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Singh RV, Sambyal K, Negi A, Sonwani S, Mahajan R. Chitinases production: A robust enzyme and its industrial applications. BIOCATAL BIOTRANSFOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10242422.2021.1883004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Krishika Sambyal
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Anjali Negi
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, India
| | - Shubham Sonwani
- Department of Biosciences, Christian Eminent College, Indore, India
| | - Ritika Mahajan
- Department of Microbiology, School of Sciences, JAIN (Deemed-to-be University), Bengaluru, India
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Suryawanshi N, Sahu J, Moda Y, Eswari JS. Optimization of process parameters for improved chitinase activity from Thermomyces sp. by using artificial neural network and genetic algorithm. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 50:1031-1041. [PMID: 32713255 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2020.1780612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Chitinase is responsible for the breaking down of chitin to N-acetyl-glucosamine units linked through (1-4)-glycosidic bond. The chitinases find several applications in waste management and pest control. The high yield with characteristics thermal stability of chitinase is the key to their industrial application. Therefore, the present work focuses on parameter optimization for chitinase production using fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus MTCC 9331. Three different optimization approaches, namely, response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network (ANN) and genetic algorithm (GA) were used. The parameters under study were incubation time, pH and inoculum size. The central composite design with RSM was used for the optimization of the process parameters. Further, results were validated with GA and ANN. A multilayer feed-forward algorithm was performed for ANN, i.e., Levenberg-Marquardt, Bayesian Regularization, and Scaled Conjugate Gradient. The ANN predicted values gave higher chitinase activity, i.e., 102.24 U/L as compared to RSM-predicted values, i.e., 88.38 U/L. The predicted chitinase activity was also closer to the observed data at these levels. The validation study suggested that the highest activity of chitinase as predicted by ANN is in line with experimental analysis. The comparison of three different statistical approaches suggested that ANN gives better optimization results compared to the GA and RSM study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha Suryawanshi
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, India
| | - Jyoti Sahu
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, India
| | - Yash Moda
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, India
| | - J Satya Eswari
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Technology Raipur, Raipur, India
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Costa OYA, de Hollander M, Pijl A, Liu B, Kuramae EE. Cultivation-independent and cultivation-dependent metagenomes reveal genetic and enzymatic potential of microbial community involved in the degradation of a complex microbial polymer. MICROBIOME 2020; 8:76. [PMID: 32482164 PMCID: PMC7265232 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-020-00836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cultivation-independent methods, including metagenomics, are tools for the exploration and discovery of biotechnological compounds produced by microbes in natural environments. Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) enzymes are extremely desired and important in the industry of production for goods and biofuel and removal of problematic biofilms and exopolysaccharide (EPS). Biofilms and EPS are complex, requiring a wide range of enzymes for a complete degradation. The aim of this study was to identify potential GH microbial producers and GH genes with biotechnological potential, using EPS-complex structure (WH15EPS) of Acidobacteria Granulicella sp. strain WH15 as an enrichment factor, in cultivation-independent and cultivation-dependent methods. We performed stable isotope probing (SIP) combined with metagenomics on topsoil litter amended with WH15EPS and coupled solid culture-EPS amended medium with metagenomics. RESULTS SIP metagenome analysis of the soil litter demonstrated that phyla Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Planctomycetes were the most abundant in WH15EPS amended and unamended treatments. The enrichment cultures in solid culture medium coupled to metagenomics demonstrated an enrichment in Proteobacteria, and the metagenome assembly of this enrichment cultures resulted in 4 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) of microbes with low identity (42-86%) to known microorganisms. Among all carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) retrieved genes, glycoside transferase (GT) was the most abundant family, either in culture-independent or culture-based metagenome datasets. Within the glycoside hydrolases (GHs), GH13 was the most abundant family in both metagenome datasets. In the "heavy" fraction of the culture-independent metagenome SIP dataset, GH109 (α-N-acetylgalactosaminidases), GH117 (agarases), GH50 (agarases), GH32 (invertases and inulinases), GH17 (endoglucanases), and GH71 (mutanases) families were more abundant in comparison with the controls. Those GH families are affiliated to microorganism that are probably capable to degrade WH15EPS and potentially applicable for biofilm deconstruction. Subsequent in culture-based metagenome, the assembled 4 MAGs (unclassified Proteobacteria) also contained GH families of interest, involving mannosidases, lysozymes, galactosidases, and chitinases. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that functional diversity induced by the presence of WH15EPS in both culture-independent and culture-dependent approaches was enriched in GHs, such as amylases and endoglucanases that could be applied in chemical, pharmaceutical, and food industrial sectors. Furthermore, WH15EPS may be used for the investigation and isolation of yet unknown taxa, such as unclassified Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes, increasing the number of current cultured bacterial representatives with potential biotechnological traits. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohana Y A Costa
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Institute of Biology (IBL), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mattias de Hollander
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Agata Pijl
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Binbin Liu
- Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050021, Hebei, China.
