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Effect of an Ectomycorrhizal Fungus on the Growth of Castanea henryi Seedlings and the Seasonal Variation of Root Tips’ Structure and Physiology. FORESTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/f12121643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Castanea henryi is a ubiquitous hardwood chestnut species in southern China and is important both ecologically and economically. It is mainly cultivated for nut production, just like other chestnut species. However, the establishment of C. henryi seedlings in a new orchard has proven to be difficult because few seedlings survive transplanting due to the incompatibility of their coarse root architecture with nutrient-depleted red acid soils in southern China. Root architecture can be profoundly modified and nutrient can be stress alleviated due to the association of roots with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi. Boletus edulis is an ECM fungus with edible and medicinal fruiting bodies. However, its impact on plant growth varies with the plant species it is associated with. In order to elucidate the role of B. edulis in C. henryi afforestation, we evaluated growth parameters and soil enzymatic activities, as well as seasonal variations in physiology and structure of ECM root tips. Growth responses and soil enzymatic activities were measured 6 months after inoculation. The physiological characteristics of root tips were also compared at various seasons throughout the year. B. edulis colonization of C. henryi roots was successful at a 60% colonization rate. Height, base diameter, and biomass (especially the underground part) of inoculated seedlings (JG) were higher than those of uninoculated seedlings (CK). JG had higher root total length, root surface area, root volume, root average diameter, and number of root tips than CK. Additionally, JG exhibited higher total nitrogen and phosphorus content. Abnormal mantle and Harting net were observed in winter. No matter the season, ECM tips had higher antioxidant enzyme activities, root activities, soluble protein content, and lower malondialdehyde compared to non-ECM tips (nE) and those without ECM tips (woE), and there were no differences between nE and woE. It is important to understand the growth of the host plant in response to ECM and that the seasonal variation of ECM root tips is important when growing high-quality C. henryi seedlings, due to the crucial role of B. edulis in improving seedling initial survival rate.
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Areitio M, Martin-Vicente A, Arbizu A, Antoran A, Aparicio-Fernandez L, Buldain I, Martin-Souto L, Rementeria A, Capilla J, Hernando FL, Ramirez-Garcia A. Identification of Mucor circinelloides antigens recognized by sera from immunocompromised infected mice. Rev Iberoam Micol 2020; 37:81-86. [PMID: 33168341 DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2020.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mucor circinelloides is an opportunistic fungus capable of causing mucormycosis, a highly aggressive infection of quick spreading. Besides, it also has a high mortality rate due to late diagnosis and difficult treatment. AIMS In this study we have identified the most immunoreactive proteins of the secretome and the total protein extract of M. circinelloides using sera from immunocompromised infected mice. METHODS The proteins of the secretome and the total extract were analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and the most immunoreactive antigens were detected by Western Blot, facing the sera of immunocompromised infected mice to the proteins obtained in both extracts of M. circinelloides. RESULTS Seven antigens were detected in the secretome extract, and two in the total extract, all of them corresponding only to three proteins. The enzyme enolase was detected in both extracts, while triosephosphate isomerase was detected in the secretome, and heat shock protein HSS1 in the total extract. CONCLUSIONS In this work the most immunoreactive antigens of the secretome and the total extract of M. circinelloides were identified. The identified proteins are well known fungal antigens and, therefore, these findings can be useful for future research into alternatives for the diagnosis and treatment of mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maialen Areitio
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Adela Martin-Vicente
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Aitana Arbizu
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Aitziber Antoran
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Leire Aparicio-Fernandez
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Idoia Buldain
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Leire Martin-Souto
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Aitor Rementeria
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Javier Capilla
- Mycology Unit, Medical School and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Fernando L Hernando
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.
