1
|
Szántó M, Yélamos J, Bai P. Specific and shared biological functions of PARP2 - is PARP2 really a lil' brother of PARP1? Expert Rev Mol Med 2024; 26:e13. [PMID: 38698556 PMCID: PMC11140550 DOI: 10.1017/erm.2024.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
PARP2, that belongs to the family of ADP-ribosyl transferase enzymes (ART), is a discovery of the millennium, as it was identified in 1999. Although PARP2 was described initially as a DNA repair factor, it is now evident that PARP2 partakes in the regulation or execution of multiple biological processes as inflammation, carcinogenesis and cancer progression, metabolism or oxidative stress-related diseases. Hereby, we review the involvement of PARP2 in these processes with the aim of understanding which processes are specific for PARP2, but not for other members of the ART family. A better understanding of the specific functions of PARP2 in all of these biological processes is crucial for the development of new PARP-centred selective therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdolna Szántó
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
| | - José Yélamos
- Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Péter Bai
- HUN-REN-UD Cell Biology and Signaling Research Group, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- MTA-DE Lendület Laboratory of Cellular Metabolism, Debrecen, 4032, Hungary
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen 4032, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bastos IM, Rebelo S, Silva VLM. A review of poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 (PARP1) role and its inhibitors bearing pyrazole or indazole core for cancer therapy. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 221:116045. [PMID: 38336156 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease with a high mortality rate characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells. The hallmarks of cancer evidence the acquired cells characteristics that promote the growth of malignant tumours, including genomic instability and mutations, the ability to evade cellular death and the capacity of sustaining proliferative signalization. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP1) is a protein that plays key roles in cellular regulation, namely in DNA damage repair and cell survival. The inhibition of PARP1 promotes cellular death in cells with homologous recombination deficiency, and therefore, the interest in PARP protein has been rising as a target for anticancer therapies. There are already some PARP1 inhibitors approved by Food and Drug Administration (FDA), such as Olaparib and Niraparib. The last compound presents in its structure an indazole core. In fact, pyrazoles and indazoles have been raising interest due to their various medicinal properties, namely, anticancer activity. Derivatives of these compounds have been studied as inhibitors of PARP1 and presented promising results. Therefore, this review aims to address the importance of PARP1 in cell regulation and its role in cancer. Moreover, it intends to report a comprehensive literature review of PARP1 inhibitors, containing the pyrazole and indazole scaffolds, published in the last fifteen years, focusing on structure-activity relationship aspects, thus providing important insights for the design of novel and more effective PARP1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inês M Bastos
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sandra Rebelo
- Institute of Biomedicine-iBiMED, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vera L M Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vierstraete J, Fieuws C, Willaert A, Vral A, Claes KBM. Zebrafish as an in vivo screening tool to establish PARP inhibitor efficacy. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 97:103023. [PMID: 33341473 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.103023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Double strand break (DSB) repair through Homologous Recombination (HR) is essential in maintaining genomic stability of the cell. Mutations in the HR pathway confer an increased risk for breast, ovarian, pancreatic and prostate cancer. PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are compounds that specifically target tumours deficient in HR. Novel PARPi are constantly being developed, but research is still heavily focussed on in vitro data, with mouse xenografts only being used in late stages of development. There is a need for assays that can: 1) provide in vivo data, 2) early in the development process of novel PARPi, 3) provide fast results and 4) at an affordable cost. Here we propose a combination of in vivo zebrafish assays to accurately quantify PARP inhibitor efficacy. We showed that PARPi display functional effects in zebrafish, generally correlating with their PARP trapping capacities. Furthermore, we displayed how olaparib mediated radiosensitization is conserved in our zebrafish model. These assays could aid the development of novel PARPi by providing early in vivo data. In addition, using zebrafish allows for high-throughput testing of combination therapies in search of novel treatment strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Vierstraete
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Fieuws
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andy Willaert
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Zebrafish Facility Ghent, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Vral
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Bertha Michaël Claes
