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Horikawa S, Kishimoto K, Uemura S, Hyodo S, Kozaki A, Saito A, Ishida T, Mori T, Hasegawa D, Kosaka Y. Impact of prophylactic echinocandin on the development of neurological complications in patients receiving busulfan-containing conditioning regimens for stem cell transplantation: A single-center retrospective study. Pediatr Transplant 2024; 28:e14728. [PMID: 38600717 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although neurotoxicity is a major adverse event associated with busulfan, little information is available regarding the association between drug interactions and neurological symptoms during busulfan-based regimens. This study evaluated the association between prophylactic echinocandins and neurological complications in patients receiving busulfan-containing conditioning regimens for stem cell transplantation. METHODS We retrospectively included consecutive patients who administered intravenous busulfan as a conditioning regimen at our facility between 2007 and 2022. Prophylactic echinocandin use was defined as the use of an echinocandin antifungal drug to prevent invasive fungal disease in SCT recipients. The primary outcome was the incidence of neurological complications within 7 days of busulfan initiation and was compared between the echinocandin group (patients received prophylactic echinocandin) and nonechinocandin group (patients received prophylactic antifungal drugs other than echinocandin and those without antifungal prophylaxis). RESULTS Among the 59 patients included in this study, the incidence of neurological complications in the echinocandin (n = 26) and nonechinocandin groups (n = 33) was 30.8% and 63.6%, respectively. We observed a negative association between prophylactic echinocandin use and the development of neurological complications after adjusting for the propensity score for receiving prophylactic echinocandins (adjusted odds ratio 0.294, 95% confidence interval 0.090 to 0.959). We observed a lower incidence of neurological complications in the echinocandin group than in the nonechinocandin group. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that the choice of antifungal prophylaxis is associated with busulfan neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Horikawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Kenji Kishimoto
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Suguru Uemura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Sayaka Hyodo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Aiko Kozaki
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Atsuro Saito
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Ishida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mori
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Hasegawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kosaka
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Kobe Children's Hospital, Kobe, Japan
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Combarel D, Tran J, Delahousse J, Vassal G, Paci A. Individualizing busulfan dose in specific populations and evaluating the risk of pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2023; 19:75-90. [PMID: 36939456 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2023.2192924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Busulfan is an alkylating agent widely used in the conditioning of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation possessing a complex metabolism and a large interindividual and intra-individual variability, especially in children. Combined with the strong rationale of busulfan PK/PD relationships, factors altering its clearance (e.g., weight, age, and GST-A genetic polymorphism mainly) can also affect clinical outcomes. AREAS COVERED This review aims to provide an overview of the current knowledge on busulfan pharmacokinetics, its pharmacokinetics variabilities in pediatric populations, drug-drug interactions (DDI), and their consequences regarding dose individualization. This review was based on medical literature up until October 2021. EXPERT OPINION To ensure effective busulfan exposure in pediatrics, different weight-based nomograms have been established to determine busulfan dosage and provided improved results (65 - 80% of patients correctly exposed). In addition to nomograms, therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of busulfan measuring plasmatic concentrations to estimate busulfan pharmacokinetic parameters can be used. TDM is now widely carried out in routine practices and aims to ensure the targeting of the reported therapeutic windows by individualizing busulfan dosing based on the clearance estimations from a previous dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Combarel
- Service de Pharmacologie, Département de biologie et pathologie médicale, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
| | - Julie Tran
- Service de Pharmacologie, Département de biologie et pathologie médicale, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Julia Delahousse
- Service de Pharmacologie, Département de biologie et pathologie médicale, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Gilles Vassal
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Center, & University Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Angelo Paci
- Service de Pharmacologie, Département de biologie et pathologie médicale, Gustave Roussy, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, Chatenay-Malabry, France
