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Gille CE, Finnegan PM, Hayes PE, Ranathunge K, Burgess TI, de Tombeur F, Migliorini D, Dallongeville P, Glauser G, Lambers H. Facilitative and competitive interactions between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants in an extremely phosphorus-impoverished environment: role of ectomycorrhizal fungi and native oomycete pathogens in shaping species coexistence. New Phytol 2024; 242:1630-1644. [PMID: 38105548 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Nonmycorrhizal cluster root-forming species enhance the phosphorus (P) acquisition of mycorrhizal neighbours in P-impoverished megadiverse systems. However, whether mycorrhizal plants facilitate the defence of nonmycorrhizal plants against soil-borne pathogens, in return and via their symbiosis, remains unknown. We characterised growth and defence-related compounds in Banksia menziesii (nonmycorrhizal) and Eucalyptus todtiana (ectomycorrhizal, ECM) seedlings grown either in monoculture or mixture in a multifactorial glasshouse experiment involving ECM fungi and native oomycete pathogens. Roots of B. menziesii had higher levels of phytohormones (salicylic and jasmonic acids, jasmonoyl-isoleucine and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid) than E. todtiana which further activated a salicylic acid-mediated defence response in roots of B. menziesii, but only in the presence of ECM fungi. We also found that B. menziesii induced a shift in the defence strategy of E. todtiana, from defence-related secondary metabolites (phenolic and flavonoid) towards induced phytohormone response pathways. We conclude that ECM fungi play a vital role in the interactions between mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants in a severely P-impoverished environment, by introducing a competitive component within the facilitation interaction between the two plant species with contrasting nutrient-acquisition strategies. This study sheds light on the interplay between beneficial and detrimental soil microbes that shape plant-plant interaction in severely nutrient-impoverished ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément E Gille
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Patrick M Finnegan
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Patrick E Hayes
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Kosala Ranathunge
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Treena I Burgess
- Phytophthora Science and Management, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Félix de Tombeur
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- CEFE, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, University of Montpellier, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Duccio Migliorini
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
- National Research Council, Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy
| | - Paul Dallongeville
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Hans Lambers
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
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Plett KL, Wojtalewicz D, Anderson IC, Plett JM. Fungal metabolism and free amino acid content may predict nitrogen transfer to the host plant in the ectomycorrhizal relationship between Pisolithus spp. and Eucalyptus grandis. New Phytol 2024; 242:1589-1602. [PMID: 37974494 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi are crucial for tree nitrogen (N) nutrition; however, mechanisms governing N transfer from fungal tissues to the host plant are not well understood. ECM fungal isolates, even from the same species, vary considerably in their ability to support tree N nutrition, resulting in a range of often unpredictable symbiotic outcomes. In this study, we used isotopic labelling to quantify the transfer of N to the plant host by isolates from the ECM genus Pisolithus, known to have significant variability in colonisation and transfer of nutrients to a host. We considered the metabolic fate of N acquired by the fungi and found that the percentage of plant N acquired through symbiosis significantly correlated to the concentration of free amino acids in ECM extra-radical mycelium. Transcriptomic analyses complemented these findings with isolates having high amino acid content and N transfer showing increased expression of genes related to amino acid transport and catabolic pathways. These results suggest that fungal N metabolism impacts N transfer to the host plant in this interaction and that relative N transfer may be possible to predict through basic biochemical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Plett
- NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Dominika Wojtalewicz
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
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Duong HT, Williams B, White D, Burgess TI, Hardy GESJ. qPCR Assays for Sensitive and Rapid Detection of Quambalaria Species from Plant Tissues. Plant Dis 2022; 106:107-113. [PMID: 34261359 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-04-21-0816-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Several species from the genus Quambalaria (order Microstromatales) cause diseases on eucalypts (Eucalyptus and related genera) both in plantations and natural ecosystems. We developed real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays to rapidly detect and distinguish five Quambalaria species. The design of the species-specific qPCR assay for each species, Q. pitereka (PIT), Q. coyrecup (COR), Q. cyanescens (CYN), Q. pusilla (PUS), and Q. eucalypti (EUC), was based on the ITS region and was evaluated for specificity and sensitivity. The PIT, COR, and CYN qPCR assays could amplify as little as 10 fg µl-1 from pure cultures, whereas PUS and EUC qPCR assays could amplify 100 fg µl-1 of their target species. The PIT, COR, and CYN qPCR assays were further validated using naturally and artificially infected samples of their plant host Corymbia calophylla. These assays will be used for rapid diagnostics and future experiments on the infection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa T Duong
- Phytophthora Science and Management, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 6150 Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Forest Tree Improvement and Biotechnology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam
| | - Briony Williams
- ArborCarbon, PO Box 1065, Willagee Central 6163, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Diane White
- Phytophthora Science and Management, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 6150 Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Treena I Burgess
