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Congues F, Wang P, Lee J, Lin D, Shahid A, Xie J, Huang Y. Targeting aryl hydrocarbon receptor to prevent cancer in barrier organs. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 223:116156. [PMID: 38518996 PMCID: PMC11144369 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
The skin, lung, and gut are important barrier organs that control how the body reacts to environmental stressors such as ultraviolet (UV) radiation, air pollutants, dietary components, and microorganisms. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis of barrier organs. AhR was initially discovered as a receptor for environmental chemical carcinogens such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Activation of AhR pathways by PAHs leads to increased DNA damage and mutations which ultimately lead to carcinogenesis. Ongoing evidence reveals an ever-expanding role of AhR. Recently, AhR has been linked to immune systems by the interaction with the development of natural killer (NK) cells, regulatory T (Treg) cells, and T helper 17 (Th17) cells, as well as the production of immunosuppressive cytokines. However, the role of AhR in carcinogenesis is not as straightforward as we initially thought. Although AhR activation has been shown to promote carcinogenesis in some studies, others suggest that it may act as a tumor suppressor. In this review, we aim to explore the role of AhR in the development of cancer that originates from barrier organs. We also examined the preclinical efficacy data of AhR agonists and antagonists on carcinogenesis to determine whether AhR modulation can be a viable option for cancer chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Congues
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA; Department of Stomatology, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Joshua Lee
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Daphne Lin
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Ayaz Shahid
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Jianming Xie
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA.
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2
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Frommeyer TC, Gilbert MM, Brittain GV, Wu T, Nguyen TQ, Rohan CA, Travers JB. UVB-Induced Microvesicle Particle Release and Its Effects on the Cutaneous Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:880850. [PMID: 35603177 PMCID: PMC9120817 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.880850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet B radiation (UVB) has profound effects on human skin that results in a broad spectrum of immunological local and systemic responses and is the major cause of skin carcinogenesis. One important area of study in photobiology is how UVB is translated into effector signals. As the skin is exposed to UVB light, subcellular microvesicle particles (MVP), a subtype of bioactive extracellular vesicles, are released causing a variety of local and systemic immunological effects. In this review, we highlight keratinocyte MVP release in keratinocytes in response to UVB. Specifically, Platelet-activating factor receptor agonists generated by UVB result in MVP released from keratinocytes. The downstream effects of MVP release include the ability of these subcellular particles to transport agents including the glycerophosphocholine-derived lipid mediator Platelet-activating factor (PAF). Moreover, even though UVB is only absorbed in the epidermis, it appears that PAF release from MVPs also mediates systemic immunosuppression and enhances tumor growth and metastasis. Tumor cells expressing PAF receptors can use this mechanism to evade chemotherapy responses, leading to treatment resistance for advanced cancers such as melanoma. Furthermore, novel pharmacological agents provide greater insight into the UVB-induced immune response pathway and a potential target for pharmacological intervention. This review outlines the need to more clearly elucidate the mechanism linking UVB-irradiation with the cutaneous immune response and its pathological manifestations. An improved understanding of this process can result in new insights and treatment strategies for UVB-related disorders from carcinogenesis to photosensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C. Frommeyer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Michael M. Gilbert
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Garrett V. Brittain
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Tongfan Wu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Trang Q. Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Craig A. Rohan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Department of Medicine, Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Department of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine at Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
- Department of Medicine, Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey B. Travers,
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Kim MS, Shim DH, Na CH, Choi H, Shin BS. A comparison on viability between CD4+ T cells and CD4+CD25+CD127- regulatory T cells by excimer laser in the peripheral blood in vitro. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2020; 37:247-249. [PMID: 33316846 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Sung Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Shim
- Department of Dermatology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Chan Ho Na
- Department of Dermatology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hoon Choi
- Department of Dermatology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Bong Seok Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Chosun University School of Medicine, Gwangju, Korea
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4
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Abstract
Environmental stressors exert a profound effect on humans. Many environmental stressors have in common the ability to induce reactive oxygen species. The goal of this chapter is to present evidence that the potent lipid mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF) is involved in the effects of many stressors ranging from cigarette smoke to ultraviolet B radiation. These environmental stressors can generate PAF enzymatically as well as PAF-like lipids produced by free radical-mediated attack of glycerophosphocholines. Inasmuch as PAF exerts both acute inflammation and delayed immunosuppressive effects, involvement of the PAF system can provide an explanation for many consequences of environmental stressor exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.
- Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, OH, USA.
