exploitable weaknesses in retinoblastoma. FEBS Lett 2018; 593:23-41. [PMID: 30417337 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Retinoblastoma (RB) is a childhood eye cancer. Currently, chemotherapy, local therapy, and enucleation are the main ways in which these tumors are managed. The present work is the first study that uses constraint-based reconstruction and analysis approaches to identify and explain RB-specific survival strategies, which are RB tumor specific. Importantly, our model-specific secretion profile is also found in RB1-depleted human retinal cells in vitro and suggests that novel biomarkers involved in lipid metabolism may be important. Finally, RB-specific synthetic lethals have been predicted as lipid and nucleoside transport proteins that can aid in novel drug target development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swagatika Sahoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.,Initiative for Biological Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | | | - Brandon Nicolay
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Agios Pharmaceutical, 88 Sidney Street, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Omkar Mohite
- Initiative for Biological Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Vikas Khetan
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services and Ocular Oncology Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Pukhraj Rishi
- Shri Bhagwan Mahavir Vitreoretinal Services and Ocular Oncology Services, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | - Suganeswari Ganesan
- Department of Histopathology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
| | | | - Karthik Raman
- Initiative for Biological Systems Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India.,Robert Bosch Centre for Data Science and Artificial Intelligence (RBC-DSAI), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Wayne Miles
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sailaja V Elchuri
- Department of Nanotechnology, Vision Research Foundation, Sankara Nethralaya, Chennai, India
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6
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Pastor-Anglada M, Pérez-Torras S. Emerging Roles of Nucleoside Transporters. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:606. [PMID: 29928232 PMCID: PMC5997781 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Since human Nucleoside Transporters (hNTs) were identified by their activity as transport systems, extensive work has been done to fully characterize them at the molecular and physiological level. Many efforts have been addressed to the identification of their selectivity for natural substrates and nucleoside analogs used to treat several diseases. hNTs belong to two different gene families, SLC28 and SLC29, encoding human Concentrative Nucleoside Transporters (hCNTs) and human Equilibrative Nucleoside Transporters (hENTs), respectively. hCNTs and hENTs are integral membrane proteins, albeit structurally unrelated. Both families share common features as substrate selectivity and often tissue localization. This apparent biological redundancy may anticipate some different roles for hCNTs and hENTs in cell physiology. Thus, hENTs may have a major role in maintaining nucleoside homeostasis, whereas hCNTs could contribute to nucleoside sensing and signal transduction. In this sense, the ascription of hCNT1 to a transceptor reinforces this hypothesis. Moreover, some evidences could suggest a putative role of hCNT2 and hCNT3 as transceptors. The interacting proteins identified for hCNT2 suggest a link to energy metabolism. Moreover, the ability of hCNT2 and hCNT3 to transport adenosine links both proteins to purinergic signaling. On the other hand, the broad selectivity transporters hENTs have a crucial role in salvage pathways and purinergic signaling by means of nucleoside pools regulation. In particular, the two new hENT2 isoforms recently described together with hENT2 seem to be key elements controlling nucleoside and nucleotide pools for DNA synthesis. This review focuses on all these NTs functions beyond their mere translocation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez-Torras
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Severi L, Losi L, Fonda S, Taddia L, Gozzi G, Marverti G, Magni F, Chinello C, Stella M, Sheouli J, Braicu EI, Genovese F, Lauriola A, Marraccini C, Gualandi A, D'Arca D, Ferrari S, Costi MP. Proteomic and Bioinformatic Studies for the Characterization of Response to Pemetrexed in Platinum Drug Resistant Ovarian Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:454. [PMID: 29867465 PMCID: PMC5952181 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics and bioinformatics are a useful combined technology for the characterization of protein expression level and modulation associated with the response to a drug and with its mechanism of action. The folate pathway represents an important target in the anticancer drugs therapy. In the present study, a discovery proteomics approach was applied to tissue samples collected from ovarian cancer patients who relapsed after the first-line carboplatin-based chemotherapy and were treated with pemetrexed (PMX), a known folate pathway targeting drug. The aim of the work is to identify the proteomic profile that can be associated to the response to the PMX treatment in pre-treatement tissue. Statistical metrics of the experimental Mass Spectrometry (MS) data were combined with a knowledge-based approach that included bioinformatics and a literature review through ProteinQuest™ tool, to design a protein set of reference (PSR). The PSR provides feedback for the consistency of MS proteomic data because it includes known validated proteins. A panel of 24 proteins with levels that were significantly different in pre-treatment samples of patients who responded to the therapy vs. the non-responder ones, was identified. The differences of the identified proteins were explained for the patients with different outcomes and the known PMX targets were further validated. The protein panel herein identified is ready for further validation in retrospective clinical trials using a targeted proteomic approach. This study may have a general relevant impact on biomarker application for cancer patients therapy selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leda Severi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Lorena Losi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Sergio Fonda
