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Tang G, Ding G, Wu G, Wang X, Wang T, Zou Q, Sun K, Wu J. Low expression of PRRG2 in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma: an immune infiltration-associated prognostic biomarker. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:9. [PMID: 38227081 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00864-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the prognostic significance of Proline-rich γ-carboxyglutamic acid protein 2 (PRRG2) in Kidney Renal Clear Cell Carcinoma (KIRC), a prevalent and deadly cancer, and its association with immune cell infiltration, a key strategy in developing effective biomarkers. METHODS The study meticulously elucidated the prognostic significance and potential role of PRRG2 in KIRC, correlating its expression with patient sex, age, metastasis, and pathological stage. Utilizing Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA), the involvement of PRRG2 in immune response was investigated. The association between PRRG2 expression and immune cell infiltration was also scrutinized. Ultimately, cellular and tissue identity were confirmed via immunohistochemical staining and quantitative real-time PCR. RESULTS The study elucidates a notable decrease in PRRG2 expression in KIRC patients, correlating with demographic factors, metastasis, and pathological staging, and portending an unfavorable prognosis. Bioinformatic analyses underscore PRRG2's role in immune response, with its expression significantly tied to immune cell infiltration and marker expression. CONCLUSION PRRG2 may potentially impact prognosis in KIRC patients by regulating immune infiltration, thus rendering PRRG2 a promising candidate prognostic biomarker for KIRC-associated immune infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonglin Tang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20 East Yuhuangding Road, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Guixin Ding
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20 East Yuhuangding Road, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20 East Yuhuangding Road, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20 East Yuhuangding Road, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20 East Yuhuangding Road, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Qingsong Zou
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20 East Yuhuangding Road, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China
| | - Kai Sun
- Urology Department, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, 250021, China.
| | - Jitao Wu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20 East Yuhuangding Road, Yantai, 264000, Shandong, China.
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Ren J, Zhang H, Wang J, Xu Y, Zhao L, Yuan Q. Transcriptome analysis of adipocytokines and their-related LncRNAs in lung adenocarcinoma revealing the association with prognosis, immune infiltration, and metabolic characteristics. Adipocyte 2022; 11:250-265. [PMID: 35410586 PMCID: PMC9037474 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2022.2064956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) is amongst the major contributors to cancer-related deaths on a global scale. Adipocytokines and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are indispensable participants in cancer. We performed a pan-cancer analysis of the mRNA expression, single nucleotide variation, copy number variation, and prognostic value of adipocytokines. LUAD samples were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases. Simultaneously, train, internal and external cohorts were grouped. After a stepwise screening of optimized genes through least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analysis, random forest algorithm,, and Cox regression analysis, an adipocytokine-related prognostic signature (ARPS) with superior performance compared with four additional well-established signatures for survival prediction was constructed. After determination of risk levels, the discrepancy of immune microenvironment, immune checkpoint gene expression, immune subtypes, and immune response in low- and high-risk cohorts were explored through multiple bioinformatics methods. Abnormal pathways underlying high- and low-risk subgroups were identified through gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). Immune-and metabolism-related pathways that were correlated with risk score were selected through single sample GSEA. Finally, a nomogram with satisfied predictive survival probability was plotted. In summary, this study offers meaningful information for clinical treatment and scientific investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jinna Wang
- Department of Oncology, Dalian Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yingsong Xu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qihang Yuan
