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Gironacci MM, Bruna-Haupt E. Unraveling the crosstalk between renin-angiotensin system receptors. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2024; 240:e14134. [PMID: 38488216 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/24/2024]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays a key role in blood pressure regulation. The RAS is a complex interconnected system composed of two axes with opposite effects. The pressor arm, represented by angiotensin (Ang) II and the AT1 receptor (AT1R), mediates the vasoconstrictor, proliferative, hypertensive, oxidative, and pro-inflammatory effects of the RAS, while the depressor/protective arm, represented by Ang-(1-7), its Mas receptor (MasR) and the AT2 receptor (AT2R), opposes the actions elicited by the pressor arm. The AT1R, AT2R, and MasR belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family. GPCRs operate not only as monomers, but they can also function in dimeric (homo and hetero) or higher-order oligomeric states. Due to the interaction with other receptors, GPCR properties may change: receptor affinity, trafficking, signaling, and its biological function may be altered. Thus, heteromerization provides a newly recognized means of modulation of receptor function, as well as crosstalk between GPCRs. This review is focused on angiotensin receptors, and how their properties are influenced by crosstalk with other receptors, adding more complexity to an already complex system and potentially opening up new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela M Gironacci
- Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ezequiel Bruna-Haupt
- INTEQUI (CONICET), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Química, Bioquímica y Farmacia, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
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2
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Benndorf RA. Introduction to the Special Issue "Angiotensin Receptors". Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116180. [PMID: 38565339 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralf A Benndorf
- Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Halle (Saale), Germany; Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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3
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Frühbeck G, Gómez-Ambrosi J, Ramírez B, Becerril S, Rodríguez A, Mentxaka A, Valentí V, Moncada R, Reina G, Baixauli J, Casado M, Silva C, Escalada J, Catalán V. Decreased expression of the NLRP6 inflammasome is associated with increased intestinal permeability and inflammation in obesity with type 2 diabetes. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:77. [PMID: 38315242 PMCID: PMC10844155 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity-associated dysfunctional intestinal permeability contributes to systemic chronic inflammation leading to the development of metabolic diseases. The inflammasomes constitute essential components in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. We aimed to determine the impact of the inflammasomes in the regulation of gut barrier dysfunction and metabolic inflammation in the context of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). METHODS Blood samples obtained from 80 volunteers (n = 20 normal weight, n = 21 OB without T2D, n = 39 OB with T2D) and a subgroup of jejunum samples were used in a case-control study. Circulating levels of intestinal damage markers and expression levels of inflammasomes as well as their main effectors (IL-1β and IL-18) and key inflammation-related genes were analyzed. The impact of inflammation-related factors, different metabolites and Akkermansia muciniphila in the regulation of inflammasomes and intestinal integrity genes was evaluated. The effect of blocking NLRP6 by using siRNA in inflammation was also studied. RESULTS Increased circulating levels (P < 0.01) of the intestinal damage markers endotoxin, LBP, and zonulin in patients with obesity decreased (P < 0.05) after weight loss. Patients with obesity and T2D exhibited decreased (P < 0.05) jejunum gene expression levels of NLRP6 and its main effector IL18 together with increased (P < 0.05) mRNA levels of inflammatory markers. We further showed that while NLRP6 was primarily localized in goblet cells, NLRP3 was localized in the intestinal epithelial cells. Additionally, decreased (P < 0.05) mRNA levels of Nlrp1, Nlrp3 and Nlrp6 in the small intestinal tract obtained from rats with diet-induced obesity were found. NLRP6 expression was regulated by taurine, parthenolide and A. muciniphila in the human enterocyte cell line CCL-241. Finally, a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in the expression and release of MUC2 after the knockdown of NLRP6 was observed. CONCLUSIONS The increased levels of intestinal damage markers together with the downregulation of NLRP6 and IL18 in the jejunum in obesity-associated T2D suggest a defective inflammasome sensing, driving to an impaired epithelial intestinal barrier that may regulate the progression of multiple obesity-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Frühbeck
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Javier Gómez-Ambrosi
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Ramírez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Becerril
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Rodríguez
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Amaia Mentxaka
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Víctor Valentí
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Rafael Moncada
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Anesthesia, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Gabriel Reina
- Department of Microbiology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jorge Baixauli
- Department of Surgery, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Marcos Casado
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Camilo Silva
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Escalada
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Victoria Catalán
- Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Avda. Pío XII, 36, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain.
- Obesity and Adipobiology Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain.
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4
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Bhullar SK, Dhalla NS. Adaptive and maladaptive roles of different angiotensin receptors in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2024; 102:86-104. [PMID: 37748204 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2023-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is formed by the action of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the renin-angiotensin system. This hormone is known to induce cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure and its actions are mediated by the interaction of both pro- and antihypertrophic Ang II receptors (AT1R and AT2R). Ang II is also metabolized by ACE 2 to Ang-(1-7), which elicits the activation of Mas receptors (MasR) for inducing antihypertrophic actions. Since heart failure under different pathophysiological situations is preceded by adaptive and maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy, we have reviewed the existing literature to gain some information regarding the roles of AT1R, AT2R, and MasR in both acute and chronic conditions of cardiac hypertrophy. It appears that the activation of AT1R may be involved in the development of adaptive and maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy as well as subsequent heart failure because both ACE inhibitors and AT1R antagonists exert beneficial effects. On the other hand, the activation of both AT2R and MasR may prevent the occurrence of maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy and delay the progression of heart failure, and thus therapy with different activators of these antihypertrophic receptors under chronic pathological stages may prove beneficial. Accordingly, it is suggested that a great deal of effort should be made to develop appropriate activators of both AT2R and MasR for the treatment of heart failure subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhwinder K Bhullar
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Naranjan S Dhalla
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Albrechtsen Research Centre and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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5
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Szczepanska-Sadowska E. Interplay of Angiotensin Peptides, Vasopressin, and Insulin in the Heart: Experimental and Clinical Evidence of Altered Interactions in Obesity and Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1310. [PMID: 38279313 PMCID: PMC10816525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The present review draws attention to the specific role of angiotensin peptides [angiotensin II (Ang II), angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)], vasopressin (AVP), and insulin in the regulation of the coronary blood flow and cardiac contractions. The interactions of angiotensin peptides, AVP, and insulin in the heart and in the brain are also discussed. The intracardiac production and the supply of angiotensin peptides and AVP from the systemic circulation enable their easy access to the coronary vessels and the cardiomyocytes. Coronary vessels and cardiomyocytes are furnished with AT1 receptors, AT2 receptors, Ang (1-7) receptors, vasopressin V1 receptors, and insulin receptor substrates. The presence of some of these molecules in the same cells creates good conditions for their interaction at the signaling level. The broad spectrum of actions allows for the engagement of angiotensin peptides, AVP, and insulin in the regulation of the most vital cardiac processes, including (1) cardiac tissue oxygenation, energy production, and metabolism; (2) the generation of the other cardiovascular compounds, such as nitric oxide, bradykinin (Bk), and endothelin; and (3) the regulation of cardiac work by the autonomic nervous system and the cardiovascular neurons of the brain. Multiple experimental studies and clinical observations show that the interactions of Ang II, Ang(1-7), AVP, and insulin in the heart and in the brain are markedly altered during heart failure, hypertension, obesity, and diabetes mellitus, especially when these diseases coexist. A survey of the literature presented in the review provides evidence for the belief that very individualized treatment, including interactions of angiotensins and vasopressin with insulin, should be applied in patients suffering from both the cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Szczepanska-Sadowska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Physiology, Laboratory of Centre for Preclinical Research, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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6
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Tóth DJ, Tóth JT, Damouni A, Hunyady L, Várnai P. Effect of hormone-induced plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate depletion on receptor endocytosis suggests the importance of local regulation in phosphoinositide signaling. Sci Rep 2024; 14:291. [PMID: 38168911 PMCID: PMC10761818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) has been shown to be critical for the endocytosis of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). We have previously demonstrated that depletion of PIP2 by chemically induced plasma membrane (PM) recruitment of a 5-phosphatase domain prevents the internalization of the β2 adrenergic receptor (β2AR) from the PM to early endosomes. In this study, we tested the effect of hormone-induced PM PIP2 depletion on β2AR internalization using type-1 angiotensin receptor (AT1R) or M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M3R). We followed the endocytic route of β2ARs in HEK 293T cells using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer between the receptor and endosome marker Rab5. To compare the effect of lipid depletion by different means, we created and tested an AT1R fusion protein that is capable of both recruitment-based and hormone-induced depletion methods. The rate of PM PIP2 depletion was measured using a biosensor based on the PH domain of phospholipase Cδ1. As expected, β2AR internalization was inhibited when PIP2 depletion was evoked by recruiting 5-phosphatase to PM-anchored AT1R. A similar inhibition occurred when wild-type AT1R was activated by adding angiotensin II. However, stimulation of the desensitization/internalization-impaired mutant AT1R (TSTS/4A) caused very little inhibition of β2AR internalization, despite the higher rate of measurable PIP2 depletion. Interestingly, inhibition of PIP2 resynthesis with the selective PI4KA inhibitor GSK-A1 had little effect on the change in PH-domain-measured PM PIP2 levels but did significantly decrease β2AR internalization upon either AT1R or M3R activation, indicating the importance of a locally synthetized phosphoinositide pool in the regulation of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel J Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, 1094, Hungary
- HUN-REN-SU Molecular Physiology Research Group, Hungarian Research Network and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József T Tóth
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, 1094, Hungary
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Üllői út 78/B, 1082, Hungary
| | - Amir Damouni
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, 1094, Hungary
| | - László Hunyady
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, 1094, Hungary
- Institute of Enzymology, Centre of Excellence of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, HUN-REN Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Magyar tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Hungary
| | - Péter Várnai
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Tűzoltó utca 37-47, 1094, Hungary.
- HUN-REN-SU Molecular Physiology Research Group, Hungarian Research Network and Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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7
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Wagenaar GTM, Moll GN. Evolving views on the first two ligands of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor. From putative antagonists to potential agonists? Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 961:176189. [PMID: 37951489 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.176189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system is one of the most complex regulatory systems that controls multiple organ functions. One of its key components, angiotensin II (Ang II), stimulates two G-protein coupled class A receptors: the Ang II type 1 (AT1) receptor and the Ang II type 2 (AT2) receptor. While stimulation of the AT1 receptor causes G-protein-dependent signaling and arrestin recruitment, the AT2 receptor seems to have a constitutively active-like conformation and appears to act via G-protein-dependent and -independent pathways. Overstimulation of the AT1 receptor may lead to unwanted effects like inflammation and fibrosis. In contrast, stimulation of the AT2 receptor leads to opposite effects thus restoring the balance. However, the role of the AT2 receptor has become controversial due to beneficial effects of putative AT2 receptor antagonists. The two first synthetic AT2 receptor-selective ligands, peptide CGP42112 and small molecule PD123319, were initially both considered antagonists. CGP42112 was subsequently considered a partial agonist and it was recently demonstrated to be a full agonist. Based on the search-term PD123319 in Pubmed, 1652 studies have investigated putative AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319. Here, we put forward literature that shows beneficial effects of PD123319 alone, even at doses too low for antagonist efficacy. These beneficial effects appear compatible with agonist-like activity via the AT2 receptor. Taken together, a more consistent image of a therapeutic role of stimulated AT2 receptor emerges which may clarify current controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gert N Moll
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9747 AG, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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8
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Young ON, Bourke JE, Widdop RE. Catch your breath: The protective role of the angiotensin AT 2 receptor for the treatment of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 217:115839. [PMID: 37778444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive interstitial lung disease whereby excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins (ECM) ultimately leads to respiratory failure. While there have been advances in pharmacotherapies for pulmonary fibrosis, IPF remains an incurable and irreversible disease. There remains an unmet clinical need for treatments that reverse fibrosis, or at the very least have a more tolerable side effect profile than currently available treatments. Transforming growth factor β1(TGFβ1) is considered the main driver of fibrosis in IPF. However, as our understanding of the role of the pulmonary renin-angiotensin system (PRAS) in the pathogenesis of IPF increases, it is becoming clear that targeting angiotensin receptors represents a potential novel treatment strategy for IPF - in particular, via activation of the anti-fibrotic angiotensin type 2 receptor (AT2R). This review describes the current understanding of the pathophysiology of IPF and the mediators implicated in its pathogenesis; focusing on TGFβ1, angiotensin II and related peptides in the PRAS and their contribution to fibrotic processes in the lung. Preclinical and clinical assessment of currently available AT2R agonists and the development of novel, highly selective ligands for this receptor will also be described, with a focus on compound 21, currently in clinical trials for IPF. Collectively, this review provides evidence of the potential of AT2R as a novel therapeutic target for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia N Young
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jane E Bourke
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Robert E Widdop
- Department of Pharmacology and Cardiovascular Disease Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
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9
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Mogi M. Renin-angiotensin system in the placenta of women with preeclampsia. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:2243-2244. [PMID: 37353687 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Mogi
- Department of Pharmacology, Ehime University, Graduate School of Medicine, Shitsukawa, Tohon, Ehime, 791-0295, Japan.