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Taddia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gaia Gozzi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Metabolic Science and Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Gaetano Marverti
- Department of Biomedical Science, Metabolic Science and Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fulvio Magni
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Clizia Chinello
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Martina Stella
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Jalid Sheouli
- Department of Gynecology, European Competence Center for Ovarian Cancer, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena I Braicu
- Department of Gynecology, European Competence Center for Ovarian Cancer, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Filippo Genovese
- Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Angela Lauriola
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Chiara Marraccini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gualandi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Domenico D'Arca
- Department of Biomedical Science, Metabolic Science and Neuroscience, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Stefania Ferrari
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria P Costi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
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8
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Bahreyni A, Samani SS, Ghorbani E, Rahmani F, Khayami R, Toroghian Y, Behnam-Rassouli R, Khazaei M, Ryzhikov M, Parizadeh MR, Hasanzadeh M, Avan A, Hassanian SM. Adenosine: An endogenous mediator in the pathogenesis of gynecological cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2715-2722. [PMID: 28617999 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular concentration of adenosine increases in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment. Adenosine signaling regulates apoptosis, angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune suppression in cancer cells. Adenosine-induced cell responses depend upon different subtypes of adenosine receptors activation and type of cancer. Suppression of adenosine signaling via inhibition of adenosine receptors or adenosine generating enzymes including CD39 and CD73 on ovarian or cervical cancer cells is a potentially novel therapeutic approach for gynecological cancer patients. This review summarizes the role of adenosine in the pathogenesis of gynecological cancer for a better understanding and hence a better management of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Bahreyni
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Immunogenetic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Seyed S Samani
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elnaz Ghorbani
- Department of Microbiology, Al-Zahra University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzad Rahmani
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Khayami
- Faculty of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Younes Toroghian
- Faculty of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Majid Khazaei
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Physiology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mikhail Ryzhikov
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, St. Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Mohammad R Parizadeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Malihe Hasanzadeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology Oncology, Woman Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Faculty of Medicine, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed M Hassanian
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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9
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Grañé-Boladeras N, Spring CM, Hanna WJB, Pastor-Anglada M, Coe IR. Novel nuclear hENT2 isoforms regulate cell cycle progression via controlling nucleoside transport and nuclear reservoir. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:4559-4575. [PMID: 27271752 PMCID: PMC11108336 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides participate in many cellular processes and are the fundamental building blocks of nucleic acids. Nucleoside transporters translocate nucleosides across plasma membranes although the mechanism by which nucleos(t)ides are translocated into the nucleus during DNA replication is unknown. Here, we identify two novel functional splice variants of equilibrative nucleoside transporter 2 (ENT2), which are present at the nuclear envelope. Under proliferative conditions, these splice variants are up-regulated and recruit wild-type ENT2 to the nuclear envelope to translocate nucleosides into the nucleus for incorporation into DNA during replication. Reduced presence of hENT2 splice variants resulted in a dramatic decrease in cell proliferation and dysregulation of cell cycle due to a lower incorporation of nucleotides into DNA. Our findings support a novel model of nucleoside compartmentalisation at the nuclear envelope and translocation into the nucleus through hENT2 and its variants, which are essential for effective DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Grañé-Boladeras
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Oncology Program, CIBER EHD, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada.
