1
|
Jing G, Xu W, Ma W, Yu Q, Zhu H, Liu C, Cheng Y, Guo Y, Qian H. Echinacea purpurea polysaccharide intervene in hepatocellular carcinoma via modulation of gut microbiota to inhibit TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129917. [PMID: 38309407 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Echinacea purpurea polysaccharide (EPP) exhibit various pharmacological activities, including immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and anti-tumor effects. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanism of EPP intervention in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The results demonstrated that EPP effectively mitigated liver injury caused by HCC, inhibited the proliferation of HCC, and induced apoptosis. Following EPP intervention, there was a significant increase in propionic acid and butyric acid-producing gut microbiota such as Coprococcus, Clostridium and Roseburia, leading to enhanced expression of intestinal tight junction proteins and the repair of the intestinal barrier. This controls lipopolysaccharide (LPS) leakage, which in turn inhibits the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and reduces the expression of inflammatory factors such as IL-6, as well as migration factors like MMP-2. Metabolomics revealed the downregulation of pyrimidine metabolism and nucleotide metabolism, along with the upregulation of butyrate metabolism in tumor cells. This study demonstrated that EPP effectively regulated LPS leakage by modulating gut microbes, and this modulation influenced the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, ultimately disrupting tumor cell survival induced by HCC in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaoxiang Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wenqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Wuxi Yi-Hope Food Industry Development Co., Ltd., Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongkang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuliang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yahui Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control in Jiangsu Province, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - He Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sosnowska M, Kutwin M, Koczoń P, Chwalibog A, Sawosz E. Polyhydroxylated Fullerene C 60(OH) 40 Nanofilms Promote the Mesenchymal-Epithelial Transition of Human Liver Cancer Cells via the TGF-β1/Smad Pathway. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:3739-3761. [PMID: 37663761 PMCID: PMC10474868 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s415378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The various growth factors change the phenotype of neoplastic cells from sedentary (epithelial) to invasive (mesenchymal), which weaken intercellular connections and promote chemotaxis. It can be assumed that the use of anti-inflammatory polyhydroxyfull nanofilms will restore the sedentary phenotype of neoplastic cells in the primary site of the tumor and, consequently, increase the effectiveness of the therapy. Methods The studies were carried out on liver cancer cells HepG2, C3A and SNU-449, and non-cancer hepatic cell line THLE-3. Transforming growth factor (TGF), epidermal growth factor and tumor necrosis factor were used to induce the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. C60(OH)40 nanofilm was used to induce the mesenchymal-epithelial transition. Obtaining an invasive phenotype was confirmed on the basis of changes in the morphology using inverted light microscopy. RT-PCR was used to confirm mesenchymal or epithelial phenotype based on e-cadherin, snail, vimentin expression or others. Water colloids at a concentration of 100 mg/L were used to create nanofilms of fullerene, fullerenol, diamond and graphene oxide. The ELISA test for the determination of TGF expression and growth factor antibody array were used to select the most anti-inflammatory carbon nanofilm. Mitochondrial activity and proliferation of cells were measured by XTT and BrdU tests. Results Cells lost their natural morphology of cells growing in clusters and resembled fibroblast cells after adding a cocktail of factors. Among the four allotropic forms of carbon tested, only the C60(OH)40 nanofilm inhibited the secretion of TGF in all the cell lines used and inhibited the secretion of other factors, including insulin-like growth factor system. Nanofilm C60(OH)40 was non-toxic to liver cells and inhibited the TGF-β1/Smad pathway of invasive cells treated with the growth factor cocktail. Conclusion The introduction of an anti-inflammatory, nontoxic component that can induce the mesenchymal-epithelial transition of cancer cells may represent a future adjuvant therapy after tumor resection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Malwina Sosnowska
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kutwin
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Koczoń
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Food Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - André Chwalibog
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ewa Sawosz
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Effect of PLC-β1/CaM signaling pathway mediated by AT1R on the occurrence and development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:587. [PMID: 34727945 PMCID: PMC8561349 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-02261-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To study the roles of AT1R, PLC-β1, CaM and other related signal molecules in the formation and development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and their correlation. Methods ELISA and immunohistochemistry were used to analyze the expressions of target proteins in serum and liver tissue of HCC patients, and the correlation between AT1R, PLC-β1 and CaM and postoperative survival status of patients was followed up and determined. CCK-8 method was used to screen the doses of Ang II and candesartan sensitive to HepG2 and HCCLM3 cells. Transwell experiment was used to observe the effects of different drugs on the migration and invasion activity of HCC cells. Meanwhile, flow cytometry and Western blot were used to detect the expression levels of AT1R, PLC-β1 and CaM in the cells. Then PLC-β1 siRNA was selected to transfect HCC cells, so as to further clarify the mechanism of the above signal proteins. HepG2 cells were inoculated under the hepatic capsule of mice to induce the formation of HCC in situ. Ang II and candesartan were used to stimulate HCC mice to observe the difference in liver appearance and measure the liver index. Finally, ELISA and immunofluorescence experiments were selected to analyze the levels of target proteins in mouse serum and liver tissue. Results The expression levels of target proteins in serum and liver tissue of HCC patients were significantly increased, and the postoperative survival time of patients with high expression of AT1R, PLC-β1 or CaM was obviously shortened. Ang II and candesartan could significantly promote and inhibit the motility of HCC cells, and had different effects on the levels of AT1R, PLC-β1 and CaM in cells. However, in hepatocellular carcinoma cells transfected with PLC-β1 siRNA, the intervention ability of drugs was obviously weakened. Ang II could significantly promote the formation and progression of mouse HCC, while candesartan had the opposite effect. Meanwhile, medications could affect the expressions of target proteins in mouse serum and liver tissue. Conclusion AT1R, PLC-β1 and CaM may be risk factors affecting the formation and prognosis of HCC, and the PLC-β1/CaM signaling pathway mediated by AT1R is an important way to regulate the migration and invasion activity of HCC cells. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-02261-8.