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10
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Singh S, Moodley J, Naicker T. Differential expression of the angiotensin receptors (AT1, AT2, and AT4) in the placental bed of HIV-infected preeclamptic women of African ancestry. Hypertens Res 2023; 46:1970-1982. [PMID: 37308552 PMCID: PMC10404513 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-023-01314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) is implicated in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia (PE). There is a paucity of data on uteroplacental angiotensin receptors AT1-2 and 4. We evaluated the immunoexpression of AT1R, AT2R, and AT4R within the placental bed of PE vs. normotensive (N) pregnancies stratified by HIV status. Placental bed (PB) biopsies (n = 180) were obtained from N and PE women. Both groups were stratified by HIV status and gestational age into early-and late onset-PE. Immuno-labeling of AT1R, AT2R, and AT4R was quantified using morphometric image analysis. Immunostaining of PB endothelial cells (EC) and smooth muscle cells of spiral arteries (VSMC) displayed an upregulation of AT1R expression compared to the N group (p < 0.0001). Downregulation of AT2R and AT4R expression was observed in PE vs. N group (p = 0.0042 and p < 0.0001), respectively. AT2R immunoexpression declined between HIV+ve and HIV-ve groups, while AT1R and AT4R displayed an increase. An increase in AT1R expression was noted in the EOPE-ve/+ve and LOPE-ve/+ve compared to N-ve/N+ve. In contrast, AT2R and AT4R expression decreased in EOPE-ve/+ve and LOPE-ve/+ve compared to N-ve/N+ve. We demonstrate a significant downregulation of AT2R and AT4R with a concomitant elevated AT1R immunoexpression within PB of HIV-infected PE women. In addition, a decline in AT2R and AT4R with an increase in AT1R immunoexpression in PE, EOPE, and LOPE vs. normotensive pregnancies, irrespective of HIV status. Thus highlighting differential immunoexpression of uteroplacental RAAS receptors based on pregnancy type, HIV status, and gestational age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoohana Singh
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
| | - Jagidesa Moodley
- Women's Health and HIV Research Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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11
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Zhang D, Liu Y, Zaidi SA, Xu L, Zhan Y, Chen A, Guo J, Huang X, Roth BL, Katritch V, Cherezov V, Zhang H. Structural insights into angiotensin receptor signaling modulation by balanced and biased agonists. EMBO J 2023; 42:e112940. [PMID: 37038975 PMCID: PMC10233375 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2022112940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone angiotensin II regulates blood pressure mainly through the type 1 angiotensin II receptor AT1 R and its downstream signaling proteins Gq and β-arrestin. AT1 R blockers, clinically used as antihypertensive drugs, inhibit both signaling pathways, whereas AT1 R β-arrestin-biased agonists have shown great potential for the treatment of acute heart failure. Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the human AT1 R in complex with a balanced agonist, Sar1 -AngII, and Gq protein at 2.9 Å resolution. This structure, together with extensive functional assays and computational modeling, reveals the molecular mechanisms for AT1 R signaling modulation and suggests that a major hydrogen bond network (MHN) inside the receptor serves as a key regulator of AT1 R signal transduction from the ligand-binding pocket to both Gq and β-arrestin pathways. Specifically, we found that the MHN mutations N1113.35 A and N2947.45 A induce biased signaling to Gq and β-arrestin, respectively. These insights should facilitate AT1 R structure-based drug discovery for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqi Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Yongfeng Liu
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP)University of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Saheem A Zaidi
- Department of Quantitative and Computational BiologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Lingyi Xu
- Department of BiophysicsZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Yuting Zhan
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Anqi Chen
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Jiangtao Guo
- Department of BiophysicsZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Department of Neurology of the Fourth Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Xi‐Ping Huang
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP)University of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Bryan L Roth
- Department of PharmacologyUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program (NIMH PDSP)University of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal ChemistryUniversity of North Carolina School of MedicineChapel HillNCUSA
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Quantitative and Computational BiologyUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Vadim Cherezov
- Department of Chemistry, Bridge InstituteUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti‐Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical SciencesZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
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12
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Punapart M, Reimets R, Seppa K, Kirillov S, Gaur N, Eskla KL, Jagomäe T, Vasar E, Plaas M. Chronic Stress Alters Hippocampal Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Component Expression in an Aged Rat Model of Wolfram Syndrome. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040827. [PMID: 37107585 PMCID: PMC10137641 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Biallelic mutations in the gene encoding WFS1 underlie the development of Wolfram syndrome (WS), a rare neurodegenerative disorder with no available cure. We have previously shown that Wfs1 deficiency can impair the functioning of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). The expression of two key receptors, angiotensin II receptor type 2 (Agtr2) and bradykinin receptor B1 (Bdkrb1), was downregulated both in vitro and in vivo across multiple organs in a rat model of WS. Here, we show that the expression of key RAAS components is also dysregulated in neural tissue from aged WS rats and that these alterations are not normalized by pharmacological treatments (liraglutide (LIR), 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) or their combination). We found that the expression of angiotensin II receptor type 1a (Agtr1a), angiotensin II receptor type 1b (Agtr1b), Agtr2 and Bdkrb1 was significantly downregulated in the hippocampus of WS animals that experienced chronic experimental stress. Treatment-naïve WS rats displayed different gene expression patterns, underscoring the effect of prolonged experiment-induced stress. Altogether, we posit that Wfs1 deficiency disturbs RAAS functioning under chronic stressful conditions, thereby exacerbating neurodegeneration in WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marite Punapart
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Riin Reimets
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kadri Seppa
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Silvia Kirillov
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Nayana Gaur
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kattri-Liis Eskla
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Toomas Jagomäe
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Eero Vasar
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mario Plaas
- Laboratory Animal Centre, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 14B Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
- Correspondence:
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Ye C, Geng Z, Zhang LL, Zheng F, Zhou YB, Zhu GQ, Xiong XQ. Chronic infusion of ELABELA alleviates vascular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats via anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-proliferative effects. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:2573-2584. [PMID: 35260820 PMCID: PMC9525578 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-00875-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory activation and oxidative stress promote the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), which accounts for pathological vascular remodeling in hypertension. ELABELA (ELA) is the second endogenous ligand for angiotensin receptor-like 1 (APJ) receptor that has been discovered thus far. In this study, we investigated whether ELA regulated VSMC proliferation and vascular remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). We showed that compared to that in Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKYs), ELA expression was markedly decreased in the VSMCs of SHRs. Exogenous ELA-21 significantly inhibited inflammatory cytokines and NADPH oxidase 1 expression, reactive oxygen species production and VSMC proliferation and increased the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) in VSMCs. Osmotic minipump infusion of exogenous ELA-21 in SHRs for 4 weeks significantly decreased diastolic blood pressure, alleviated vascular remodeling and ameliorated vascular inflammation and oxidative stress in SHRs. In VSMCs of WKY, angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced inflammatory activation, oxidative stress and VSMC proliferation were attenuated by pretreatment with exogenous ELA-21 but were exacerbated by ELA knockdown. Moreover, ELA-21 inhibited the expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and 9 in both SHR-VSMCs and Ang II-treated WKY-VSMCs. We further revealed that exogenous ELA-21-induced inhibition of proliferation and PI3K/Akt signaling were amplified by the PI3K/Akt inhibitor LY294002, while the APJ receptor antagonist F13A abolished ELA-21-induced PI3K/Akt inhibition and Nrf2 activation in VSMCs. In conclusion, we demonstrate that ELA-21 alleviates vascular remodeling through anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and anti-proliferative effects in SHRs, indicating that ELA-21 may be a therapeutic agent for treating hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ye
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Zhi Geng
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ling-Li Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Fen Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ye-Bo Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Guo-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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14
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Shi M, Mathai ML, Xu G, Su XQ, McAinch AJ. The effect of dietary supplementation with blueberry, cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside, yoghurt and its peptides on gene expression associated with glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle obtained from a high-fat-high-carbohydrate diet induced obesity model. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270306. [PMID: 36112580 PMCID: PMC9481010 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a leading global health problem contributing to various chronic diseases, including type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The aim of this study was to investigate whether blueberries, yoghurt, and their respective bioactive components, Cyanidin-3-O-β-glucoside (C3G) and peptides alone or in combinations, alter the expression of genes related to glucose metabolism in skeletal muscles from diet-induced obese mice. In extensor digitorum longus (EDL), yoghurt up-regulated the expression of activation of 5’adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4), and down-regulated the expression of angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AGTR-1). The combination of blueberries and yoghurt down-regulated the mRNA expression of AGTR-1 and Forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) in the EDL. Whereas the combination of C3G and peptides down-regulated AGTR-1 and up-regulated GLUT4 mRNA expression in the EDL. In the soleus, blueberries and yoghurt alone, and their combination down-regulated AGTR-1 and up-regulated GLUT4 mRNA expression. In summary blueberries and yoghurt, regulated multiple genes associated with glucose metabolism in skeletal muscles, and therefore may play a role in the management and prevention of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Shi
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael L. Mathai
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Guoqin Xu
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Sports and Health, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Q. Su
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Andrew J. McAinch
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science (AIMSS), Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
- * E-mail:
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15
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Pereira-Acácio A, Veloso-Santos JPM, Nossar LF, Costa-Sarmento G, Muzi-Filho H, Vieyra A. Angiotensin-(3–4) normalizes the elevated arterial blood pressure and abnormal Na+/energy handling associated with chronic undernutrition by counteracting the effects mediated by type 1 angiotensin II receptors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273385. [PMID: 35984814 PMCID: PMC9390919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanisms by which chronic administration of a multideficient diet after weaning alters bodily Na+ handling, and culminates in high systolic blood pressure (SBP) at a juvenile age. From 28 to 92 days of age, weaned male Wistar rats were given a diet with low content and poor-quality protein, and low lipid, without vitamin supplementation, which mimics the diets consumed in impoverished regions worldwide. We measured food, energy and Na+ ingestion, together with urinary Na+ excretion, Na+ density (Na+ intake/energy intake), plasma Na+ concentration, SBP, and renal proximal tubule Na+-transporting ATPases. Undernourished rats aged 92 days had only one-third of the control body mass, lower plasma albumin, higher SBP, higher energy intake, and higher positive Na+ balance accompanied by decreased plasma Na+ concentration. Losartan or Ang-(3–4) normalized SBP, and the combination of the 2 substances induced an accentuated negative Na+ balance as a result of strong inhibition of Na+ ingestion. Na+ density in undernourished rats was higher than in control, irrespective of the treatment, and they had downregulated (Na++K+)ATPase and upregulated Na+-ATPase in proximal tubule cells, which returned to control levels after Losartan or Ang-(3–4). We conclude that Na+ density, not only Na+ ingestion, plays a central role in the pathophysiology of elevated SBP in chronically undernourished rats. The observations that Losartan and Ang-(3–4) normalized SBP together with negative Na+ balance give support to the proposal that Ang II⇒AT1R and Ang II⇒AT2R axes have opposite roles within the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system of undernourished juvenile rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Pereira-Acácio
- Graduate Program of Translational Biomedicine/BIOTRANS, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João P. M. Veloso-Santos
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz F. Nossar
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gloria Costa-Sarmento
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Humberto Muzi-Filho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Graduate Program of Translational Biomedicine/BIOTRANS, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine/REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Moore GJ, Ridgway H, Kelaidonis K, Chasapis CT, Ligielli I, Mavromoustakos T, Bojarska J, Matsoukas JM. Actions of Novel Angiotensin Receptor Blocking Drugs, Bisartans, Relevant for COVID-19 Therapy: Biased Agonism at Angiotensin Receptors and the Beneficial Effects of Neprilysin in the Renin Angiotensin System. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154854. [PMID: 35956801 PMCID: PMC9369639 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) used in the treatment of hypertension and potentially in SARS-CoV-2 infection exhibit inverse agonist effects at angiotensin AR1 receptors, suggesting the receptor may have evolved to accommodate naturally occurring angiotensin ‘antipeptides’. Screening of the human genome has identified a peptide (EGVYVHPV) encoded by mRNA, complementary to that encoding ANG II itself, which is an inverse agonist. Thus, opposite strands of DNA encode peptides with opposite effects at AR1 receptors. Agonism and inverse agonism at AR1 receptors can be explained by a receptor ‘switching’ between an activated state invoking receptor dimerization/G protein coupling and an inverse agonist state mediated by an alternative/second messenger that is slow to reverse. Both receptor states appear to be driven by the formation of the ANG II charge-relay system involving TyrOH-His/imidazole-Carboxylate (analogous to serine proteases). In this system, tyrosinate species formed are essential for activating AT1 and AT2 receptors. ANGII is also known to bind to the zinc-coordinated metalloprotease angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) used by the COVID-19 virus to enter cells. Here we report in silico results demonstrating the binding of a new class of anionic biphenyl-tetrazole sartans (‘Bisartans’) to the active site zinc atom of the endopeptidase Neprilysin (NEP) involved in regulating hypertension, by modulating humoral levels of beneficial vasoactive peptides in the RAS such as vasodilator angiotensin (1–7). In vivo and modeling evidence further suggest Bisartans can inhibit ANG II-induced pulmonary edema and may be useful in combatting SARS-CoV-2 infection by inhibiting ACE2-mediated viral entry to cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J. Moore
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- Pepmetics Inc., 772 Murphy Place, Victoria, BC V8Y 3H4, Canada
- Correspondence: (G.J.M.); (J.M.M.)