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Tavajohi R, Shahrami B, Rostami T, Kiumarsi A, Honarmand H, Hadjibabaie M. Optimal regimen of levetiracetam for prevention of busulfan-induced seizure in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: A review of available evidence. J Oncol Pharm Pract 2023:10781552231159056. [PMID: 36843563 DOI: 10.1177/10781552231159056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review aimed to summarize the available data and offer a practical recommendation regarding the optimal regimen of levetiracetam (LEV) for the prevention of busulfan-induced seizure (BIS) in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). DATA SOURCES Published articles by searching databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect) were reviewed. All types of original studies performed in pediatric and adult populations have been investigated and required data was extracted. DATA SUMMARY Eleven articles were eligible to be included in this review. A loading dose was not used in any of the studies. LEV had been started from 6 to 48 h before busulfan (Bu) initiation and continued up to 24 to 48 h after its termination. The dose range of LEV was 10 to 20 mg/kg/day divided every 12 h in pediatrics and 500 to 1000 mg twice daily in adults. Both oral and intravenous (IV) routes of administration were used. Except for three studies, no seizure had occurred in patients who had received LEV. CONCLUSIONS Considering the available evidence, LEV with the dose range from 500 to 1000 mg twice daily in adults and 10 mg/kg twice daily (20 mg/kg/day in 2 divided doses) in children orally or IV started from 6 to 24 h before Bu initiation up to 24 to 48 h after the last dose of Bu seems to prevent BIS appropriately. More prospective clinical trials with a larger population are needed to validate the optimal dosing of LEV for BIS prophylaxis in patients undergoing HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayeheh Tavajohi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, 48439Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bita Shahrami
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, 48439Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, 48439Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahereh Rostami
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, 48439Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Kiumarsi
- Hematology, Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Research Institute for Oncology, Hematology and Cell Therapy, 48439Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hooshyar Honarmand
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, 48439Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Molouk Hadjibabaie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, 48439Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Al-Enezi BF, Al-Hasawi N, Matar KM. Impact of valproic acid on busulfan pharmacokinetics: In vitro assessment of potential drug-drug interaction. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0280574. [PMID: 36696427 PMCID: PMC9876357 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0280574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Busulfan (Bu) is an alkylating agent commonly used at high doses in the preparative regimens of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). It has been shown that such high doses of Bu are associated with generalized seizures which are usually managed by prophylactic antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) such as valproic acid (VPA). Being a strong enzyme inhibitor, VPA may inhibit Bu metabolism and thus increase its potential toxicity. Despite its clinical relevance, the potential interaction between Bu and VPA has not yet been evaluated. The aim of the present study was to assess and evaluate the potential drug-drug interaction (DDI) between Bu and VPA. This study was carried out by incubating Bu in laboratory-prepared rat liver-subcellular fractions including S9, microsomes, and cytosol, alone or in combination with VPA. The liver fractions were prepared by differential centrifugation of the liver homogenate. Analysis of Bu was employed using a fully validated LC-MS/MS method. The validation parameters were within the proposed limits of the international standards guidelines. Bu metabolic stability was assessed by incubating Bu at a concentration of 8 μg/ml in liver fractions at 37°C. There were significant reductions in Bu levels in S9 and cytosolic fractions, whereas these levels were not significantly (P ˃ 0.05) changed in microsomes. However, in presence of VPA, Bu levels in S9 fraction remained unchanged. These results indicated, for the first time, the potential metabolic interaction of Bu and VPA being in S9 only. This could be explained by inhibiting Bu cytosolic metabolism by the interaction with VPA either by sharing the same metabolic enzyme or the required co-factor. In conclusion, the present findings suggest, for the first time, a potential DDI between Bu and VPA in vitro using rat liver fractions. Further investigations are warranted in human-derived liver fractions to confirm such an interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashayer F. Al-Enezi
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Nada Al-Hasawi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Kamal M. Matar
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
- * E-mail: ,
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Sun N, Li Z, Zhang M, He H, Zhao L, Mei D, Zhu G, Wang X. Simultaneously measure the concentrations of busulfan and phenytoin in human plasma using an HPLC-MS/MS method: Application to the TDM for children underwent hematological stem cell transplantation. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2022. [DOI: 10.1556/1326.2022.01069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, a simple and rapid high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to carry out the simultaneous measurement of busulfan (BU) and phenytoin (PHT) in the plasma of children. In this method, plasma sample could be prepared by one-step protein precipitation using 1 mL of methanol/water (1:1, v/v). After centrifugation (14,500 rpm, 5 min, 4 °C), 10 μL of the supernatant was injected into a Hypersil Gold C18 column (150 × 2.1 mm, 5 μm, Thermo Fisher Scientific) for separation by gradient elution. Quantification was carried out using multiple reactions monitoring (MRM) under positive scan mode. In the method verification, the calibration curves of BU and PHT showed satisfactory linearity (r > 0.99) at the concentration ranging from 0.02 to 20 μg mL−1. The accuracy and precision were tested at four concentration levels (including the LLOQ level) with the relative error (RE) ranging from −0.80% to 11.45% and coefficient of variation (CV) between 0.93% and 7.74%. There was no pronounced matrix effect to interfere with the quantitative analysis. Compared to determine BU and PHT using two individual methods, less pre-treatment process, labor and blood sample volume are required in this proposed method. Finally, this method was successfully applied to the therapeutic drug monitoring of BU and PHT for children underwent hematological stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Sun