Collapse
|
4
|
Takiguchi T, Takahashi-Yanaga F, Ishikane S, Tetsuo F, Hosoda H, Arioka M, Kitazono T, Sasaguri T. Angiotensin II promotes primary tumor growth and metastasis formation of murine TNBC 4T1 cells through the fibroblasts around cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 909:174415. [PMID: 34375673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) reportedly facilitates primary tumor growth and distal hematogenous metastasis formation in various murine intravenous metastasis models. However, it is unclear whether Ang II accelerates the initial processes of metastasis formation that begins in primary tumors surrounded by tumor microenvironment. We examined the effects of Ang II on primary tumors and lung metastasis lesions using a murine spontaneous metastasis model, in which triple negative breast cancer 4T1 cells constitutively expressing luciferase (4T1-Luc cells) were injected into the mammary fat pad of BALB/c mice. Subcutaneous injection of Ang II significantly accelerated primary tumor growth and lung metastasis formation. Ang II increased the protein expression levels of c-Myc, cyclin D1, fibronectin, vimentin, αSMA and Snail, and the treatment with the Ang II type 1 receptor blocker valsartan significantly suppressed the Ang II-induced increases of fibronectin and vimentin. Valsartan also significantly reduced lung metastatic lesions. However, Ang II did not have significant effects on 4T1-Luc cells including the proliferation, migration, invasion, or the expressions of proteins related to cell proliferation and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. In contrast, when 4T1-Luc cells were co-cultured with dermal fibroblasts, Ang II significantly accelerated cell migration and increased the expressions of fibronectin, vimentin, αSMA and Snail in 4T1-Luc cells. And moreover, Ang II significantly increased the mRNA expression of IL-6 in fibroblasts co-cultured with 4T1-Luc cells. These results suggested that Ang II accelerates surrounding fibroblasts by soluble factors such as IL-6 to promote epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, which result in the initiation of cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Takiguchi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Fumi Takahashi-Yanaga
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan.
| | - Shin Ishikane
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Fumi Tetsuo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Hosoda
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Tissue Engineering, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center Research Institute, Suita, Japan
| | - Masaki Arioka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takanari Kitazono
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Sasaguri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang HF, Gao X, Wang X, Chen X, Huang Y, Wang L, Xu ZW. The mechanisms of renin-angiotensin system in hepatocellular carcinoma: From the perspective of liver fibrosis, HCC cell proliferation, metastasis and angiogenesis, and corresponding protection measures. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 141:111868. [PMID: 34328104 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers worldwide, of which the occurrence and development involve a variety of pathophysiological processes, such as liver fibrosis, hepatocellular malignant proliferation, metastasis, and tumor angiogenesis. Some important cytokines, such as TGF-β, PI3K, protein kinase B (Akt), VEGF and NF-κB, can regulate the growth, proliferation, diffusion, metastasis, and apoptosis of HCC cells by acting on the corresponding signaling pathways. Besides, many studies have shown that the formation of HCC is closely related to the main components of renin-angiotensin system (RAS), such as Ang II, ACE, ACE2, MasR, AT1R, and AT2R. Therefore, this review focused on liver fibrosis, HCC cell proliferation, metastasis, tumor angiogenesis, and corresponding protective measures. ACE-Ang II-AT1 axis and ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-MasR axis were taken as the main lines to introduce the mechanism of RAS in the occurrence and development of HCC, so as to provide references for future clinical work and scientific research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Feng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medical, the First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xiang Gao
- Department of Clinical Medical, the First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Clinical Medical, the Second Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Clinical Medical, the Second Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Clinical Medical, the First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Lang Wang
- Department of Clinical Medical, the First Clinical Medical College of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Zhou-Wei Xu
- Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ziaja M, Urbanek KA, Kowalska K, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. Angiotensin II and Angiotensin Receptors 1 and 2-Multifunctional System in Cells Biology, What Do We Know? Cells 2021; 10:cells10020381. [PMID: 33673178 PMCID: PMC7917773 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been perceived as a system whose role is to primarily modulate the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Years of research into the role of RAS have provided the necessary data to confirm that the role of RAS is very complex and not limited to the cardiovascular system. The presence of individual elements of the renin-angiotensin (RA) system allows to control many processes, ranging from the memorization to pro-cancer processes. Maintaining the proportions between the individual axes of the RA system allows for achieving a balance, often called homeostasis. Thus, any disturbance in the expression or activity of individual RAS elements leads to pathophysiological processes.