| | - Eiko E Kuramae
- Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Department of Microbial Ecology, Droevendaalsesteeg 10, 6708 PB, Wageningen, Netherlands.
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Arnold ND, Brück WM, Garbe D, Brück TB. Enzymatic Modification of Native Chitin and Conversion to Specialty Chemical Products. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E93. [PMID: 32019265 PMCID: PMC7073968 DOI: 10.3390/md18020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
: Chitin is one of the most abundant biomolecules on earth, occurring in crustacean shells and cell walls of fungi. While the polysaccharide is threatening to pollute coastal ecosystems in the form of accumulating shell-waste, it has the potential to be converted into highly profitable derivatives with applications in medicine, biotechnology, and wastewater treatment, among others. Traditionally this is still mostly done by the employment of aggressive chemicals, yielding low quality while producing toxic by-products. In the last decades, the enzymatic conversion of chitin has been on the rise, albeit still not on the same level of cost-effectiveness compared to the traditional methods due to its multi-step character. Another severe drawback of the biotechnological approach is the highly ordered structure of chitin, which renders it nigh impossible for most glycosidic hydrolases to act upon. So far, only the Auxiliary Activity 10 family (AA10), including lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), is known to hydrolyse native recalcitrant chitin, which spares the expensive first step of chemical or mechanical pre-treatment to enlarge the substrate surface. The main advantages of enzymatic conversion of chitin over conventional chemical methods are the biocompability and, more strikingly, the higher product specificity, product quality, and yield of the process. Products with a higher Mw due to no unspecific depolymerisation besides an exactly defined degree and pattern of acetylation can be yielded. This provides a new toolset of thousands of new chitin and chitosan derivatives, as the physio-chemical properties can be modified according to the desired application. This review aims to provide an overview of the biotechnological tools currently at hand, as well as challenges and crucial steps to achieve the long-term goal of enzymatic conversion of native chitin into specialty chemical products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathanael D. Arnold
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany; (N.D.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Wolfram M. Brück
- Institute for Life Technologies, University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland Valais-Wallis, 1950 Sion 2, Switzerland;
| | - Daniel Garbe
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany; (N.D.A.); (D.G.)
| | - Thomas B. Brück
- Werner Siemens Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Dept. of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany; (N.D.A.); (D.G.)
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Berini F, Caccia S, Franzetti E, Congiu T, Marinelli F, Casartelli M, Tettamanti G. Effects of Trichoderma viride chitinases on the peritrophic matrix of Lepidoptera. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:980-989. [PMID: 26179981 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peritrophic matrix (PM) is formed by a network of chitin fibrils associated with proteins, glycoproteins and proteoglycans that lines the insect midgut. It is a physical barrier involved in digestion processes, and protects the midgut epithelium from food abrasion, pathogen infections and toxic materials. Given its fundamental role in insect physiology, the PM represents an excellent target for pest control strategies. Although a number of viral, bacterial and insect chitinolytic enzymes affecting PM integrity have already been tested, exploitation of fungal chitinases has been almost neglected. Fungal chitinases, already in use as fungal phytopathogen biocontrol agents, are known to attack the insect cuticle, but their action on the insect gut needs to be better investigated. RESULTS In the present paper, we performed a biochemical characterisation of a commercial mixture of chitinolytic enzymes derived from Trichoderma viride and analysed its in vitro and in vivo effects on the PM of the silkworm Bombyx mori, a model system among Lepidoptera. We found that these enzymes have significant in vitro effects on the structure and permeability of the PM of this insect. A bioassay supported these results and showed that the oral administration of the mixture causes PM alterations, leading to adverse consequences on larval growth and development, negatively affecting pupal weight and even inducing mortality. CONCLUSIONS This study provides an integrated experimental approach to evaluate the effects of fungal chitinases on Lepidoptera. The encouraging results obtained herein make us confident about the possible use of fungal chitinases to control lepidopteran pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Berini