- Clinical Laboratory of Integrative Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- Department of General Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Miao Y, Liu J, Liu X, Yuan Q, Li H, Zhang Y, Zhan Y, Feng X. Machine learning identification of cuproptosis and necroptosis-associated molecular subtypes to aid in prognosis assessment and immunotherapy response prediction in low-grade glioma. Front Genet 2022; 13:951239. [PMID: 36186436 PMCID: PMC9524234 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.951239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Both cuproptosis and necroptosis are typical cell death processes that serve essential regulatory roles in the onset and progression of malignancies, including low-grade glioma (LGG). Nonetheless, there remains a paucity of research on cuproptosis and necroptosis-related gene (CNRG) prognostic signature in patients with LGG. We acquired patient data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and captured CNRGs from the well-recognized literature. Firstly, we comprehensively summarized the pan-cancer landscape of CNRGs from the perspective of expression traits, prognostic values, mutation profiles, and pathway regulation. Then, we devised a technique for predicting the clinical efficacy of immunotherapy for LGG patients. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) defined by CNRGs with prognostic values was performed to generate molecular subtypes (i.e., C1 and C2). C1 subtype is characterized by poor prognosis in terms of disease-specific survival (DSS), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS), more patients with G3 and tumour recurrence, high abundance of immunocyte infiltration, high expression of immune checkpoints, and poor response to immunotherapy. LASSO-SVM-random Forest analysis was performed to aid in developing a novel and robust CNRG-based prognostic signature. LGG patients in the TCGA and GEO databases were categorized into the training and test cohorts, respectively. A five-gene signature, including SQSTM1, ZBP1, PLK1, CFLAR, and FADD, for predicting OS of LGG patients was constructed and its predictive reliability was confirmed in both training and test cohorts. In both the training and the test datasets (cohorts), higher risk scores were linked to a lower OS rate. The time-dependent ROC curve proved that the risk score had outstanding prediction efficiency for LGG patients in the training and test cohorts. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses showed the CNRG-based prognostic signature independently functioned as a risk factor for OS in LGG patients. Furthermore, we developed a highly reliable nomogram to facilitate the clinical practice of the CNRG-based prognostic signature (AUC > 0.9). Collectively, our results gave a promising understanding of cuproptosis and necroptosis in LGG, as well as a tailored prediction tool for prognosis and immunotherapeutic responses in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Miao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Jifeng Liu
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xishu Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
| | - Qihang Yuan
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Hanshuo Li
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yunshu Zhang
- Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Yibo Zhan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoshi Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaoshi Feng,
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Cecil DL, Curtis B, Gad E, Gormley M, Timms AE, Corulli L, Bos R, Damle RN, Sepulveda MA, Disis ML. Anti-tumor activity of a T-helper 1 multiantigen vaccine in a murine model of prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13618. [PMID: 35948756 PMCID: PMC9365795 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17950-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the few malignancies that includes vaccination as a treatment modality. Elements of an effective cancer vaccine should include the ability to elicit a Type I T-cell response and target multiple antigenic proteins expressed early in the disease. Using existing gene datasets encompassing normal prostate tissue and tumors with Gleason Score ≤ 6 and ≥ 8, 10 genes were identified that were upregulated and conserved in prostate cancer regardless of the aggressiveness of disease. These genes encoded proteins also expressed in prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Putative Class II epitopes derived from these proteins were predicted by a combination of algorithms and, using human peripheral blood, epitopes which selectively elicited IFN-γ or IL-10 dominant antigen specific cytokine secretion were determined. Th1 selective epitopes were identified for eight antigens. Epitopes from three antigens elicited Th1 dominant immunity in mice; PSMA, HPN, and AMACR. Each single antigen vaccine demonstrated significant anti-tumor activity inhibiting growth of implanted Myc-Cap cells after immunization as compared to control. Immunization with the combination of antigens, however, was superior to each alone in controlling tumor growth. When vaccination occurred simultaneously to tumor implant, multiantigen immunized mice had significantly smaller tumors than controls (p = 0.002) and a significantly improved overall survival (p = 0.0006). This multiantigen vaccine shows anti-tumor activity in a murine model of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Cecil
- Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Brotman Bld., 2nd Floor, Box 358050, Seattle, WA, 98195-8050, USA.