- Pharmaceutical Department, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Pharmaceutical Department, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
- School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Pharmaceutical Department, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Huan He
- Pharmaceutical Department, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Libo Zhao
- Pharmaceutical Department, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Dong Mei
- Pharmaceutical Department, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Guanghua Zhu
- Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Department, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Pharmaceutical Department, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
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D'Onofrio G, Riva A, Amadori E, Lattanzi S, Rose K, Verrotti A, Striano P. Pharmacokinetic considerations surrounding the use of levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis in neurocritical care - an overview. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 18:575-585. [PMID: 36006892 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2022.2117606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Levetiracetam (LEV) is one of the most widely used anti-seizure medications (ASMs) in clinical practice. This is due both to a different mechanism of action when compared to other ASMs and its easy handling. Indeed, because of its interesting pharmacokinetic properties, it is often used outside of the labelled indications, notably in the neurocritical setting as prophylaxis of epileptic seizures. AREAS COVERED A literature search was conducted and the most relevant studies on the pharmacokinetic properties of LEV were selected by two independent investigators. Current evidence on the use of ASM prophylaxis in the neurocritical setting was also reviewed, highlighting and discussing the strengths and limits of LEV as drug of choice for anti-epileptic prophylaxis in this scenario. EXPERT OPINION LEV has a "near-ideal" pharmacokinetic profile, which makes it an attractive drug for ASM prophylaxis in neurocritical care. However, current recommendations restrict ASMs prophylaxis to very selected circumstances and the role of LEV is marginal. Moreover, studies are generally designed to compare LEV versus phenytoin, whereas studies comparing LEV versus placebo are lacking. Further randomized trials will be needed to better elucidate LEV utility and its neuroprotective role in the neurocritical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca D'Onofrio
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Riva
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Amadori
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Lattanzi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Neurological Clinic, Marche Polytechnic University, Via Conca 71, 60020, Ancona, Italy
| | - Klaus Rose
- klausrose Consulting, Riehen, Switzerland
| | - Alberto Verrotti
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, 06156 Perugia, Italy
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Department of Neurosciences Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy.,Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Via Gerolamo Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy
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Germeraad RS, Demandt AMP, Rouhl RPW. Phenytoin as seizure prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation with busulfan conditioning. Front Neurol 2022; 13:928550. [PMID: 36071908 PMCID: PMC9441567 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.928550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Phenytoin is widely used as primary seizure prophylaxis in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients undergoing myeloablative conditioning with busulfan. Because of the negative side effects of phenytoin, we abandoned phenytoin use in these patients. To assess the effect of this change, we performed a retrospective cohort study on all patients receiving busulfan. Methods We included 139 patients who underwent conditioning with busulfan for hematopoietic stem cell therapy. We registered the use of phenytoin, as well as the occurrence of seizures, until 7 days after busulfan administration. We compared seizure incidence between patients who received phenytoin and those who did not. Results Of the 43 patients who received phenytoin prophylaxis, four patients (9.3%) had a seizure during the conditioning regimen, of which two patients had cerebral non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Furthermore, all these 4 patients had very high levels of phenytoin (intoxication). Of the 96 patients that did not receive phenytoin prophylaxis, three patients (3.1%) had a seizure, and one of these patients had an undefined cerebral lesion. Phenytoin did not relate to seizure prevention in a logistic regression analysis. Conclusion We conclude that phenytoin prophylaxis in patients treated with busulfan is obsolete and possibly harmful, as phenytoin intoxication can occur. We recommend discontinuing the use of phenytoin as primary seizure prophylaxis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. S. Germeraad
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - A. M. P. Demandt
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - R. P. W. Rouhl
- Department of Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, Netherlands
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Academic Center for Epileptology Kempenhaeghe/Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: R. P. W. Rouhl
