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Yang S, Jin D, Li H, Jiang L, Cui J, Huang W, Rang J, Li Y, Xia L. Screening of new Paenibacillus polymyxa S3 and its disease resistance of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2023; 46:17-29. [PMID: 36097971 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A new strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa S3 with antagonistic effects on 11 major fish pathogens (especially Aeromonas hydrophila), but had no toxicity to grass carp, was screened from the sediment of fishponds. In vivo colonization studies showed that strain S3 could be colonized and distributed in the gill and abdomen of the grass carp. Bioassay results showed that the weight growth rate of grass carp in the strain S3 oral group (16.01%) and strain S3 immersion group (16.44%) was significantly higher than those of the control group (8.61%). At the same time, the activities of ACP, AKP, CAT and GSH-Px in the serum of grass carp in oral and immersion groups were significantly higher than those of the control group. In addition, the treatment with strain S3 could significantly upregulate the expression of the antioxidant-related genes and immune-related genes Keap1, Nrf2, C3, LZM, IgM, TLR-4 and MyD-88 in grass carp tissues. The challenge test showed that strain S3 treatment significantly increased the survival rate of grass carp infected with Aeromonas hydrophila. Whole genome sequencing analysis showed that strain S3 had 16 active metabolite gene clusters, indicating that it had abundant gene resources, which provided important support for its development for fish microecological preparations. In summary, a new strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa S3 with antibacterial activity against a variety of fish pathogens was screened in this study and its probiotic function was evaluated, proving its potential value in fisheries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijia Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Duo Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Lingzhi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Weitao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Rang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - YunLong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Liqiu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Molecular Biology, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
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Sa R, He S, Han D, Liu M, Yu Y, Shang R, Song M. Isolation and identification of a new biocontrol bacteria against Salvia miltiorrhiza root rot and optimization of culture conditions for antifungal substance production using response surface methodology. BMC Microbiol 2022; 22:231. [PMID: 36180825 PMCID: PMC9524000 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-022-02628-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background S. miltiorrhiza root rot is a soil-borne disease mainly caused by Fusarium solani and Fusarium oxysporum, which has spread rapidly in China in recent years. To reduce the amount of pesticides to control this plant fungal disease, biological control using endophytic bacteria is a promising method. Many endophytic bacteria show good biocontrol potential against various plant fungal diseases. The aims of this study were to isolate and identify endophytic bacteria with antifungal activity from Salvia miltiorrhiza plant tissue. In order to increase antifungal substances production, the culture conditions of the isolated DS-R5 strain were optimized through response surface methodology. Results Thirteen endophytic bacteria with antifungal activity against the target pathogenic fungus were successfully screened. The DS-R5 strain that had the strongest antifungal activity was identified based on morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics, 16S rRNA and gyrB sequence analysis.The results of response surface methodology experiments showed that the optimal values of the three significant factors were as follows: medium volume, 51.0 ml; initial pH, 6.7; fermentation temperature, 33.1 °C. Under these optimal culture conditions, the titer of antifungal substances produced by the DS-R5 strain was 77.6% higher than that under the initial culture conditions. Conclusions The antifungal activity of endophytic bacteria from Salvia miltiorrhiza has been demonstrated for the first time, which may benefit future crop quality and production. In addition, response surface methodology can be well applied the optimization of culture conditions for antifungal substance, which lays the foundation for further research on strain DS-R5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbo Sa
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Song He
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Dongdong Han
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Mengjiao Liu
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Yunxia Yu
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Rongen Shang
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China
| | - Meimei Song
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, China.
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Recent Advances in Nattokinase-Enriched Fermented Soybean Foods: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11131867. [PMID: 35804683 PMCID: PMC9265860 DOI: 10.3390/foods11131867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
With the dramatic increase in mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) caused by thrombus, this has sparked an interest in seeking more effective thrombolytic drugs or dietary nutriments. The dietary consumption of natto, a traditional Bacillus-fermented food (BFF), can reduce the risk of CVDs. Nattokinase (NK), a natural, safe, efficient and cost-effective thrombolytic enzyme, is the most bioactive ingredient in natto. NK has progressively been considered to have potentially beneficial cardiovascular effects. Microbial synthesis is a cost-effective method of producing NK. Bacillus spp. are the main production strains. While microbial synthesis of NK has been thoroughly explored, NK yield, activity and stability are the critical restrictions. Multiple optimization strategies are an attempt to tackle the current problems to meet commercial demands. We focus on the recent advances in NK, including fermented soybean foods, production strains, optimization strategies, extraction and purification, activity maintenance, biological functions, and safety assessment of NK. In addition, this review systematically discussed the challenges and prospects of NK in actual application. Due to the continuous exploration and rapid progress of NK, NK is expected to be a natural future alternative to CVDs.
