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Araque-Marín P, Naranjo Díaz A, Gómez Londoño LF, Jiménez Alzate MDP, Castelli F, Sarpietro MG, Giordani C, Peláez Jaramillo CA. A Langmuir-Blodgett Study of the Interaction between Amphotericin B and Lipids of Histoplasma capsulatum. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050483. [PMID: 35629809 PMCID: PMC9147408 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Histoplasma capsulatum is a dimorphic, thermal, and nutritional fungus. In the environment and at an average temperature of 28 °C, it develops as a mold that is composed of infecting particles. Once in the host or in cultures at 37 °C, it undergoes a transition into the parasitic form. In the present work, we performed chemical extraction and characterization using chromatography techniques of the associated lipid composition of the external surface of the cell wall of the mycelial phase of two isolates of the H. capsulatum: one clinical and one environmental. Several differences were evidenced in the fatty acids in the phospholipid composition. Surface pressure–area isotherms and compression module curves of the Amphotericin B and lipid extract monolayers, as well as (AmB)-lipid extract mixed monolayers were recorded. Results show a high affinity of AmB towards lipid extracts. The most stable monolayers were formed by AmB + environmental with a mass ratio of 1:3 and AmB + clinical with a mass ratio of 1:2. Knowledge of the AmB aggregation processes at a molecular level and the characterization of the lipid extracts allows the possibility to understand the interaction between the AmB and the lipid fractions of H. capsulatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedronel Araque-Marín
- School of Life Sciences, Universidad Escuela de Ingeniería de Antioquia (EIA), Envigado 055428, Colombia;
| | - Andrea Naranjo Díaz
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Estudios Moleculares, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (A.N.D.); (C.A.P.J.)
| | - Luisa Fernanda Gómez Londoño
- Grupo Micología Médica, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (L.F.G.L.); (M.d.P.J.A.)
| | - María del Pilar Jiménez Alzate
- Grupo Micología Médica, Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (L.F.G.L.); (M.d.P.J.A.)
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
| | - Maria Grazia Sarpietro
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, Università degli Studi di Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy;
- Correspondence:
| | - Cristiano Giordani
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
- Grupo Productos Naturales Marinos, Faculty of Pharmaceutical and Food Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Carlos Alberto Peláez Jaramillo
- Grupo Interdisciplinario de Estudios Moleculares, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (A.N.D.); (C.A.P.J.)
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Custer JE, Goddard BD, Matter SF, Kaneshiro ES. The relative proportions of different lipid classes and their fatty acid compositions change with culture age in the cariogenic dental pathogen Streptococcus mutans UA159. Lipids 2014; 49:543-54. [PMID: 24748493 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-014-3904-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The oral cariogenic bacterial pathogen Streptococcus mutans strain UA159 has become an important research organism strain since its genome was sequenced. However, there is a paucity of information on its lipidome using direct analytical biochemical approaches. We here report on comprehensive analyses of the major lipid classes and their fatty acids in cells grown in batch standing cultures. Using 2-D high-performance thin-layer chromatography lipid class composition changes were detected with culture age. More lipid components were detected in the stationary-phase compared to log-phase cells. The major lipids identified included 1,3-bis(sn-3'-phosphatidyl)-sn-glycerol (phosphatidylglycerol), 1,3-diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin), aminoacyl-phosphatidylglycerol, monoglucosyldiacylglycerol, diglucosyldiacylglycerol, diglucosylmonoacylglycerol and, glycerophosphoryldiglucosyldiacylglycerol. Culture age also affected the fatty acid composition of the total polar lipid fraction. Thus, the major lipid classes detected in log-phase and stationary-phase cells were isolated and their fatty acids were analyzed by gas-liquid chromatography to determine the basis for the fatty acid compositional changes in the total polar lipid fraction. The analyses showed that the relative proportions of these acids changed with culture age within individual lipid classes. Hence fatty acid changes in the total polar lipid fraction reflected changes in both lipid class composition and fatty acid compositions within individual lipid classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny E Custer
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0006, USA
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Longo LVG, Nakayasu ES, Gazos-Lopes F, Vallejo MC, Matsuo AL, Almeida IC, Puccia R. Characterization of cell wall lipids from the pathogenic phase of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis cultivated in the presence or absence of human plasma. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63372. [PMID: 23691038 PMCID: PMC3656940 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fungal cell wall is a complex and dynamic outer structure. In pathogenic fungi its components interact with the host, determining the infection fate. The present work aimed to characterize cell wall lipids from P. brasiliensis grown in the presence and absence of human plasma. We compared the results from isolates Pb3 and Pb18, which represent different phylogenetic species that evoke distinct patterns of experimental paracoccidioidomycosis. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We comparatively characterized cell wall phospholipids, fatty acids, sterols, and neutral glycolipids by using both electrospray ionization- and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analyses of lipids extracted with organic solvents followed by fractionation in silica-gel-60. We detected 49 phospholipid species in Pb3 and 38 in Pb18, including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidic acid. In both Pb3 and Pb18, PC and PE had the most numerous species. Among the fatty acids, C18:1 and C18:2 were the most abundant species in both isolates, although C18:2 was more abundant in Pb18. There was a different effect of plasma supplementation on fatty acids depending on the fungal isolate. The prevalent glycolipid species was Hex-C18:0-OH/d19:2-Cer, although other four minor species were also detected. The most abundant sterol in all samples was brassicasterol. Distinct profiles of cell wall and total yeast sterols suggested that the preparations were enriched for cell wall components. The presence of plasma in the culture medium specially increased cell wall brassicasterol abundance and also other lipids. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We here report an original comparative lipidomic analysis of P. brasiliensis cell wall. Our results open doors to understanding the role of cell wall lipids in fungal biology, and interaction with anti-fungal drugs and the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa V. G. Longo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ernesto S. Nakayasu