| | - Harry Ridgway
- Institute for Sustainable Industries and Liveable Cities, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 8001, Australia;
- AquaMem Consultants, Rodeo, New Mexico, NM 88056, USA
| | | | - Christos T. Chasapis
- NMR Facility, Instrumental Analysis Laboratory, School of Natural Sciences, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece;
- Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology, Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Irene Ligielli
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (I.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15784 Athens, Greece; (I.L.); (T.M.)
| | - Joanna Bojarska
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Zeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - John M. Matsoukas
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
- NewDrug PC, Patras Science Park, 26504 Patras, Greece;
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC 3030, Australia
- Correspondence: (G.J.M.); (J.M.M.)
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17
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Chang YH, Chen WH, Su CH, Yu HR, Tain YL, Huang LT, Sheen JM. Maternal Iron Deficiency Programs Rat Offspring Hypertension in Relation to Renin—Angiotensin System and Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158294. [PMID: 35955421 PMCID: PMC9368932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertension is an important public health challenge, affecting up to 30–50% of adults worldwide. Several epidemiological studies indicate that high blood pressure originates in fetal life—the so-called programming effect or developmental origin of hypertension. Iron-deficiency anemia has become one of the most prevalent nutritional problems globally. Previous animal experiments have shown that prenatal iron-deficiency anemia adversely affects offspring hypertension. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. We used a maternal low-iron diet Sprague Dawley rat model to study changes in blood pressure, the renal renin-angiotensin system, oxidative stress, inflammation, and sodium transporters in adult male offspring. Our study revealed that 16-week-old male offspring born to mothers with low dietary iron throughout pregnancy and the lactation period had (1) higher blood pressure, (2) increased renal cortex angiotensin II receptor type 1 and angiotensin-converting enzyme abundance, (3) decreased renal cortex angiotensin II receptor type 2 and MAS abundance, and (4) increased renal 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine and interleukin-6 abundance. Improving the iron status of pregnant mothers could influence the development of hypertension in their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi 61344, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.); (C.-H.S.)
| | - Wan-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi 61344, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.); (C.-H.S.)
| | - Chung-Hao Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi 61344, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.); (C.-H.S.)
| | - Hong-Ren Yu
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-R.Y.); (Y.-L.T.); (L.-T.H.)
| | - You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-R.Y.); (Y.-L.T.); (L.-T.H.)
| | - Li-Tung Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-R.Y.); (Y.-L.T.); (L.-T.H.)
| | - Jiunn-Ming Sheen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Chiayi 61344, Taiwan; (Y.-H.C.); (W.-H.C.); (C.-H.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 83301, Taiwan; (H.-R.Y.); (Y.-L.T.); (L.-T.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-975056177; Fax: +886-7-7338009
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Ajibade T, Akinrinde A, Adetona M, Oyagbemi A, Adedapo A, Larbie C, Omobowale T, Ola-Davies O, Saba A, Adedapo A, Oguntibeju O, Yakubu M. Luteolin normalizes blood pressure via its antioxidant activity and down-regulation of renal Angiotensin II receptor and Mineralocorticoid receptor expressions in rats co-exposed to Diclofenac and sodium fluoride. Niger J Physiol Sci 2022; 37:35-42. [PMID: 35947836 DOI: 10.54548/njps.v37i1.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the modulatory role of Luteolin (Lut), a flavonoid phytochemical, on haemodynamic parameters and the potential mechanisms involving renal Angiotensin II (AT2R) and Mineralocorticoid (MCR) receptors in renal toxicity induced by co-exposure to Diclofenac (Dcf) and sodium fluoride (NaF) in rats.Male Wistar rats were administered with either vehicle (control), Dcf only (9 mg/kg orally) or concurrently with NaF (300 ppm in drinking water). Other groups were treated with LutA (100 mg/kg) or LutB (200 mg/kg) along with Dcf and NaF exposures. All treatments lasted 8 days, following which blood pressure indices were measured using tail-cuff plethysmography. Renal expressions of AT2R and MCR were studied with immunohistochemistry, while biomarkers of oxidative and antioxidant status were also measured in the kidneys. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressures were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in Dcf-treated rats, compared to control values. However, co-treatment with NaF or Lut restored these parameters. While the expression of AT2R and MCR was high in the Dcf and Dcf+NaF groups, treatment with Lut caused obvious reduction in the renal expression of these receptors. Increased lipid peroxidation (Malondialdehyde) and protein oxidation (protein carbonyls) with a lowering of reduced glutathione levels contributed to the renal toxicity of Dcf, and these were significantly ameliorated in Lut-treated rats. In conclusion, the preservation of haemodynamic indices by Lutin the experimental ratsprobably included mechanisms involving down-regulation of renal expressions of AT2R and MCR, reduction of oxidative stress and an improvement of renal antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temitayo Ajibade
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Akinleye Akinrinde
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Moses Adetona
- Department of Anatomy, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Ademola Oyagbemi
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | | | - Christopher Larbie
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, College of Science, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Ghana.
| | | | - Olufunke Ola-Davies
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Adebowale Saba
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
| | - Adeolu Adedapo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
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Shang N, Bhullar KS, Wu J. Tripeptide IRW Protects MC3T3-E1 Cells against Ang II Stress in an AT2R Dependent Manner. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27123684. [PMID: 35744810 PMCID: PMC9230126 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple strategies including the use of bioactive peptides and other nutraceuticals are being adopted to maintain bone health. This study provides an improved and deeper understanding of the pharmacological effects that a bioactive peptide IRW (Ile-Arg-Trp) extends on bone health. Our results showed that IRW treatment protects osteoblasts against Ang II induced decline in cell proliferation and restores protein levels of collagen type I alpha 2 chain (COL1A2) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels in MC3T3-E1 cells (p < 0.05). Apart from augmentation of these mineralization factors, the angiotensin II (Ang II) induced apoptotic stress in osteoblasts was mitigated by IRW as well. At the molecular level, IRW abolished the cytochrome-c release via modulation of pro-and anti-apoptotic genes in MC3T3-E1 cells (p < 0.05). Interestingly, IRW also increased cellular levels of cytoprotective local RAAS factors such as MasR, Ang (1−7), ACE2, and AT2R, and lowered the levels of Ang II effector receptor (AT1R). Further, our results indicated a lower content of inflammation and osteoclastogenesis biomarkers such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) following IRW treatment in MC3T3-E1 cells (p < 0.05). The use of an antagonist-guided cell study indicated that IRW contributed to the process of cytoprotection and proliferation of osteoblasts via Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) in face of Ang II stress in an AT2R dependent manner. The key findings of our study showed that IRW could potentially have a therapeutic role in the treatment and/or prevention of bone disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Shang
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (N.S.); (K.S.B.)
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Khushwant S. Bhullar
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (N.S.); (K.S.B.)
| | - Jianping Wu
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (N.S.); (K.S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-492-6885; Fax: +1-780-492-8524
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Mińczuk K, Baranowska-Kuczko M, Krzyżewska A, Schlicker E, Malinowska B. Cross-Talk between the (Endo)Cannabinoid and Renin-Angiotensin Systems: Basic Evidence and Potential Therapeutic Significance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116350. [PMID: 35683028 PMCID: PMC9181166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is dedicated to the cross-talk between the (endo)cannabinoid and renin angiotensin systems (RAS). Activation of AT1 receptors (AT1Rs) by angiotensin II (Ang II) can release endocannabinoids that, by acting at cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs), modify the response to AT1R stimulation. CB1R blockade may enhance AT1R-mediated responses (mainly vasoconstrictor effects) or reduce them (mainly central nervous system-mediated effects). The final effects depend on whether stimulation of CB1Rs and AT1Rs induces opposite or the same effects. Second, CB1R blockade may diminish AT1R levels. Third, phytocannabinoids modulate angiotensin-converting enzyme-2. Additional studies are required to clarify (1) the existence of a cross-talk between the protective axis of the RAS (Ang II—AT2 receptor system or angiotensin 1-7—Mas receptor system) with components of the endocannabinoid system, (2) the influence of Ang II on constituents of the endocannabinoid system and (3) the (patho)physiological significance of AT1R-CB1R heteromerization. As a therapeutic consequence, CB1R antagonists may influence effects elicited by the activation or blockade of the RAS; phytocannabinoids may be useful as adjuvant therapy against COVID-19; single drugs acting on the (endo)cannabinoid system (cannabidiol) and the RAS (telmisartan) may show pharmacokinetic interactions since they are substrates of the same metabolizing enzyme of the transport mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Mińczuk
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (K.M.); (M.B.-K.); (A.K.)
| | - Marta Baranowska-Kuczko
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (K.M.); (M.B.-K.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Krzyżewska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (K.M.); (M.B.-K.); (A.K.)
| | - Eberhard Schlicker
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (B.M.); Tel.: +48-85-7485699 (B.M.)
| | - Barbara Malinowska
- Department of Experimental Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2A, 15-222 Białystok, Poland; (K.M.); (M.B.-K.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence: (E.S.); (B.M.); Tel.: +48-85-7485699 (B.M.)