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Anti-leishmanial compounds from microbial metabolites: a promising source. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:8227-8240. [PMID: 34625819 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11610-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania is a complex disease caused by the protozoan parasites and transmitted by female phlebotomine sandfly. The disease affects some of the poorest people on earth with an estimated 700,000 to 1 million new cases annually. The current treatment for leishmaniasis is toxic, long, and limited, in view of the high resistance rate presented by the parasite, necessitating new perspectives for treatment. The discovery of new compounds with different targets can be a hope to make the treatment more efficient. Microbial metabolites and their structural analogues with enormous scaffold diversity and structural complexity have historically played a key role in drug discovery. We found thirty-nine research articles published between 1999 and 2021 in the scientific database (PubMed, Science Direct) describing microbes and their metabolites with activity against leishmanial parasites which is the focus of this review. KEY POINTS: • Leishmania affects the poorest regions of the globe • Current treatments for leishmaniasis are toxic and of limited efficacy • Microbial metabolites are potential sources of antileishmania drugs.
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Serrano NFG, Ferreira D, Rodrigues-Filho E, Teixeira JA, Dubreuil JD, Sousa CPDE. Purification and characterization of two new antimicrobial molecules produced by an endophytic strain of Paenibacillus polymyxa. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2021; 93:e20200486. [PMID: 34231758 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202120200486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An endophytic bacterium inhibiting pathogenic bacteria was isolated and the strain was genetically identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa. Biochemical characterization of fermentation broth indicated the presence of peptidic antimicrobial molecules. Liquid-liquid partition resulted in an organic fraction (OF) and an aqueous fraction (AF). OF presented a broad spectrum of activity against a panel of pathogenic bacteria and a fungus whereas the AF was active only against Gram-negative bacteria. AF was sequentially submitted to ion-exchange, desalting and reverse phase (RP) chromatography. A molecule with an RT of 2.45 min exhibited activity against all Gram-negative pathogenic strains tested beside P. mirabilis. The primary structure of the molecule, named AMP-Pp, was determined as Gly-Glu-Hyp-Gly-Ala by N-terminal sequencing. The molecular mass and amino acid sequence were confirmed by MS/MS. With a molecular mass of 463 Da, AMP-Pp is one of the smallest active natural peptides reported, yet. RP chromatography of OF resulted in four peaks. The first three peaks corresponded to known antimicrobials. MS analysis of peak 4 revealed the presence of an ion with m/z 3,376.4 Da, whose proposed molecular formula is C182H321N29O29. The compound, named polycerradin, showed a spectrum of activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria (beside P. mirabilis) and a fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja F G Serrano
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos/UFSCar, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biomoléculas, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Douglas Ferreira
- Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Departamento de Química, Campus Luís Eduardo Magalhães, Rua Professor José Seabra de Lemos, 316, Recanto dos Pássaros, 47808-021 Barreiras, BA, Brazil
| | - Edson Rodrigues-Filho
- UFSCar, Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Bioquímica Micromolecular de Microrganismos, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - José António Teixeira
- Universidade do Minho, Centro de Engenharia Biológica, Laboratório de Fermentações, Rua da Universidade, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Jean Daniel Dubreuil
- Université De Montréal, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, 3200 Rue Sicotte, J2S 2M2, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Cristina P DE Sousa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal de São Carlos/UFSCar, Departamento de Morfologia e Patologia, Laboratório de Microbiologia e Biomoléculas, Rod. Washington Luis, Km 235, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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Langendries S, Goormachtig S. Paenibacillus polymyxa, a Jack of all trades. