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Tufail M, Hu JJ, Liang J, He CY, Wan WD, Huang YQ, Jiang CH, Wu H, Li N. Hallmarks of cancer resistance. iScience 2024; 27:109979. [PMID: 38832007 PMCID: PMC11145355 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024] Open
Abstract
This review explores the hallmarks of cancer resistance, including drug efflux mediated by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, metabolic reprogramming characterized by the Warburg effect, and the dynamic interplay between cancer cells and mitochondria. The role of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in treatment resistance and the regulatory influence of non-coding RNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), microRNAs (miRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), are studied. The chapter emphasizes future directions, encompassing advancements in immunotherapy, strategies to counter adaptive resistance, integration of artificial intelligence for predictive modeling, and the identification of biomarkers for personalized treatment. The comprehensive exploration of these hallmarks provides a foundation for innovative therapeutic approaches, aiming to navigate the complex landscape of cancer resistance and enhance patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tufail
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Ju Hu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Liang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Cai-Yun He
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen-Dong Wan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu-Qi Huang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Can-Hua Jiang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Center of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Oral Precancerous Lesions, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Center of Oral and Maxillofacial Tumor, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Zenatri M, Perennec T, Michon C, Gernier F, Grellard JM, Piloquet FX, Dubot-Poitelon C, Kalbacher E, Tredan O, Augereau P, Pautier P, Fey L, Joly F, Frenel JS. Pharmacogenomic predictor of long-term residual chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy in ovarian cancer survivors: A substudy of the GINECO Vivrovaire study. Gynecol Oncol 2024; 187:139-144. [PMID: 38776631 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2024.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemotherapy (CT) remains a backbone treatment of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) inducing persistent peripheral neuropathy (CIPN). Using a dedicated patient-reported outcome tool, this study investigated persistent CIPN and its pharmacogenetic predictors in a cohort of long-term EOC survivors. METHODS Vivrovaire was a French multicenter cohort of patients with EOC free of disease 3 years after CT completion. Persistent CIPN was assessed using the FACT/GOG-Ntx4 self-questionnaire. The association of homozygous (hom) or heterozygous (het) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in selected genes was evaluated. RESULTS 130 patients were included with a median time from CT completion of 63 [35-180] months. The median CIPN score was 37 [18-44], with 35 (26.9%) patients reporting severe CIPN (<33). SNPs were identified as follows: CYP2C8 [hom, n = 32 (24.6%)/het, n = 99, (76.2%)]; CYP3A4 [hom, n = 0 (0%)/het, n = 8 (6.2%)], ERCC1 [hom, n = 21 (16.2%)/het, n = 57 (43.8%)], and XPC [hom, n = 45 (34.6%)/het, n = 66 (50.8%)]. In univariate analysis, the identification of ≥1 hom SNP was associated with a lower CIPN score (continuous variable; p = 0.045). Patients harboring hom or het CYP2C8_rs1934951 SNP reported more likely severe CIPN (threshold <33) score (OR 2.482; 95% CI [1.126-5.47], p = 0.024). In the multivariate analyses, age, interval from CT completion, type and number of CT courses were not significantly associated with CIPN score (OR 5.165, 95% CI [0.478-55.83], p = 0.176). CONCLUSIONS Persistent CIPN is common among ovarian cancer long-term survivors. CYP2C8_rs1934951 SNP may be associated with severe residual CIPN in EOC survivors. More studies are warranted to identify predictive factors of CIPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zenatri
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Centre René Gauducheau, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - T Perennec
- Radiation Oncology Department, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Centre René Gauducheau, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - C Michon
- Department of Biopathology, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Centre Paul Papin, Angers, France
| | - F Gernier
- Clinical Research Department, Centre Francois Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - J-M Grellard
- Clinical Research Department, Centre Francois Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - F-X Piloquet
- Department of Medical Oncology, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Centre René Gauducheau, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - C Dubot-Poitelon
- Medical Oncology Department, Centre Francois Baclesse, Unicaen University, Caen, France
| | - E Kalbacher
- Oncology Department, CHRU Besancon - Hopital Jean Minjoz, Besancon, France
| | - O Tredan
- Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| | - P Augereau
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Centre Paul Papin, Angers, France
| | - P Pautier
- Medicine Department, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - L Fey
- Department of Biopathology, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Centre Paul Papin, Angers, France
| | - F Joly
- Medical Oncology Department, Centre Francois Baclesse, Unicaen University, Caen, France
| | - J-S Frenel
- Medical Oncology Department, Institut de Cancerologie de l'Ouest, Centre Rene Gauducheau, GINECO Group and GINEGEPS, Saint-Herblain, France.