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21
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Ben Boubaker R, Tiss A, Henrion D, Guissouma H, Chabbert M. Evolutionary information helps understand distinctive features of the angiotensin II receptors AT1 and AT2 in amniota. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009732. [PMID: 35202400 PMCID: PMC8870451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In vertebrates, the octopeptide angiotensin II (AngII) is an important in vivo regulator of the cardiovascular system. It acts mainly through two G protein-coupled receptors, AT1 and AT2. To better understand distinctive features of these receptors, we carried out a phylogenetic analysis that revealed a mirror evolution of AT1 and AT2, each one split into two clades, separating fish from terrestrial receptors. It also revealed that hallmark mutations occurred at, or near, the sodium binding site in both AT1 and AT2. Electrostatics computations and molecular dynamics simulations support maintained sodium binding to human AT1 with slow ingress from the extracellular side and an electrostatic component of the binding free energy around -3kT, to be compared to around -2kT for human AT2 and the δ opioid receptor. Comparison of the sodium binding modes in wild type and mutated AT1 and AT2 from humans and eels indicates that the allosteric control by sodium in both AT1 and AT2 evolved during the transition from fish to amniota. The unusual S7.46N mutation in AT1 is mirrored by a L3.36M mutation in AT2. In the presence of sodium, the N7.46 pattern in amniota AT1 stabilizes the inward orientation of N3.35 in the apo receptor, which should contribute to efficient N3.35 driven biased signaling. The M3.36 pattern in amniota AT2 favours the outward orientation of N3.35 and the receptor promiscuity. Both mutations have physiological consequences for the regulation of the renin-angiotensin system. The analysis of protein sequences from different species can reveal interesting trends in the structural and functional evolution of a protein family. Here, we analyze the evolution of two G protein-coupled receptors, AT1 and AT2, which bind the angiotensin II peptide and are important regulators of the cardiovascular system. We show that these receptors underwent a mirror evolution. Specific mutations at, or near, the sodium binding pocket occurred in both AT1 and AT2 during the transition to terrestrial life. We carried out electrostatics computations and molecular dynamics simulations to decipher the details of the sodium binding mode in eel and human receptors, as prototypes of fish and amniota receptors. Our results indicate that sodium binding is kinetically slow but thermodynamically stable. Comparison of the sodium binding modes in eel and human receptors reveals that an unusual mutation in the sodium binding pocket of AT1 is critical for biased signaling of amniota AT1 whereas a mutation in AT2 promotes promiscuity of amniota AT2. In turn, these data indicate that a few mutations at a strategic position (here the sodium binding pocket) are an efficient way to gain functional evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rym Ben Boubaker
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | - Asma Tiss
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- INSAT de Tunis, Université de Carthage, Carthage, Tunisie
| | - Daniel Henrion
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
| | | | - Marie Chabbert
- CNRS UMR 6015 – INSERM U1083, Laboratoire MITOVASC, Université d’Angers, Angers, France
- * E-mail:
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22
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Kutlu Z, Bilen A, Celik M, Maman A, Gulaboglu M, Kul A, Celik Z, Halici Z. The relationship of telmisartan with sclerostin in the osteoporosis model induced by ovariectomy in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2021; 73:1693-1702. [PMID: 34874446 DOI: 10.1093/jpp/rgab123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim is to explain the relationship between Ang II and Scl in osteoporotic (OP) rats and the contribution of Scl in the antiosteoporotic effect mechanism of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB). METHODS This study consists of two sub-studies conducted on 4th and 12th weeks after ovariectomy. In study 1, treatment was started immediately after bilateral ovariectomy (OVX), while, in study 2, treatment was started 2 months after OVX. Two different doses of telmisartan (5 and 10 mg/kg) were administered with the aid of gavage for 30 days in both sub-study groups. RESULTS Serum and tissue Scl, osteocalcin, osteopontin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase mRNA expressions were higher and bone mineral densities (BMD) and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) mRNA expressions were found to be lower in the OVX groups compared with the sham group. In OVX groups where two different doses of telmisartan were administered, BMD and BALP mRNA expressions increased and serum and tissue Scl decreased. CONCLUSION There may be a close relationship between angiotensin II and sclerostin in the development of osteoporosis. In this study, telmisartan administration showed an antiosteoporotic effect and significantly decreased the level of sclerostin. These results strongly support this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerrin Kutlu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Arzu Bilen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Celik
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Adem Maman
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Mine Gulaboglu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ayhan Kul
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical Faculty of Ataturk University Erzurum, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zeynep Celik
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Zekai Halici
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
- Clinical Research, Development and Design Application and Research Center, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Balera Brito VG, Patrocinio MS, Alves Barreto AE, Tfaile Frasnelli SC, Lara VS, Santos CF, Penha Oliveira SH. Telmisartan impairs the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells from spontaneously hypertensive male rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2021; 912:174609. [PMID: 34743978 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Telmisartan (TELM) is an angiotensin II (Ang II) type 1 receptor (Agtr1) antagonist, with partial agonism for Pparg, and has been shown to affect bone metabolism. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of TELM in the in vitro osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSC) from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). BMSC were obtained from male SHR, and the osteogenic medium (OM) was added to the cells concomitantly with TELM (0.005, 0.05, and 0.5 μM). Undifferentiated BMSC, in control medium (CM), showed an increased viability, while the addition of OM reduced this parameter, and TELM did not show cytotoxicity in the concentrations used. BMSC in OM had an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity peak at d10, which decreased at d14 and d21, and TELM reduced ALP at d10 in a dose-dependent manner. Mineralization was observed in the OM at d14, which intensified at d21, but was inhibited by TELM. Agtr1b was increased in the OM, and TELM inhibited its expression. TELM reduced Opn, Ocn, and Bsp and increased Pparg expression, and at the higher concentration TELM also increased the expression of adipogenic markers, Fabp4 and Adipoq. In addition, TELM 0.5 μM increased Irs1 and Glut4, insulin and glucose metabolism markers, known to be regulated by Pparg and to be related to adipogenic phenotype. Our data shows that TELM inhibited the osteogenic differentiation and mineralization of SHR BMSC, by favoring an adipogenic prone phenotype due to Pparg upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Gustavo Balera Brito
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil; Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Mariana Sousa Patrocinio
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | - Ayná Emanuelli Alves Barreto
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil; Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Department of Stomatology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biological Science, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), SP, Brazil
| | - Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil; Multicenter Postgraduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Brazilian Society of Physiology, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, SP, Brazil.
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24
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Zhang Y, Yang M, Li Y, Liu B, Zhang L, Xiao D. Inhibition of DNA methylation in newborns reprograms ischemia-sensitive biomarkers resulting in development of a heart ischemia-sensitive phenotype late in life. Reprod Toxicol 2021; 105:198-210. [PMID: 34536542 PMCID: PMC8511209 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2021.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Adverse environmental stress exposure at critical perinatal stages can alter cardiovascular development, which could persist into adulthood and develop a cardiovascular dysfunctional phenotype late in life. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain largely unknown. The present study provided a direct evidence that DNA methylation is a key epigenetic mechanism contributing to the developmental origins of adult cardiovascular disease. We hypothesized that DNA hypomethylation at neonatal stage alters gene expression patterns in the heart, leading to development of a cardiac ischemia-sensitive phenotype late in life. To test this hypothesis, a DNA methylation inhibitor 5-Aza-2-deoxycytidine (5-Aza) was administered in newborn rats from postnatal day 1-3. Cardiac function and related key genes were measured in 2-week- and 2-month-old animals, respectively. 5-Aza treatment induced an age- and sex-dependent inhibition of global and gene-specific DNA methylation levels in left ventricles, resulting in a long-lasting growth restriction but an asymmetry increase in the heart-to-body weight ratio. In addition, treatment with 5-Aza enhanced ischemia and reperfusion-induced cardiac dysfunction and injury in adults as compared with the saline controls, which was associated with up-regulations of miRNA-181a and angiotensin II receptor type 1 & 2 gene expressions, but down-regulations of PKCε, Atg5, and GSK3β gene expressions in left ventricles. In conclusion, our results provide compelling evidence that neonatal DNA methylation deficiency is a key mechanism contributing to differentially reprogram cardiac gene expression patterns, leading to development of a heart ischemia-sensitive phenotype late in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Meizi Yang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States; Department of Pharmacology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Li
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Bailin Liu
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Daliao Xiao
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, United States.
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25
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Fatehi Hassanabad A, Zarzycki AN, Jeon K, Dundas JA, Vasanthan V, Deniset JF, Fedak PWM. Prevention of Post-Operative Adhesions: A Comprehensive Review of Present and Emerging Strategies. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11071027. [PMID: 34356652 PMCID: PMC8301806 DOI: 10.3390/biom11071027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-operative adhesions affect patients undergoing all types of surgeries. They are associated with serious complications, including higher risk of morbidity and mortality. Given increased hospitalization, longer operative times, and longer length of hospital stay, post-surgical adhesions also pose a great financial burden. Although our knowledge of some of the underlying mechanisms driving adhesion formation has significantly improved over the past two decades, literature has yet to fully explain the pathogenesis and etiology of post-surgical adhesions. As a result, finding an ideal preventative strategy and leveraging appropriate tissue engineering strategies has proven to be difficult. Different products have been developed and enjoyed various levels of success along the translational tissue engineering research spectrum, but their clinical translation has been limited. Herein, we comprehensively review the agents and products that have been developed to mitigate post-operative adhesion formation. We also assess emerging strategies that aid in facilitating precision and personalized medicine to improve outcomes for patients and our healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fatehi Hassanabad
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2N9, Canada; (A.F.H.); (A.N.Z.); (J.A.D.); (V.V.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Anna N. Zarzycki
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2N9, Canada; (A.F.H.); (A.N.Z.); (J.A.D.); (V.V.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Kristina Jeon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada;
| | - Jameson A. Dundas
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2N9, Canada; (A.F.H.); (A.N.Z.); (J.A.D.); (V.V.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Vishnu Vasanthan
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2N9, Canada; (A.F.H.); (A.N.Z.); (J.A.D.); (V.V.); (J.F.D.)
| | - Justin F. Deniset
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2N9, Canada; (A.F.H.); (A.N.Z.); (J.A.D.); (V.V.); (J.F.D.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Paul W. M. Fedak
- Section of Cardiac Surgery, Department of Cardiac Sciences, Libin Cardiovascular Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 2N9, Canada; (A.F.H.); (A.N.Z.); (J.A.D.); (V.V.); (J.F.D.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Ziaja M, Urbanek KA, Kowalska K, Piastowska-Ciesielska AW. Angiotensin II and Angiotensin Receptors 1 and 2-Multifunctional System in Cells Biology, What Do We Know? Cells 2021; 10:cells10020381. [PMID: 33673178 PMCID: PMC7917773 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For years, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been perceived as a system whose role is to primarily modulate the functioning of the cardiovascular system. Years of research into the role of RAS have provided the necessary data to confirm that the role of RAS is very complex and not limited to the cardiovascular system. The presence of individual elements of the renin-angiotensin (RA) system allows to control many processes, ranging from the memorization to pro-cancer processes. Maintaining the proportions between the individual axes of the RA system allows for achieving a balance, often called homeostasis. Thus, any disturbance in the expression or activity of individual RAS elements leads to pathophysiological processes.