| | - Benjamin Curtis
- Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Brotman Bld., 2nd Floor, Box 358050, Seattle, WA, 98195-8050, USA
| | - Ekram Gad
- Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Brotman Bld., 2nd Floor, Box 358050, Seattle, WA, 98195-8050, USA
| | | | - Andrew E Timms
- Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Brotman Bld., 2nd Floor, Box 358050, Seattle, WA, 98195-8050, USA
| | - Lauren Corulli
- Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Brotman Bld., 2nd Floor, Box 358050, Seattle, WA, 98195-8050, USA
| | - Rinke Bos
- Janssen Vaccines and Prevention, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Mary L Disis
- Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, 850 Republican Street, Brotman Bld., 2nd Floor, Box 358050, Seattle, WA, 98195-8050, USA
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Ren J, Yuan Q, Liu J, Zhong L, Li H, Wu G, Chen F, Tang Q. Identifying the role of transient receptor potential channels (TRPs) in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma and their potential therapeutic significances using genomic and transcriptome analyses. BMC Med Genomics 2022; 15:156. [PMID: 35831825 PMCID: PMC9277847 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-022-01312-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is among the major causes of cancer-caused mortality around the world. Transient receptor potential channels (TRPs), due to their role in various human diseases, might become potential drug targets in cancer. The mRNA expression, copy number variation, single-nucleotide variation, prognostic values, drug sensitivity, and pathway regulation of TRPs were studied across cancer types. The ArrayExpress and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases were used to retrieve KIRC samples. Simultaneously, training, internal, and external cohorts were grouped. In KIRC, a prognostic signature with superior survival prediction in contrast with other well-established signatures was created after a stepwise screening of optimized genes linked to TRPs using univariate Cox, weighted gene co-expression network analysis, multivariate Cox, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression analyses. Subsequent to the determination of risk levels, the variations in the expression of immune checkpoint genes, tumor mutation burden, and immune subtypes and response between low-risk and high-risk subgroups were studied using a variety of bioinformatics algorithms, including ESTIMATE, XCELL, EPIC, CIBERSORT-ABS, CIBERSORT, MCPCOUNTER, TIMER, and QUANTISEQ. Gene set enrichment analysis helped in the identification of abnormal pathways across the low- and high-risk subgroups. Besides, high-risk KIRC patients might benefit from ABT888, AZD6244, AZD7762, Bosutinib, Camptothecin, CI1040, JNK inhibitor VIII, KU55933, Lenalidomide, Nilotinib, PLX4720, RO3306, Vinblastine, and ZM.447439; however, low-risk populations might benefit from Bicalutamide, FH535, and OSI906. Finally, calibration curves were used to validate the nomogram with a satisfactory predictive survival probability. In conclusion, this research provides useful insight that can aid and guide clinical practice and scientific research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ren
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Qihang Yuan
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jifeng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Hanshuo Li
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Guangzhen Wu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Qizhen Tang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
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Disis ML, Cecil DL. Breast cancer vaccines for treatment and prevention. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2021; 191:481-489. [PMID: 34846625 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-021-06459-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is immunogenic and a variety of vaccines have been designed to boost immunity directed against the disease. The components of a breast cancer vaccine, the antigen, the delivery system, and the adjuvant, can have a significant impact on vaccine immunogenicity. There have been numerous immunogenic proteins identified in all subtypes of breast cancer. The majority of these antigens are weakly immunogenic nonmutated tumor-associated proteins. Mutated proteins and neoantigen epitopes are found only in a small minority of patients and are enriched in the triple negative subtype. Several vaccines have advanced to large randomized Phase II or Phase III clinical trials. None of these trials met their primary endpoint of either progression-free or overall survival. Despite these set-backs investigators have learned important lessons regarding the clinical application of breast cancer vaccines from the type of immune response needed for tumor eradication, Type I T-cell immunity, to the patient populations most likely to benefit from vaccination. Many therapeutic breast cancer vaccines are now being tested in combination with other forms of immune therapy or chemotherapy and radiation. Breast cancer vaccines as single agents are now studied in the context of the prevention of relapse or development of disease. Newer approaches are designing vaccines to prevent breast cancer by intercepting high-risk lesions such as ductal carcinoma in situ to limit the progression of these tumors to invasive cancer. There are also several efforts to develop vaccines for the primary prevention of breast cancer by targeting antigens expressed during breast cancer initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary L Disis
- Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Denise L Cecil
- Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Cecil DL, Liao JB, Dang Y, Coveler AL, Kask A, Yang Y, Childs JS, Higgins DM, Disis ML. Immunization with a Plasmid DNA Vaccine Encoding the N-Terminus of Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-2 in Advanced Ovarian Cancer Leads to High-level Type I Immune Responses. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:6405-6412. [PMID: 34526360 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer vaccines targeting nonmutated proteins elicit limited type I T-cell responses and can generate regulatory and type II T cells. Class II epitopes that selectively elicit type I or type II cytokines can be identified in nonmutated cancer-associated proteins. In mice, a T-helper I (Th1) selective insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2) N-terminus vaccine generated high levels of IFNγ secreting T cells, no regulatory T cells, and significant antitumor activity. We conducted a phase I trial of T-helper 1 selective IGFBP-2 vaccination in patients with advanced ovarian cancer. METHODS Twenty-five patients were enrolled. The IGFBP-2 N-terminus plasmid-based vaccine was administered monthly for 3 months. Toxicity was graded by NCI criteria and antigen-specific T cells measured by IFNγ/IL10 ELISPOT. T-cell diversity and phenotype were assessed. RESULTS The vaccine was well tolerated, with 99% of adverse events graded 1 or 2, and generated high levels of IGFBP-2 IFNγ secreting T cells in 50% of patients. Both Tbet+ CD4 (P = 0.04) and CD8 (P = 0.007) T cells were significantly increased in immunized patients. There was no increase in GATA3+ CD4 or CD8, IGFBP-2 IL10 secreting T cells, or regulatory T cells. A significant increase in T-cell clonality occurred in immunized patients (P = 0.03, pre- vs. post-vaccine) and studies showed the majority of patients developed epitope spreading within IGFBP-2 and/or to other antigens. Vaccine nonresponders were more likely to have preexistent IGFBP-2 specific immunity and demonstrated defects in CD4 T cells, upregulation of PD-1, and downregulation of genes associated with T-cell activation, after immunization. CONCLUSIONS IGFBP-2 N-terminus Th1 selective vaccination safely induces type I T cells without evidence of regulatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Cecil
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - John B Liao
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yushe Dang
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrew L Coveler
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Angela Kask
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Yi Yang
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jennifer S Childs
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Doreen M Higgins
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Mary L Disis
- UW Medicine Cancer Vaccine Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
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Zutshi S, Sarode AY, Ghosh SK, Jha MK, Sudan R, Kumar S, Sadhale LP, Roy S, Saha B. LmjF.36.3850, a novel hypothetical Leishmania major protein, contributes to the infection. Immunology 2021; 163:460-477. [PMID: 33764520 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania is a protozoan parasite that resides in mammalian macrophages and inflicts the disease known as leishmaniasis. Although prevalent in 88 countries, an anti-leishmanial vaccine remains elusive. While comparing the virulent and avirulent L. major transcriptomes by microarray, PCR and functional analyses for identifying a novel virulence-associated gene, we identified LmjF.36.3850, a hypothetical protein significantly less expressed in the avirulent parasite and without any known function. Motif search revealed that LmjF.36.3850 protein shared phosphorylation sites and other structural features with sucrose non-fermenting protein (Snf7) that shuttles virulence factors. LmjF.36.3850 was predicted to bind diacylglycerol (DAG) with energy value similar to PKCα and PKCβ, to which DAG is a cofactor. Indeed, 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG), a DAG analogue, enhanced the phosphorylation of PKCα and PKCβI. We cloned LmjF.36.3850 gene in a mammalian expression vector and primed susceptible BALB/c mice followed by challenge infection. We observed a higher parasite load, comparable antibody response and higher anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10, while expression of major anti-leishmanial cytokine, IFN-γ, remained unchanged in LmjF.36.3850-vaccinated mice. CSA restimulated LN cells from vaccinated mice after challenge infection secreted comparable IL-4 and IL-10 but reduced IFN-γ, as compared to controls. These observations suggest a skewed Th2 response, diminished IFN-γ secreting Th1-TEM cells and increased central and effector memory subtype of Th2, Th17 and Treg cells in the vaccinated mice. These data indicate that LmjF.36.3850 is a plausible virulence factor that enhances disease-promoting response, possibly by interfering with PKC activation and by eliciting disease-promoting T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Raki Sudan
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
| | | | - Somenath Roy
- Department of Human Physiology, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore, India
| | - Bhaskar Saha
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India.,Trident Academy of Creative Technology, Chandrasekharpur, India