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- The Protein Factory Research Centre, Politecnico di Milano, ICRM CNR Milano and University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Caccia
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
- Department of Agriculture, University of Napoli Federico II, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Eleonora Franzetti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Terenzio Congiu
- Department of Surgical and Morphological Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Flavia Marinelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
- The Protein Factory Research Centre, Politecnico di Milano, ICRM CNR Milano and University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | | | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
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Laviad S, Golan A, Shaked T, Vaizel-Ohayon D, Halpern M, Pick E. Aeromonas chitinase degrades chironomid egg masses. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 8:30-37. [PMID: 26472256 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 10/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Chironomids are freshwater insects that undergo a complete metamorphosis of four life stages. Chironomid egg masses can be degraded by Vibrio cholerae and some Aeromonas species. Egg mass degradation by V. cholerae requires haemagglutinin protease activity. Our aim was to identify the egg mass degrading (EMD) factor secreted by Aeromonas dhkanesis 3K1C15. Following the hypothesis that the EMD factor of A. dhkanesis is also a protease, secreted proteases were screened, but none of them proved to have the same properties as the EMD factor. Using conventional protein purification methods, we found that the active fraction included chitinases. We further confirmed chitin as a building block of the egg masses. Interestingly, by supplementing bacterial growth media with chitin, we observed unexpected EMD factor activity in Aeromonas isolates that initially were not able to degrade egg masses. Accordingly, we concluded that although strain 3K1C15 secretes chitinases constitutively, most Aeromonas strains secrete chitinases inductively. Induction of chitinases in nature presumably occurs when bacteria are attached to the egg mass habitat, in which chitin is abundant. Considering that chitinases are highly conserved across bacteria phyla, we assume that the role of this enzyme in the bacteria-insect interplay could be wider than is currently thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Laviad
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Amnon Golan
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Israel
- Protein Purification Center, Ramat Yohanan, Israel
| | - Tamar Shaked
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Dalit Vaizel-Ohayon
- Nesin Central Laboratory, Mekorot National Water Co. Ltd., Jordan District, Nazareth Illit, Israel
| | - Malka Halpern
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Israel
| | - Elah Pick
- Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Biology and Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa, Oranim, Israel
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Chitinases from Bacteria to Human: Properties, Applications, and Future Perspectives. Enzyme Res 2015; 2015:791907. [PMID: 26664744 PMCID: PMC4668315 DOI: 10.1155/2015/791907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is the second most plenteous polysaccharide in nature after cellulose, present in cell walls of several fungi, exoskeletons of insects, and crustacean shells. Chitin does not accumulate in the environment due to presence of bacterial chitinases, despite its abundance. These enzymes are able to degrade chitin present in the cell walls of fungi as well as the exoskeletons of insect. They have shown being the potential agents for biological control of the plant diseases caused by various pathogenic fungi and insect pests and thus can be used as an alternative to chemical pesticides. There has been steady increase in demand of chitin derivatives, obtained by action of chitinases on chitin polymer for various industrial, clinical, and pharmaceutical purposes. Hence, this review focuses on properties and applications of chitinases starting from bacteria, followed by fungi, insects, plants, and vertebrates. Designing of chitinase by applying directed laboratory evolution and rational approaches for improved catalytic activity for cost-effective field applications has also been explored.