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27
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Sugawara H, Moniwa N, Kuno A, Ohwada W, Osanami A, Shibata S, Kimura Y, Abe K, Gocho Y, Tanno M, Miura T. Activation of the angiotensin II receptor promotes autophagy in renal proximal tubular cells and affords protection from ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Pharmacol Sci 2021; 145:187-197. [PMID: 33451753 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 11/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Roles of the renin-angiotensin system in autophagy and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in the kidney have not been fully characterized. Here we examined the hypothesis that modest activation of the angiotensin II (Ang II) receptor upregulates autophagy and increases renal tolerance to I/R injury. Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to treatment with a vehicle or a non-pressor dose of Ang II (200 ng/kg/min) for 72 h before 30-min renal I/R. LC3-immunohistochemistry showed that Ang II treatment increased autophagosomes in proximal tubular cells by 2.7 fold. In Ang II-pretreated rats, autophagosomes were increased by 2.5 fold compared to those in vehicle-treated rats at 4 h after I/R, when phosphorylation of Akt and S6 was suppressed and ULK1-Ser555 phosphorylation was increased. Serum creatinine and urea nitrogen levels, incidence of oliguria, and histological score of tubular necrosis at 24 h after I/R were attenuated by Ang II-pretreatment. In NRK-52E cells, Ang II induced LC3-II upregulation, which was inhibited by losartan but not by A779. The results indicate that a non-pressor dose of Ang-II promotes autophagy via ULK1-mediated signaling in renal tubular cells and attenuates renal I/R injury. The AT1 receptor, but not the Mas receptor, contributes to Ang-II-induced autophagy and presumably also to the renoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Sugawara
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Norihito Moniwa
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kuno
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Pharmacology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Wataru Ohwada
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Arata Osanami
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Shibata
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yukishige Kimura
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koki Abe
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yufu Gocho
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaya Tanno
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Miura
- Department of Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic Medicine, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan.
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28
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Johnstone EKM, See HB, Abhayawardana RS, Song A, Rosengren KJ, Hill SJ, Pfleger KDG. Investigation of Receptor Heteromers Using NanoBRET Ligand Binding. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1082. [PMID: 33499147 PMCID: PMC7866079 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor heteromerization is the formation of a complex involving at least two different receptors with pharmacology that is distinct from that exhibited by its constituent receptor units. Detection of these complexes and monitoring their pharmacology is crucial for understanding how receptors function. The Receptor-Heteromer Investigation Technology (Receptor-HIT) utilizes ligand-dependent modulation of interactions between receptors and specific biomolecules for the detection and profiling of heteromer complexes. Previously, the interacting biomolecules used in Receptor-HIT assays have been intracellular proteins, however in this study we have for the first time used bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) with fluorescently-labeled ligands to investigate heteromerization of receptors on the cell surface. Using the Receptor-HIT ligand binding assay with NanoBRET, we have successfully investigated heteromers between the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor and the β2 adrenergic receptor (AT1-β2AR heteromer), as well as between the AT1 and angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT1-AT2 heteromer).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth K. M. Johnstone
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (H.B.S.); (R.S.A.); (S.J.H.)
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Canberra, NSW 2609, Australia
| | - Heng B. See
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (H.B.S.); (R.S.A.); (S.J.H.)
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Canberra, NSW 2609, Australia
| | - Rekhati S. Abhayawardana
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (H.B.S.); (R.S.A.); (S.J.H.)
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Canberra, NSW 2609, Australia
| | - Angela Song
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.S.); (K.J.R.)
| | - K. Johan Rosengren
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.S.); (K.J.R.)
| | - Stephen J. Hill
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (H.B.S.); (R.S.A.); (S.J.H.)
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
- Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, University of Nottingham, Midlands NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Kevin D. G. Pfleger
- Molecular Endocrinology and Pharmacology Group, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; (H.B.S.); (R.S.A.); (S.J.H.)
- Centre for Medical Research, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre for Personalised Therapeutics Technologies, Canberra, NSW 2609, Australia
- Dimerix Limited, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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Patra T, Meyer K, Geerling L, Isbell TS, Hoft DF, Brien J, Pinto AK, Ray RB, Ray R. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein promotes IL-6 trans-signaling by activation of angiotensin II receptor signaling in epithelial cells. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009128. [PMID: 33284859 PMCID: PMC7746263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine storm is suggested as one of the major pathological characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection, although the mechanism for initiation of a hyper-inflammatory response, and multi-organ damage from viral infection is poorly understood. In this virus-cell interaction study, we observed that SARS-CoV-2 infection or viral spike protein expression alone inhibited angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor protein expression. The spike protein promoted an angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1) mediated signaling cascade, induced the transcriptional regulatory molecules NF-κB and AP-1/c-Fos via MAPK activation, and increased IL-6 release. SARS-CoV-2 infected patient sera contained elevated levels of IL-6 and soluble IL-6R. Up-regulated AT1 receptor signaling also influenced the release of extracellular soluble IL-6R by the induction of the ADAM-17 protease. Use of the AT1 receptor antagonist, Candesartan cilexetil, resulted in down-regulation of IL-6/soluble IL-6R release in spike expressing cells. Phosphorylation of STAT3 at the Tyr705 residue plays an important role as a transcriptional inducer for SOCS3 and MCP-1 expression. Further study indicated that inhibition of STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation in SARS-CoV-2 infected and viral spike protein expressing epithelial cells did not induce SOCS3 and MCP-1 expression. Introduction of culture supernatant from SARS-CoV-2 spike expressing cells on a model human liver endothelial Cell line (TMNK-1), where transmembrane IL-6R is poorly expressed, resulted in the induction of STAT3 Tyr705 phosphorylation as well as MCP-1 expression. In conclusion, our results indicated that the presence of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in epithelial cells promotes IL-6 trans-signaling by activation of the AT1 axis to initiate coordination of a hyper-inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapas Patra
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Keith Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lizzie Geerling
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Missouri, United States of America
| | - T. Scott Isbell
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Daniel F. Hoft
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Missouri, United States of America
| | - James Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Amelia K. Pinto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ratna B. Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology & Immunology, Saint Louis University, Missouri, United States of America
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Trojanowicz B, Ulrich C, Girndt M. Uremic Apelin and Leucocytic Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in CKD Patients. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12120742. [PMID: 33255902 PMCID: PMC7760850 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin peptides (APLN) serve as second substrates for angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and, in contrast to angiotensin II (AngII), exert blood-pressure lowering and vasodilatation effects through binding to G-coupled APLN receptor (APLNR). ACE2-mediated cleavage of the APLN may reduce its vasodilatory effects, but decreased ACE2 may potentiate the hypotensive properties of APLN. The role of APLN in uremia is unclear. We investigated the correlations between serum-APLN, leucocytic APLNR, and ACE2 in 32 healthy controls (NP), 66 HD, and 24 CKD3-5 patients, and the impact of APLN peptides on monocytic behavior and ACE2 expression under uremic conditions in vitro. We observed that serum APLN and leucocytic APLNR or SLCO2B1 were significantly elevated in uremic patients and correlated with decreased ACE2 on uremic leucocytes. APLN-treated THP-1 monocytes revealed significantly increased APLNR and ACE2, and reduced TNFa, IL-6, and MCSF. Uremic toxins induced a dramatic increase of miR-421 followed by significant reduction of ACE2 transcripts, partially counteracted with APLN-13 and -36. APLN-36 triggered the most potent transmigration and reduction of endothelial adhesion. These results suggest that although APLN peptides may partly protect against the decay of monocytic ACE2 transcripts, uremic milieu is the most dominant modulator of local ACE2, and likely to contribute to the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Albini A, Di Guardo G, Noonan DM, Lombardo M. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE-2, is expressed on many different cell types: implications for ACE-inhibitor- and angiotensin II receptor blocker-based cardiovascular therapies. Intern Emerg Med 2020; 15:759-766. [PMID: 32430651 PMCID: PMC7236433 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-020-02364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by a spike protein allowing viral binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2, which acts as a viral receptor and is expressed on the surface of several pulmonary and extra-pulmonary cell types, including cardiac, renal, intestinal and endothelial cells. There is evidence that also endothelial cells are infected by SARS-COV-2, with subsequent occurrence of systemic vasculitis, thromboembolism and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Those effects, together with the "cytokine storm" are involved in a worse prognosis. In clinical practice, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-Is) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARBs) are extensively used for the treatment of hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases. In in vivo studies, ACE-Is and ARBs seem to paradoxically increase ACE-2 expression, which could favour SARS-CoV-2 infection of host's cells and tissues. By contrast, in patients treated with ACE-Is and ARBs, ACE-2 shows a downregulation at the mRNA and protein levels in kidney and cardiac tissues. Yet, it has been claimed that both ARBs and ACE-Is could result potentially useful in the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. As detected in China and as the Italian epidemiological situation confirms, the most prevalent comorbidities in deceased patients with COVID-19 are hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Older COVID-19-affected patients with cardiovascular comorbidities exhibit a more severe clinical course and a worse prognosis, with many of them being also treated with ARBs or ACE-Is. Another confounding factor is cigarette smoking, which has been reported to increase ACE-2 expression in both experimental models and humans. Sex also plays a role, with chromosome X harbouring the gene coding for ACE-2, which is one of the possible explanations of why mortality in female patients is lower. Viral entry also depends on TMPRSS2 protease activity, an androgen dependent enzyme. Despite the relevance of experimental animal studies, to comprehensively address the question of the potential hazards or benefits of ACE-Is and ARBs on the clinical course of COVID-19-affected patients treated by these anti-hypertensive drugs, we will need randomized human studies. We claim the need of adequately powered, prospective studies aimed at answering the following questions of paramount importance for cardiovascular, internal and emergency medicine: Do ACE-Is and ARBs exert similar or different effects on infection or disease course? Are such effects dangerous, neutral or even useful in older, COVID-19-affected patients? Do they act on multiple cell types? Since ACE-Is and ARBs have different molecular targets, the clinical course of SARS-CoV-2 infection could be also different in patients treated by one or the other of these two drug classes. At present, insufficient detailed data from trials have been made available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Albini
- Scientific and Technology Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Di Guardo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy
| | - Douglas McClain Noonan
- Scientific and Technology Pole, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varèse, Italy
| | - Michele Lombardo
- Cardiology Unit, San Giuseppe Hospital-MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
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Zaccor NW, Sumner CJ, Snyder SH. The nonselective cation channel TRPV4 inhibits angiotensin II receptors. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:9986-9997. [PMID: 32493776 PMCID: PMC7380189 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a ubiquitously expressed family of receptor proteins that regulate many physiological functions and other proteins. They act through two dissociable signaling pathways: the exchange of GDP to GTP by linked G-proteins and the recruitment of β-arrestins. GPCRs modulate several members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) channel family of nonselective cation channels. How TRP channels reciprocally regulate GPCR signaling is less well-explored. Here, using an array of biochemical approaches, including immunoprecipitation and fluorescence, calcium imaging, phosphate radiolabeling, and a β-arrestin-dependent luciferase assay, we characterize a GPCR-TRP channel pair, angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT1R), and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4), in primary murine choroid plexus epithelial cells and immortalized cell lines. We found that AT1R and TRPV4 are binding partners and that activation of AT1R by angiotensin II (ANGII) elicits β-arrestin-dependent inhibition and internalization of TRPV4. Activating TRPV4 with endogenous and synthetic agonists inhibited angiotensin II-mediated G-protein-associated second messenger accumulation, AT1R receptor phosphorylation, and β-arrestin recruitment. We also noted that TRPV4 inhibits AT1R phosphorylation by activating the calcium-activated phosphatase calcineurin in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent manner, preventing β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization. These findings suggest that when TRP channels and GPCRs are co-expressed in the same tissues, many of these channels can inhibit GPCR desensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W Zaccor
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Charlotte J Sumner
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Solomon H Snyder
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Liu X, Lei Q. TRIM62 knockout protects against cerebral ischemic injury in mice by suppressing NLRP3-regulated neuroinflammation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 529:140-147. [PMID: 32703402 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral stroke is a leading global cause for mortality and disability. However, its pathogenesis is still unclear. Most tripartite motif (TRIM) family proteins, including TRIM62, have E3 ubiquitin ligase activities, and have multiple functions in regulating cellular processes. Nevertheless, the effects of TRIM62 on cerebral stroke still remain vague. Here, we reported that TRIM62 expression was markedly up-regulated in oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD)-treated microglial cells. After cerebral ischemia, significantly elevated expression of TRIM62 was detected in peri-infarct area of wild type (WT) mice. The TRIM62 knockout (KO) mice exhibited alleviated apoptosis and neuroinflammation in the ischemic brain, eventually attenuating the stroke outcomes. Both in vitro and in vivo studies showed that nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome was dramatically activated in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) conditions, while being ameliorated in TRIM62-KO mice, contributing to the suppression of neuroinflammatory response. Importantly, the in vitro experiments showed that OGD could induce the K63-ubiquitination of TRIM62 and the interaction between TRIM62 and NLRP3. In addition, adenovirus-regulated TRIM62 over-expression promoted the NLRP3 and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) signaling, along with elevated interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 transcriptional activities. Together, our results demonstrated that TRIM62 suppression was strongly protective in ischemic stroke through inhibiting NLRP3-regulated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liu
- Department of Neurology, Xi'an No.3 Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710010, China
| | - Qi Lei
- Department of Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710068, China.