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:5659-5669. [PMID: 33684235 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa is found naturally in diverse niches. Microbiome analyses have revealed enrichment in the genus Paenibacillus in soils under different adverse conditions, which is often accompanied by improved growth conditions for residing plants. Furthermore, Paenibacillus is a member of the core microbiome of several agriculturally important crops, making its close association with plants an interesting research topic. This review covers the versatile interaction possibilities of P. polymyxa with plants and its applicability in industry and agriculture. Thanks to its array of produced compounds and traits, P. polymyxa is likely an efficient plant growth-promoting bacterium, with the potential of biofertilization, biocontrol and protection against abiotic stresses. By contrast, cases of phytotoxicity of P. polymyxa have been described as well, in which growth conditions seem to play a key role. Because of its adjustable character, we propose this bacterial species as an outstanding model for future studies on host-microbe communications and on the manner how the environment can influence these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Langendries
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, 9052, Belgium.,Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, 9052, Belgium
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In Vitro Modulator Effect of Total Extract from the Endophytic Paenibacillus polymyxa RNC-D in Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis and Macrophages. Int J Microbiol 2020; 2020:8895308. [PMID: 32908533 PMCID: PMC7474380 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8895308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniases are diseases with high epidemiological relevance and wide geographical distribution. In Brazil, Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis is related to the tegumentary form of leishmaniasis. The treatment for those diseases is problematic as the available drugs promote adverse effects in patients. Therefore, it is important to find new therapeutic targets. In this regard, one alternative is the study of biomolecules produced by endophytic microorganisms. In this study, the total extract produced by the endophytic Paenibacillus polymyxa RNC-D was used to evaluate the leishmanicidal, nitric oxide, and cytokines production using RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results showed that, in the leishmanicidal assay with L. amazonensis, EC50 values at the periods of 24 and 48 hours were 0.624 mg/mL and 0.547 mg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the cells treated with the extract presented approximately 25% of infected cells with an average of 3 amastigotes/cell in the periods of 24 and 48 hours. Regarding the production of cytokines in RAW 264.7 macrophages infected/treated with the extract, a significant increase in TNF-α was observed at the periods of 24 and 48 hours in the treated cells. The concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-12 showed significant increase in 48 hours. A significant decrease in IL-4 was observed in all cells treated with the extract in 24 hours. It was observed in the treated cells that the NO production by RAW 264.7 macrophages increased between 48 and 72 hours. The endophytic Paenibacillus polymyxa RNC-D extract modulates the mediators of inflammation produced by RAW 264.7 macrophages promoting L. amazonensis death. The immunomodulatory effects might be a promising target to develop new immunotherapeutic and antileishmanial drugs.
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Community structure and function of cultivable Endophytic Bacteria isolated from four Moss species in Qilian Mountain. Symbiosis 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s13199-020-00669-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Man LL, Xiang DJ, Zhang CL. Strain Screening from Traditional Fermented Soybean Foods and Induction of Nattokinase Production in Bacillus subtilis MX-6. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 11:283-294. [PMID: 29411244 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-017-9382-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The plasminogen-free fibrin plate assay method was used to isolate Bacillus subtilis MX-6, a strain with high production of nattokinase from Chinese douchi. The presence of aprN, a gene-encoding nattokinase, was verified with PCR method. The predicted amino acid sequence was aligned with homologous sequences, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed. Nattokinase was sublimated with ammonium sulfate, using a DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow column, a CM-Sepharose Fast Flow column and a Sephadex G-75 gel filtration column. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated that the molecular weight of the purified nattokinase from Bacillus subtilis MX-6 was about 28 kDa. Fermentation of Bacillus subtilis MX-6 nattokinase showed that nattokinase production was maximized after 72 h; the diameter of clear zone reached 21.60 mm on the plasminogen-free fibrin plate. Nattokinase production by Bacillus subtilis MX-6 increased significantly after supplementation with supernatant I, supernatant II and soy peptone but decreased substantially after the addition of amino acids. This result indicated that the nattokinase production by B. subtilis MX-6 might be induced by soybean polypeptides. The addition of MgSO4 and CaCl2 increased B. subtilis MX-6 nattokinase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Man
