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Xiang Z, Ye Q, Zhao Z, Wang N, Li J, Zou M, Lau CH, Zhu H, Wang S, Ding Y. Development of a baculoviral CRISPR/Cas9 vector system for beta-2-microglobulin knockout in human pluripotent stem cells. Mol Genet Genomics 2024; 299:74. [PMID: 39085666 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-024-02167-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Derivation of hypoimmunogenic human cells from genetically manipulated pluripotent stem cells holds great promise for future transplantation medicine and adoptive immunotherapy. Disruption of beta-2-microglobulin (B2M) in pluripotent stem cells followed by differentiation into specialized cell types is a promising approach to derive hypoimmunogenic cells. Given the attractive features of CRISPR/Cas9-based gene editing tool and baculoviral delivery system, baculovirus can deliver CRISPR/Cas9 components for site-specific gene editing of B2M. Herein, we report the development of a baculoviral CRISPR/Cas9 vector system for the B2M locus disruption in human cells. When tested in human embryonic stem cells (hESCs), the B2M gene knockdown/out was successfully achieved, leading to the stable down-regulation of human leukocyte antigen class I expression on the cell surface. Fibroblasts derived from the B2M gene-disrupted hESCs were then used as stimulator cells in the co-cultures with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. These fibroblasts triggered significantly reduced alloimmune responses as assessed by sensitive Elispot assays. The B2M-negative hESCs maintained the pluripotency and the ability to differentiate into three germ lineages in vitro and in vivo. These findings demonstrated the feasibility of using the baculoviral-CRISPR/Cas9 system to establish B2M-disrupted pluripotent stem cells. B2M knockdown/out sufficiently leads to hypoimmunogenic conditions, thereby supporting the potential use of B2M-negative cells as universal donor cells for allogeneic cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaiying Xiang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiaoyuan Ye
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Second Clinical Medical College of Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Zihan Zhao
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Naian Wang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinrong Li
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Minghai Zou
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cia-Hin Lau
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haibao Zhu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Gynaecologic Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yuanlin Ding
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
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Yang P, Li C, Lee M, Marzvanyan A, Zhao Z, Ting K, Soo C, Zheng Z. Photopolymerizable Hydrogel-Encapsulated Fibromodulin-Reprogrammed Cells for Muscle Regeneration. Tissue Eng Part A 2020; 26:1112-1122. [PMID: 32323608 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A central challenge in tissue engineering is obtaining a suitable cell type with a capable delivery vehicle to replace or repair damaged or diseased tissues with tissue mimics. Notably, for skeletal muscle tissue engineering, given the inadequate availability and regenerative capability of endogenous myogenic progenitor cells as well as the tumorigenic risks presented by the currently available pluri- and multipotent stem cells, seeking a safe regenerative cell source is urgently demanded. To conquer this problem, we previously established a novel reprogramming technology that can generate multipotent cells from dermal fibroblasts using a single protein, fibromodulin (FMOD). The yield FMOD-reprogrammed (FReP) cells exhibit exceeding myogenic capability without tumorigenic risk, making them a promising and safe cell source for skeletal muscle establishment. In addition to using the optimal cell for implantation, it is equally essential to maintain cellular localization and retention in the recipient tissue environment for critical-sized muscle tissue establishment. In this study, we demonstrate that the photopolymerizable methacrylated glycol chitosan (MeGC)/type I collagen (ColI)-hydrogel provides a desirable microenvironment for encapsulated FReP cell survival, spreading, extension, and formation of myotubes in the hydrogel three-dimensionally in vitro, without undesired osteogenic, chondrogenic, or tenogenic differentiation. Furthermore, gene profiling revealed a paired box 7 (PAX7) → myogenic factor 5 (MYF5) → myogenic determination 1 (MYOD1) → myogenin (MYOG) → myosin cassette elevation in the encapsulated FReP cells during myogenic differentiation, which is similar to that of the predominant driver of endogenous skeletal muscle regeneration, satellite cells. These findings constitute the evidence that the FReP cell-MeGC/ColI-hydrogel construct is a promising tissue engineering mimic for skeletal muscle generation in vitro, and thus possesses the extraordinary potential for further in vivo validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.,Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chenshuang Li
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Min Lee
- Division of Advanced Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Anna Marzvanyan
- A. T. Still University School of Osteopathic Medicine in Arizona, Mesa, Arizona, USA
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Ting
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Chia Soo
- UCLA Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Petrus-Reurer S, Winblad N, Kumar P, Gorchs L, Chrobok M, Wagner AK, Bartuma H, Lardner E, Aronsson M, Plaza Reyes Á, André H, Alici E, Kaipe H, Kvanta A, Lanner F. Generation of Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Lacking Human Leukocyte Antigen Class I and II. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 14:648-662. [PMID: 32197113 PMCID: PMC7160308 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial (hESC-RPE) cells could serve as a replacement therapy in advanced stages of age-related macular degeneration. However, allogenic hESC-RPE transplants trigger immune rejection, supporting a strategy to evade their immune recognition. We established single-knockout beta-2 microglobulin (SKO-B2M), class II major histocompatibility complex transactivator (SKO-CIITA) and double-knockout (DKO) hESC lines that were further differentiated into corresponding hESC-RPE lines lacking either surface human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) or HLA-II, or both. Activation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells was markedly lower by hESC-RPE DKO cells, while natural killer cell cytotoxic response was not increased. After transplantation of SKO-B2M, SKO-CIITA, or DKO hESC-RPEs in a preclinical rabbit model, donor cell rejection was reduced and delayed. In conclusion, we have developed cell lines that lack both HLA-I and -II antigens, which evoke reduced T-cell responses in vitro together with reduced rejection in a large-eyed animal model. hESC-RPEs are immunosuppressive but can elicit T-cell and NK cell responses in vitro hESC-RPEs lacking HLA-I and -II evade T-cell response hESC-RPEs lacking HLA-I and -II do not increase NK cell cytotoxic activity When xeno-transplanted, these immune-modified hESC-RPEs show reduced rejection