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Engen K, Vanga SR, Lundbäck T, Agalo F, Konda V, Jensen AJ, Åqvist J, Gutiérrez-de-Terán H, Hallberg M, Larhed M, Rosenström U. Synthesis, Evaluation and Proposed Binding Pose of Substituted Spiro-Oxindole Dihydroquinazolinones as IRAP Inhibitors. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:325-337. [PMID: 32154052 PMCID: PMC7050655 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-regulated aminopeptidase (IRAP) is a new potential macromolecular target for drugs aimed for treatment of cognitive disorders. Inhibition of IRAP by angiotensin IV (Ang IV) improves the memory and learning in rats. The majority of the known IRAP inhibitors are peptidic in character and suffer from poor pharmacokinetic properties. Herein, we present a series of small non-peptide IRAP inhibitors derived from a spiro-oxindole dihydroquinazolinone screening hit (pIC50 5.8). The compounds were synthesized either by a simple microwave (MW)-promoted three-component reaction, or by a two-step one-pot procedure. For decoration of the oxindole ring system, rapid MW-assisted Suzuki-Miyaura cross-couplings (1 min) were performed. A small improvement of potency (pIC50 6.6 for the most potent compound) and an increased solubility could be achieved. As deduced from computational modelling and MD simulations it is proposed that the S-configuration of the spiro-oxindole dihydroquinazolinones accounts for the inhibition of IRAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Engen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Sudarsana Reddy Vanga
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Thomas Lundbäck
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet SE-171 65 Solna SWEDEN
- Mechanistic Biology & Profiling, Discovery Sciences, R&D AstraZeneca SE-431 83 Göteborg SWEDEN
| | - Faith Agalo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Vivek Konda
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Annika Jenmalm Jensen
- Chemical Biology Consortium Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics Karolinska Institutet SE-171 65 Solna SWEDEN
| | - Johan Åqvist
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Hugo Gutiérrez-de-Terán
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Mats Larhed
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
| | - Ulrika Rosenström
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry Uppsala University SE-751 23 Uppsala SWEDEN
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Peng Y, Li Y, Chen M, Song J, Jiang Z, Shi S. High-dose nitrate therapy recovers the expression of subtypes α 1 and β-adrenoceptors and Ang II receptors of the renal cortex in rats with myocardial infarction-induced heart failures. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2020; 20:99. [PMID: 32106816 PMCID: PMC7047386 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-020-01353-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies examined the effect of long-acting nitrates on renal function in chronic heart failure (CHF). Thus, we aimed to investigate the effect of long-acting nitrate on the expression of adrenoceptors (AR) and angiotensin II receptor (ATR) subtypes of the renal cortex, in rats with myocardial infarction-induced CHF. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into the following groups: control, sham-operated, CHF, low- and high-dose nitrate, positive drug control (olmesartan), and high-dose of long-acting nitrate + olmesartan. Ultrasound echocardiography markers were compared, and the levels of AR subtypes, AT1R, and AT2R were measured using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western blot analysis. Histopathology of the kidney was determined on hematoxylin and eosin-stained sections. RESULTS CHF significantly increased plasma renin activity (PRA) and angiotensin II levels, upregulated AT1R expression and downregulated α1A-, β1-, β2-AR, and AT2R expression compared to the sham control. High-dose nitrate or olmesartan alone, and especially in combination, decreased the levels of PRA and angiotensin II and downregulated the CHF-induced expression of AT1R, α1A-, β1-, and β2-AR, and AT2R. CHF resulted in significant impairment of the renal tissue, including inflammatory cells infiltration to the tubular interstitium and surrounding the renal glomerulus, and tubular necrosis, which was alleviated in all treatment groups to different degrees. CONCLUSIONS Long-acting nitrates could reverse CHF-induced changes in AR and ATR subtypes in the kidney, and improve cardiac function to protect renal function. Compared with monotherapy, the combination of nitrates and olmesartan shows more significant benefits in regulating AR and ATR subtypes.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Animals
- Disease Models, Animal
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Heart Failure/drug therapy
- Heart Failure/etiology
- Heart Failure/metabolism
- Heart Failure/physiopathology
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Isosorbide Dinitrate/analogs & derivatives
- Isosorbide Dinitrate/pharmacology
- Kidney Cortex/drug effects
- Kidney Cortex/metabolism
- Kidney Cortex/physiopathology
- Male
- Myocardial Infarction/complications
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Angiotensin/genetics
- Receptors, Angiotensin/metabolism
- Renin-Angiotensin System/drug effects
- Tetrazoles/pharmacology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubo Peng
- Department of Cardiology, Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, 10016 China
| | - Yanfang Li
- Department of Emergency, Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Hong Kong University Shenzhen Hospitall, Shenzhen, 518053 China
| | - Junying Song
- HengShui people’s Hospital, Hengshui, 053000 HeBei Province China
| | - Zhili Jiang
- Department of Emergency, Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029 China
| | - Shutian Shi
- Department of Emergency, Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100029 China
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Bao CH, Wang CY, Li GN, Yan YL, Wang D, Jin XM, Wu LY, Liu HR, Wang XM, Shi Z, Wu HG. Effect of mild moxibustion on intestinal microbiota and NLRP6 inflammasome signaling in rats with post-inflammatory irritable bowel syndrome. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:4696-4714. [PMID: 31528095 PMCID: PMC6718040 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i32.4696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND About one-third of refractory irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) cases are caused by gastrointestinal (GI) infection/inflammation, known as post-infectious/post-inflammatory IBS (PI-IBS). Although it is known that intestinal microbiota and host NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing 6 (NLRP6) inflammsome signaling are closely related to PI-IBS and moxibustion has a therapeutic effect on PI-IBS, whether moxibustion regulates the intestinal flora and host NLRP6 events in PI-IBS remains unclear. AIM To examine the regulatory effect of moxibustion on intestinal microbiota and host NLRP6 inflammatory signaling in PI-IBS. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into a normal control group, a model control group, a mild moxibustion group, and a sham mild moxibustion group. PI-IBS rats in the mild moxibustion group were treated with moxibusiton at bilateral Tianshu (ST 25) and Zusanli (ST36) for 7 consecutive days for 10 min each time. The sham group rats were given the same treatment as the mild moxibustion group except the moxa stick was not ignited. Abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) score was measured to assess the visceral sensitivity, and colon histopathology and ultrastructure, colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) level were measured to evaluate low-grade colonic inflammation in rats. The relative abundance of selected intestinal bacteria in rat feces was detected by 16S rDNA PCR and the NLRP6 inflammsome signaling in the colon was detected by immunofluorescence, qRT-PCR, and Western blot. RESULTS The AWR score was significantly decreased and the low-grade intestinal inflammation reflected by serum CRP and colonic MPO levels was inhibited in the mild moxibustion group compared with the sham group. Mild moxibustion remarkably increased the relative DNA abundances of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii but decreased that of Escherichia coli in the gut of PI-IBS rats. Additionally, mild moxibustion induced mRNA and protein expression of intestine lectin 1 but inhibited the expression of IL-1β, IL-18, and resistance-like molecule β by promoting the NLRP6 and reducing the mRNA and protein expression of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD (ASC) and cysteinyl-aspartate-specific proteinase 1 (Caspase-1). The relative DNA abundances of Lactobacillus, Bifidobacteria, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, and Escherichia coli in each group were correlated with the mRNA and protein expression of NLRP6, ASC, and Caspase-1 in the colon. CONCLUSION These findings indicated that mild moxibustion can relieve low-grade GI inflammation and alleviate visceral hypersensitivity in PI-IBS by regulating intestinal microbes and controlling NLRP6 inflammasome signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hui Bao
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Chun-Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Guo-Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yi-Lu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Jin
- Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States
| | - Lu-Yi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Hui-Rong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Zheng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Huan-Gan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Immunological Effects, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
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Escobales N, Nuñez RE, Javadov S. Mitochondrial angiotensin receptors and cardioprotective pathways. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H1426-H1438. [PMID: 30978131 PMCID: PMC6620675 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00772.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of data provides strong evidence that intracellular angiotensin II (ANG II) plays an important role in mammalian cell function and is involved in the pathogenesis of human diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, inflammation, fibrosis, arrhythmias, and kidney disease, among others. Recent studies also suggest that intracellular ANG II exerts protective effects in cells during high extracellular levels of the hormone or during chronic stimulation of the local tissue renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Notably, the intracellular RAS (iRAS) described in neurons, fibroblasts, renal cells, and cardiomyocytes provided new insights into regulatory mechanisms mediated by intracellular ANG II type 1 (AT1Rs) and 2 (AT2Rs) receptors, particularly, in mitochondria and nucleus. For instance, ANG II through nuclear AT1Rs promotes protective mechanisms by stimulating the AT2R signaling cascade, which involves mitochondrial AT2Rs and Mas receptors. The stimulation of nuclear ANG II receptors enhances mitochondrial biogenesis through peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α and increases sirtuins activity, thus protecting the cell against oxidative stress. Recent studies in ANG II-induced preconditioning suggest that plasma membrane AT2R stimulation exerts protective effects against cardiac ischemia-reperfusion by modulating mitochondrial AT1R and AT2R signaling. These studies indicate that iRAS promotes the protection of cells through nuclear AT1R signaling, which, in turn, promotes AT2R-dependent processes in mitochondria. Thus, despite abundant data on the deleterious effects of intracellular ANG II, a growing body of studies also supports a protective role for iRAS that could be of relevance to developing new therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes and discusses previous studies on the role of iRAS, particularly emphasizing the protective and counterbalancing actions of iRAS, mitochondrial ANG II receptors, and their implications for organ protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Escobales
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine , San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Rebeca E Nuñez
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine , San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Sabzali Javadov
- Department of Physiology, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine , San Juan, Puerto Rico
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Manolis AS, Manolis TA, Manolis AA, Melita H. Neprilysin Inhibitors: Filling a Gap in Heart Failure Management, Albeit Amidst Controversy and at a Significant Cost. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs 2019; 19:21-36. [PMID: 29926350 DOI: 10.1007/s40256-018-0289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dual angiotensin and neprilysin inhibition using the combination drug sacubitril-valsartan has ushered in a new era in the treatment of heart failure (HF). The randomized controlled PARADIGM-HF trial, which randomized 8399 patients with HF to enalapril or sacubitril-valsartan, showed a 20% reduction in mortality and HF hospitalization with the new drug. This has been heralded as a step toward filling a crucial gap in HF management by providing strong evidence that combined inhibition of the angiotensin receptor and neprilysin is superior to inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system alone in stable patients with chronic HF as it negates the deleterious effects of angiotensin while concomitantly augmenting the beneficial effects of the endogenous natriuretic peptide system. This new therapy is costly, and other confirmatory studies have been lacking for over 2 years since its approval by major regulatory authorities. As such, controversy and heated discussions have amassed, as has detailed information from a plethora of secondary analyses of this pivotal trial about the pros and cons of this promising new therapeutic strategy in HF management. The aim of this review was to provide a critical assessment of all these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonis S Manolis
- Third Department of Cardiology, Athens University School of Medicine, Vas. Sofias 114, 115 27, Athens, Greece.