- Phytophthora Science and Management, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 6150 Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Giles E St J Hardy
- Phytophthora Science and Management, Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, 6150 Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- ArborCarbon, PO Box 1065, Willagee Central 6163, Western Australia, Australia
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Hill RA, Wong-Bajracharya J, Anwar S, Coles D, Wang M, Lipzen A, Ng V, Grigoriev IV, Martin F, Anderson IC, Cazzonelli CI, Jeffries T, Plett KL, Plett JM. Abscisic acid supports colonization of Eucalyptus grandis roots by the mutualistic ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus microcarpus. New Phytol 2022; 233:966-982. [PMID: 34699614 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The pathways regulated in ectomycorrhizal (EcM) plant hosts during the establishment of symbiosis are not as well understood when compared to the functional stages of this mutualistic interaction. Our study used the EcM host Eucalyptus grandis to elucidate symbiosis-regulated pathways across the three phases of this interaction. Using a combination of RNA sequencing and metabolomics we studied both stage-specific and core responses of E. grandis during colonization by Pisolithus microcarpus. Using exogenous manipulation of the abscisic acid (ABA), we studied the role of this pathway during symbiosis establishment. Despite the mutualistic nature of this symbiosis, a large number of disease signalling TIR-NBS-LRR genes were induced. The transcriptional regulation in E. grandis was found to be dynamic across colonization with a small core of genes consistently regulated at all stages. Genes associated to the carotenoid/ABA pathway were found within this core and ABA concentrations increased during fungal integration into the root. Supplementation of ABA led to improved accommodation of P. microcarpus into E. grandis roots. The carotenoid pathway is a core response of an EcM host to its symbiont and highlights the need to understand the role of the stress hormone ABA in controlling host-EcM fungal interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Hill
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Johanna Wong-Bajracharya
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Sidra Anwar
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Donovin Coles
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Mei Wang
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Anna Lipzen
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Vivian Ng
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Igor V Grigoriev
- US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Francis Martin
- INRAE, UMR Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRAE GrandEst-Nancy, Université de Lorraine, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Christopher I Cazzonelli
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Thomas Jeffries
- School of Science, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Krista L Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, New South Wales Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW, 2568, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
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Mao Z, Zhang W, Wu C, Feng H, Peng Y, Shahid H, Cui Z, Ding P, Shan T. Diversity and antibacterial activity of fungal endophytes from Eucalyptus exserta. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:155. [PMID: 34044780 PMCID: PMC8157698 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02229-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eucalyptus bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is an important eucalyptus disease. Endophytic fungi, an important source of natural active substances, provide a new breakthrough for the control of plant diseases. RESULTS In the present study, 80 endophytic fungal isolates were obtained from the healthy branches and fruits of Eucalyptus exserta. Fifteen distinct isolates (MK120854-MK120868) were selected for further taxonomic identification through morphological trait assessments and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region-rRNA gene sequence analysis. Thirteen genera, namely, Phyllosticta, Penicillium, Eutypella, Purpureocillium, Talaromyces, Lophiostoma, Cladosporium, Pestalotiopsis, Chaetomium, Fusarium, Gongronella, Scedosporium and Pseudallescheria, were identified on the basis of their morphological characteristics. Members of the genus Phyllosticta were the primary isolates, with a colonization frequency (CF) of 27.5 %. Most of the fungal isolates displayed antibacterial activity. The crude extracts obtained from Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7, Pestalotiopsis sp. Eef-9 and Chaetomium sp. Eef-10 exhibited strong inhibition on the test bacteria, and Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 was further cultured on a large scale. Three known compounds, scorpinone (1), 5-deoxybostrycoidin (2) and 4-methyl-5,6-dihydro-2 H-pyran-2-one (3), were isolated from the endophytic fungus Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 associated with E. exserta. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by analysis of 1D and 2D NMR and HR-ESI-MS spectra and a comparison of their spectral data with published values. Compounds 1 and 2 showed weak antimicrobial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum. CONCLUSIONS Endophytic fungi from Eucalyptus exserta may represent alternative sources of antimicrobial agents. Lophiostoma sp. Eef-7 can produce 2-azaanthraquinone derivatives and shows weak antibacterial activity against Ralstonia solanacearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Mao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihao Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunyin Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Feng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanhang Peng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hamza Shahid
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zining Cui
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, 510642, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Ding
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, No. 232, Waihuandong Road, Panyu District, Guangdong, 510006, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Tijiang Shan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Innovative Development and Utilization of Forest Plant Germplasm, College of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, South China Agricultural University, 510642, No. 483, Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangdong, 510642, Guangzhou, China.