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Felipe Gazos-Lopes
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Milene C. Vallejo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alisson L. Matsuo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Dept. of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rosana Puccia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina-Universidade Federal de São Paulo, EPM-UNIFESP, São Paulo, Brazil
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Vallejo MC, Nakayasu ES, Longo LVG, Ganiko L, Lopes FG, Matsuo AL, Almeida IC, Puccia R. Lipidomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from the pathogenic phase of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39463. [PMID: 22745761 PMCID: PMC3382159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal extracellular vesicles are able to cross the cell wall and transport molecules that help in nutrient acquisition, cell defense, and modulation of the host defense machinery. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we present a detailed lipidomic analysis of extracellular vesicles released by Paracoccidioides brasiliensis at the yeast pathogenic phase. We compared data of two representative isolates, Pb3 and Pb18, which have distinct virulence profiles and phylogenetic background. Vesicle lipids were fractionated into different classes and analyzed by either electrospray ionization- or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. We found two species of monohexosylceramide and 33 phospholipid species, including phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylglycerol. Among the phospholipid-bound fatty acids in extracellular vesicles, C181 predominated in Pb3, whereas C18:2 prevailed in Pb18. The prevalent sterol in Pb3 and Pb18 vesicles was brassicasterol, followed by ergosterol and lanosterol. Inter-isolate differences in sterol composition were observed, and also between extracellular vesicles and whole cells. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The extensive lipidomic analysis of extracellular vesicles from two P. brasiliensis isolates will help to understand the composition of these fungal components/organelles and will hopefully be useful to study their biogenesis and role in host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milene C. Vallejo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ernesto S. Nakayasu
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Larissa V. G. Longo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane Ganiko
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Felipe G. Lopes
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alisson L. Matsuo
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor C. Almeida
- Border Biomedical Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at El Paso (UTEP), El Paso, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rosana Puccia
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Zarnowski R, Cooper KG, Brunold LS, Calaycay J, Woods JP. Histoplasma capsulatum secreted gamma-glutamyltransferase reduces iron by generating an efficient ferric reductant. Mol Microbiol 2008; 70:352-68. [PMID: 18761625 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06410.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular fungal pathogen Histoplasma capsulatum (Hc) resides in mammalian macrophages and causes respiratory and systemic disease. Iron limitation is an important host antimicrobial defence, and iron acquisition is critical for microbial pathogenesis. Hc displays several iron acquisition mechanisms, including secreted glutathione-dependent ferric reductase activity (GSH-FeR). We purified this enzyme from culture supernatant and identified a novel extracellular iron reduction strategy involving gamma-glutamyltransferase (Ggt1) activity. The 320 kDa complex was composed of glycosylated protein subunits of about 50 and 37 kDa. The purified enzyme exhibited gamma-glutamyl transfer activity as well as iron reduction activity in the presence of glutathione. We cloned and manipulated expression of the encoding gene. Overexpression or RNAi silencing affected both GGT and GSH-FeR activities concurrently. Enzyme inhibition experiments showed that the activity is complex and involves two reactions. First, Ggt1 initiates enzymatic breakdown of GSH by cleavage of the gamma-glutamyl bond and release of cysteinylglycine. Second, the thiol group of the released dipeptide reduces ferric to ferrous iron. A combination of kinetic properties of both reactions resulted in efficient iron reduction over a broad pH range. Our findings provide novel insight into Hc iron acquisition strategies and reveal a unique aspect of Ggt1 function in this dimorphic mycopathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zarnowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA.
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Zarnowski R, Dobrzyn A, Ntambi JM, Woods JP. Ferrous, but not ferric, iron maintains homeostasis in Histoplasma capsulatum triacylglycerides. Curr Microbiol 2008; 57:153-7. [PMID: 18506523 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-008-9168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an indispensable micronutrient for virtually all microorganisms, where it acts as a cofactor of many enzymes involved in regulation of multiple cellular and physiological functions. This metal is also considered an important determinant contributing to the pathogenesis of fungal infectious diseases, and therefore the identification of iron-regulated metabolic processes occurring within the invading fungal cell can help the development of new antifungal therapeutic strategies. In this study, we examined relationships between iron availability and neutral storage lipids in Histoplasma capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus responsible for the most common respiratory and systemic mycosis in humans. Yeast cells were grown in a defined minimal medium supplemented with or without iron. Lipids were extracted from cells at the log and late stationary growth phases, then separated by thin-layer chromatography, and fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. A culture age-related decrease in the unsaturated fatty acid content was observed in all four neutral lipid classes examined. Iron-related alterations could be seen in relation to triacylglycerol and free fatty acid pools, whereas no iron-dependent effects were detected in diacylglycerol and steryl ester fractions. Regarding triacylglycerols, the presence of iron positively affected the content of unsaturated fatty acids, and this stabilizing action of iron was notably increased when ferrous ions were added. Subsequent iron uptake studies showed a definite preference of H. capsulatum to acquire iron in its reduced, more soluble, ferrous form, and therefore, the availability of iron may be the underlying reason for the observed iron-maintained homeostasis in H. capsulatum triacylglycerols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zarnowski
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Wisconsin, 416 Service Memorial Institute, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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