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Artul T, Henig I, Nassar L, Yehudai-Ofir D, Scherb I, Lurie Y, Efrati E, Zuckerman T, Kurnik D. Decreased Systemic Busulfan Exposure After Oral Dosing With Concomitant Levetiracetam Compared With Phenytoin. Ther Drug Monit 2022; 44:414-418. [PMID: 34739424 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Busulfan (Bu) conditioning used in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation may induce seizures, and prophylactic antiepileptic treatment is recommended. Following updated guidelines, in August 2019, the adult hematopoietic stem cell transplantation department of the Rambam Health Care Campus (Haifa, Israel) switched the antiepileptic prophylaxis protocol from phenytoin to oral levetiracetam during oral Bu conditioning. The aim of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of Bu after oral dosing between patients receiving phenytoin and those receiving levetiracetam prophylaxis. METHODS This study was a retrospective cohort study in adults undergoing myoablative conditioning with oral Bu between August 2018 and August 2020. Bu pharmacokinetic parameters (AUC0-6, C0, Cmax, and Tmax) were compared in patients treated with phenytoin comedication (during the year before the change in policy) and levetiracetam comedication (during the year after the change). Potential confounders were accounted for including age, azole comedication, and body weight. RESULTS There were no significant differences in demographic and clinical parameters or weight-corrected Bu dose between the phenytoin group (n = 28) and the levetiracetam group (n = 25). There was no difference in the rate of voriconazole comedication, but fluconazole was more common in the phenytoin group (P = 0.026). The median AUC0-6 was significantly lower in the levetiracetam group (949 μM*min; IQR = 806 to 1101 μM*min) than in the phenytoin group (1208 μM*min; IQR = 1087 to 1389 μM*min; P < 0.001). This is a clinically significant difference of 258 μM*min (21%). Azole use was not associated with Bu exposure. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that, after treatment with oral Bu, oral levetiracetam comedication is associated with reduced systemic exposure compared with phenytoin comedication, possibly because of decreased bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tareq Artul
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hematology Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Israel Henig
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Hematology Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and
| | - Laila Nassar
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hematology Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israeli Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dana Yehudai-Ofir
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Hematology Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and
| | - Inna Scherb
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hematology Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yael Lurie
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hematology Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israeli Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Edna Efrati
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hematology Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Tsila Zuckerman
- Adult Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Hematology Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; and
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israeli Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniel Kurnik
- Section of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hematology Department, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion-Israeli Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Li L, Chen GD, Salvi R. Effect of antiepileptic drug levetiracetam on cochlear function. Hear Res 2021; 415:108396. [PMID: 34903423 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2021.108396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levetiracetam (LEV, 5-100 mg/kg) has been shown to prevent audiogenic seizures in a dose-dependent manner. This chemical is known to bind to synaptic vesicle protein 2A and inhibit l-type calcium channels, affecting neurotransmitter release. We hypothesize that the drug prevents audiogenic seizures partially by affecting cochlear neural response. METHODS To test this hypothesis, rats were given 1000, 500, 50, or 0 mg/kg (saline control) LEV-injection. Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAE), reflecting outer hair cell (OHC) function, and cochlear compound action potentials (CAP), reflecting cochlear neural output, were recorded and compared pre- and post-LEV. RESULTS 1000 mg/kg LEV-injection did not significantly affect DPOAE. The high dose LEV-injection, however, significantly reduced CAP amplitude resulting threshold shift (TS), prolonged CAP latency, and enhanced CAP forward masking. CAP latency and forward masking were significantly affected at the 500 mg/kg dose, but CAP-TS remained unchanged after LEV-injection. Interestingly, CAP latency wassignificantly prolonged, at least at the low stimulation levels, although the amplitude of CAP remained constant after a clinical dose of LEV-injection (50 mg/kg). DISCUSSION Since the clinical dose of LEV-injection does not reduce CAP amplitude, the reduction of cochlear neural output is unlikely to be the underlying mechanism of LEV in the treatment of audiogenic seizure. The delayed cochlear neural response may be partially related to the prevention of audiogenic seizure. However, neuropharmacological changes in the central nervous system must play a major role in the treatment of audiogenic seizure, as it does in the treatment of focal epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Guang-Di Chen
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Richard Salvi