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Klinsukon C, Lumyong S, Kuyper TW, Boonlue S. Colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi improves salinity tolerance of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) seedlings. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4362. [PMID: 33623081 PMCID: PMC7902817 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84002-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil salinity affects soil quality and reduces plant performance. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can enhance the tolerance of plants under salinity stress. Cultivation of eucalyptus (Eucalyptus camaldulensis), which exhibits high water use efficiency, is possible in saline areas to produce raw materials for the pulp industry. We determined the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on the growth and survival of eucalyptus seedlings under saline conditions. Three different clones of eucalyptus seedlings were pre-inoculated with three salt-tolerant AMF species, namely Glomus sp.2, Gigaspora albida and G. decipiens, and without pre-inoculation. The seedlings were grown in a greenhouse for 45 days. They were then transferred to individual pots, filled with field soil and subsequently treated with NaCl solution until electro-conductivity (EC) reached 10, 15 and 20 dS m-1. They were watered for 90 days under nursery conditions. The results show that increased salinity levels reduced plant performance, fractional AMF root colonization, spore number, and eucalypt K/Na ratio. AMF significantly increased chlorophyll and decreased leaf proline concentrations by more than 50% and 20% respectively and increased the K/Na ratio three- to six-fold compared with non-inoculated plants. Pre-inoculation with AMF before outplanting also improved plant performance by more than 30% under salinity stress compared to non-inoculated plants. We conclude that AMF can alleviate the negative impacts of salinity on plant physiological and biochemical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaiya Klinsukon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, 10300, Thailand
| | - Thomas W Kuyper
- Soil Biology Group, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sophon Boonlue
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
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Santos SA, Vidigal PMP, Guimarães LMS, Mafia RG, Templeton MD, Alfenas AC. Transcriptome analysis of Eucalyptus grandis genotypes reveals constitutive overexpression of genes related to rust (Austropuccinia psidii) resistance. Plant Mol Biol 2020; 104:339-357. [PMID: 32638297 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01030-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Key Message A resistant E. grandis genotype showed a constitutive overexpression of genes related to resistance to myrtle rust caused by A. psidii. Abstract Myrtle rust caused by Austropuccinia psidii is considered one of the most important fungal diseases affecting Eucalyptus spp. plantations in Brazil. Although the selection and planting of resistant eucalypt genotypes have been the major strategies to manage the disease in Brazil, the molecular mechanisms involved in resistance are still unclear. In this study, we evaluated the gene expression profile of two contrasting Eucalyptus grandis genotypes in resistance level to rust by RNA-Seq. The two genotypes showed a very different background gene expression level even without A. psidii infection. The resistant genotype had a constitutive overexpression of a large number of protein-coding genes compared to the susceptible genotype. These genes were mainly associated with signal transduction, photosynthesis, regulation and response to salicylic acid (SA), and protein kinase leucine-rich receptors (PK-LRR). PK-LRR and SA mediated disease resistance are well known to be effective against obligate biotroph pathogens, such as A. psidii. In addition, at 24 h after infection, the susceptible genotype was able to activate some response, however, several resistance-related proteins had their expression level reduced with A. psidii infection. Here, we present the first analysis of E. grandis genotypes transcriptomes infected by A. psidii and it reveals a constitutive overexpression of several resistance-related genes in the resistant genotype compared to the susceptible one. Our findings have the potential to be used as candidate molecular markers for resistance to myrtle rust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Santos
- Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Pedro M P Vidigal
- Núcleo de Análise de Biomoléculas (NuBioMol), Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Lúcio M S Guimarães
- Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | | | - Matthew D Templeton
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Acelino C Alfenas
- Laboratory of Forest Pathology, Department of Plant Pathology, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
- Department of Plant Pathology, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada à agropecuária-BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P.H. Rolfs s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil.