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5
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Memari B, Nguyen-Yamamoto L, Salehi-Tabar R, Zago M, Fritz JH, Baglole CJ, Goltzman D, White JH. Endocrine aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling is induced by moderate cutaneous exposure to ultraviolet light. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8486. [PMID: 31186463 PMCID: PMC6560103 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44862-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Links between solar UV exposure and immunity date back to the ancient Greeks with the development of heliotherapy. Skin contains several UV-sensitive chromophores and exposure to sunlight can produce molecules, such as vitamin D3, that act in an endocrine manner. We investigated the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), an environmental sensor and ligand-regulated transcription factor activated by numerous planar compounds of endogenous, dietary or environmental origin. 15- to 30-minute exposure of cells to a minimal erythemal dose of UVB irradiation in vitro induced translocation of the AHR to the nucleus, rapidly inducing site-specific DNA binding and target gene regulation. Importantly, ex vivo studies with Ahr wild-type or null fibroblasts showed that serum from mice whose skin was exposed to a 15 min UVB dose, but not control serum, contained agonist activity within 30 min of UV irradiation, inducing AHR-dependent gene expression. Moreover, a 15-min cutaneous UVB exposure induced AHR site-specific DNA binding and target gene regulation in vivo within 3–6 hr post-irradiation in blood and in peripheral tissues, including intestine. These results show that cutaneous exposure of mice to a single minimal erythemic dose of UVB induces rapid AHR signaling in multiple peripheral organs, providing compelling evidence that moderate sun exposure can exert endocrine control of immunity through the AHR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Memari
- Departments of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | - Michela Zago
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jorg H Fritz
- Departments of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Complex Traits Group, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carolyn J Baglole
- Departments of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Meakins-Christie Laboratories, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Goltzman
- Departments of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Departments of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John H White
- Departments of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Departments of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Harnessing the Power of Regenerative Therapy for Vitiligo and Alopecia Areata. J Invest Dermatol 2019; 140:29-37. [PMID: 31196751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2019.03.1142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo and alopecia areata (AA) are common autoimmune conditions characterized by white spots on the skin (vitiligo) and bald spots on the scalp (AA), which significantly impact patients' lives by damaging their appearance and function. Melanocytes are the target of immune destruction in vitiligo and are hypothesized to be the site of immune attack in AA. This inflammatory process can be partially reversed by immunosuppressive drugs. Both conditions demonstrate regenerative components that are just now being identified. In this review, we focus on the regenerative medicine aspects of vitiligo and AA, using experimental data from human, mouse, and in vitro models, summarizing the key pathways involved in repopulation of the epidermis with melanocytes in vitiligo and in regrowth of hair follicles in AA. We also discuss treatments that may activate these pathways. Of the regenerative treatments, JAK inhibitors and bimatoprost stimulate repopulation of depleted cells in both diseases, intralesional injections of autologous concentrated platelet-rich plasma and minoxidil showed some benefit in AA, and phototherapy with narrowband UVB was shown to be effective especially in vitiligo. Finally, we discuss future treatments based on the mobilization of stem cells to regenerate anagen hair follicles in AA and intraepidermal melanocytes in vitiligo.
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7
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Zegarska B, Pietkun K, Giemza-Kucharska P, Zegarski T, Nowacki MS, Romańska-Gocka K. Changes of Langerhans cells during skin ageing. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2017; 34:260-267. [PMID: 28670257 PMCID: PMC5471382 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2017.67849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION During the process of skin ageing, changes occur in all skin layers and all cells, including the Langerhans cells. AIM To assess whether any quantitative difference in the number of CD1a+ LC cells/mm2 and HLA-DR+ LC cells/mm2 as well as in their morphological features can be observed during the course of different types of skin ageing. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study was conducted in a group of 60 women, which was divided into three independent groups: group I with symptoms of menopausal skin ageing, group II with symptoms of photoageing, group III with symptoms of chronological ageing. Skin biopsy samples were taken from the pre-auricular region from all of the participants. The number of CD1a+ LC cells/mm2 and HLA-DR+ LC cells/mm2 as well as their morphological features were evaluated. RESULTS The frequency of CD1a+ LC and HLA-DR+ LC in all the studied groups was diverse. In groups I and III, the LC with large cell bodies and long, multi-branched processes were the majority. In group II, the LC had small cell bodies and their processes were mainly short and unbranched. CONCLUSIONS The obtained results indicate the presence of quantitative and morphological changes of the CD1a+ LC and HLA-DR+ LC during the course of different types of skin ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Zegarska
- Chair of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
- Clinica Dermatoestetica, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pietkun
- Chair of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Zegarski
- Centre for Physical Education and Sport, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
| | - Maciej S. Nowacki
- Chair and Department of Surgical Oncology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Oncology Centre-Professor Franciszek Łukaszczyk Memorial Hospital in Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Krystyna Romańska-Gocka
- Chair of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology, Ludwik Rydygier’s Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland
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8
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Abstract
Phototherapy is a useful therapeutic method for various skin diseases due to its modulatory effect on the cutaneous immune system. Alopecia areata is a dermatosis characterized by partial or complete hair loss. Collapse of the immune privilege of the hair follicle, which induces noncicatricial alopecia, is an important factor in its etiology. Several forms of phototherapy are used in dermatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliverio Welsh
- Depatment of Dermatology, University Hospital, Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, Avenida Francisco I. Madero y GonzalitoS S/N, Mitras Centro, Monterrey, NL, 64460, Mexico.