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Sajid A, Rahman H, Ambudkar SV. Advances in the structure, mechanism and targeting of chemoresistance-linked ABC transporters. Nat Rev Cancer 2023; 23:762-779. [PMID: 37714963 DOI: 10.1038/s41568-023-00612-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells frequently display intrinsic or acquired resistance to chemically diverse anticancer drugs, limiting therapeutic success. Among the main mechanisms of this multidrug resistance is the overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters that mediate drug efflux, and, specifically, ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC1 are known to cause cancer chemoresistance. High-resolution structures, biophysical and in silico studies have led to tremendous progress in understanding the mechanism of drug transport by these ABC transporters, and several promising therapies, including irradiation-based immune and thermal therapies, and nanomedicine have been used to overcome ABC transporter-mediated cancer chemoresistance. In this Review, we highlight the progress achieved in the past 5 years on the three transporters, ABCB1, ABCG2 and ABCC1, that are known to be of clinical importance. We address the molecular basis of their broad substrate specificity gleaned from structural information and discuss novel approaches to block the function of ABC transporters. Furthermore, genetic modification of ABC transporters by CRISPR-Cas9 and approaches to re-engineer amino acid sequences to change the direction of transport from efflux to import are briefly discussed. We suggest that current information regarding the structure, mechanism and regulation of ABC transporters should be used in clinical trials to improve the efficiency of chemotherapeutics for patients with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andaleeb Sajid
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hadiar Rahman
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Suresh V Ambudkar
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Ruiz de Porras V, Figols M, Font A, Pardina E. Curcumin as a hepatoprotective agent against chemotherapy-induced liver injury. Life Sci 2023; 332:122119. [PMID: 37741319 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite significant advances in cancer therapeutics, chemotherapy remains the cornerstone of treatment for many tumors. Importantly, however, chemotherapy-induced toxicity, including hepatotoxicity, can lead to the interruption or discontinuation of potentially effective therapy. In recent years, special attention has been paid to the search for complementary therapies to mitigate chemotherapy-induced toxicity. Although there is currently a lack of specific interventions to mitigate or prevent hepatotoxicity in chemotherapy-treated patients, the polyphenol compound curcumin has emerged as a potential strategy to overcome this adverse effect. Here we review, firstly, the molecular and physiological mechanisms and major risk factors of chemotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity. We then present an overview of how curcumin has the potential to mitigate hepatotoxicity by targeting specific molecular mechanisms. Hepatotoxicity is a well-described side effect of cytotoxic drugs that can limit their clinical application. Inflammation and oxidative stress are the most common mechanisms involved in hepatotoxicity. Several studies have shown that curcumin could prevent and/or palliate chemotherapy-induced liver injury, mainly due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antifibrotic and hypolipidemic properties. Further clinical investigation using bioavailable curcumin formulations is warranted to demonstrate its efficacy as an hepatoprotective agent in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicenç Ruiz de Porras
- Grup de Recerca en Toxicologia (GRET), Unitat de Toxicologia, Departament de Farmacologia, Toxicologia i Química Terapèutica, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda Joan XXIII s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; CARE program, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Mariona Figols
- Medical Oncology Department, Althaia Xarxa Assistencial Universitària de Manresa, C/ Dr. Joan Soler, 1-3, 08243, Manresa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Font
- CARE program, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute of Oncology, Badalona Applied Research Group in Oncology (B·ARGO), Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Medical Oncology Department, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Camí de les Escoles, s/n, 08916, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eva Pardina
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