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Wong JWH, Plett KL, Natera SHA, Roessner U, Anderson IC, Plett JM. Comparative metabolomics implicates threitol as a fungal signal supporting colonization of Armillaria luteobubalina on eucalypt roots. Plant Cell Environ 2020; 43:374-386. [PMID: 31797388 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Armillaria root rot is a fungal disease that affects a wide range of trees and crops around the world. Despite being a widespread disease, little is known about the plant molecular responses towards the pathogenic fungi at the early phase of their interaction. With recent research highlighting the vital roles of metabolites in plant root-microbe interactions, we sought to explore the presymbiotic metabolite responses of Eucalyptus grandis seedlings towards Armillaria luteobuablina, a necrotrophic pathogen native to Australia. Using a metabolite profiling approach, we have identified threitol as one of the key metabolite responses in E. grandis root tips specific to A. luteobubalina that were not induced by three other species of soil-borne microbes of different lifestyle strategies (a mutualist, a commensalist, and a hemi-biotrophic pathogen). Using isotope labelling, threitol detected in the Armillaria-treated root tips was found to be largely derived from the fungal pathogen. Exogenous application of d-threitol promoted microbial colonization of E. grandis and triggered hormonal responses in root cells. Together, our results support a role of threitol as an important metabolite signal during eucalypt-Armillaria interaction prior to infection thus advancing our mechanistic understanding on the earliest stage of Armillaria disease development. Comparative metabolomics of eucalypt roots interacting with a range of fungal lifestyles identified threitol enrichment as a specific characteristic of Armillaria pathogenesis. Our findings suggest that threitol acts as one of the earliest fungal signals promoting Armillaria colonization of roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna W-H Wong
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, Sydney, Australia
| | - Krista L Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, Sydney, Australia
| | - Siria H A Natera
- Metabolomics Australia, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ute Roessner
- Metabolomics Australia, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Richmond, Sydney, Australia
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9
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Freeman JS, Hamilton MG, Lee DJ, Pegg GS, Brawner JT, Tilyard PA, Potts BM. Comparison of host susceptibilities to native and exotic pathogens provides evidence for pathogen-imposed selection in forest trees. New Phytol 2019; 221:2261-2272. [PMID: 30347441 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The extent to which spatial structuring of host resistance in wild plant populations reflects direct pathogen-imposed selection is a subject of debate. To examine this issue, genetic susceptibilities to an exotic and a coevolved native fungal pathogen were compared using two Australian host tree species. Damage to common host germplasm of Corymbia citriodora ssp. variegata (CCV) and Eucalyptus globulus, caused by recently introduced (Austropuccinia psidii) and native (Quambalaria pitereka and Teratosphaeria sp.) pathogens was evaluated in common-garden experiments. There was significant additive genetic variation within host species for susceptibility to both the exotic and native pathogens. However, susceptibility to A. psidii was not genetically correlated with susceptibility to either native pathogen, providing support for pathogen-specific rather than general mechanisms of resistance. Population differentiation (QST ) for susceptibility to the native pathogens was greater than neutral expectations (molecular FST ), arguing for divergent selection. Coupled with lower native, but not exotic, pathogen susceptibility in host populations from areas climatically more prone to fungal proliferation, these findings suggest that pathogen-imposed selection has contributed directly to a geographic mosaic of host resistance to native pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jules S Freeman
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, 7001, Tas, Australia
| | - Matthew G Hamilton
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, 7001, Tas, Australia
| | - David J Lee
- Forest Industries Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Qld, Australia
| | - Geoff S Pegg
- Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Ecosciences Precinct, GPO Box 267, Brisbane, 4001, Qld, Australia
| | - Jeremy T Brawner
- Forest Industries Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Locked Bag 4, Maroochydore DC, 4558, Qld, Australia
| | - Paul A Tilyard
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, 7001, Tas, Australia
| | - Brad M Potts
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, 7001, Tas, Australia