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, SUNY at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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Cucchiara F, Ferraro S, Luci G, Bocci G. Relevant pharmacological interactions between alkylating agents and antiepileptic drugs: Preclinical and clinical data. Pharmacol Res 2021; 175:105976. [PMID: 34785318 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Seizures are relatively common in cancer patients, and co-administration of chemotherapeutic and antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) is highly probable and necessary in many cases. Nonetheless, clinically relevant interactions between chemotherapeutic drugs and AEDs are rarely summarized and pharmacologically described. These interactions can cause insufficient tumor and seizure control or lead to unforeseen toxicity. This review focused on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between alkylating agents and AEDs, helping readers to make a rational choice of treatment optimization, and thus improving patients' quality of life. As an example, phenobarbital, phenytoin, and carbamazepine, by increasing the hepatic metabolism of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and busulfan, yield smaller peak concentrations and a reduced area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) of the prodrugs; alongside, the maximum concentration and AUC of their active products were increased with the possible onset of severe adverse drug reactions. On the other side, valproic acid, acting as histone deacetylase inhibitor, showed synergistic effects with temozolomide when tested in glioblastoma. The present review is aimed at providing evidence that may offer useful suggestions for rational pharmacological strategies in patients with seizures symptoms undertaking alkylating agents. Firstly, clinicians should avoid the use of enzyme-inducing AEDs in combination with alkylating agents and prefer the use of AEDs, such as levetiracetam, that have a low or no impact on hepatic metabolism. Secondly, a careful therapeutic drug monitoring of both alkylating agents and AEDs (and their active metabolites) is necessary to maintain therapeutic ranges and to avoid serious adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Cucchiara
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Sara Ferraro
- Unit of Pharmacology and Pharmacovigilance, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giacomo Luci
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Guido Bocci
- Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Clinical and Experimental, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.
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Ho YS, Chong MF, Ng VC, Ho A, Ng HY. Higher Starting Dose of Ciclosporin Optimized Therapeutic Levels in Patients Receiving Phenytoin for Busulfan-induced Seizure Prophylaxis. BLOOD CELL THERAPY 2021; 4:58-64. [PMID: 36711059 PMCID: PMC9847281 DOI: 10.31547/bct-2020-022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Background Despite understanding the drug-drug interaction between phenytoin and ciclosporin (CsA), there is no recommended CsA dosing in patients receiving phenytoin as seizure prophylaxis in busulfan-based conditioning regimens. This drug-drug interaction has resulted in patients with sub-therapeutic levels at day 0 (D0) of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (alloHSCT) and at risk for acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). Objective/Methods A single-center historical-control study was conducted at Singapore General Hospital between March 2010 and July 2019 to evaluate a new dosing strategy. Patients with phenytoin received a higher starting dose of intravenous CsA (4 mg/kg/dose twice daily instead of 3 mg/kg/dose twice daily). The primary endpoint of this study was to determine the proportion of patients with therapeutic CsA levels at D0. Secondary endpoints included median CsA level on D-1 and D0, time to the therapeutic target, incidence and severity of aGVHD, and safety profile. Results A total of 91 patients were included in this study. Patients with therapeutic CsA at D0 was higher (66.7%) in the study arm than in the control arm (24.7 %) (p = 0.006). The median CsA concentration at D0 in the study arm was 284 ng/mL (range, 144-441 ng/mL) as compared to the control arm, 255 ng/mL (range, 104-580). There was no difference in the time to therapeutic range and the cumulative incidence of aGVHD. There were no significant differences in the safety outcomes. Conclusion The new strategy with higher dosing based on the actual body weight should be adopted as it resulted in a higher proportion of patients with therapeutic CsA at D0, without an increase in CsA-related adverse events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi Ho
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Mui Fong Chong
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Vin Cci Ng
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Aloysius Ho
- Department of Hematology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
| | - Hong Yen Ng
- Department of Pharmacy, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
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12
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Cokyaman T, Elli M, Aydin ÖF, Albayrak C, Albayrak D, Özyürek E. Neuroprotective Efficacy of Prophylactic Antiepileptic Therapies in Busulfan Conditioning Regimen. JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC NEUROLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1708833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBusulfan (BU) is commonly used in the anticancer treatment and bone marrow/hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (BM/HSCT) conditioning regimen. This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective efficacy of antiepileptic therapies in the BU conditioning regimen. Patients who underwent BM/HSCT between January 1, 2009, and January 1, 2014, were evaluated retrospectively. Diagnosis, demographic characteristics, neurological side effects, electroencephalography (EEG) abnormalities, and antiepileptic drugs were determined. Levetiracetam was given to 49% and phenytoin to 23% of patients as antiepileptic prophylaxis. After BU treatment, seizures developed in three patients, posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy in two patients, and peripheral neuropathy in two patients. Forty-five patients who underwent EEG before and after BU treatment were identified. The effects of antiepileptic prophylaxis over the electroencephalographic abnormalities after the BU conditioning regimen were found to be not different (p = 0.491). Neurological side effects and electroencephalographic abnormalities following BU conditioning regimen under antiepileptic prophylaxis are comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turgay Cokyaman
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Murat Elli
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ömer F. Aydin
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Canan Albayrak