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Yu Y, Wei SG, Weiss RM, Felder RB. Sex differences in the central and peripheral manifestations of ischemia-induced heart failure in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2019; 316:H70-H79. [PMID: 30289294 PMCID: PMC6383354 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00499.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in the presentation, outcome, and responses to treatment of systolic heart failure (HF) have been reported. In the present study, we examined the effect of sex on central neural mechanisms contributing to neurohumoral excitation and its peripheral manifestations in rats with HF. Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats underwent coronary artery ligation (CL) to induce HF. Age-matched rats served as controls. Ischemic zone and left ventricular function were similar 24 h and 4 wk after CL. Female rats with HF had a lower mortality rate and less hemodynamic compromise, pulmonary congestion, and right ventricular remodeling 4 wk after CL. Plasma angiotensin II (ANG II), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and norepinephrine levels were increased in HF rats in both sexes, but AVP and norepinephrine levels increased less in female rats. In the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, a key cardiovascular-related nucleus contributing to neurohumoral excitation in HF, mRNA levels for the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β as well as cyclooxygenase-2 and the ANG II type 1a receptor were increased in HF rats of both sexes, but less so in female rats. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protein levels increased in female HF rats but decreased in male HF rats. mRNA levels of AVP were lower in female rats in both control and HF groups compared with the respective male groups. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1 and 2 increased similarly in both sexes in HF. The results suggest that female HF rats have less central neural excitation and less associated hemodynamic compromise than male HF rats with the same degree of initial ischemic cardiac injury. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Sex differences in the presentation and responses to treatment of heart failure (HF) are widely recognized, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The present study describes sex differences in the central nervous system mechanisms that drive neurohumoral excitation in ischemia-induced HF. Female rats had a less intense central neurochemical response to HF and experienced less hemodynamic compromise. Sex hormones may contribute to these differences in the central and peripheral adaptations to HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Shun-Guang Wei
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert M Weiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Robert B Felder
- Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa , Iowa City, Iowa
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Iowa City, Iowa
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Jang IA, Kim EN, Lim JH, Kim MY, Ban TH, Yoon HE, Park CW, Chang YS, Choi BS. Effects of Resveratrol on the Renin-Angiotensin System in the Aging Kidney. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1741. [PMID: 30424556 PMCID: PMC6267480 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), especially the angiotensin II (Ang II)/angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) axis, plays an important role in the aging process of the kidney, through increased tissue reactive oxygen species production and progressively increased oxidative stress. In contrast, the angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7)/Mas receptor (MasR) axis, which counteracts the effects of Ang II, is protective for end-organ damage. To evaluate the ability of resveratrol (RSV) to modulate the RAS in aging kidneys, eighteen-month-old male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups that received either normal mouse chow or chow containing resveratrol, for six months. Renal expressions of RAS components, as well as pro- and antioxidant enzymes, were measured and mouse kidneys were isolated for histopathology. Resveratrol-treated mice demonstrated better renal function and reduced albuminuria, with improved renal histologic findings. Resveratrol suppressed the Ang II/AT1R axis and enhanced the AT2R/Ang 1-7/MasR axis. Additionally, the expression of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 4, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, 3-nitrotyrosine, collagen IV, and fibronectin was decreased, while the expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and superoxide dismutase 2 was increased by resveratrol treatment. These findings demonstrate that resveratrol exerts protective effects on aging kidneys by reducing oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, through Ang II suppression and MasR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Ae Jang
- Department of Internal medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Eun Nim Kim
- Division of Medical Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Ji Hee Lim
- Division of Medical Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Min Young Kim
- Division of Medical Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Tae Hyun Ban
- Department of Internal medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Hye Eun Yoon
- Department of Internal medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Incheon St. Mary's Hospital, Incheon 21431, Korea.
| | - Cheol Whee Park
- Department of Internal medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul 06591, Korea.
| | - Yoon Sik Chang
- Department of Internal medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yeouido St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul 07345, Korea.
| | - Bum Soon Choi
- Department of Internal medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea.
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, Seoul 02559, Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hua Wu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., S.M., J.Z.C., H.S., A.D., H.S.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (C.-H.W., S.M., A.D., H.S.L.)
| | - Shayan Mohammadmoradi
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., S.M., J.Z.C., H.S., A.D., H.S.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (C.-H.W., S.M., A.D., H.S.L.)
| | - Jeff Z Chen
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., S.M., J.Z.C., H.S., A.D., H.S.L.)
- Department of Physiology (J.Z.C., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Hisashi Sawada
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., S.M., J.Z.C., H.S., A.D., H.S.L.)
| | - Alan Daugherty
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., S.M., J.Z.C., H.S., A.D., H.S.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (C.-H.W., S.M., A.D., H.S.L.)
- Department of Physiology (J.Z.C., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
| | - Hong S Lu
- From the Saha Cardiovascular Research Center (C.-H.W., S.M., J.Z.C., H.S., A.D., H.S.L.)
- Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences (C.-H.W., S.M., A.D., H.S.L.)
- Department of Physiology (J.Z.C., A.D., H.S.L.), University of Kentucky, Lexington
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Rizzetti DA, da Silva TM, Escobar AG, Piagette J, Peçanha FM, Vassallo DV, Alonso MJ, Salaices M, Wiggers GA. Mercury-induced vascular dysfunction is mediated by angiotensin II AT-1 receptor upregulation. Environ Res 2018; 162:287-296. [PMID: 29407760 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Low doses of mercury (Hg) promote deleterious effects on cardiovascular system, but the mechanisms implicated remain unclear. This study analyzed whether angiotensin II AT-1 receptors are involved in the vascular dysfunction caused by chronic exposure to low HgCl2 doses. For this, rats were divided into four groups and untreated (saline by im injections and tap water by gavage) or treated for 30 days as follows: Mercury (HgCl2im, first dose of 4.6 µg kg-1 and subsequent doses of 0.07 µg kg-1 day-1, and tap water by gavage); Losartan (saline im and losartan, 15 mg kg-1 day-1, by gavage); Losartan-Mercury (HgCl2im and Losartan by gavage). Systolic blood pressure was measured by tail plethysmography, vascular reactivity in aorta by isolated organ bath, oxidative stress by measuring the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and protein expression of AT-1 receptors by Western Blot. As results, co-treatment with losartan prevented the increased aortic vasoconstrictor responses to phenylephrine (Phe), the involvement of ROS and prostanoids on the response to Phe and the reduced negative endothelial modulation by nitric oxide on these responses. Moreover, this co-treatment avoided the increase in plasmatic and vascular oxidative stress and AT-1 protein expression in aorta. In conclusion, these results suggest that AT-1 receptors upregulation might play a key role in the vascular damage induced by Hg exposure by increasing oxidative stress and probably by reducing NO bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danize A Rizzetti
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Taiz M da Silva
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Alyne G Escobar
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Janaina Piagette
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Franck M Peçanha
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Dalton V Vassallo
- Cardiac Electromechanical and Vascular Reactivity Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Marechal Campos, 1468 Vitória, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Maria J Alonso
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Atenas s/n, Alcorcón, Spain
| | - Mercedes Salaices
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C/ Arzobispo Morcillo, 4, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giulia A Wiggers
- Cardiovascular Physiology Laboratory, Universidade Federal do Pampa, BR 472, Km 592, Uruguaiana, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Kim-Mitsuyama S, Soejima H, Yasuda O, Node K, Jinnouchi H, Yamamoto E, Sekigami T, Ogawa H, Matsui K. Cardiovascular and renal protective role of angiotensin blockade in hypertension with advanced CKD: a subgroup analysis of ATTEMPT-CVD randomized trial. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3150. [PMID: 29453374 PMCID: PMC5816600 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20874-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATTEMPT-CVD study was prospective randomized active-controlled trial and the main findings had been reported. According to baseline GFR and albuminuria categories, we divided the patients of the ATTEMPT-CVD study into 2 subgroups: (Group 1) the patients with at least one of eGFR of <45 ml/min per 1.73 m2 and UACR of ≥300 mg/g creatinine, defined as G3b and/or A3; (Group 2) the patients except for Group 1, defined as the other patients. In patients with G3b and/or A3, the incidence of cardiovascular events was significantly less in ARB group than in non-ARB group (11 vs 22, respectively) (HR = 0.465: 95%CI = 0.224-0.965; P = 0.040). UACR was significantly less in ARB group than in non-ARB group during follow-up period in patients with G3b and/or A3 (P = 0.0003), while eGFR, plasma BNP levels, and blood pressure were comparable between ARB and non-ARB groups. Allocation to ARB therapy was a significant independent prognostic factor for cardiovascular events in patients with G3b and/or A3 (P = 0.0268). On the other hand, in the other patients, the occurrence of cardiovascular events was comparable between ARB and non-ARB groups. In patients with advanced CKD, ARB-based therapy may confer greater benefit in prevention of cardiovascular events than non-ARB therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokei Kim-Mitsuyama
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Hirofumi Soejima
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
- Health Care Center, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Osamu Yasuda
- Department of Sports and Life Sciences, National Institute of Fitness and Sports in Kanoya, Kanoya, Japan
| | - Koichi Node
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | | | - Eiichiro Yamamoto
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Taiji Sekigami
- Division of Internal Medicine & Diabetes and Endocrine, Sekigami Clinic, Yatsushiro, Japan
| | - Hisao Ogawa
- National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan
| | - Kunihiko Matsui
- Department of General and Community Medicine, Kumamoto University Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
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Abstract
Background Hypoxia during pregnancy could cause abnormal development and lead to increased risks of vascular diseases in adults. This study determined angiotensin II (AII)‐mediated vascular dysfunction in offspring middle cerebral arteries (MCA). Methods and Results Pregnant rats were subjected to hypoxia. Vascular tension in offspring MCA by AII with or without inhibitors, calcium channel activities, and endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores were tested. Whole‐cell patch clamping was used to investigate voltage‐dependent calcium channel currents. mRNA expression was tested using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. AII‐mediated MCA constriction was greater in male offspring exposed to prenatal hypoxia. AT1 and AT2 receptors were involved in the altered AII‐mediated vasoconstriction. Prenatal hypoxia increased baseline activities of L‐type calcium channel currents in MCA smooth muscle cells. However, calcium currents stimulated by AII were not significantly changed, whereas nifedipine inhibited AII‐mediated vasoconstrictions in the MCA. Activities of IP3/ryanodine receptor–operated calcium channels, endoplasmic reticulum calcium stores, and sarcoendoplasmic reticulum membrane Ca2+‐ATPase were increased. Prenatal hypoxia also caused dysfunction of vasodilatation via the endothelium NO synthase. The mRNA expressions of AT1A, AT1B, AT2R, Cav1.2α1C, Cav3.2α1H, and ryanodine receptor RyR2 were increased in the prenatal‐hypoxia group. Conclusions Hypoxia in pregnancy could induce dysfunction in both contraction and dilation in the offspring MCA. AII‐increased constriction in the prenatal‐hypoxia group was not mainly dependent on the L‐type and T‐type calcium channels; it might predominantly rely on the AII receptors, IP3/ryanodine receptors, and the endoplasmic reticulum calcium store as well as calcium ATPase.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/genetics
- Calcium Channels, L-Type/metabolism
- Calcium Channels, T-Type/genetics
- Calcium Channels, T-Type/metabolism
- Calcium Signaling
- Cerebrovascular Disorders/etiology
- Cerebrovascular Disorders/metabolism
- Cerebrovascular Disorders/physiopathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Female
- Fetal Hypoxia/complications
- Fetal Hypoxia/metabolism
- Fetal Hypoxia/physiopathology
- Gestational Age
- Humans
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/genetics
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/metabolism
- Membrane Potentials
- Membrane Transport Modulators/pharmacology
- Middle Cerebral Artery/drug effects
- Middle Cerebral Artery/metabolism
- Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Pregnancy
- Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Angiotensin/genetics
- Receptors, Angiotensin/metabolism
- Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/genetics
- Ryanodine Receptor Calcium Release Channel/metabolism
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases/genetics
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium-Transporting ATPases/metabolism
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
- Vasoconstrictor Agents/pharmacology
- Vasodilation/drug effects
- Vasodilator Agents/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Tang
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Na Li
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueyi Chen
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qinqin Gao
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Bailin Liu
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute of Fetology, First Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Vinturache AE, Smith FG. Glomerular and tubular effects of nitric oxide (NO) are regulated by angiotensin II (Ang II) in an age-dependent manner through activation of both angiotensin receptors (AT1Rs and AT2Rs) in conscious lambs. Pflugers Arch 2017; 470:249-261. [PMID: 28861607 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-2053-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Renin-angiotensin (RAS) and nitric oxide (NO) systems and the balance and interaction between them are considered of primary importance in maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis. It has been suggested that the effects of NO may be modulated at least in part by the angiotensin (Ang) II, yet the roles of angiotensin receptor type 1 (AT1R) and type 2 (AT2R) are not well understood. Even though both Ang II and NO are elevated at birth and during the newborn period, their contribution to the adaptation of the newborn to life after birth as well as their physiological roles during development are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to determine if NO regulation of renal function during postnatal maturation is modulated by Ang II through activation of AT1R or AT2R or both receptors. Glomerular and tubular effects of either AT1R selective antagonist ZD 7155, AT2R selective antagonist PD 123319, and both antagonists ZD 7155 plus PD 123319, were measured in 1- (N = 9) and 6-week-old (N = 13) conscious, chronically instrumented lambs before and after removal of endogenous NO with L-arginine analogue, L-NAME. Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures for repeated measures over time with factors age and treatment were used to compare the effects of the treatments on several glomerular and tubular variables in both groups. This study showed that L-NAME infusion after pre-treatment with ATR antagonists did not alter glomerular function in 1- or 6-week-old lambs. NO effects on electrolytes handling along the nephron during postnatal development were modulated by Ang II through AT1R and AT2R in an age-dependent manner. Selective inhibition of AT1R and AT2R increased excretion of Na+, K+, and Cl- in 6- but not in 1-week-old lambs. In 6-week-old lambs, urinary flow rate increased by 200%, free water clearance increased by 50%, and urine osmolality decreased by 40% after L-NAME was added to the pre-treatment with ZD 7155 plus PD 123319. When L-NAME was added either to ZD 7155 or PD 123319, the same trend in the alterations of these variables was observed, albeit to a lower degree. In conclusion, in conscious animals, during postnatal maturation, Ang II modulates the effects of NO on glomerular function, fluid, and electrolyte homeostasis through AT1Rs and AT2Rs in an age-dependent manner. Under physiological conditions, AT2Rs may potentiate the effects of AT1R, providing evidence of a crosstalk between ATRs in modulating NO effects on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis during postnatal maturation. This study provides new insights on the regulation of renal function during early postnatal development showing that, compared with later in life, newborns have impaired capacity to regulate glomerular function, water, and electrolyte balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E Vinturache
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada.