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Teratosphaeria gauchensis and T. zuluensis are closely related fungi that cause Teratosphaeria (previously Coniothyrium) stem canker disease on Eucalyptus species propagated in plantations for commercial purposes. This disease is present in many countries in which Eucalyptus trees are planted, and continues to spread with the international trade of infected plant germplasm. TAXONOMY Fungi, Ascomycota, Pezizomycotina, Dothideomycetes, Dothideomycetidae, Capnodiales, Teratosphaeriaceae, Teratosphaeria. IDENTIFICATION The causal agents form dark masses of pycnidia that are visible on the surface of distinct stem cankers that typically form on young green stem tissues. Accurate diagnosis of the causal agents requires DNA sequence data. HOST RANGE Nine species of Eucalyptus are known to be affected. Of these, E. grandis and its hybrids, which include some of the most important planting stock globally, appear to be particularly vulnerable. DISEASE SYMPTOMS Small necrotic lesions develop on young green stem tissue. These lesions coalesce to form large cankers that exude gum. Epicormic shoots develop below the girdling canker and, in severe cases, trees die. USEFUL WEBSITES Mycobank, https://www.mycobank.org; Publications of the Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), https://www.fabinet.up.ac.za/index.php/journals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janneke Aylward
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)University of PretoriaPretoria0002South Africa
- Department of Conservation Ecology and EntomologyStellenbosch University, Private Bag X1Matieland7602South Africa
| | - Francois Roets
- Department of Conservation Ecology and EntomologyStellenbosch University, Private Bag X1Matieland7602South Africa
| | - Leánne L. Dreyer
- Department of Botany and ZoologyStellenbosch University, Private Bag X1Matieland7602South Africa
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)University of PretoriaPretoria0002South Africa
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11
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Pakshir K, Fakhim H, Vaezi A, Meis JF, Mahmoodi M, Zomorodian K, Javidnia J, Ansari S, Hagen F, Badali H. Molecular epidemiology of environmental Cryptococcus species isolates based on amplified fragment length polymorphism. J Mycol Med 2018; 28:599-605. [PMID: 30322827 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycmed.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cryptococcosis is a major opportunistic fungal infection caused by members of the genus Cryptococcus, mainly those belonging to the Cryptococcus neoformans/Cryptococcus gattii species complexes. Here, we report a comprehensive molecular epidemiological study of the environmental distribution of Cryptococcus isolates in Shiraz, Iran with review of litreature. METHOD A total of 406 samples were obtained from Eucalyptus trees and 139 samples from pigeon droppings. Cryptococcus species identification and genotyping were performed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) fingerprinting sequencing and sequencing of the ITS rDNA region. RESULTS Majority of the isolates belonged to the Naganishia taxon (n=69) including N. albida (formerly C. albidus, n=62), N. globosa (formerly C. saitoi, n=4), N. adeliensis (formerly C. adeliensis, n=2), N. diffluens (formerly C. diffluens, n=1), and the identified C. neoformans isolates (n=25) belonged to genotype AFLP1/VNI (n=22) and AFLP1B/VNII (n=3). CONCLUSION More research efforts should be employed to isolate C. gattii species complex from environmental niches in Iran and provide additional evidence related to novel molecular types.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Pakshir
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - H Fakhim
- Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - A Vaezi
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - J F Meis
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Centre of Expertise in Mycology Radboudumc/CWZ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Mahmoodi
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - K Zomorodian
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - J Javidnia
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - S Ansari
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - F Hagen
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital (CWZ), Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Mycology, Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - H Badali
- Department of Medical Mycology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran; Invasive Fungi Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
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12
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Abstract
The family of Cryphonectriaceae (Diaporthales) includes many important tree pathogens, such as those that cause severe cankers on Eucalyptus trees. Recently, stem canker and cracked bark were observed on 8-year-old Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla trees in a plantation in southern China. Fruiting structures typical of Cryphonectriaceae fungi were observed on the surface of the diseased tissues. In this study, the isolated fungi were identified based on DNA sequence analyses and morphological characteristics, and their pathogenicity was tested on three Eucalyptus clones. DNA sequence comparisons of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions (including the intervening 5.8S nrRNA gene), two regions of β-tubulin (BT2/BT1), and partial translation elongation factor1-α (TEF-1α), indicated that these isolates represent Celoporthe syzygii and one previously undescribed species. The undescribed species was also morphologically distinct from the other species of Celoporthe. The new species was described and named C. cerciana sp. nov. The results of this study based on the ITS, BT2/BT1, and TEF-1α sequences indicated that more than one haplotype was isolated from the same