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Davut Albayrak
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Emel Özyürek
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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13
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Wang Z, Zhao M, Gao S. Epileptic Seizures After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Neurol 2021; 12:675756. [PMID: 34335446 PMCID: PMC8322618 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.675756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Technique in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has greatly advanced over the past decades, which has led to an increase in the number of patients receiving transplantation, but the complex procedure places these transplant recipients at high risk of a large spectrum of complications including neurologic involvement. As a common manifestation of neurological disorders, epileptic seizures after transplantation have been of great concern to clinicians because it seriously affects the survival rate and living quality of those recipients. The aim of this review is to elucidate the incidence of seizures after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and to further summarize in detail its etiologies, possible mechanisms, clinical manifestations, therapeutic schedule, and prognosis, hoping to improve doctors' understandings of concurrent seizures following transplantation, so they can prevent, process, and eventually improve the survival and outlook for patients in a timely manner and correctly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Munan Zhao
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sujun Gao
- Department of Hematology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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14
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Hughes K, Garrity L, Nelson AS, Lane A, Teusink-Cross A. Comparison of levetiracetam versus phenytoin/fosphenytoin for busulfan seizure prophylaxis at a pediatric institution. Pediatr Transplant 2021; 25:e14026. [PMID: 33894096 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Busulfan is a chemotherapy agent used in hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) conditioning regimens. Busulfan is associated with tonic-clonic seizures in ~10% of patients if administered without seizure prophylaxis. Historically, phenytoin was the most commonly utilized seizure prophylaxis agent; however, phenytoin is associated with CYP450 drug interactions and potentially increases the clearance of busulfan. Levetiracetam is being used more recently for busulfan seizure prophylaxis and is not associated with drug-drug interactions; however, data supporting use in pediatric patients are limited. The primary objective is to determine whether there is any difference in seizure rates or safety profile between phenytoin and levetiracetam when used for seizure prophylaxis. METHODS We conducted a retrospective chart review including patients who received busulfan between 2010 and 2019 were identified. The data were evaluated to compare the incidence of busulfan-induced seizures in HSCT patients receiving either phenytoin or levetiracetam and to determine the impact of drug-drug interactions on treatment outcomes/adverse events. RESULTS A total of 342 patients were included with a median age of six years. Overall, five patients within the phenytoin group (n = 126) (4%) and zero patients in the levetiracetam group (n = 216) experienced a seizure (P = .007). There were no differences in liver enzyme elevations, recurrence rates of primary disease, and veno-occlusive disease. CONCLUSION Levetiracetam is effective at preventing seizures associated with busulfan administration with no clinically significant adverse effects when compared to phenytoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlynn Hughes
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Lisa Garrity
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Adam S Nelson
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Adam Lane
- Division of Bone Marrow Transplantation and Immune Deficiency, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ashley Teusink-Cross
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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15
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Chaguaceda C, Aguilera-Jiménez V, Gutierrez G, Roura J, Riu G. Oral levetiracetam for prevention of busulfan-induced seizures in adult hematopoietic cell transplant. Int J Clin Pharm 2020; 42:351-354. [PMID: 32026356 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-020-00977-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Background Antiseizure prophylaxis is recommended when high-dose of busulfan is given as part of the conditioning regimens in the allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Phenytoin has been widely used but its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics profile makes its use complicated. Levetiracetam is a safe, effective and well tolerated antiseizure drug with good results in epileptic patients. Objective To describe our experience using oral (p.o) levetiracetam 1000 mg every 12 h (q12h) as an antiseizure prophylaxis, evaluating its preventive effects and adverse event rates after a high-dose of intravenous (i.v.) busulfan, as part of the conditioning regimen Methods Retrospective study of patients who underwent an allogenic hematopoietic stem cell transplant with a conditioning regimen based on high-dose of busulfan between January and November 2017. Results The study population comprised 36 patients, of whom 18 (50%) had acute myeloid leukemia as diagnosis. No seizures occurred in any patient. Levetiracetam was well tolerated and no serious adverse events were reported. Conclusions Our results suggest that giving levetiracetam at 1000 mg q12h p.o starting 12 h before the administration of i.v. busulfan until 48 h after the last dose, can be used as an alternative in the prevention of busulfan-induced seizures in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Chaguaceda
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Pharmacy Department, Consorci Sanitari de Terrassa, Catalonia, Spain.
