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Loss of EphA7 Expression in Basal Cell Carcinoma by Hypermethylation of CpG Islands in the Promoter Region. Anal Cell Pathol 2022; 2022:4220786. [PMID: 35103233 PMCID: PMC8800629 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4220786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignancy worldwide, with increasing incidence. BCCs present low mortality but high morbidity, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. Eph receptors have been implicated in tumorigenesis. EphA7 plays a role as a tumor suppressor in certain cancers. We checked EphA7 expression levels and methylation status in a set of BCCs, benign skin diseases, and compound nevus tissue samples using immunohistochemistry. EphA7 protein was positively expressed in normal basal cells, benign skin diseases, and compound nevus cells, but lost in areas of BCC tissues. We detected hypermethylation in BCC tissue samples with reduced expression of EphA7. There is a significant relationship between the expression level of EphA7 receptor protein and the methylation status of CpG islands in the EphA7 promoter region (P < 0.001). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report the EphA7 expression profile and hypermethylation of EphA7 in BCC. The role of the EphA7 gene and the status of hypermethylation in tumorigenesis and treatment of BCC warrant further investigation.
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Bolcaen J, Nair S, Driver CHS, Boshomane TMG, Ebenhan T, Vandevoorde C. Novel Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Pathway Inhibitors for Targeted Radionuclide Therapy of Glioblastoma. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:626. [PMID: 34209513 PMCID: PMC8308832 DOI: 10.3390/ph14070626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) remains the most fatal brain tumor characterized by a high infiltration rate and treatment resistance. Overexpression and/or mutation of receptor tyrosine kinases is common in GB, which subsequently leads to the activation of many downstream pathways that have a critical impact on tumor progression and therapy resistance. Therefore, receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs) have been investigated to improve the dismal prognosis of GB in an effort to evolve into a personalized targeted therapy strategy with a better treatment outcome. Numerous RTKIs have been approved in the clinic and several radiopharmaceuticals are part of (pre)clinical trials as a non-invasive method to identify patients who could benefit from RTKI. The latter opens up the scope for theranostic applications. In this review, the present status of RTKIs for the treatment, nuclear imaging and targeted radionuclide therapy of GB is presented. The focus will be on seven tyrosine kinase receptors, based on their central role in GB: EGFR, VEGFR, MET, PDGFR, FGFR, Eph receptor and IGF1R. Finally, by way of analyzing structural and physiological characteristics of the TKIs with promising clinical trial results, four small molecule RTKIs were selected based on their potential to become new therapeutic GB radiopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bolcaen
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7131, South Africa;
| | - Shankari Nair
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7131, South Africa;
| | - Cathryn H. S. Driver
- Radiochemistry, South African Nuclear Energy Corporation, Pelindaba, Brits 0240, South Africa;
- Pre-Clinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pelindaba, Brits 0242, South Africa;
| | - Tebatso M. G. Boshomane
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
| | - Thomas Ebenhan
- Pre-Clinical Imaging Facility, Nuclear Medicine Research Infrastructure, Pelindaba, Brits 0242, South Africa;
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Pretoria Steve Biko Academic Hospital, Pretoria 0001, South Africa;
- Preclinical Drug Development Platform, Department of Science and Technology, North West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Charlot Vandevoorde
- Radiobiology, Radiation Biophysics Division, Nuclear Medicine Department, iThemba LABS, Cape Town 7131, South Africa;
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Kizilbash SH, Gupta SK, Parrish KE, Laramy JK, Kim M, Gampa G, Carlson BL, Bakken KK, Mladek AC, Schroeder MA, Decker PA, Elmquist WF, Sarkaria JN. In Vivo Efficacy of Tesevatinib in EGFR-Amplified Patient-Derived Xenograft Glioblastoma Models May Be Limited by Tissue Binding and Compensatory Signaling. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1009-1018. [PMID: 33785646 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-20-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tesevatinib is a potent oral brain penetrant EGFR inhibitor currently being evaluated for glioblastoma therapy. Tesevatinib distribution was assessed in wild-type (WT) and Mdr1a/b(-/-)Bcrp(-/-) triple knockout (TKO) FVB mice after dosing orally or via osmotic minipump; drug-tissue binding was assessed by rapid equilibrium dialysis. Two hours after tesevatinib dosing, brain concentrations in WT and TKO mice were 0.72 and 10.03 μg/g, respectively. Brain-to-plasma ratios (Kp) were 0.53 and 5.73, respectively. With intraperitoneal infusion, brain concentrations were 1.46 and 30.6 μg/g (Kp 1.16 and 25.10), respectively. The brain-to-plasma unbound drug concentration ratios were substantially lower (WT mice, 0.03-0.08; TKO mice, 0.40-1.75). Unbound drug concentrations in brains of WT mice were 0.78 to 1.59 ng/g. In vitro cytotoxicity and EGFR pathway signaling were evaluated using EGFR-amplified patient-derived glioblastoma xenograft models (GBM12, GBM6). In vivo pharmacodynamics and efficacy were assessed using athymic nude mice bearing either intracranial or flank tumors treated by oral gavage. Tesevatinib potently reduced cell viability [IC50 GBM12 = 11 nmol/L (5.5 ng/mL), GBM6 = 102 nmol/L] and suppressed EGFR signaling in vitro However, tesevatinib efficacy compared with vehicle in intracranial (GBM12, median survival: 23 vs. 18 days, P = 0.003) and flank models (GBM12, median time to outcome: 41 vs. 33 days, P = 0.007; GBM6, 44 vs. 33 days, P = 0.007) was modest and associated with partial inhibition of EGFR signaling. Overall, tesevatinib efficacy in EGFR-amplified PDX GBM models is robust in vitro but relatively modest in vivo, despite a high brain-to-plasma ratio. This discrepancy may be explained by drug-tissue binding and compensatory signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shiv K Gupta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Karen E Parrish
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Janice K Laramy
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Minjee Kim
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gautham Gampa
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Brett L Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Katrina K Bakken
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Ann C Mladek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Mark A Schroeder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Paul A Decker
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - William F Elmquist
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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