Eucalyptus tree. The findings of a previous study, whereby C. eucalypti was isolated from the same plantation as that of this study, revealed the high species diversity of Celoporthe within a single plantation, which is associated with a single Eucalyptus sp. in southern China. The results further suggested that hybridization may occur between C. syzygii and C. eucalypti. In addition to the Eucalyptus trees, C. syzygii was also isolated from native Melastoma candidum in the same Eucalyptus plantation. The inoculation results showed that these fungi isolated from E. grandis × E. urophylla and M. candidum are pathogenic to all three tested E. grandis hybrid clones. Significant differences in tolerance were observed between the tested Eucalyptus clones, suggesting that disease-tolerant Eucalyptus genotypes can be selected for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wang
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang 524022, GuangDong Province, China
| | - QianLi Liu
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang 524022, GuangDong Province, China
| | - GuoQing Li
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang 524022, GuangDong Province, China
| | - FeiFei Liu
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang 524022, GuangDong Province, China
| | - ShuaiFei Chen
- China Eucalypt Research Centre (CERC), Chinese Academy of Forestry (CAF), ZhanJiang 524022, GuangDong Province, China
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13
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Ammitzboll H, Vaillancourt RE, Potts BM, Singarasa S, Mani R, Freeman JS. Quantitative Trait Loci (QTLs) for Intumescence Severity in Eucalyptus globulus and Validation of QTL Detection Based on Phenotyping Using Open-Pollinated Families of a Mapping Population. Plant Dis 2018; 102:1566-1573. [PMID: 30673414 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-01-18-0003-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Intumescence is a nonpathogenic physiological disorder characterized by leaf blistering. This disorder can affect growth and development in glasshouses and growth chambers and may be confused with pathogenic diseases. We used quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis to examine the genetic basis of variation in intumescence severity in Eucalyptus globulus, and test for colocation with previously detected QTLs for pathogen susceptibility. QTL analysis used the phenotype means of open-pollinated (OP) families of an outcrossed F2 mapping family (OP F3; n = 300) of E. globulus and the linkage map constructed in the F2. We validate this phenotyping approach for QTL analysis by assessing a trait previously used for QTL discovery in the F2 and showing the same major QTL was detected with the OP F3. For intumescence severity, five putative QTLs were detected across four linkage groups. Four of these did not colocate with previously reported QTLs for fungal pathogen susceptibility in Eucalyptus, suggesting the mechanisms underlying susceptibility to intumescence and to the two fungal pathogens are largely independent. This study demonstrates there is a genetic basis for variation in intumescence severity, reports the first QTL for intumescence severity in plants, and provides a robust framework for investigating the potential mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Ammitzboll
- Scion, Rotorua, 3046, New Zealand; and School of Natural Science and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - René E Vaillancourt
- Scion, Rotorua, 3046, New Zealand; and School of Natural Science and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Brad M Potts
- Scion, Rotorua, 3046, New Zealand; and School of Natural Science and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Sambavi Singarasa
- Scion, Rotorua, 3046, New Zealand; and School of Natural Science and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Radhika Mani
- Scion, Rotorua, 3046, New Zealand; and School of Natural Science and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Jules S Freeman
- Scion, Rotorua, 3046, New Zealand; and School of Natural Science and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
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14
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da Silva AC, de Oliveira Silva FM, Milagre JC, Omena-Garcia RP, Abreu MC, Mafia RG, Nunes-Nesi A, Alfenas AC. Eucalypt plants are physiologically and metabolically affected by infection with Ceratocystis fimbriata. Plant Physiol Biochem 2018; 123:170-179. [PMID: 29247937 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Ceratocystis wilt, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, is currently one of the most important disease in eucalypt plantations. Plants infected by C. fimbriata have lower volumetric growth, lower pulp yields and reduced timber values. The physiological bases of infection induced by this pathogen in eucalypt plant are not known. Therefore, this study aims to assess the physiological and metabolic changes in eucalypt clones that are resistant and susceptible to C. fimbriata. Once, we evaluated in detail their leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, water potential, metabolite profiling and growth-related parameters. When inoculated, the susceptible clone displayed reduced water potential, CO2 assimilation rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, photochemical quenching coefficient, electron transport rate, and root biomass. Inoculated resistant and susceptible clones