| | - Andoni Ramirez-Garcia
- Fungal and Bacterial Biomics Research Group, Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
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Wang L, Li H, Zhou Y, Qin Y, Wang Y, Liu B, Qian H. Molecular cloning and characterization of an ADP-ribosylation factor 6 gene (ptARF6) from Pisolithus tinctorius. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:383-93. [PMID: 26928195 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ADP-ribosylation factor 6 (ARF6) is an evolutionarily conserved molecule that has an essential function in intracellular trafficking and organelle structure. To better understand its role during presymbiosis between plant roots and compatible filamentous fungi, the full-length cDNA sequence of ARF6 from Pisolithus tinctorius was cloned and a variety of bioinformatics analyses performed. The full-length sequence was 849 bp long and contained a 549 bp open reading frame encoding a protein of 182 amino acids. A phylogenetic analysis showed that ptARF6 was the ortholog of the ADP ribosylation factor 6/GTPase SAR1 gene from the white-rot basidiomycete Trametes versicolor. A domain architecture analysis of the ARF6 protein revealed a repeat region, which is a common feature of ARF6 in other species. Recombinant ARF6 protein was expressed with an N-terminal 6×His tag and purified using Ni(2+)-NTA affinity chromatography. The molecular mass of the recombinant protein was estimated by SDS-PAGE to be 25 kDa. The recombinant ARF6 protein bound strongly to 18:1 and 18:2 phosphatidic acids. Thus, ARF6 may participate in the signaling pathways involved in membrane phospholipid composition. The intracellular distribution of ptADP6 in HEK239T cells also indicates that ptADP6 may function not only in plasma membrane events but also in endosomal membranes events. Real-time quantitative PCR revealed that the differential expression of ptARF6 was associated with the presymbiotic stage. ptARF6 may be induced by presymbiosis during the regulation of mycorrhizal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Wang
- a Zhejiang Forestry Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Food, Hangzhou, 310023, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Li
- a Zhejiang Forestry Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Food, Hangzhou, 310023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- b Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, Hangzhou, 310023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchuan Qin
- a Zhejiang Forestry Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Food, Hangzhou, 310023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- a Zhejiang Forestry Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Food, Hangzhou, 310023, People's Republic of China
| | - Bentong Liu
- a Zhejiang Forestry Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Food, Hangzhou, 310023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Qian
- a Zhejiang Forestry Academy, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Food, Hangzhou, 310023, People's Republic of China
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Ruocco M, Lanzuise S, Lombardi N, Woo SL, Vinale F, Marra R, Varlese R, Manganiello G, Pascale A, Scala V, Turrà D, Scala F, Lorito M. Multiple roles and effects of a novel Trichoderma hydrophobin. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:167-79. [PMID: 25317667 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-07-14-0194-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma are among the most active and ecologically successful microbes found in natural environments, because they are able to use a variety of substrates and affect the growth of other microbes and virtually any plant species. We isolated and characterized a novel type II hydrophobin secreted by the biocontrol strain MK1 of Trichoderma longibrachiatum. The corresponding gene (Hytlo1) has a multiple role in the Trichoderma-plant-pathogen three-way interaction, while the purified protein displayed a direct antifungal as well as a microbe-associated molecular pattern and a plant growth promotion (PGP) activity. Leaf infiltration with the hydrophobin systemically increased resistance to pathogens and activated defense-related responses involving reactive oxygen species, superoxide dismutase, oxylipin, phytoalexin, and pathogenesis-related protein formation or activity. The hydrophobin was found to enhance development of a variety of plants when applied at very low doses. It particularly stimulated root formation and growth, as demonstrated also by transient expression of the encoding gene in tobacco and tomato. Targeted knock-out of Hytlo1 significantly reduced both antagonistic and PGP effect of the wild-type strain. We conclude that this protein represents a clear example of a molecular factor developed by Trichoderma spp. to establish a mutually beneficial interaction with the colonized plant.