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Petrus-Reurer
- Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Ophtalmology and Vision, Karolinska Institutet, St. Erik Eye Hospital, 11282 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Insitutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nerges Winblad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Insitutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Insitutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laia Gorchs
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Chrobok
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arnika Kathleen Wagner
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hammurabi Bartuma
- Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Ophtalmology and Vision, Karolinska Institutet, St. Erik Eye Hospital, 11282 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Lardner
- Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Ophtalmology and Vision, Karolinska Institutet, St. Erik Eye Hospital, 11282 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monica Aronsson
- Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Ophtalmology and Vision, Karolinska Institutet, St. Erik Eye Hospital, 11282 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Álvaro Plaza Reyes
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Insitutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helder André
- Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Ophtalmology and Vision, Karolinska Institutet, St. Erik Eye Hospital, 11282 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Evren Alici
- Department of Medicine Huddinge, Center for Hematology and Regenerative Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helen Kaipe
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 14152 Stockholm, Sweden; Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Kvanta
- Clinical Neuroscience, Section for Ophtalmology and Vision, Karolinska Institutet, St. Erik Eye Hospital, 11282 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Lanner
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Insitutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden; Ming Wai Lau Center for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm Node, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Li CS, Yang P, Ting K, Aghaloo T, Lee S, Zhang Y, Khalilinejad K, Murphy MC, Pan HC, Zhang X, Wu B, Zhou YH, Zhao Z, Zheng Z, Soo C. Fibromodulin reprogrammed cells: A novel cell source for bone regeneration. Biomaterials 2016; 83:194-206. [PMID: 26774565 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent or multipotent cell-based therapeutics are vital for skeletal reconstruction in non-healing critical-sized defects since the local endogenous progenitor cells are not often adequate to restore tissue continuity or function. However, currently available cell-based regenerative strategies are hindered by numerous obstacles including inadequate cell availability, painful and invasive cell-harvesting procedures, and tumorigenesis. Previously, we established a novel platform technology for inducing a quiescent stem cell-like stage using only a single extracellular proteoglycan, fibromodulin (FMOD), circumventing gene transduction. In this study, we further purified and significantly increased the reprogramming rate of the yield multipotent FMOD reprogrammed (FReP) cells. We also exposed the 'molecular blueprint' of FReP cell osteogenic differentiation by gene profiling. Radiographic analysis showed that implantation of FReP cells into a critical-sized SCID mouse calvarial defect, contributed to the robust osteogenic capability of FReP cells in a challenging clinically relevant traumatic scenario in vivo. The persistence, engraftment, and osteogenesis of transplanted FReP cells without tumorigenesis in vivo were confirmed by histological and immunohistochemical staining. Taken together, we have provided an extended potency, safety, and molecular profile of FReP cell-based bone regeneration. Therefore, FReP cells present a high potential for cellular and gene therapy products for bone regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Shuang Li
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Pu Yang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Kang Ting
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Tara Aghaloo
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Soonchul Lee
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Gyeonggi-do, 463-712, South Korea
| | - Yulong Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Kambiz Khalilinejad
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Maxwell C Murphy
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hsin Chuan Pan
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xinli Zhang
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Benjamin Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Yan-Heng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Zhihe Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Zhong Zheng
- Dental and Craniofacial Research Institute and Division of Growth and Development, Section of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Chia Soo
- UCLA Division of Plastic Surgery and Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and the Orthopaedic Hospital Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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5