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9
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Bihl JC, Rapp CM, Chen Y, Travers JB. UVB Generates Microvesicle Particle Release in Part Due to Platelet-activating Factor Signaling. Photochem Photobiol 2016; 92:503-6. [PMID: 26876152 DOI: 10.1111/php.12577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The lipid mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF) and oxidized glycerophosphocholine PAF agonists produced by ultraviolet B (UVB) have been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in UVB-mediated processes, from acute inflammation to delayed systemic immunosuppression. Recent studies have provided evidence that microvesicle particles (MVPs) are released from cells in response to various signals including stressors. Importantly, these small membrane fragments can interact with various cell types by delivering bioactive molecules. The present studies were designed to test if UVB radiation can generate MVP release from epithelial cells, and the potential role of PAF receptor (PAF-R) signaling in this process. We demonstrate that UVB irradiation of the human keratinocyte-derived cell line HaCaT resulted in the release of MVPs. Similarly, treatment of HaCaT cells with the PAF-R agonist carbamoyl PAF also generated equivalent amounts of MVP release. Of note, pretreatment of HaCaT cells with antioxidants blocked MVP release from UVB but not PAF-R agonist N-methyl carbamyl PAF (CPAF). Importantly, UVB irradiation of the PAF-R-negative human epithelial cell line KB and KB transduced with functional PAF-Rs resulted in MVP release only in PAF-R-positive cells. These studies demonstrate that UVB can generate MVPs in vitro and that PAF-R signaling appears important in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji C Bihl
- Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435
| | - Christine M Rapp
- Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435
| | - Jeffrey B Travers
- Departments of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435.,Departments of Dermatology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435.,Dayton V.A. Medical Center, Dayton, OH, 45428
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10
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Hori T, Kuribayashi K, Saito K, Wang L, Torii M, Uemoto S, Iida T, Yagi S, Kato T. Ultraviolet-induced alloantigen-specific immunosuppression in transplant immunity. World J Transplant 2015; 5:11-18. [PMID: 25815267 PMCID: PMC4371157 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v5.i1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
After the first observation of the immunosuppressive effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was reported in 1974, therapeutic modification of immune responses by UV irradiation began to be investigated in the context immunization. UV-induced immunosuppression is via the action of regulatory T cells (Tregs). Antigen-specific Tregs were induced by high-dose UV-B irradiation before antigen immunization in many studies, as it was considered that functional alteration and/or modulation of antigen-presenting cells by UV irradiation was required for the induction of antigen-specific immunosuppression. However, it is also reported that UV irradiation after immunization induces antigen-specific Tregs. UV-induced Tregs are also dominantly transferable, with interleukin-10 being important for UV-induced immunosuppression. Currently, various possible mechanisms involving Treg phenotype and cytokine profile have been suggested. UV irradiation accompanied by alloantigen immunization induces alloantigen-specific transferable Tregs, which have potential therapeutic applications in the transplantation field. Here we review the current status of UV-induced antigen-specific immunosuppression on the 40th anniversary of its discovery.