| | | | - Gonzalo Gutierrez
- Department of Hematology, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Roura
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gisela Riu
- Pharmacy Department, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Comparison of clonazepam and levetiracetam in children for prevention of busulfan-induced seizure in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Hematol 2019; 111:463-466. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-019-02795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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McCune JS, Wang T, Bo-Subait K, Aljurf M, Beitinjaneh A, Bubalo J, Cahn JY, Cerny J, Chhabra S, Cumpston A, Dupuis LL, Lazarus HM, Marks DI, Maziarz RT, Norkin M, Prestidge T, Mineishi S, Krem MM, Pasquini M, Martin PJ. Association of Antiepileptic Medications with Outcomes after Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation with Busulfan/Cyclophosphamide Conditioning. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2019; 25:1424-1431. [PMID: 30871976 PMCID: PMC6615968 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
High-dose busulfan (BU) followed by high-dose cyclophosphamide (CY) before allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) has long been used as treatment for hematologic malignancies. Administration of phenytoin or newer alternative antiepileptic medications (AEMs) prevents seizures caused by BU. Phenytoin induces enzymes that increase exposure to active CY metabolites in vivo, whereas alternative AEMs do not have this effect. Lower exposure to active CY metabolites with the use of alternative AEMs could decrease the risk of toxicity but might increase the risk of recurrent malignancy after HCT. Previous studies have not determined whether outcomes with alternative AEMs differ from those with phenytoin in patients treated with BU/CY before allogeneic HCT. We studied a cohort of 2155 patients, including 1460 treated with phenytoin and 695 treated with alternative AEMs, who received BU/CY before allogeneic HCT between 2004 and 2014. We found no differences suggesting decreased overall survival or relapse-free survival or increased risks of relapse, nonrelapse mortality, acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease, or regimen-related toxicity associated with the use of alternative AEMs compared with phenytoin. The risk of dialysis was lower in the alternative AEM group than in the phenytoin group. Alternative AEMs are safe for prevention of seizures after BU administration and can avoid the undesirable toxicities and drug interactions caused by phenytoin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine S McCune
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA.
| | - Tao Wang
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Society, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Khalid Bo-Subait
- CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research), Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Mahmoud Aljurf
- Adult HSCT Program, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Beitinjaneh
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Joseph Bubalo
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Hospital, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Jean-Yves Cahn
- Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Jan Cerny
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Saurabh Chhabra
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Aaron Cumpston
- Division of Oncology, West Virginia University Hospitals, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - L Lee Dupuis
- The Hospital for Sick Children and Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Hillard M Lazarus
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - David I Marks
- Bristol Haematology and Oncology Centre, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard T Maziarz
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University Hospital, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Maxim Norkin
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tim Prestidge
- Blood and Cancer Centre, Starship Child Health, Central Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Shin Mineishi
- Department of Medicine, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Maxwell M Krem
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Marcelo Pasquini
- CIBMTR (Center for International Blood and Marrow Transplant Research), Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Paul J Martin
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center and Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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18
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Nakashima T, Tanaka T, Koido K, Nishibuchi Y, Hashimoto H, Ito A, Inamoto Y, Kurosawa S, Kim SW, Fukuda T, Terakado H. Comparison of valproate and levetiracetam for the prevention of busulfan-induced seizures in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Int J Hematol 2019; 109:694-699. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-019-02637-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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