| | - Christopher M Spring
- Research Core Facilities, Keenan Research Centre, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Saint Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, M5B 1T8, Canada
| | - W J Brad Hanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marçal Pastor-Anglada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB), University of Barcelona, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- Oncology Program, CIBER EHD, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Imogen R Coe
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
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10
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Davidson B. Malignant Nonhematological Effusion Characterization by Flow Cytometry. Acta Cytol 2016; 60:365-371. [PMID: 27532128 DOI: 10.1159/000447687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With the exception of hematological malignancies, flow cytometry (FC) is infrequently applied as an ancillary tool in the diagnosis of malignant effusions in most institutions. However, FC may be effectively used to differentiate between epithelial cells, mesothelial cells and leukocytes using antibodies against both cell surface and intracellular proteins, offering the advantage of quantitative analysis. Additionally, FC may be applied to the quantitative detection of cancer-associated molecules, including stem cell markers, as well as assessment of critical cellular processes, such as proliferation and apoptosis. Some of the latter tests may have relevance for monitoring treatment response in the presence of metastatic disease, although this does not constitute routine practice to date. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the application of FC to serous effusions in the diagnostic setting, as well as in research into cancer biology focusing on clinical specimens. The studies published to date suggest a role for this method in the clinical setting in the context of diagnosis, prediction and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Norwegian Radium Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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11
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Bicket A, Mehrabi P, Naydenova Z, Wong V, Donaldson L, Stagljar I, Coe IR. Novel regulation of equlibrative nucleoside transporter 1 (ENT1) by receptor-stimulated Ca2+-dependent calmodulin binding. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 310:C808-20. [PMID: 27009875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00243.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrative nucleoside transporters (ENTs) facilitate the flux of nucleosides, such as adenosine, and nucleoside analog (NA) drugs across cell membranes. A correlation between adenosine flux and calcium-dependent signaling has been previously reported; however, the mechanistic basis of these observations is not known. Here we report the identification of the calcium signaling transducer calmodulin (CaM) as an ENT1-interacting protein, via a conserved classic 1-5-10 motif in ENT1. Calcium-dependent human ENT1-CaM protein interactions were confirmed in human cell lines (HEK293, RT4, U-87 MG) using biochemical assays (HEK293) and the functional assays (HEK293, RT4), which confirmed modified nucleoside uptake that occurred in the presence of pharmacological manipulations of calcium levels and CaM function. Nucleoside and NA drug uptake was significantly decreased (∼12% and ∼39%, respectively) by chelating calcium (EGTA, 50 μM; BAPTA-AM, 25 μM), whereas increasing intracellular calcium (thapsigargin, 1.5 μM) led to increased nucleoside uptake (∼26%). Activation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (in U-87 MG) by glutamate (1 mM) and glycine (100 μM) significantly increased nucleoside uptake (∼38%) except in the presence of the NMDA receptor antagonist, MK-801 (50 μM), or CaM antagonist, W7 (50 μM). These data support the existence of a previously unidentified novel receptor-dependent regulatory mechanism, whereby intracellular calcium modulates nucleoside and NA drug uptake via CaM-dependent interaction of ENT1. These findings suggest that ENT1 is regulated via receptor-dependent calcium-linked pathways resulting in an alteration of purine flux, which may modulate purinergic signaling and influence NA drug efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bicket
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pedram Mehrabi
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zlatina Naydenova
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Victoria Wong
- Donnelly Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Igor Stagljar
- Donnelly Centre, Department of Biochemistry and Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Imogen R Coe
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Canada; Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada;
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Arimany-Nardi C, Errasti-Murugarren E, Minuesa G, Martinez-Picado J, Gorboulev V, Koepsell H, Pastor-Anglada M. Nucleoside transporters and human organic cation transporter 1 determine the cellular handling of DNA-methyltransferase inhibitors. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3868-80. [PMID: 24780098 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Inhibitors of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs), such as azacytidine, decitabine and zebularine, are used for the epigenetic treatment of cancer. Their action may depend upon their translocation across the plasma membrane. The aim of this study was to identify transporter proteins contributing to DNMT inhibitor action. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Drug interactions with selected hCNT and hENT proteins were studied in transiently transfected HeLa and MDCK cells. Interaction with human organic cation transporters (hOCTs) was assessed in transiently transfected HeLa cells and Xenopus laevis oocytes. KEY RESULTS Zebularine uptake was mediated by hCNT1, hCNT3 and hENT2. Decitabine interacted with but was not translocated by any nucleoside transporter (NT) type. hCNT expression at the apical domain of MDCK cells promoted net vectorial flux of zebularine. Neither hOCT1 nor hOCT2 transported decitabine, but both were involved in the efflux of zebularine, suggesting these proteins act as efflux transporters. hOCT1 polymorphic variants, known to alter function, decreased zebularine efflux. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This study highlights the influence of human NTs and hOCTs on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of selected DNMT inhibitors. As hOCTs may also behave as efflux transporters, they could contribute either to chemoresistance or to chemosensitivity, depending upon the nature of the drug or combination of drugs being used in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Arimany-Nardi