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Mrochen DM, Trübe P, Jorde I, Domanska G, van den Brandt C, Bröker BM. Immune Polarization Potential of the S. aureus Virulence Factors SplB and GlpQ and Modulation by Adjuvants. Front Immunol 2021; 12:642802. [PMID: 33936060 PMCID: PMC8081891 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.642802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Protection against Staphylococcus aureus is determined by the polarization of the anti-bacterial immune effector mechanisms. Virulence factors of S. aureus can modulate these and induce differently polarized immune responses in a single individual. We proposed that this may be due to intrinsic properties of the bacterial proteins. To test this idea, we selected two virulence factors, the serine protease-like protein B (SplB) and the glycerophosphoryl diester phosphodiesterase (GlpQ). In humans naturally exposed to S. aureus, SplB induces a type 2-biased adaptive immune response, whereas GlpQ elicits type 1/type 3 immunity. We injected the recombinant bacterial antigens into the peritoneum of S. aureus-naïve C57BL/6N mice and analyzed the immune response. This was skewed by SplB toward a Th2 profile including specific IgE, whereas GlpQ was weakly immunogenic. To elucidate the influence of adjuvants on the proteins’ polarization potential, we studied Montanide ISA 71 VG and Imject™Alum, which promote a Th1 and Th2 response, respectively. Alum strongly increased antibody production to the Th2-polarizing protein SplB, but did not affect the response to GlpQ. Montanide enhanced the antibody production to both S. aureus virulence factors. Montanide also augmented the inflammation in general, whereas Alum had little effect on the cellular immune response. The adjuvants did not override the polarization potential of the S. aureus proteins on the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel M Mrochen
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Patricia Trübe
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Ilka Jorde
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Grazyna Domanska
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Barbara M Bröker
- Department of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Xiong J, Jiang B, Luo Y, Zou J, Gao X, Xu D, Du Y, Hao L. Multifunctional Nanoparticles Encapsulating Astragalus Polysaccharide and Gold Nanorods in Combination with Focused Ultrasound for the Treatment of Breast Cancer. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:4151-4169. [PMID: 32606670 PMCID: PMC7305853 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s246447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Focused ultrasound (FUS) is a noninvasive method to produce thermal and mechanical destruction along with an immune-stimulatory effect against cancer. However, FUS ablation alone appears insufficient to generate consistent antitumor immunity. In this study, a multifunctional nanoparticle was designed to boost FUS-induced immune effects and achieve systemic, long-lasting antitumor immunity, along with imaging and thermal enhancement. Materials and Methods PEGylated PLGA nanoparticles encapsulating astragalus polysaccharides (APS) and gold nanorods (AuNRs) were constructed by a simple double emulsion method, characterized, and tested for cytotoxicity. The abilities of PA imaging and thermal-synergetic ablation efficiency were analyzed in vitro and in vivo. The immune-synergistic effect on dendritic cell (DC) differentiation in vitro and the immune response in vivo were also evaluated. Results The obtained APS/AuNR/PLGA-PEG nanoparticles have an average diameter of 255.00±0.1717 nm and an APS-loading efficiency of 54.89±2.07%, demonstrating their PA imaging capability and high biocompatibility both in vitro and in vivo. In addition, the as-prepared nanoparticles achieved a higher necrosis cell rate and induced apoptosis rate in an in vitro cell suspension assay, greater necrosis area and decreased energy efficiency factor (EEF) in an in vivo rabbit liver assay, and remarkable thermal-synergic performance. In particular, the nanoparticles upregulated the expression of MHC-II, CD80 and CD86 on cocultured DCs in vitro, followed by declining phagocytic function and enhanced interleukin (IL)-12 and interferon (INF)-γ production. Furthermore, they boosted the production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10, and IgG1 (P< 0.001) but not IgG2a. Immune promotion peaked on day 3 after FUS in vivo. Conclusion The multifunctional APS/AuNR/PLGA-PEG nanoparticles can serve as an excellent synergistic agent for FUS therapy, facilitating real-time imaging, promoting thermal ablation effects, and boosting FUS-induced immune effects, which have the potential to be used for further clinical FUS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Binglei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Die Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Ultrasound in Medicine and Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, People's Republic of China.,Ultrasonography Department, The Fourth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Central Hospital of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400014, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Hao
- Institute of Ultrasound Imaging, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, People's Republic of China
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11