Collapse
|
7
|
Modulating the Crosstalk between the Tumor and Its Microenvironment Using RNA Interference: A Treatment Strategy for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155250. [PMID: 32722054 PMCID: PMC7432232 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver malignancy with one of the highest mortality rates among solid cancers. It develops almost exclusively in the background of chronic liver inflammation, which can be caused by viral hepatitis, chronic alcohol consumption or an unhealthy diet. Chronic inflammation deregulates the innate and adaptive immune responses that contribute to the proliferation, survival and migration of tumor cells. The continuous communication between the tumor and its microenvironment components serves as the overriding force of the tumor against the body's defenses. The importance of this crosstalk between the tumor microenvironment and immune cells in the process of hepatocarcinogenesis has been shown, and therapeutic strategies modulating this communication have improved the outcomes of patients with liver cancer. To target this communication, an RNA interference (RNAi)-based approach can be used, an innovative and promising strategy that can disrupt the crosstalk at the transcriptomic level. Moreover, RNAi offers the advantage of specificity in comparison to the treatments currently used for HCC in clinics. In this review, we will provide the recent data pertaining to the modulation of a tumor and its microenvironment by using RNAi and its potential for therapeutic intervention in HCC.
Collapse
|
8
|
GRK2 enforces androgen receptor dependence in the prostate and prostate tumors. Oncogene 2020; 39:2424-2436. [PMID: 31959897 PMCID: PMC7072002 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-020-1159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic tumors that have become resistant to androgen deprivation therapy represent the major challenge in treating prostate cancer. Although these recurrent tumors typically remain dependent on the androgen receptor (AR), non-AR-driven tumors that also emerge are particularly deadly and becoming more prevalent. Here, we present a new genetically engineered mouse model for non-AR-driven prostate cancer that centers on a negative regulator of G protein-coupled receptors that is downregulated in aggressive human prostate tumors. Thus, prostate-specific expression of a dominant-negative G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2-DN) transgene diminishes AR and AR target gene expression in the prostate, and confers resistance to castration-induced involution. Further, the GRK2-DN transgene dramatically accelerates oncogene-initiated prostate tumorigenesis by increasing primary tumor size, potentiating visceral organ metastasis, suppressing AR, and inducing neuroendocrine marker mRNAs. In summary, GRK2 enforces AR-dependence in the prostate, and the loss of GRK2 function in prostate tumors accelerates disease progression towards the deadliest stage.