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11
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Lou JS, Chen XE, Zhang Y, Gao ZW, Chen TP, Zhang GQ, Ji C. Photoprotective and immunoregulatory capacity of ginsenoside Rg1 in chronic ultraviolet B-irradiated BALB/c mouse skin. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:1022-1028. [PMID: 24137309 PMCID: PMC3797320 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the photoprotective and immunoregulatory capacities of ginsenoside Rg1 in skin irradiated by chronic ultraviolet B (UVB) and to verify the potential mechanisms of action. BALB/c mice were pretreated with a topical application of ginsenoside Rg1 and irradiated with different doses of UVB daily for 30 consecutive days. Following chronic UVB irradiation, there were significant pathological changes in the skin of the BALB/c mice, including hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, sponge-like edematization and sunburn occurring in the epidermis, while edema, telangiectasis and inflammatory cell infiltration were observed in the papillary layer of the dermis. Treatment with ginsenoside Rg1 was able to reduce such changes induced by UVB irradiation. The number of p53 protein-positive stained cells following UVB irradiation was also observed by immunohistochemical analysis. Ginsenoside Rg1 downregulated the p53 protein expression induced by UVB irradiation, leading to reductions of 69.50, 23.53 and 12.93% at doses of 30, 60 and 120 mJ/cm2, respectively. Using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), reductions in the levels of interferon (IFN)-γ mRNA expression were detected following UVB exposure; reductions of 19.6, 36.3 and 39.6% were observed following UVB irradiation at doses of 30, 60 and 120 mJ/cm2, respectively. The interleukin (IL)-10 mRNA expression levels increased by 40.1, 71.0 and 89.4% and the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α mRNA expression levels increased by 36.4, 18.4 and 8.6% following UVB irradiation at doses of 30, 60 and 120 mJ/cm2, respectively. However, pretreatment with ginsenoside Rg1 was observed to markedly attenuate the UVB irradiation-induced effects on the mRNA expression levels of the three cytokines. The topical application of ginsenoside Rg1 was able to protect the irradiated skin from UVB injury and reduce UVB-induced p53 protein expression. Ginsenoside Rg1 also demonstrated a potential regulatory effect on the UVB-induced local expression of the mRNA of the cytokines IFN-γ, IL-10 and TNF-α, which may be important in its immunoregulatory and inflammatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shu Lou
- Department of Medical Oncology, The 86th Hospital of the Dangtu, Dangtu, Anhui 243100
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12
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Sahu RP, Yao Y, Konger RL, Travers JB. Platelet-activating factor does not mediate UVB-induced local immune suppression. Photochem Photobiol 2012; 88:490-3. [PMID: 22211638 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2011.01071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The lipid mediator Platelet-activating factor (PAF) and oxidized glycerophosphocholine PAF agonists produced by UVB have been demonstrated to play a pivotal role in UVB-mediated systemic immunosuppression. Importantly, employing the ability of distant UVB irradiation to inhibit contact hypersensitivity (CHS) responses to the chemical antigen dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) to an area of unirradiated murine skin, we and others have demonstrated that UVB-mediated systemic immunosuppression was only observed in PAF-R expressing wild type (WT) mice and not in PAF-R-knockout (Pafr-/-) mice. As it is not known if PAF is involved in UVB-mediated local immunosuppression, these studies compared local UVB on CHS responses in WT versus Pafr-/- mice. We demonstrate that the application of DNFB onto UVB-exposed (locally) area of mouse skin resulted in a similar significant inhibition of subsequent CHS responses in both WT and Pafr-/- mice compared to sham-irradiated control mice. Furthermore, the expression of langerin, a marker for the presence of Langerhans cells was substantially reduced equally in the epidermal ears of UVB-irradiated WT and Pafr-/- mice compared to their respective sham control groups. These findings indicate that the PAF-R is not involved UVB-induced local immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi P Sahu
- Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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13
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Risco J, Maldonado H, Luna L, Osada J, Ruiz P, Juarez A, Vizcarra D. Latitudinal prevalence gradient of multiple sclerosis in Latin America. Mult Scler 2011; 17:1055-9. [PMID: 21551216 DOI: 10.1177/1352458511405562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) has a unique geographical distribution that reflects both genetic and environmental factors. Many studies have shown a positive correlation between MS frequency and latitude across both large and small geographical regions. However, scarce data have been published on the epidemiology of MS in Latin America and no study has evaluated latitudinal variation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of latitude on MS prevalence in Latin America. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of MS prevalence during January 2011. Prevalence rates were collected from eligible publications. The effect of latitude on prevalence was analyzed using linear regression. RESULTS A total of ten studies were eligible for analysis, corresponding to six countries, spanning from Panama to Argentina. The crude prevalence of MS ranged from 0.75 to 21.5 per 100,000. We found a strong and significant association between prevalence and latitude (r(2) 0.8; p < 0.001) and determined an increase in prevalence of 0.33 per 100,000 per degree latitude. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a latitudinal prevalence gradient of MS in Latin American countries between Panama and Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Risco
- Hypnos Instituto del Sueño, Peru
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14