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Gatti-Mays ME, Balko JM, Gameiro SR, Bear HD, Prabhakaran S, Fukui J, Disis ML, Nanda R, Gulley JL, Kalinsky K, Abdul Sater H, Sparano JA, Cescon D, Page DB, McArthur H, Adams S, Mittendorf EA. If we build it they will come: targeting the immune response to breast cancer. NPJ Breast Cancer 2019; 5:37. [PMID: 31700993 PMCID: PMC6820540 DOI: 10.1038/s41523-019-0133-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Historically, breast cancer tumors have been considered immunologically quiescent, with the majority of tumors demonstrating low lymphocyte infiltration, low mutational burden, and modest objective response rates to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 monotherapy. Tumor and immunologic profiling has shed light on potential mechanisms of immune evasion in breast cancer, as well as unique aspects of the tumor microenvironment (TME). These include elements associated with antigen processing and presentation as well as immunosuppressive elements, which may be targeted therapeutically. Examples of such therapeutic strategies include efforts to (1) expand effector T-cells, natural killer (NK) cells and immunostimulatory dendritic cells (DCs), (2) improve antigen presentation, and (3) decrease inhibitory cytokines, tumor-associated M2 macrophages, regulatory T- and B-cells and myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). The goal of these approaches is to alter the TME, thereby making breast tumors more responsive to immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize key developments in our understanding of antitumor immunity in breast cancer, as well as emerging therapeutic modalities that may leverage that understanding to overcome immunologic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Gatti-Mays
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Justin M. Balko
- Department of Medicine and Breast Cancer Research Program, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Sofia R. Gameiro
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Harry D. Bear
- Division of Surgical Oncology and the Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA USA
| | - Sangeetha Prabhakaran
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, University of New Mexico; University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM USA
| | - Jami Fukui
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI USA
| | | | - Rita Nanda
- The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL USA
| | - James L. Gulley
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Kevin Kalinsky
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Houssein Abdul Sater
- Genitourinary Malignancies Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD USA
| | - Joseph A. Sparano
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY USA
| | - David Cescon
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Medicine, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - David B. Page
- Providence Cancer Institute, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Portland, OR USA
| | | | - Sylvia Adams
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY USA
| | - Elizabeth A. Mittendorf
- Division of Breast Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA USA
- Breast Oncology Program, Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women’s Cancer Center, Boston, MA USA
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12
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Mehrian-Shai R, Reichardt JKV, Harris CC, Toren A. The Gut-Brain Axis, Paving the Way to Brain Cancer. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:200-207. [PMID: 30961828 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The gut-brain axis formed by blood and lymphatic vessels paves the way for microbiota to impact the brain. Bacterial populations in the gut are a good candidate for a nongenetic factor contributing substantively to brain tumor development and to the success of therapy. Specifically, suppression of the immune system and induction of inflammation by microbiota sustain proliferative signaling, limit cell death, and induce angiogenesis as well as invasiveness. In addition, altered microbial metabolites and their levels could stimulate cell proliferation. We propose here a novel gear model connecting these complex interdisciplinary fields. Our model may impact mechanistic studies of brain cancer and better treatment outcomes through precision oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Juergen K V Reichardt
- Australian Institute for Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amos Toren
- Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel; Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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13
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Zhang N, Nandakumar KS. Recent advances in the development of vaccines for chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases. Vaccine 2018; 36:3208-3220. [PMID: 29706295 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases leading to target tissue destruction and disability are not only causing increase in patients' suffering but also contribute to huge economic burden for the society. General increase in life expectancy and high prevalence of these diseases both in elderly and younger population emphasize the importance of developing safe and effective vaccines. In this review, at first the possible mechanisms and risk factors associated with chronic inflammatory autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are discussed. Current advances in the development of vaccines for such autoimmune diseases, particularly those based on DNA, altered peptide ligands and peptide loaded MHC II complexes are discussed in detail. Finally, strategies for improving the efficacy of potential vaccines are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naru Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China; Medical Inflammation Research, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Hald Andersen
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, DK-2730, Herlev, Denmark.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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