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Stoykov YM, Pavlov AI, Krastanov AI. Chitinase biotechnology: Production, purification, and application. Eng Life Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/elsc.201400173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy Mihaylov Stoykov
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnologies; Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology; Bulgarian Academy of Science; Plovdiv Bulgaria
| | - Atanas Ivanov Pavlov
- Laboratory of Applied Biotechnologies; Stephan Angeloff Institute of Microbiology; Bulgarian Academy of Science; Plovdiv Bulgaria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; University of Food Technology; Plovdiv Bulgaria
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Pareek N, Ghosh S, Singh R, Vivekanand V. Mustard oil cake as an inexpensive support for production of chitin deacetylase by Penicillium oxalicum SAEM-51 under solid-state fermentation. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Naheed N, Jamil N. Optimization of biodegradable plastic production on sugar cane molasses in Enterobacter sp. SEL2. Braz J Microbiol 2014; 45:417-26. [PMID: 25242924 PMCID: PMC4166265 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000200008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Contaminated environments have a large number of bacteria which can accumulate PHA as their energy reserves. Out of 54 isolated bacterial strains from three groups of contaminated sites 48 were found PHA positive. The sites were grouped on the basis of the type of carbon sources i.e. sugars, fatty acids and much diverse type. Strains MFD5, MFD11, UML3, USL2, SEL2, SEL3, SEL10 and PFW1 produced 69.9 ± 0.29, 75.27 ± 0.45, 65.43 ± 0.1, 72.54 ± 0.27, 76.61 ± 0.28, 61.81 ± 0.05, 71.16 ± 0.09 and 74.92 ± 0.5 percent of PHA to their constant cell weight (CCW) respectively in PHA detection media supplemented with 2% glucose. Molasses, whey, crumbs hydrolysate and palm oil were checked as inexpensive carbon sources. Molasses alone could supply the required nutrients for growth and PHA production. Strain SEL2 produced 47.36 ± 0.45% PHA using 2% molasses at 37 °C and pH 7.0. Upon production optimization the best accumulation (80.95 ± 0.01%) was observed in PHA detection media with 0.2% nitrogen source, 3% molasses, pH 5.0 and 37 °C by the strain SEL2. The overall effect of the presence of increased molasses concentration in the media was positive it increased the accumulation period till 72 h. Enterobacter sp. SEL2 (JF901810) is first time being reported for PHA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nighat Naheed
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nazia Jamil
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
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Lu LP, Zhang BB, Xu GR. Efficient conversion of high concentration of glycerol to Monacolin K by solid-state fermentation of Monascus purpureus using bagasse as carrier. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2013; 36:293-9. [PMID: 22833225 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-012-0784-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
High concentration of glycerol was used as the sole carbon source for efficient production of Monacolin K (MK) by solid-state fermentation (SSF) of Monascus purpureus 9901 using agricultural residue (bagasse), as an inert carrier. A comparative study showed that MK production in SSF was about 5.5 times higher than that of submerged fermentation when 26 % of glycerol was used, which may be due to the formation of glycerol concentration gradients in the inert carrier and less catabolite repression in SSF. For enhancement of MK yield in SSF, the effects of different influential variables, such as glycerol concentration, nitrogen source and its concentration, initial moisture content, inoculum size and particle size of bagasse, were systematically examined. All the factors mentioned above had an effect on the MK production in SSF to some extent. The maximal yield of MK (12.9 mg/g) was achieved with 26 % glycerol, 5 % soybean meal, 51 % initial moisture content, 20 % inoculum size and 1 mm particle size of bagasse. The results in this study may expand our understanding on the application of SSF using agricultural residue as carrier for production of useful microbial metabolites, especially the efficient conversion of high concentration of glycerol to MK by Monascus purpureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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Inokuma K, Takano M, Hoshino K. Direct ethanol production from N-acetylglucosamine and chitin substrates by Mucor species. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hamid R, Khan MA, Ahmad M, Ahmad MM, Abdin MZ, Musarrat J, Javed S. Chitinases: An update. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2013; 5:21-9. [PMID: 23559820 PMCID: PMC3612335 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.106559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Chitin, the second most abundant polysaccharide in nature after cellulose, is found in the exoskeleton of insects, fungi, yeast, and algae, and in the internal structures of other vertebrates. Chitinases are enzymes that degrade chitin. Chitinases contribute to the generation of carbon and nitrogen in the ecosystem. Chitin and chitinolytic enzymes are gaining importance for their biotechnological applications, especially the chitinases exploited in agriculture fields to control pathogens. Chitinases have a use in human health care, especially in human diseases like asthma. Chitinases have wide-ranging applications including the preparation of pharmaceutically important chitooligosaccharides and N-acetyl D glucosamine, preparation of single-cell protein, isolation of protoplasts from fungi and yeast, control of pathogenic fungi, treatment of chitinous waste, mosquito control and morphogenesis, etc. In this review, the various types of chitinases and the chitinases found in different organisms such as bacteria, plants, fungi, and mammals are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Hamid