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de Freitas Pereira M, Betancourth BML, Teixeira JA, Zubieta MP, de Queiroz MV, Kasuya MCM, Costa MD, de Araújo EF. In vitro Scleroderma laeve and Eucalyptus grandis mycorrhization and analysis of atp6, 17S rDNA, and ras gene expression during ectomycorrhizal formation. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54:1358-66. [PMID: 25080195 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between fungi and plants that form ectomycorrhizae (ECM) promotes alterations in the gene expression profiles of both organisms. Fungal genes expression related to metabolism were evaluated at the pre-symbiotic stage and during the ECM development between Scleroderma laeve and Eucalyptus grandis. Partial sequences of ATP synthase (atp6), translation elongation factor (ef1α), the RAS protein (ras), and the 17S rDNA genes were isolated. The expression of the atp6 and 17S rDNA genes during the pre-symbiotic stage showed an approximately threefold increase compared to the control. During ECM development, the expression of the 17S rDNA gene showed a 4.4-fold increase after 3 days of contact, while the expression of the atp6 gene increased 7.23-fold by the 15th day, suggesting that protein synthesis and respiratory chain activities are increased during the formation of the mantle and the Hartig net. The ras gene transcripts were only detected by RT-PCR 30 days after fungus-plant contact, suggesting that RAS-mediated signal transduction pathways are functional during the establishment of symbiosis. The present study demonstrates that alterations in gene expression occur in response to stimuli released by the plant during ECM association and increases the understanding of the association between S. laeve and E. grandis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra de Freitas Pereira
- Department of Microbiology/BIOAGRO, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa-Minas Gerais (MG), Brazil
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Mgbeahuruike AC, Kohler A, Asiegbu FO. Expression analysis of the impact of culture filtrates from the biocontrol agent, Phlebiopsis gigantea on the conifer pathogen, Heterobasidion annosum s.s. Transcriptome. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2013; 66:669-681. [PMID: 23812104 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Phlebiopsis gigantea has been routinely used as the biological control agent for the conifer pathogen Heterobasidion annosum sensu lato, but the actual mechanism for the biocontrol process is not known. To investigate the effect of secreted molecules from culture filtrate produced by P. gigantea on the gene expression profile of H. annosum s.s., microarray analysis was used. Analysis of the differentially expressed genes led to the identification of genes with diverse functions. A major proportion of the up- and downregulated genes were either uncharacterized or genes whose functions were not known. A number of genes coding for proteins involved in metabolism, transport, and signal transduction were differentially downregulated; comparatively lower number of such genes were upregulated. Some genes involved in transport (polyamine transporters, 2573-fold, P = 0.002) and metabolism (endoglucanase, 622.5-fold, P = 0.002, cytochrome P450, 133.2-fold, P = 0.05) showed high transcript fold changes and were statistically significantly upregulated. Genes encoding defense-related proteins such as hydrophobins were either downregulated or expressed at relatively low levels. Further analysis of the effect of the culture filtrate on glucose metabolism showed downregulation of some key enzymes at the early stage of the glycolytic pathway while some genes were upregulated at the later stage of the pathway. A subset of the genes were selected and used to validate the micro-array result by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method. Generally, the high transcript levels of genes encoding several biochemically important genes (protein kinases, major facilitator superfamily polyamine transporters, endoglucanase, cytochrome P450, endoglucanase) suggests their potential functional relevance in signal perception, stress tolerance, cell defenses, and detoxification of toxic molecules during competitive interaction. These results have provided further insights into possible molecular and genetic factors underlying the response of H. annosum to metabolites from P. gigantea during interspecific interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Mgbeahuruike
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 27, 00014, Helsinki, Finland,
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Identification of fungal genes involved in the preinfection events between ectomycorrhizal association (Pisolithus tinctorius and Pinus massoniana). Mycol Prog 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-013-0899-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Larsen PE, Sreedasyam A, Trivedi G, Podila GK, Cseke LJ, Collart FR. Using next generation transcriptome sequencing to predict an ectomycorrhizal metabolome. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011. [PMID: 21569493 DOI: 10.1186/1752‐0509‐5‐70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycorrhizae, symbiotic interactions between soil fungi and tree roots, are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems. The fungi contribute phosphorous, nitrogen and mobilized nutrients from organic matter in the soil and in return the fungus receives photosynthetically-derived carbohydrates. This union of plant and fungal metabolisms is the mycorrhizal metabolome. Understanding this symbiotic relationship at a molecular level provides important contributions to the understanding of forest ecosystems and global carbon cycling. RESULTS We generated next generation short-read transcriptomic sequencing data from fully-formed ectomycorrhizae between Laccaria bicolor and aspen (Populus tremuloides) roots. The transcriptomic data was used to identify statistically significantly expressed gene models using a bootstrap-style approach, and these expressed genes were mapped to specific metabolic pathways. Integration of expressed genes that code for metabolic enzymes and the set of expressed membrane transporters generates a predictive model of the ectomycorrhizal metabolome. The generated model of mycorrhizal metabolome predicts that the specific compounds glycine, glutamate, and allantoin are synthesized by L. bicolor and that these compounds or their metabolites may be used for the benefit of aspen in exchange for the photosynthetically-derived sugars fructose and glucose. CONCLUSIONS The analysis illustrates an approach to generate testable biological hypotheses to investigate the complex molecular interactions that drive ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. These models are consistent with experimental environmental data and provide insight into the molecular exchange processes for organisms in this complex ecosystem. The method used here for predicting metabolomic models of mycorrhizal systems from deep RNA sequencing data can be generalized and is broadly applicable to transcriptomic data derived from complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Larsen
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60490, USA.