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028042, People's Republic of China
| | - Dian-Jun Xiang
- College of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chun-Lan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities, Tongliao, 028042, People's Republic of China
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Recent advances in endophytic exopolysaccharides: Production, structural characterization, physiological role and biological activity. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 157:1113-1124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Meshram V, Saxena S, Paul K. Xylarinase: a novel clot busting enzyme from an endophytic fungus Xylaria curta. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2016; 31:1502-11. [PMID: 27033431 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2016.1151013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylarinase is a bi-functional fibrinolytic metalloprotease isolated from the culture filtrate of endophytic fungus Xylaria curta which is monomeric with a molecular mass of ∼33.76 kDa. The enzyme displayed both plasmin and tissue plasminogen activator like activity under in vitro conditions. It hydrolyses Aα and Bβ chains of the fibrinogen. Optimal fibrinolytic activity of xylarinase is observed at 35 °C, pH 8. Ca(2+) stimulated the fibrinolytic activity of xylarinase while Fe(2+) and Zn(2+) inhibited suggesting it to be a metalloprotease. The Km and Vmax values of xylarinase were 240.9 μM and 1.10 U/ml for fibrinogen and 246 μM and 1.22 U/ml for fibrin, respectively. Xylarinase was found to prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time. The N-terminal sequence of xylarinase (SNGPLPGGVVWAG) did not show any homology with previously known fibrinolytic enzymes. Thus xylarinase is a novel fibrinolytic metalloprotease which could be possibly used as a new clot busting enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vineet Meshram
- a Department of Biotechnology , Thapar University , Patiala , India and
| | - Sanjai Saxena
- a Department of Biotechnology , Thapar University , Patiala , India and
| | - Karan Paul
- b Department of Biochemistry , DAV University , Jalandhar , Punjab , India
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Yogesh D, Halami PM. A fibrin degrading serine metallo protease of Bacillus circulans with α-chain specificity. FOOD BIOSCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Expression, purification, and characterization of a recombined fibrinolytic enzyme from endophytic Paenibacillus polymyxa EJS-3 in Escherichia coli. Food Sci Biotechnol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-015-0018-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Thokchom S, Joshi SR. Screening of fibrinolytic enzymes from lactic acid bacterial isolates associated with traditional fermented soybean foods. Food Sci Biotechnol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-014-0217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Activity assessment of microbial fibrinolytic enzymes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:6647-65. [PMID: 23812278 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5052-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin inside blood vessels results in thrombosis, leading to myocardial infarction and other cardiovascular diseases. In general, there are four therapy options: surgical operation, intake of antiplatelets, anticoagulants, or fibrinolytic enzymes. Microbial fibrinolytic enzymes have attracted much more attention than typical thrombolytic agents because of the expensive prices and the side effects of the latter. The fibrinolytic enzymes were successively discovered from different microorganisms, the most important among which is the genus Bacillus. Microbial fibrinolytic enzymes, especially those from food-grade microorganisms, have the potential to be developed as functional food additives and drugs to prevent or cure thrombosis and other related diseases. There are several assay methods for these enzymes; this may due to the insolubility of substrate, fibrin. Existing assay methods can be divided into three major groups. The first group consists of assay of fibrinolytic activity with natural proteins as substrates, e.g., fibrin plate methods. The second and third groups of assays are suitable for kinetic studies and are based on the determination of hydrolysis of synthetic peptide esters. This review will deal primarily with the microorganisms that have been reported in literature to produce fibrinolytic enzymes and the first review discussing the methods used to assay the fibrinolytic activity.