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Minhaj A. Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Mahboob Ahmad
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Malik Mobeen Ahmad
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Malik Zainul Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Javed Musarrat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, AMU, Aligarh, India
| | - Saleem Javed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Suresh PV. Biodegradation of shrimp processing bio-waste and concomitant production of chitinase enzyme and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine by marine bacteria: production and process optimization. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2945-62. [PMID: 22806736 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1106-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A total of 250 chitinolytic bacteria from 68 different marine samples were screened employing enrichment method that utilized native chitin as the sole carbon source. After thorough screening, five bacteria were selected as potential cultures and identified as; Stenotrophomonas sp. (CFR221 M), Vibrio sp. (CFR173 M), Phyllobacteriaceae sp. (CFR16 M), Bacillus badius (CFR198 M) and Bacillus sp. (CFR188 M). All five strains produced extracellular chitinase and GlcNAc in SSF using shrimp bio-waste. Scanning electron microscopy confirmed the ability of these marine bacteria to adsorb onto solid shrimp bio-waste and to degrade chitin microfibers. HPLC analysis of the SSF extract also confirmed presence of 36-65 % GlcNAc as a product of the degradation. The concomitant production of chitinase and GlcNAc by all five strains under SSF using shrimp bio-waste as the solid substrate was optimized by 'one factor at a time' approach. Among the strains, Vibrio sp. CFR173 M produced significantly higher yields of chitinase (4.8 U/g initial dry substrate) and GlcNAc (4.7 μmol/g initial dry substrate) as compared to other cultures tested. A statistically designed experiment was applied to evaluate the interaction of variables in the biodegradation of shrimp bio-waste and concomitant production of chitinase and GlcNAc by Vibrio sp. CFR173 M. Statistical optimization resulted in a twofold increase of chitinase, and a 9.1 fold increase of GlcNAc production. These results indicated the potential of chitinolytic marine bacteria for the reclamation of shrimp bio-waste, as well as the potential for economic production of chitinase and GlcNAc employing SSF using shrimp bio-waste as an ideal substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Suresh
- Department of Meat, Fish and Poultry Technology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, India.
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Singh RK, Kumar DP, Solanki MK, Singh P, Srivastva AK, Kumar S, Kashyap PL, Saxena AK, Singhal PK, Arora DK. Optimization of media components for chitinase production by chickpea rhizosphere associated Lysinibacillus fusiformis B-CM18. J Basic Microbiol 2012; 53:451-60. [PMID: 22733389 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitinase producing strain B-CM18 was isolated from chickpea rhizosphere and identified as Lysinibacillus fusiformis B-CM18. It showed in vitro antifungal activity against a wide range of fungal plant pathogens and was found to produce several PGPR activities. Further, a multivariate response surface methodology was used to evaluate the effects of different factors on chitinolytic activity and optimizing enzyme production. A central composite design was employed to achieve the highest chitinase production at optimum values of the process variables, viz., temperature (20-45 °C), sodium chloride (2-7%), starch (0.1-1%) and yeast extract (0.1-1%), added in the minimal medium supplemented with colloidal chitin (1-10%; w:w). The fit of the model (R(2) = 0.5692) was found to be significant. The production medium to achieve the highest chitinase production (101 U ml(-1) ) was composed of the minimal medium composed of chitin (6.09%), NaCl (4.5%), starch (0.55%) and yeast extract (0.55%) with temperature (32.5 °C). The results show that the optimization strategy led to an increase in chitinase production by 56.1-fold. The molecular mass of the chitinase was estimated to be 20 kDa by anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Further, purified chitinase showed strong antifungal activity against test pathogens. Overall, these results may serve as a base line data for enhancing the chitinolytic potential of bacterial antagonists for bio-management of chickpea pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar Singh