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu JJ, Yang Y, Peng WT, Sun JC, Sun WY, Wei W. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 regulating β2-adrenergic receptor signaling in M2-polarized macrophages contributes to hepatocellular carcinoma progression. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:5499-5513. [PMID: 31371988 PMCID: PMC6633496 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s209291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: β2-adrenoceptors (β2-ARs) are expressed on the surface of immune cells, including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Previous studies have demonstrated that the expression of β2-ARs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is significantly increased in vitro. However, the role of β2-AR in M2-polarized macrophages remains unclear. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) can regulate G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR). Previous studies showed that down-regulation of GRK2 in HCC contributes the HCC progression, but it still remains unclear whether the regulation of β2-AR in M2-polarized macrophages by GRK2 can promote HCC. Purpose: The present study was designed to investigate the role of activated β2-AR in M2-polarized macrophages in the HCC progression and GRK2 regulatory effect, as well as the underlying mechanisms involved. Results: The results demonstrated that the M2-polarized macrophages were increased with HCC progression. In vitro, the activation of β2-AR by terbutaline in M2-polarized macrophages elevated the proliferative, migratory and invasive attributes of HCC cells. Furthermore, GRK2 down-regulation in β2-AR activated M2-polarized macrophages activated the downstream cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/protein kinase A/cAMP-response element binding protein and cAMP/interleukin-6/signal transducer and the activator of transcription 3 signaling pathways, contributing to the secretion of tumor-associated cytokines, and thus resulting in the promotion of malignant biological behavior in HCC cells. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the regulation of β2-AR occurs through the silencing of GRK2 in M2-polarized macrophages, which is conducive to HCC development, through its engagement in the activation of downstream signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China.,Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Ting Peng
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Chang Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu-Yi Sun
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology of Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-Inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230032, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang Y, Xu H, Fu W, Lu Z, Guo M, Wu X, Sun M, Liu Y, Yu X, Sui D. 20( S)-Protopanaxadiol Inhibits Angiotensin II-Induced Epithelial- Mesenchymal Transition by Downregulating SIRT1. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:475. [PMID: 31133857 PMCID: PMC6514190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD) is one of the major active metabolites in ginseng saponin. Our previous studies revealed a broad spectrum of antitumor effects of PPD. Angiotensin II (Ang II), the biologically active peptide of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), plays a critical role in the metastasis of various cancers. However, its role in the anti-metastatic effects of PPD is not clearly understood. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of PPD on Ang II-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, and the potential molecular mechanisms of suppression of NSCLC migration and metastasis by PPD. Treatment of A549 cells with Ang II increased metastases in an experimental model of cancer metastasis in vivo. PPD effectively prevented Ang II-induced EMT, as indicated by upregulation of E-cadherin and downregulation of vimentin. Additionally, Ang II upregulated the class III deacetylase sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression in EMT progression, while downregulation of SIRT1 was involved in suppression of Ang II-induced EMT by PPD. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of PPD was reversed by SIRT1 upregulation, and PPD demonstrated synergy with an SIRT1 inhibitor on Ang II-induced EMT. Taken together, our data reveal the mechanism of the anti-metastatic effects of PPD on Ang II-induced EMT and indicate that PPD can be used as an effective anti-tumor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huali Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenwen Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zeyuan Lu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Minyu Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xueji Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingyang Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yanzhe Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dayun Sui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang GP, Yue X, Li SQ. Cathepsin C Interacts with TNF-α/p38 MAPK Signaling Pathway to Promote Proliferation and Metastasis in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancer Res Treat 2019; 52:10-23. [PMID: 31048666 PMCID: PMC6962486 DOI: 10.4143/crt.2019.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Although cathepsin C (CTSC) has been reported to maintain malignant biological properties in various cancers, its functions in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain obscure. We aimed to investigate the potential role of CTSC in HCC. Materials and Methods HCC tissue microarrays (n=122) were employed to analyze the correlation between CTSC expression and clinicopathological characteristics through immunohistochemistry staining. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot assay, Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, colony formation, cell migration, and invasion assays, xenograft mice model were adopted to validate what had been indicated by the bioinformatic web tools. Results By bioinformatic tools and tissue microarrays, CTSC was found upregulated in HCC compared with normal liver tissues, and its higher expression was correlated with poor prognosis of HCC patients (hazard ratio, 2.402; 95% confidence interval, 1.493 to 3.865; p < 0.001). By gain/loss-of-function assays, we implicated that CTSC functioned as an oncogene to promote the proliferation and metastasis of HCC cells. Mechanistically, we revealed that CTSC was involved in several cancer-related signaling pathways by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, among which tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)/p38 pathway was verified to be activated by CTSC. Furthermore, we found that TNF-α could activate CTSC expression in a concentration- dependent manner. Ralimetinib, an oral p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor could inhibit CTSC expression. These indicated a potential positive feedback loop between CTSC and TNF-α/MAPK (p38) signaling. Conclusion Taken together, CTSC plays an important role in the growth and metastasis of HCC and may be a promising therapeutic target upon HCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Pei Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Yue