- Center for Medical Genetics Ghent, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Singh J, Suryan A, Kumar S, Sharma S. Phthalazinone Scaffold: Emerging Tool in the Development of Target Based Novel Anticancer Agents. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2020; 20:2228-2245. [PMID: 32767957 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200807220146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Phthalazinones are important nitrogen-rich heterocyclic compounds which have been a topic of considerable medicinal interest because of their diversified pharmacological activities. This versatile scaffold forms a common structural feature for many bioactive compounds, which leads to the design and development of novel anticancer drugs with fruitful results. The current review article discusses the progressive development of novel phthalazinone analogues that are targets for various receptors such as PARP, EGFR, VEGFR-2, Aurora kinase, Proteasome, Hedgehog pathway, DNA topoisomerase and P-glycoprotein. It describes mechanistic insights into the anticancer properties of phthalazinone derivatives and also highlights various simple and economical techniques for the synthesis of phthalazinones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Singh
- Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Landran, Punjab, India
| | - Amruta Suryan
- University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Shweta Sharma
- Chandigarh College of Pharmacy, Landran, Punjab, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jain PG, Patel BD. Medicinal chemistry approaches of poly ADP-Ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) inhibitors as anticancer agents - A recent update. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 165:198-215. [PMID: 30684797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Poly (ADP-ribose) Polymerase1 (PARP1) is a member of 17 membered PARP family having diversified biological functions such as synthetic lethality, DNA repair, apoptosis, necrosis, histone binding etc. It is primarily a chromatin-bound nuclear enzyme that gets activated by DNA damage. It binds to DNA signal- and double-strand breaks, does parylation of target proteins (using NAD+ as a substrate) like histones and other DNA repair proteins and modifies them as a part of DNA repair mechanism. Inhibition of PARP1 prevents the DNA repair and leads to cell death. Clinically, PARP1 Inhibitors have shown their potential in treating BRCAm breast and ovarian cancers and trials are going on for the treatment of other solid tumors like pancreatic, prostate, colorectal etc. as a single agent or in combination. There are currently three FDA approved PARP1 inhibitors namely Olaparib, Rucaparib and Niraparib in the market while Veliparib and Talazoparib are in the late stage of clinical development. All these molecules are nonselective PARP1 inhibitors with concurrent inhibition of PARP2 with similar potency. In addition, resistance to marketed PARP1 inhibitors has been reported. Overall, looking at the success rate of PARP1 inhibitors into various solid tumors, there is an urge of a novel and selective PARP1 inhibitors. This review provides an update on various newer heterocyclic PARP1 inhibitors reported in last three years along with their structural design strategies. We classified them into two main chemical classes; NAD analogues and non-NAD analogues and discussed the medicinal chemistry approaches of each class. To understand the structural features required for in-silico designing of next-generation PARP1 inhibitors, we also reported the crucial amino acid interactions of these inhibitors at the target site. Thus, present review provides the insight on recent development on new lead structures as PARP1 inhibitors, their SAR, an overview of in-vitro and in-vivo screening methods, current challenges and opinion on future designing of more selective and safe PARP1 inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyancy G Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India
| | - Bhumika D Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Nirma University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 382481, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Giri P, Gupta L, Singh S, Patel N, Srinivas NR, Srivastva BK, Desai RC, Patel PR. Assessment of the in vitro cytochrome P450 (CYP) inhibition potential of ZYTP1, a novel poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor. Xenobiotica 2018; 49:1164-1172. [PMID: 30488748 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2018.1546916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
ZYTP1 is a novel Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase protein inhibitor being developed for cancer indications. The focus of the work was to determine if ZYTP1 had a perpetrator role in the in vitro inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes to aid dosing decisions during the clinical development of ZYTP1. ZYTP1 IC50 for CYP1A2, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6 and 3A4/5 was determined using human liver microsomes and LC-MS/MS detection. CYP3A4/5 IC50 of depropylated metabolite of ZYTP1 was also determined. Time dependent inhibition of CYP3A4/5 by ZYTP1 was also assessed using substrates, testosterone and midazolam. The mean IC50 values of ZYTP1 were >100 µM for CYP1A2, 2B6 and 2D6, while 56.1, 24.5, 39.5 and 23.3-58.7 µM for CYP2C8, 2C9, 2C19 and 3A4/5, respectively. The CYP3A4/5 IC50 of depropylated metabolite was 11.95-24.51 µM. Time dependent CYP3A4/5 inhibition was noted for testosterone and midazolam with IC50 shift of 10.9- and 39.9-fold, respectively. With midazolam, the kinact and KI values of ZYTP1 were 0.075 min-1 and 4.47 µM for the CYP3A4/5 time dependent inhibition, respectively. Because of potent inhibition of CYP3A4/5, drugs that undergo metabolism via CYP3A4/5 pathway should be avoided during ZYTP1 therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Giri
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Zydus Research Centre , Ahmadabad , India
| | - Lakshmikant Gupta
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Zydus Research Centre , Ahmadabad , India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Zydus Research Centre , Ahmadabad , India
| | - Nirmal Patel
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Zydus Research Centre , Ahmadabad , India
| | - Nuggehally R Srinivas
- a Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Zydus Research Centre , Ahmadabad , India
| | | | - Ranjit C Desai
- b Department of Medicinal Chemistry , Zydus Research Centre , Ahmadabad , India
| | - Pankaj R Patel
- c Zydus Research Centre , Cadila Healthcare Ltd , Ahmadabad , India
| |
Collapse
|