- National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, India -275101
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Mishra P, Kshirsagar PR, Nilegaonkar SS, Singh SK. Statistical optimization of medium components for production of extracellular chitinase by Basidiobolus ranarum: a novel biocontrol agent against plant pathogenic fungi. J Basic Microbiol 2012; 52:539-48. [PMID: 22359366 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201100446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The influence of concentration of medium components such as colloidal chitin, lactose, malt extract, yeast extract, and peptone on the chitinase production from Basidiobolous ranarum at the flask level were studied by using statistical tool Central Composite Design (CCD) and analysed by Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The results revealed that colloidal chitin, malt extract and peptone had significant effect (P < 0.01) on the chitinase production at their individual levels. The polynomial equation of the model developed incorporates 3 linear, 3 quadratic and 5 interactive terms. Maximum chitinase production of 3.47 U ml(-1) was achieved with 1.5% colloidal chitin, 0.125% lactose, 0.025% malt extract and 0.075% peptone. After optimization, chitinase activity was increased by 7.71 fold. A second order polynomial equation was found to be useful for the development of efficient bioprocess for chitinase production. To screen the biotechnological potential of this enzyme, degradation of fungal mycelia by ammonium sulphate precipitate of the same was studied for several pathogenic fungi-in vitro which showed promising results particularly against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium solani. This study provides the first evidence showing the effectiveness of RSM for the development of a robust statistical model for the chitinase production by Basidiobolus and for its application in the biocontrol of phytopathogenic fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mishra
- Microbial Sciences Division, Agharkar Research Institute, Pune, India
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Chitinase Production in Solid-State Fermentation from Oerskovia xanthineolytica NCIM 2839 and its Application in Fungal Protoplasts Formation. Curr Microbiol 2011; 63:295-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9978-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hao Z, Cai Y, Liao X, Liang X, Liu J, Fang Z, Hu M, Zhang D. Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1T, gen. nov., sp. nov., a chitin-degrading bacterium isolated from soil. Curr Microbiol 2011; 62:1732-8. [PMID: 21431834 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-011-9921-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel aerobic mesophilic bacterial strain SYBC-H1(T) capable of degrading chitin was isolated and classified in this study. The strain exhibited strong chitinolytic activity and was a Gram-negative, curved, rod-shaped, and motile bacterium. Growth of this strain was observed between 10 and 41°C and between pH 3.5 and 9.5. The DNA G + C content of strain SYBC-H1(T) was 53.25 mol%. The cellular fatty acids (>5%) were 12:0 iso 3-OH (5.87%), 16:0 (28.16%), and 18:1ω7c (20.48%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity revealed that strain SYBC-H1(T) belonged to the family Neisseriaceae, and was distantly related (95.0% similarity) to the genus Chitiniphilus. Its phenotype was unique and genetic and phylogenetic analysis experiments suggested that strain SYBC-H1(T) represented the type strain (CGMCC 3438(T), ATCC BAA-2140(T)) of a novel genus, for which the name Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1(T) gen. nov., sp. nov. was proposed. The highest enzymatic activity of chitinase (9.6 U/ml) was obtained at 72 h in 250 ml shake flasks. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of SYBC-H1(T) has been deposited in GenBank under the accession number GQ981314.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikui Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, People's Republic of China
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Kumar S, Sharma R, Tewari R. Production of N-acetylglucosamine using recombinant chitinolytic enzymes. Indian J Microbiol 2011; 51:319-25. [PMID: 22754010 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-011-0157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutically important compound N-acetylglucosamine (NAG), is used in various therapeutic formulations, skin care products and dietary supplements. Currently, NAG is being produced by an environment-unfriendly chemical process using chitin, a polysaccharide present in abundance in the exoskeleton of crustaceans, as a substrate. In the present study, we report the potential of an eco-friendly biological process for the production of NAG using recombinant bacterial enzymes, chitinase (CHI) and chitobiase (CHB). The treatment of chitin with recombinant CHI alone produced 8% NAG and 72% chitobiose, a homodimer of NAG. However, supplementation of the reaction mixture with another recombinant enzyme, CHB, resulted in approximately six fold increase in NAG production. The product, NAG, was confirmed by HPLC, TLC and ESI-MS studies. Conditions are being optimized for increased production of NAG from chitin.