| | - Francine G Smith
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute for Child and Maternal Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Alshahrani S, Rapoport RM, Zahedi K, Jiang M, Nieman M, Barone S, Meredith AL, Lorenz JN, Rubinstein J, Soleimani M. The non-diuretic hypotensive effects of thiazides are enhanced during volume depletion states. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181376. [PMID: 28719636 PMCID: PMC5515454 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiazide derivatives including Hydrochlorothiazide (HCTZ) represent the most common treatment of mild to moderate hypertension. Thiazides initially enhance diuresis via inhibition of the kidney Na+-Cl- Cotransporter (NCC). However, chronic volume depletion and diuresis are minimal while lowered blood pressure (BP) is maintained on thiazides. Thus, a vasodilator action of thiazides is proposed, likely via Ca2+-activated K+ (BK) channels in vascular smooth muscles. This study ascertains the role of volume depletion induced by salt restriction or salt wasting in NCC KO mice on the non-diuretic hypotensive action of HCTZ. HCTZ (20mg/kg s.c.) lowered BP in 1) NCC KO on a salt restricted diet but not with normal diet; 2) in volume depleted but not in volume resuscitated pendrin/NCC dKO mice; the BP reduction occurs without any enhancement in salt excretion or reduction in cardiac output. HCTZ still lowered BP following treatment of NCC KO on salt restricted diet with paxilline (8 mg/kg, i.p.), a BK channel blocker, and in BK KO and BK/NCC dKO mice on salt restricted diet. In aortic rings from NCC KO mice on normal and low salt diet, HCTZ did not alter and minimally decreased maximal phenylephrine contraction, respectively, while contractile sensitivity remained unchanged. These results demonstrate 1) the non-diuretic hypotensive effects of thiazides are augmented with volume depletion and 2) that the BP reduction is likely the result of HCTZ inhibition of vasoconstriction through a pathway dependent on factors present in vivo, is unrelated to BK channel activation, and involves processes associated with intravascular volume depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Alshahrani
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Robert M. Rapoport
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Kamyar Zahedi
- Center on Genetics of Transport and Epithelial Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Min Jiang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Michelle Nieman
- Department of Physiology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Sharon Barone
- Center on Genetics of Transport and Epithelial Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Andrea L. Meredith
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John N. Lorenz
- Department of Physiology, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Jack Rubinstein
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Manoocher Soleimani
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Center on Genetics of Transport and Epithelial Biology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Research Services, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Osborn MJ, Webber BR, McElmurry RT, Rudser KD, DeFeo AP, Muradian M, Petryk A, Hallgrimsson B, Blazar BR, Tolar J, Braunlin EA. Angiotensin receptor blockade mediated amelioration of mucopolysaccharidosis type I cardiac and craniofacial pathology. J Inherit Metab Dis 2017; 40:281-289. [PMID: 27743312 PMCID: PMC5335863 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-016-9988-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS IH) is a lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by inactivating mutations to the alpha-L-iduronidase (IDUA) gene. Treatment focuses on IDUA enzyme replacement and currently employed methods can be non-uniform in their efficacy particularly for the cardiac and craniofacial pathology. Therefore, we undertook efforts to better define the pathological cascade accounting for treatment refractory manifestations and demonstrate a role for the renin angiotensin system (RAS) using the IDUA-/- mouse model. Perturbation of the RAS in the aorta was more profound in male animals suggesting a causative role in the observed gender dimorphism and angiotensin receptor blockade (ARB) resulted in improved cardiac function. Further, we show the ability of losartan to prevent shortening of the snout, a common craniofacial anomaly in IDUA-/- mice. These data show a key role for the RAS in MPS associated pathology and support the inclusion of losartan as an augmentation to current therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Osborn
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Center for Genome Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Beau R Webber
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Ronald T McElmurry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Kyle D Rudser
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Anthony P DeFeo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Michael Muradian
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Anna Petryk
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Benedikt Hallgrimsson
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy and the Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Bruce R Blazar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Asan-Minnesota Institute for Innovating Transplantation, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Braunlin
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware ST SE, MMC 366, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
- Lillehei Heart Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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Garrido-Gil P, Rodriguez-Perez AI, Fernandez-Rodriguez P, Lanciego JL, Labandeira-Garcia JL. Expression of angiotensinogen and receptors for angiotensin and prorenin in the rat and monkey striatal neurons and glial cells. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2559-2571. [PMID: 28161727 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1357-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) was initially considered as a circulating humoral system, which function is the regulation of blood pressure. However, it is now known that there exists local RAS in many tissues, including brain. In recent studies, we have demonstrated the presence of a local RAS in the substantia nigra of rodents and primates that modulates dopamine release and dopamine receptor expression. However, overactivation of local RAS exacerbates neuroinflammation, oxidative stress and dopaminergic cell death. In the striatum, it is not clear whether angiotensin receptors are located in dopaminergic terminals, glial cells and/or the projection neurons. The present study shows the location of major components of the RAS in striatal projection neurons of rats and monkeys (both in neurons of the direct and the indirect pathways). Striatal astrocytes and microglial cells also express major RAS components, which increase after induction of neuroinflammation by intrastriatal injection of lipopolysaccharide. Angiotensin receptors were located at the cell surface and also at cytoplasmic and nuclear levels. The results obtained by immunolabeling and confocal microscopy were confirmed with laser microdissection of striatal neurons and glial cells and detection of mRNA expression by PCR. The sequence of the resulting PCR products was verified by DNA sequencing. In addition to the interaction between angiotensin and dopamine receptors in dopaminergic neurons to regulate dopamine release, interaction between angiotensin and dopamine receptors in projection striatal neurons may further modulate the effects of dopamine on the direct and indirect pathways by fine-tuning striatal dopaminergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Garrido-Gil
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I Rodriguez-Perez
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernandez-Rodriguez
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Lanciego
- Neurosciences Division, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose L Labandeira-Garcia
- Laboratory of Neuroanatomy and Experimental Neurology, Department of Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Networking Research Center on Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
The presence of local renin angiotensin aldosterone systems (RAAS) in the cardiovascular and renal tissues and their influence in cardiovascular and renal diseases are described. The fundamental role of ACE/Ang II/AT1 receptor axis activation as well the counterregulatory role of ACE2/Ang (1-7)/Mas receptor activation on cardiovascular and renal physiology and pathology are emphasized. The presence of a local RAS and its influence on hypertension is discussed, and finally, the hypothesis that epigenetic factors change the RAAS in utero and induce the expression of renin or Ang II inside the cells of the cardiovascular system is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walmor C De Mello
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences Campus, UPR, San Juan, PR 00936, USA.
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Reichhart N, Crespo-Garcia S, Haase N, Golic M, Skosyrski S, Rübsam A, Herrspiegel C, Kociok N, Alenina N, Bader M, Dechend R, Strauss O, Joussen AM. The TetO rat as a new translational model for type 2 diabetic retinopathy by inducible insulin receptor knockdown. Diabetologia 2017; 60:202-211. [PMID: 27704165 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-4115-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Although the renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the progression of diabetic retinopathy, its influence therein has not been systematically evaluated. Here we test the suitability of a new translational model of diabetic retinopathy, the TetO rat, for addressing the role of angiotensin-II receptor 1 (AT1) blockade in experimental diabetic retinopathy. METHODS Diabetes was induced by tetracycline-inducible small hairpin RNA (shRNA) knockdown of the insulin receptor in rats, generating TetO rats. Systemic treatment consisted of an AT1 blocker (ARB) at the onset of diabetes, following which, 4-5 weeks later the retina was analysed in vivo and ex vivo. Retinal function was assessed by Ganzfeld electroretinography (ERG). RESULTS Retinal vessels in TetO rats showed differences in vessel calibre, together with gliosis. The total number and the proportion of activated mononuclear phagocytes was increased. TetO rats presented with loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGC) and ERG indicated photoreceptor malfunction. Both the inner and outer blood-retina barriers were affected. The ARB treated group showed reduced gliosis and an overall amelioration of retinal function, alongside RGC recovery, whilst no statistically significant differences in vascular and inflammatory features were detected. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The TetO rat represents a promising translational model for the early neurovascular changes associated with type 2 diabetic retinopathy. ARB treatment had an effect on the neuronal component of the retina but not on the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Reichhart
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sergio Crespo-Garcia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadine Haase
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michaela Golic
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Obstetrics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Gynecology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergej Skosyrski
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Rübsam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christina Herrspiegel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Norbert Kociok
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Natalia Alenina
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Bader
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Disease, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Biology, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ralf Dechend
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and the Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, HELIOS Klinikum Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Strauss
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia M Joussen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin Campus Virchow Klinikum, Augustenburger Platz 1, 13353, Berlin, Germany.
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