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Rodrigues MM, Ximenes RADA, Dantas MMDS, Batista TD, Freire ADL. UVB susceptibility as a risk factor to the development of lepromatous leprosy. An Bras Dermatol 2011; 85:839-42. [PMID: 21308307 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962010000600009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Ultraviolet radiation B (UVRB) is the most important environmental factor capable of altering the immune function of human skin. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association of the phenotypes of susceptibility or resistance to ultraviolet radiation B (UVRB) and the polar forms of leprosy. MATERIAL AND METHODS We evaluated 38 patients with lepromatous leprosy (LL) and 87 patients with tuberculoid (TT) leprosy, according to the classification by Ridley and Jopling (1966). All the patients were submitted to a test to determine the phenotypes of susceptibility or resistance to UVRB through the application of a 2% dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) disc to a previously irradiated area with twice the minimal erythema dose (MED). After 21 days, a similar disc soaked in 0.05% DNCB was applied to the scapular area (unexposed to UVRB) to check for sensitiveness, with reading of the results after 48 hours. The patients that showed a positive reaction to DNCB were considered resistant (UVB-R) and those who did not show any reaction were considered susceptible (UVB-S). RESULTS The frequency of UVB-S individuals was 63.2% (24 patients) in the LL group and 34.4% (30 patients) in the TT group (OR=3.26; IC=1.36 - 7.87; x(2)=7.73; p=0.005). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that UVB-susceptibility is a risk factor to the development of lepromatous leprosy (LL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mecciene Mendes Rodrigues
- Fernando Figueira Integral Medicine Institute, Health Secretariat of the State of Recife, PE, Brazil.
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15
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Yamate Y, Hiramoto K, Kasahara E, Jikumaru M, Sato EF, Inoue J, Inoue M. Ultraviolet-A irradiation to the eye modulates intestinal mucosal functions and properties of mast cells in the mouse. Photochem Photobiol 2010; 87:191-8. [PMID: 21073474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2010.00822.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that topical irradiation of the eye by ultraviolet-B (UVB) activated hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA-A) of the mouse to increase 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA)-positive melanocytes in the skin by an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS)-dependent mechanism. This work demonstrates that irradiation of the eye by ultraviolet-A (UVA) specifically increased DOPA-positive cells in the mucosa of the jejunum and colon of C57BL/6J mice by some HPA- and iNOS-independent mechanism. UVA-induced increase in DOPA-positive cells in the intestine was inhibited by the administration of hexamethonium or prazosin plus propranolol, blockers for the sympathetic nervous system. UVA irradiation of the eye increased DOPA- and histidine decarboxylase (HDC)-positive cells in the intestinal mucosa of both C57BL/6J and WBB6F1/J mice but not in the mutant strain W/Wv of the latter that lack mast cells. UVA irradiation of the eye suppressed the intestinal peristalsis of control, hypophysectomized or iNOS(-/-) C57BL/6J mice by the mechanism that was inhibited by hexamethonium or prazosin plus propranolol. These observations suggest that UVA irradiation of the eye stimulated the sympathetic nervous system to increase the mucosal DOPA- and HDC-positive mast cells and suppressed the peristalsis of the small intestine of the mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurika Yamate
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pathology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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KARAKAWA M, KOMINE M, TAKEKOSHI T, SAKURAI N, MINATANI Y, TADA Y, SAEKI H, TAMAKI K. Duration of remission period of narrowband ultraviolet B therapy on psoriasis vulgaris. J Dermatol 2010; 38:655-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.01053.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Datz CA. Noninfectious Causes of Immunosuppression in Dogs and Cats. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2010; 40:459-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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UV radiation suppresses experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis independent of vitamin D production. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:6418-23. [PMID: 20308557 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1001119107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the exact cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown, a number of genetic and environmental factors are thought to influence MS susceptibility. One potential environmental factor is sunlight and the subsequent production of vitamin D. A number of studies have correlated decreased exposure to UV radiation (UVR) and low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D(3) [25(OH)D(3)] levels with an increased risk for developing MS. Furthermore, both UVR and the active form of vitamin D, 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3), suppress disease in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) animal model of MS. These observations led to the hypothesis that UVR likely suppresses disease through the increased production of vitamin D. However, UVR can suppress the immune system independent of vitamin D. Therefore, it is unclear whether UVR, vitamin D, or both are necessary for the putative decrease in MS susceptibility. We have probed the ability of UVR to suppress disease in the EAE model of MS and assessed the effect of UVR on serum 25(OH)D(3) and calcium levels. Our results indicate that continuous treatment with UVR dramatically suppresses clinical signs of EAE. Interestingly, disease suppression occurs with only a modest, transient increase in serum 25(OH)D(3) levels. Further analysis demonstrated that the levels of 25(OH)D(3) obtained upon UVR treatment were insufficient to suppress EAE independent of UVR treatment. These results suggest that UVR is likely suppressing disease independent of vitamin D production, and that vitamin D supplementation alone may not replace the ability of sunlight to reduce MS susceptibility.