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Keratinase production by Bacillus pumilus GHD in solid-state fermentation using sugar cane bagasse: optimisation of culture conditions using a Box-Behnken experimental design. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-010-0187-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Neeraja C, Anil K, Purushotham P, Suma K, Sarma P, Moerschbacher BM, Podile AR. Biotechnological approaches to develop bacterial chitinases as a bioshield against fungal diseases of plants. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2010; 30:231-41. [PMID: 20572789 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2010.487258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Fungal diseases of plants continue to contribute to heavy crop losses in spite of the best control efforts of plant pathologists. Breeding for disease-resistant varieties and the application of synthetic chemical fungicides are the most widely accepted approaches in plant disease management. An alternative approach to avoid the undesired effects of chemical control could be biological control using antifungal bacteria that exhibit a direct action against fungal pathogens. Several biocontrol agents, with specific fungal targets, have been registered and released in the commercial market with different fungal pathogens as targets. However, these have not yet achieved their full commercial potential due to the inherent limitations in the use of living organisms, such as relatively short shelf life of the products and inconsistent performance in the field. Different mechanisms of action have been identified in microbial biocontrol of fungal plant diseases including competition for space or nutrients, production of antifungal metabolites, and secretion of hydrolytic enzymes such as chitinases and glucanases. This review focuses on the bacterial chitinases that hydrolyze the chitinous fungal cell wall, which is the most important targeted structural component of fungal pathogens. The application of the hydrolytic enzyme preparations, devoid of live bacteria, could be more efficacious in fungal control strategies. This approach, however, is still in its infancy, due to prohibitive production costs. Here, we critically examine available sources of bacterial chitinases and the approaches to improve enzymatic properties using biotechnological tools. We project that the combination of microbial and recombinant DNA technologies will yield more effective environment-friendly products of bacterial chitinases to control fungal diseases of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chilukoti Neeraja
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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Thermoactive β-N-acetylhexosaminidase production by a soil isolate of Penicillium monoverticillium CFR 2 under solid state fermentation: parameter optimization and application for N-acetyl chitooligosaccharides preparation from chitin. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 27:1435-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-010-0596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Han SJ, Park H, Lee SG, Lee HK, Yim JH. Optimization of cold-active chitinase production from the Antarctic bacterium, Sanguibacter antarcticus KOPRI 21702. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 89:613-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2890-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Acid protease production by solid-state fermentation using Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 5341: optimization of process parameters. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2009; 37:129-38. [PMID: 19937364 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-009-0654-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus oryzae MTCC 5341, when grown on wheat bran as substrate, produces several extracellular acid proteases. Production of the major acid protease (constituting 34% of the total) by solid-state fermentation is optimized. Optimum operating conditions obtained are determined as pH 5, temperature of incubation of 30 degrees C, defatted soy flour addition of 4%, and fermentation time of 120 h, resulting in acid protease production of 8.64 x 10(5) U/g bran. Response-surface methodology is used to generate a predictive model of the combined effects of independent variables such as, pH, temperature, defatted soy flour addition, and fermentation time. The statistical design indicates that all four independent variables have significant effects on acid protease production. Optimum factor levels are pH 5.4, incubation temperature of 31 degrees C, 4.4% defatted soy flour addition, and fermentation time of 123 h to yield a maximum activity of 8.93 x 10(5) U/g bran. Evaluation experiments, carried out to verify the predictions, reveal that A. oryzae produces 8.47 x 10(5) U/g bran, which corresponds to 94.8% of the predicted value. This is the highest acid protease activity reported so far, wherein the fungus produces four times higher activity than previously reported [J Bacteriol 130(1): 48-56, 1977].
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Lu Y, Mei LH. Optimization of fermentation conditions for P450 BM-3 monooxygenase production by hybrid design methodology. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2007; 8:27-32. [PMID: 17173359 PMCID: PMC1764919 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.2007.b0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Factorial design and response surface techniques were used to design and optimize increasing P450 BM-3 expression in E. coli. Operational conditions for maximum production were determined with twelve parameters under consideration: the concentration of FeCl(3), induction at OD(578) (optical density measured at 578 nm), induction time and inoculum concentration. Initially, Plackett-Burman (PB) design was used to evaluate the process variables relevant in relation to P450 BM-3 production. Four statistically significant parameters for response were selected and utilized in order to optimize the process. With the 416C model of hybrid design, response surfaces were generated, and P450 BM-3 production was improved to 57.90x10(-3) U/ml by the best combinations of the physicochemical parameters at optimum levels of 0.12 mg/L FeCl(3), inoculum concentration of 2.10%, induction at OD(578) equal to 1.07, and with 6.05 h of induction.
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Dahiya N, Tewari R, Hoondal GS. Biotechnological aspects of chitinolytic enzymes: a review. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 71:773-82. [PMID: 16249876 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-005-0183-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2005] [Revised: 09/04/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Chitin and chitinases (EC 3.2.1.14) have an immense potential. Chitinolytic enzymes have wide-ranging applications such as preparation of pharmaceutically important chitooligosaccharides and N-acetyl D-glucosamine, preparation of single-cell protein, isolation of protoplasts from fungi and yeast, control of pathogenic fungi, treatment of chitinous waste, and control of malaria transmission. In this review, we discuss the occurrence and structure of chitin, the types and sources of chitinases, their mode of action, chitinase production, as well as molecular cloning and protein engineering of chitinases and their biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neetu Dahiya
- Genes and Proteins Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Ashaf Ali Marg, J.N.U. Campus, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Dahiya N, Tewari R, Tiwari RP, Hoondal GS. Production of an Antifungal Chitinase from Enterobacter sp. NRG4 and its Application in Protoplast Production. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-005-8343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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