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Single-nucleotide polymorphisms and the effectiveness of taxane-based chemotherapy in premenopausal breast cancer: a population-based cohort study in Denmark. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2022; 194:353-363. [PMID: 35501422 PMCID: PMC9239972 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-022-06596-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Taxane-based chemotherapy is the primary treatment for premenopausal breast cancer. Although being inconsistent, research suggests that variant alleles alter pharmacokinetics through reduced function of OATP transporters (limiting hepatic uptake), CYP-450 enzymes (hampering drug metabolism), and ABC transporters (decreasing clearance). Reduced function of DNA repair enzymes may hamper effectiveness through dose-limiting toxicities. We investigated whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were associated with breast cancer recurrence or mortality in premenopausal women diagnosed with breast cancer. Methods We conducted a population-based cohort study of premenopausal women diagnosed with non-distant metastatic breast cancer in Denmark during 2007‒2011, when guidelines recommended adjuvant combination chemotherapy (taxanes, anthracyclines, and cyclophosphamide). Using archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary tumor tissue, we genotyped 26 SNPs using TaqMan assays. Danish health registries provided data on breast cancer recurrence (through September 25, 2017) and death (through December 31, 2019). We fit Cox regression models to calculate crude hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for recurrence and mortality across genotypes. Results Among 2,262 women, 249 experienced recurrence (cumulative incidence: 13%) and 259 died (cumulative incidence: 16%) during follow-up (median 7.0 and 10.1 years, respectively). Mortality was increased in variant carriers of GSTP1 rs1138272 (HR: 1.30, 95% CI 0.95–1.78) and CYP3A rs10273424 (HR: 1.33, 95% CI 0.98–1.81). SLCO1B1 rs2306283 (encoding OATP1B1) variant carriers had decreased recurrence (HR: 0.82, 95% CI 0.64–1.07) and mortality (HR: 0.77, 95% CI 0.60–0.98). Conclusion Docetaxel effectiveness was influenced by SNPs in GSTP1, CYP3A, and SLCO1B1 in premenopausal women with non-distant metastatic breast cancer, likely related to altered docetaxel pharmacokinetics. These SNPs may help determine individual benefit from taxane-based chemotherapy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10549-022-06596-2.
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Engineered human CYP2C9 and its main polymorphic variants for bioelectrochemical measurements of catalytic response. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 138:107729. [PMID: 33421896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polymorphism is an important aspect in drug metabolism responsible for different individual response to drug dosage, often leading to adverse drug reactions. Here human CYP2C9 as well as its polymorphic variants CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 present in approximately 35% of the Caucasian population have been engineered by linking their gene to the one of D. vulgaris flavodoxin (FLD) that acts as regulator of the electron flow from the electrode surface to the haem. The redox properties of the immobilised proteins were investigated by cyclic voltammetry and electrocatalysis was measured in presence of the largely used anticoagulant drug S-warfarin, marker substrate for CYP2C9. Immobilisation of the CYP2C9-FLD, CYP2C9*2-FLD and CYP2C9*3-FLD on DDAB modified glassy carbon electrodes showed well defined redox couples on the oxygen-free cyclic voltammograms and mid-point potentials of all enzymes were calculated. Electrocatalysis in presence of substrate and quantification of the product formed showed lower catalytic activities for the CYP2C9*3-FLD (2.73 ± 1.07 min-1) and CYP2C9*2-FLD (12.42 ± 2.17 min-1) compared to the wild type CYP2C9-FLD (18.23 ± 1.29 min-1). These differences in activity among the CYP2C9 variants are in line with the reported literature data, and this set the basis for the use of the bio-electrode for the measurement of the different catalytic responses towards drugs very relevant in therapy.
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Liu W, Li Y, Zhao Z, Li X. Clinical relevance of multi-drug resistance gene C3435T polymorphism in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in Xinjiang. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e21704. [PMID: 32871888 PMCID: PMC7458266 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000021704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the relationship between C3435T polymorphism of multi-drug resistance gene (MDR1) gene and susceptibility, clinicopathological characteristics, curative effect and hematological toxicity of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in XinJiang.The peripheral venous blood samples of 54 patients with DLBCL and 60 healthy controls were collected. The alleles and genotypes of MDR1 gene C3435T were detected by DNA direct extraction with PCR technique, and the frequency of C3435T allele and genotypes were detected by the chi-square test. The relationship between the allele and genotype distribution of C3435T locus and the susceptibility, clinicopathological characteristics, curative effect and hematological toxicity of DLBCL were analyzed.1 the frequency of CT heterozygote and CC homozygote mutation was significantly higher in the case group (46.3% in CT genotype and 42.6% in CC genotype) compared to the control group (P < 0.05). The frequency of CC genotype mutation in the case group was 42.6%, which was significantly higher than that in the control group (P < 0.05, OR 3.209, 95% CI: 1.288-7.997). 2 the genotypes of C3435T locus of MDR1 gene were distributed in age, sex, nationality, pathological characteristics, clinical-stage, IPI index, B symptoms, infection with EB virus, clinicopathological characteristics and clinical efficacy of hepatitis B in patients with DLBCL. There was no significant difference in myelosuppression (P > 0.05).The homozygous mutation genotype of CC is the risk genotype of DLBCL. The alleles and genotypes are not associated with the clinicopathological characteristics, efficacy and myelosuppression toxicity of DLBCL.