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Qiang Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Xu ZW, Yan SX, Wu HX, Zhang Y, Wei W. Angiotensin II and tumor necrosis factor-α stimulate the growth, migration and invasion of BEL-7402 cells via down-regulation of GRK2 expression. Dig Liver Dis 2019; 51:263-274. [PMID: 30712649 DOI: 10.1016/j.dld.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effects of angiotensin II (Ang II) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) on the biological characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells and the associated changes in G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) expression. METHODS The mean serum levels of Ang II and TNF-α in normal subjects and patients with benign liver tumors (BLTs) and HCC were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and liver samples from the patients with HCC and HCC mice were used to assess the protein levels of both cytokines, their major receptors and GRK2. In addition, the dynamics of Bel-7402 cells were determined with cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) and Transwell experiments, while the levels of the primary cytokine receptors Ang II type-1 receptor (AT1R) and type-2 receptor (AT2R) as well as TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1) were detected by flow cytometry (FCM). The effects of Ang II and TNF-α on the GRK2 levels in Bel-7402 cells and on the dynamics of GRK2-knockdown HCC cells were also investigated. RESULTS Both cytokines independently enhanced Bel-7402 cell growth, migration and invasion by decreasing the GRK2 level. In contrast, down-regulating the GRK2 level in Bel-7402 cells suppressed these effects. No synergistic effects were discovered when Ang II and TNF-α were administered together. Furthermore, increased AT1R and TNFR1 levels stimulated HCC initiation and progression, whereas AT2R overexpression produced the opposite effect. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggested that Ang II and TNF-α promote Bel-7402 cell growth, migration and invasion by down-regulating GRK2 expression, and that the associated receptors AT1R, AT2R and TNFR1 participate in HCC initiation and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhou-Wei Xu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China; Department of Emergency Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Shang-Xue Yan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hua-Xun Wu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
The role of G protein-coupled receptor kinases in the pathology of malignant tumors. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1699-1705. [PMID: 29921886 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) constitute seven subtypes of serine/threonine protein kinases that specifically recognize and phosphorylate agonist-activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), thereby terminating the GPCRs-mediated signal transduction pathway. Recent research shows that GRKs also interact with non-GPCRs and participate in signal transduction in non-phosphorylated manner. Besides, GRKs activity can be regulated by multiple factors. Changes in GRKs expression have featured prominently in various tumor pathologies, and they are associated with angiogenesis, proliferation, migration, and invasion of malignant tumors. As a result, GRKs have been intensively studied as potential therapeutic targets. Herein, we review evolving understanding of the function of GRKs, the regulation of GRKs activity and the role of GRKs in human malignant tumor pathophysiology.
Collapse
|
14
|
Hajiasgharzadeh K, Somi MH, Shanehbandi D, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baradaran B. Small interfering RNA-mediated gene suppression as a therapeutic intervention in hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:3263-3276. [PMID: 30362510 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the lethal and difficult-to-cure cancers worldwide. Owing to the late diagnosis and drug resistance of malignant hepatocytes, treatment of this cancer by conventional chemotherapy agents is challenging, and researchers are seeking new alternative treatment options to overcome therapy resistance in this neoplasm. RNA interference (RNAi) is a potent and specific approach in targeting gene expression and has emerged as a novel therapeutic tool for many diseases, including cancers. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) is a type of RNAi that is produced intracellularly from exogenous synthetic oligonucleotides and can selectively knock down target gene expression in a sequence-specific manner. Various factors play roles in the initiation and progression of HCC and provide multiple candidate targets for siRNA intervention. In addition, due to the liver's unique architecture and availability of some hepatic siRNA delivery methods, this organ has received much more attention as a target tissue for such oligonucleotide action. Recent advances in designing nanoparticle systems for the in vivo delivery of siRNAs have markedly enhanced the potency of siRNA-mediated gene silencing under clinical development for HCC therapy. The utility of siRNAs as anti-HCC agents is the subject of the current review. siRNA-based gene therapies could be one of the main feasible approaches for HCC therapy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Dariush Shanehbandi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ishikane S, Takahashi-Yanaga F. The role of angiotensin II in cancer metastasis: Potential of renin-angiotensin system blockade as a treatment for cancer metastasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29534876 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Hypertension, which often exists as a comorbid condition in cancer patients, is considered as a factor affecting cancer progression. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in the regulation of blood pressure, and angiotensin II (Ang II) is a well-known pressor peptide in RAS. There is also accumulated evidence indicating that Ang II plays a critical role in the metastasis of various cancers by modulating adhesion, migration invasion, proliferation, and angiogenesis. Consistent with this, large epidemiological studies have reported the potential beneficial effects of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and Ang II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) against cancer metastasis; however, some of the results remain controversial. Although the precise Ang II-related mechanisms involved in cancer metastasis are not completely clear yet, a number of basic and meta-analytic studies have shown that ACE inhibitors and ARBs reduce the metastatic potential of tumors. In this review, we summarize the relationships among hypertension, RAS, and metastasis as demonstrated in basic and clinical studies. Finally, we discuss the possibility of using RAS inhibitors as anti-metastatic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shin Ishikane
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan.
| | - Fumi Takahashi-Yanaga
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
| |
Collapse
|