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Larsen PE, Sreedasyam A, Trivedi G, Podila GK, Cseke LJ, Collart FR. Using next generation transcriptome sequencing to predict an ectomycorrhizal metabolome. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2011; 5:70. [PMID: 21569493 PMCID: PMC3114729 DOI: 10.1186/1752-0509-5-70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Mycorrhizae, symbiotic interactions between soil fungi and tree roots, are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems. The fungi contribute phosphorous, nitrogen and mobilized nutrients from organic matter in the soil and in return the fungus receives photosynthetically-derived carbohydrates. This union of plant and fungal metabolisms is the mycorrhizal metabolome. Understanding this symbiotic relationship at a molecular level provides important contributions to the understanding of forest ecosystems and global carbon cycling. Results We generated next generation short-read transcriptomic sequencing data from fully-formed ectomycorrhizae between Laccaria bicolor and aspen (Populus tremuloides) roots. The transcriptomic data was used to identify statistically significantly expressed gene models using a bootstrap-style approach, and these expressed genes were mapped to specific metabolic pathways. Integration of expressed genes that code for metabolic enzymes and the set of expressed membrane transporters generates a predictive model of the ectomycorrhizal metabolome. The generated model of mycorrhizal metabolome predicts that the specific compounds glycine, glutamate, and allantoin are synthesized by L. bicolor and that these compounds or their metabolites may be used for the benefit of aspen in exchange for the photosynthetically-derived sugars fructose and glucose. Conclusions The analysis illustrates an approach to generate testable biological hypotheses to investigate the complex molecular interactions that drive ectomycorrhizal symbiosis. These models are consistent with experimental environmental data and provide insight into the molecular exchange processes for organisms in this complex ecosystem. The method used here for predicting metabolomic models of mycorrhizal systems from deep RNA sequencing data can be generalized and is broadly applicable to transcriptomic data derived from complex systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter E Larsen
- Biosciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60490, USA.
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da Silva Coelho I, de Queiroz MV, Costa MD, Kasuya MCM, de Araújo EF. Identification of differentially expressed genes of the fungus Hydnangium sp. during the pre-symbiotic phase of the ectomycorrhizal association with Eucalyptus grandis. MYCORRHIZA 2010; 20:531-540. [PMID: 20177718 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-010-0301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The pre-symbiotic phase that precedes physical contact between symbionts is a crucial phase in determining their compatibility, allowing the formation of the ectomycorrhiza. A subtractive cDNA library representing the differentially expressed genes of the fungus Hydnangium sp. in the pre-symbiotic phase was constructed using fungal mycelia obtained through the in vitro mycorrhization technique. The fungus was cultured in the presence of Eucalyptus grandis roots, but with no contact between the hyphae and the root system of the host plant. Genes that code for proteins related to carbohydrate, amino acid, and energy metabolisms, transcription, and protein synthesis, cellular communication, signal transduction, stress response, transposons, and proteins related to the biogenesis of cell components were identified among the 131 expressed sequence tags. Expression of the genes that code for acetyl-CoA acetyltransferase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, ATP synthase, a voltage-dependent protein from the selective ion channel, and hydrophobin was evaluated by the RT-qPCR technique, confirming the activation of these genes in this phase of the association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene da Silva Coelho
- Departament of Microbiology/BIOAGRO, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, 36570-000, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Microarray analysis of differential gene expression elicited in Trametes versicolor during interspecific mycelial interactions. Fungal Biol 2010; 114:646-60. [PMID: 20943176 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2010.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2010] [Revised: 05/14/2010] [Accepted: 05/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trametes versicolor is an important white rot fungus of both industrial and ecological interest. Saprotrophic basidiomycetes are the major decomposition agents in woodland ecosystems, and rarely form monospecific populations, therefore interspecific mycelial interactions continually occur. Interactions have different outcomes including replacement of one species by the other or deadlock. We have made subtractive cDNA libraries to enrich for genes that are expressed when T. versicolor interacts with another saprotrophic basidiomycete, Stereum gausapatum, an interaction that results in the replacement of the latter. Expressed sequence tags (ESTs) (1920) were used for microarray analysis, and their expression compared during interaction with three different fungi: S. gausapatum (replaced by T. versicolor), Bjerkandera adusta (deadlock) and Hypholoma fasciculare (replaced T. versicolor). Expression of significantly more probes changed in the interaction between T. versicolor and S. gausapatum or B. adusta compared to H. fasciculare, suggesting a relationship between interaction outcome and changes in gene expression.
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