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Majewski S, Jantschitsch C, Maeda A, Schwarz T, Schwarz A. IL-23 Antagonizes UVR-Induced Immunosuppression through Two Mechanisms: Reduction of UVR-Induced DNA Damage and Inhibition of UVR-Induced Regulatory T Cells. J Invest Dermatol 2010; 130:554-62. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Jackman RP, Heitman JW, Marschner S, Goodrich RP, Norris PJ. Understanding loss of donor white blood cell immunogenicity after pathogen reduction: mechanisms of action in ultraviolet illumination and riboflavin treatment. Transfusion 2009; 49:2686-99. [PMID: 19682337 DOI: 10.1111/j.1537-2995.2009.02333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Donor white blood cells (WBCs) present in transfusion products can lead to immune sequelae such as production of HLA antibodies or graft-versus-host disease in susceptible transfusion recipients. Eliminating the immunogenicity of blood products may prove to be of clinical benefit, particularly in patients requiring multiple transfusions in whom allosensitization is common. This study examines a method of pathogen reduction based on ultraviolet light illumination in the presence of riboflavin. In addition to pathogens, WBCs treated with this system are affected and fail to stimulate proliferation of allogeneic peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) in vitro. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS This study sought to determine the mechanisms regulating this loss of immunogenicity. Treated cells were examined for surface expression of a number of molecules involved in activation and adhesion, viability, cell-cell conjugation, and ability to stimulate immune responses in allogeneic PBMNCs. RESULTS Compared with untreated controls, ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated antigen-presenting cells showed slightly reduced surface expression of HLA Class II and costimulatory molecules and had more significant reductions in surface expression of a number of adhesion molecules. Furthermore, treated cells had a severe defect in cell-cell conjugation. The observed loss of immunogenicity was nearly complete, with UV-irradiated cells stimulating barely measurable interferon-gamma production and no detectable STAT-3, STAT-5, or CD3-epsilon phosphorylation in allospecific primed T cells. CONCLUSION These results suggest that defective cell-cell adhesion prevents UV-irradiated cells from inducing T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael P Jackman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medicine, Blood Systems Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Callaghan TM, Wilhelm KP. A review of ageing and an examination of clinical methods in the assessment of ageing skin. Part I: Cellular and molecular perspectives of skin ageing. Int J Cosmet Sci 2008; 30:313-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2008.00454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Timares L, Katiyar SK, Elmets CA. DNA damage, apoptosis and langerhans cells--Activators of UV-induced immune tolerance. Photochem Photobiol 2008; 84:422-36. [PMID: 18248501 PMCID: PMC2718731 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Solar UVR is highly mutagenic but is only partially absorbed by the outer stratum corneum of the epidermis. UVR can penetrate into the deeper layers of the epidermis, depending on melanin content, where it induces DNA damage and apoptosis in epidermal cells, including those in the germinative basal layer. The cellular decision to initiate either cellular repair or undergo apoptosis has evolved to balance the acute need to maintain skin barrier function with the long-term risk of retaining precancerous cells. Langerhans cells (LCs) are positioned suprabasally, where they may sense UV damage directly, or indirectly through recognition of apoptotic vesicles and soluble mediators derived from surrounding keratinocytes. Apoptotic vesicles will contain UV-induced altered proteins that may be presented to the immune system as foreign. The observation that UVR induces immune tolerance to skin-associated antigens suggests that this photodamage response has evolved to preserve the skin barrier by protecting it from autoimmune attack. LC involvement in this process is not clear and controversial. We will highlight some basic concepts of photobiology and review recent advances pertaining to UV-induced DNA damage, apoptosis regulation, novel immunomodulatory mechanisms and the role of LCs in generating antigen-specific regulatory T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Timares
- Department of Dermatology, The UAB Skin Diseases Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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