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut de Biomedicina, Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) & National Biomedical Research Institute on Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseaes (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
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Feng Z, Hou T, Li Y. Transport of nucleosides in the vcCNT facilitated by sodium gradients from molecular dynamics simulations. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2013; 9:2142-53. [PMID: 23722168 DOI: 10.1039/c3mb70126c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Nucleosides are required for DNA and RNA synthesis, and the nucleoside adenosine has a function in a variety of signaling processes. Nucleosides require a specialized class of integral membrane proteins, known as nucleoside transporters (NTs), for specific transport across cell membranes. NTs are also important determinants for the transport of nucleoside-derived drugs across cell membranes. Recently, the crystal structure of the vcCNT (Vibrio cholerae Concentrative Nucleoside Transporter) was reported. Here we perform molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for the vcCNT structure in the presence of various sodium gradients, since CNTs are sodium-coupled transporters. The results highlight the important role of sodium bound to the vcCNT in the transport of uridine. Our MD simulations show that, without NaCl, uridine remains stable in the binding pocket of the vcCNT. In the presence of 20 mM NaCl, uridine moves from the binding pocket and approaches the entrance of the intracellular side. In the presence of 100 mM NaCl, uridine passes through most part of the entrance and approaches the intracellular side. The polar/charged amino acids in the binding pocket are important in the transport process. They first "fix" the ribose and allow the uracil base of uridine to approach the entrance of the intracellular side, and then "release" the ribose to allow uridine to move freely into the intracellular side coupled with the movement of sodium ions and HP1b. Finally, we propose a detailed mechanism of the nucleoside transport from the binding pocket to the intracellular side of the vcCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Feng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials FUNSOM and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
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Concentrative nucleoside transporter 1 (hCNT1) promotes phenotypic changes relevant to tumor biology in a translocation-independent manner. Cell Death Dis 2013; 4:e648. [PMID: 23722537 PMCID: PMC3674379 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Nucleoside transporters (NTs) mediate the uptake of nucleosides and nucleobases across the plasma membrane, mostly for salvage purposes. The canonical NTs belong to two gene families, SLC29 and SLC28. The former encode equilibrative nucleoside transporter proteins (ENTs), which mediate the facilitative diffusion of natural nucleosides with broad selectivity, whereas the latter encode concentrative nucleoside transporters (CNTs), which are sodium-coupled and show high affinity for substrates with variable selectivity. These proteins are expressed in most cell types, exhibiting apparent functional redundancy. This might indicate that CNTs have specific roles in the physiology of the cell beyond nucleoside salvage. Here, we addressed this possibility using adenoviral vectors to restore tumor cell expression of hCNT1 or a polymorphic variant (hCNT1S546P) lacking nucleoside translocation ability. We found that hCNT1 restoration in pancreatic cancer cells significantly altered cell-cycle progression and phosphorylation status of key signal-transducing kinases, promoted poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase hyperactivation and cell death and reduced cell migration. Importantly, the translocation-defective transporter triggered these same effects on cell physiology. Moreover, this study also shows that restoration of hCNT1 expression is able to reduce tumor growth in a mouse model of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. These data predict a novel role for a NT protein, hCNT1, which appears to be independent of its role as mediator of nucleoside uptake by cells. Thereby, hCNT1 fits the profile of a transceptor in a substrate translocation-independent manner and is likely to be relevant to tumor biology.
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Nucleoside transporters: biological insights and therapeutic applications. Future Med Chem 2012; 4:1461-78. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside transporters play important physiological roles by regulating intra- and extra-cellular concentrations of purine and pyrimidine (deoxy)nucleosides. This review describes the biological function and activity of the two major families of membrane nucleoside transporters that exist in mammalian cells. These include equilibrative nucleoside transporters that transport nucleosides in a gradient-dependent fashion and concentrative nucleoside transporters that import nucleosides against a gradient by coupling movement with sodium transport. Particular emphasis is placed on describing the roles of nucleoside transport in normal physiological processes, including inflammation, cardiovascular function and nutrient transport across the blood–brain barrier. In addition, the role of nucleoside transport in pathological conditions such as cardiovascular disease and cancer are discussed. The potential therapeutic applications of manipulating nucleoside transport activities are discussed, focusing on nucleoside analogs as anti-neoplastic agents. Finally, we discuss future directions for the development of novel chemical entities to measure nucleoside transport activity at the cellular and organismal level.
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