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Preparation, antioxidant and antitumor activities in vitro of different derivatives of levan from endophytic bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa EJS-3. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 50:767-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2011] [Revised: 11/13/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Isolation and identification of a fungal strain QY229 producing milk-clotting enzyme. Eur Food Res Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-011-1454-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of exopolysaccharides from endophytic bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa EJS-3. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2010.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lu F, Lu Z, Bie X, Yao Z, Wang Y, Lu Y, Guo Y. Purification and characterization of a novel anticoagulant and fibrinolytic enzyme produced by endophytic bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa EJS-3. Thromb Res 2010; 126:e349-55. [PMID: 20813399 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2010.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2010] [Revised: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endophytes may become a new source of thrombolytic agents for thrombosis treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS A novel fibrinolytic enzyme from Paenibacillus polymyxa EJS-3 (PPFE-I) was purified with ammonium sulfate precipitation, hydrophobic chromatography, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The characterization of the enzyme was investigated by means of fibrinolysis plate, hydrolysis of fibrinogen and anticoagulant effect in vitro. RESULTS The fibrinolytic enzyme is purified to homogeneity with a purification of 14.5 fold and a recovery of 3.3%. The enzyme was shown to have a molecular mass of 63.3kDa by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). The optimum temperature and pH value were 37°C and 7.5, respectively. Results from the fibrinolysis pattern showed that the enzyme rapidly hydrolyzed the Aα-chain of fibrinogen, followed by the Bβ-chains. It also hydrolyzed the γ-chains, but more slowly. It was activated by metal ions such as Zn(2+), Mg(2+), and Fe(2+), but inhibited by Ca(2+) and Cu(2+). Furthermore, PPFE-I activity was inhibited strongly by PMSF, and it was found to exhibit a higher specificity for the synthetic substrate N-succinyl-Ala-Ala-Pro-Phe-pNA for chymotrypsin, indicating that the enzyme is a chymotrypsin-like serine protease. Additionly, PPFE-I showed a significant anticoagulant effect in vitro. CONCLUSION The fibrinolytic enzyme PPFE-I from endophytic bacterium Paenibacillu polymyxa EJS-3 exhibits a profound fibrinolytic activity.
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Purification and characterization of a novel fibrinolytic enzyme from chive (Allium tuberosum). Food Sci Biotechnol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10068-010-0098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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Medium optimization and structural characterization of exopolysaccharides from endophytic bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa EJS-3. Carbohydr Polym 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.07.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Liu J, Luo J, Ye H, Sun Y, Lu Z, Zeng X. Production, characterization and antioxidant activities in vitro of exopolysaccharides from endophytic bacterium Paenibacillus polymyxa EJS-3. Carbohydr Polym 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2009.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rovati JI, Delgado OD, Figueroa LIC, Fariña JI. A novel source of fibrinolytic activity: Bionectria sp., an unconventional enzyme-producing fungus isolated from Las Yungas rainforest (Tucumán, Argentina). World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-009-0142-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Lal S, Tabacchioni S. Ecology and biotechnological potential of Paenibacillus polymyxa: a minireview. Indian J Microbiol 2009; 49:2-10. [PMID: 23100748 PMCID: PMC3450047 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-009-0008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial diversity is a major resource for biotechnological products and processes. Bacteria are the most dominant group of this diversity which produce a wide range of products of industrial significance. Paenibacillus polymyxa (formerly Bacillus polymyxa), a non pathogenic and endospore-forming Bacillus, is one of the most industrially significant facultative anaerobic bacterium. It occurs naturally in soil, rhizosphere and roots of crop plants and in marine sediments. During the last two decades, there has been a growing interest for their ecological and biotechnological importance, despite their limited genomic information. P. polymyxa has a wide range of properties, including nitrogen fixation, plant growth promotion, soil phosphorus solubilisation and production of exopolysaccharides, hydrolytic enzymes, antibiotics, cytokinin. It also helps in bioflocculation and in the enhancement of soil porosity. In addition, it is known to produce optically active 2,3-butanediol (BDL), a potentially valuable chemical compound from a variety of carbohydrates. The present review article aims to provide an overview of the various roles that these microorganisms play in the environment and their biotechnological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana Lal
- ENEA C.R. Casaccia, Department of Biotechnologies, Protection of Health and Ecosystems, Plant genetics and Genomics Section, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Tabacchioni
- ENEA C.R. Casaccia, Department of Biotechnologies, Protection of Health and Ecosystems, Plant genetics and Genomics Section, Via Anguillarese 301, 00123 S. Maria di Galeria, Rome, Italy
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Choi NS, Song JJ, Chung DM, Kim YJ, Maeng PJ, Kim SH. Purification and characterization of a novel thermoacid-stable fibrinolytic enzyme from Staphylococcus sp. strain AJ isolated from Korean salt-fermented Anchovy-joet. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 36:417-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s10295-008-0512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2008] [Accepted: 12/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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