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Park KM, Hussein KH, Ghim JH, Ahn C, Cha SH, Lee GS, Hong SH, Yang S, Woo HM. Hepatic differentiation of porcine embryonic stem cells for translational research of hepatocyte transplantation. Transplant Proc 2015; 47:775-9. [PMID: 25891729 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Porcine embryonic stem cells (ES) are considered attractive preclinical research tools for human liver diseases. Although several studies previously reported generation of porcine ES, none of these studies has described hepatic differentiation from porcine ES. The aim of this study was to generate hepatocytes from porcine ES and analyze their characteristics. We optimized conditions for definitive endoderm induction and developed a 4-step hepatic differentiation protocol. A brief serum-free condition with activin A efficiently induced definitive endoderm differentiation from porcine ES. The porcine ES-derived hepatocyte-like cells highly expressed hepatic markers including albumin and α-fetoprotein, and displayed liver characteristics such as glycogen storage, lipid production, and low-density lipoprotein uptake. For the first time, we describe a highly efficient protocol for hepatic differentiation from porcine ES. Our findings provide valuable information for translational liver research using porcine models, including hepatic regeneration and transplant studies, drug screening, and toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Park
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - K H Hussein
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - J H Ghim
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - C Ahn
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea; College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - S H Cha
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Korea
| | - G S Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - S H Hong
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea; College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - S Yang
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea; College of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea
| | - H M Woo
- Stem Cell Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea; College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Korea.
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Potential and limitation of HLA-based banking of human pluripotent stem cells for cell therapy. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:518135. [PMID: 25126584 PMCID: PMC4121106 DOI: 10.1155/2014/518135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Great hopes have been placed on human pluripotent stem (hPS) cells for therapy. Tissues or organs derived from hPS cells could be the best solution to cure many different human diseases, especially those who do not respond to standard medication or drugs, such as neurodegenerative diseases, heart failure, or diabetes. The origin of hPS is critical and the idea of creating a bank of well-characterized hPS cells has emerged, like the one that already exists for cord blood. However, the main obstacle in transplantation is the rejection of tissues or organ by the receiver, due to the three main immunological barriers: the human leukocyte antigen (HLA), the ABO blood group, and minor antigens. The problem could be circumvented by using autologous stem cells, like induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, derived directly from the patient. But iPS cells have limitations, especially regarding the disease of the recipient and possible difficulties to handle or prepare autologous iPS cells. Finally, reaching standards of good clinical or manufacturing practices could be challenging. That is why well-characterized and universal hPS cells could be a better solution. In this review, we will discuss the interest and the feasibility to establish hPS cells bank, as well as some economics and ethical issues.
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Generation of porcine induced pluripotent stem cells and evaluation of their major histocompatibility complex protein expression in vitro. Vet Res Commun 2013; 37:293-301. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-013-9574-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Hibaoui Y, Feki A. Human pluripotent stem cells: applications and challenges in neurological diseases. Front Physiol 2012; 3:267. [PMID: 22934023 PMCID: PMC3429043 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to generate human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) holds great promise for the understanding and the treatment of human neurological diseases in modern medicine. The hPSCs are considered for their in vitro use as research tools to provide relevant cellular model for human diseases, drug discovery, and toxicity assays and for their in vivo use in regenerative medicine applications. In this review, we highlight recent progress, promises, and challenges of hPSC applications in human neurological disease modeling and therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Hibaoui
- Stem Cell Research Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Geneva University Hospitals Geneva, Switzerland
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Poon E, Kong CW, Li RA. Human pluripotent stem cell-based approaches for myocardial repair: from the electrophysiological perspective. Mol Pharm 2011; 8:1495-504. [PMID: 21879736 DOI: 10.1021/mp2002363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heart diseases are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Terminally differentiated adult cardiomyocytes (CMs) lack the innate ability to regenerate. Their malfunction or significant loss can lead to conditions from cardiac arrhythmias to heart failure. For myocardial repair, cell- and gene-based therapies offer promising alternatives to donor organ transplantation. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) can self-renew while maintaining their pluripotency. Direct reprogramming of adult somatic cells to become pluripotent hES-like cells (also known as induced pluripotent stem cells or iPSCs) has been achieved. Both hESCs and iPSCs have been successfully differentiated into genuine human CMs. In this review, we describe our current knowledge of the structure-function properties of hESC/iPSC-CMs, with an emphasis on their electrophysiology and Ca(2+) handling, along with the hurdles faced and potential solutions for translating into clinical and other applications (e.g., disease modeling, cardiotoxicity and drug screening).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Poon
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, LKS Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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