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MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/genetics
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Alleles
- Case-Control Studies
- China
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Female
- Heterozygote
- Homozygote
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
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BMI1-Mediated Pemetrexed Resistance in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells Is Associated with Increased SP1 Activation and Cancer Stemness. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082069. [PMID: 32726929 PMCID: PMC7463866 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide and the therapeutic strategies include surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) account for around 85% of cases of lung cancers. Pemetrexed is an antifolate agent that is currently used as the second line chemotherapy drug in the treatment of advanced NSCLC patients with a response rate of 20–40%. The search for any combination therapy to improve the efficacy of pemetrexed is required. The existence of cancer stem cells (CSCs) is considered as the main reason for drug resistance of cancers. In this study, we first found that pemetrexed-resistant NSCLC cells derived from A549 cells displayed higher CSC activity in comparison to the parental cells. The expression of CSC related proteins, such as BMI1 or CD44, and the epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) signature was elevated in pemetrexed-resistant NSCLC cells. We next discovered that the overexpression of BMI1 in A549 cells caused the pemetrexed resistance and inhibition of BMI1 by a small molecule inhibitor, PTC-209, or transducing of BMI1-specific shRNAs suppressed cell growth and the expression of thymidylate synthase (TS) in pemetrexed-resistant A549 cells. We further identified that BMI1 positively regulated SP1 expression and treatment of mithramycin A, a SP1 inhibitor, inhibited cell proliferation, as well as TS expression, of pemetrexed-resistant A549 cells. Furthermore, overexpression of BMI1 in A549 cells also caused the activation of EMT in and the enhancement of CSC activity. Finally, we demonstrated that pretreatment of PTC-209 in mice bearing pemetrexed-resistant A549 tumors sensitized them to pemetrexed treatment and the expression of Ki-67, BMI1, and SP1 expression in tumor tissues was observed to be reduced. In conclusion, BMI1 expression level mediates pemetrexed sensitivity of NSCLC cells and the inhibition of BMI1 will be an effective strategy in NSCLC patients when pemetrexed resistance has developed.
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Golshekan E, Sohrabi A. The point mutation analysis of Cyp2C9 *2 (Arg144Cys C>T), Cyp2C9 *3 (Ile359Leu A>C) and VKORC1 (1639G>A) in women with cervical cancer related to HPV: A case-control study. J Cell Physiol 2020; 235:9317-9322. [PMID: 32400078 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the most common sexually transmitted viral infection worldwide. HPV tumorigenesis genotypes are the causative agents of cervical cancer and genital malignancies. The scientific literature has demonstrated that life style, environmental, epigenetic accompanied with HR-HPV genotypes are potential risk factors for cervical cancer progression. The frequencies of the Cyp2C9*2 , Cyp2C9*3 , and vitamin K epoxide reductase complex subunit 1 (VKORC1) genotypes as potential molecular biomarkers have been investigated on Iranian women with cervical malignancy related to HPV genotypes. As a case-control study, the mutations were appraised using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism procedure on women suffering from HPV infection (60 cases), CC (46 cases), and 40 subjects of as healthy control. The outcomes demonstrated that Cyp2C9*3 showed a meaningful relationship between women diagnosed with cervical cancer and the healthy population (AA vs. AC; OR, 7.15; 95% CI, 1.94-26.3; p = .003). It was also observed that the Cyp2C9*3 mutation in women with cervical cancer and VKORC1 in healthy population with HPV (+), did not follow the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Our findings aid understanding the genetic polymorphism distribution of Cyp2C9*2 , Cyp2C9*3 , and VKORC1 in women with genital malignancies. This can also be useful in predicting the susceptibility risk factors for developing cervical cancer. However, allelic discrimination as a molecular biomarker requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Golshekan
- Department of Biology, East Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Sohrabi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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