both presented higher respiration rates than healthy plants. Many compounds of primary and secondary metabolism were significantly altered after fungal infection in both clones. These results suggest that, C. fimbriata interferes in the primary and secondary metabolism of plants that may be linked to the induction of defense mechanisms and that, due to water restrictions caused by the fungus in susceptible plants, there is a partial closure of the stomata to prevent water loss and a consequent reduction in photosynthesis and the transpiration rate, which in turn, leads to a decrease in the plant's growth-related. These results combined, allowed for a better understanding of the physiological and metabolic changes following the infectious process of C. fimbriata, which limit eucalypt plant growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Costa da Silva
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Mário Castro Abreu
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | | | - Adriano Nunes-Nesi
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
| | - Acelino Couto Alfenas
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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15
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Simamora AV, Paap T, Howard K, Stukely MJC, Hardy GESJ, Burgess TI. Phytophthora Contamination in a Nursery and Its Potential Dispersal into the Natural Environment. Plant Dis 2018; 102:132-139. [PMID: 30673463 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-05-17-0689-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A detailed site investigation of a eucalypt nursery suffering disease losses revealed the causal agent to be Phytophthora boodjera. The pathogen was detected in vegetation surrounding the nursery production area, including the lawn, under the production benches during the growing season, and, most importantly, from plant debris in used trays. However, it was not found in the container substrate, water supplies, or production equipment or on the workers themselves. The sterilization methods used by the nursery were shown to be ineffective, indicating that a more rigorous method was required. Boiling trays for 15 min or steaming at 65°C for 60 min eradicated P. boodjera. This pathogen was more pathogenic to the eucalypts tested in their early seedling stage than P. cinnamomi. Tracing of out-planting to revegetation sites showed that P. boodjera was able to spread into the environment. Dispersal via out-planting to native vegetation may affect seedling recruitment and drive long-term shifts in native plant species. Inadequate nursery hygiene increases the risk of an outbreak and can limit the success of biosecurity efforts as well as damage conservation efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes V Simamora
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, 6150, Australia; and Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nusa Cendana, Kupang, Indonesia
| | - Trudy Paap
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University
| | - Kay Howard
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University
| | - Michael J C Stukely
- Science and Conservation Division, Department of Parks and Wildlife, Bentley Delivery Centre, WA 6983, Australia
| | - Giles E St J Hardy
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University
| | - Treena I Burgess
- Centre for Phytophthora Science and Management, School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University
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16
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Gosney B, O'Reilly-Wapstra J, Forster L, Whiteley C, Potts B. The Extended Community-Level Effects of Genetic Variation in Foliar Wax Chemistry in the Forest Tree Eucalyptus globulus. J Chem Ecol 2017; 43:532-542. [PMID: 28478546 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-017-0849-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Genetic variation in foundation trees can influence dependent communities, but little is known about the mechanisms driving these extended genetic effects. We studied the potential chemical drivers of genetic variation in the dependent foliar community of the focal tree Eucalyptus globulus. We focus on the role of cuticular waxes and compare the effects to that of the terpenes, a well-studied group of secondary compounds known to be bioactive in eucalypts. The canopy community was quantified based on the abundance of thirty-nine distinctive arthropod and fungal symptoms on foliar samples collected from canopies of 246 progeny from 13 E. globulus sub-races grown in a common garden trial. Cuticular waxes and foliar terpenes were quantified using gas chromatography - mass spectrometry (GC-MC). A total of 4 of the 13 quantified waxes and 7 of the 16 quantified terpenes were significantly associated with the dependent foliar community. Variation in waxes explained 22.9% of the community variation among sub-races, which was equivalent to that explained by terpenes. In combination, waxes and terpenes explained 35% of the genetic variation among sub-races. Only a small proportion of wax and terpene compounds showing statistically significant differences among sub-races were implicated in community level effects. The few significant waxes have previously shown evidence of divergent selection in E. globulus, which signals that adaptive variation in phenotypic traits may have extended effects. While highlighting the role of the understudied cuticular waxes, this study demonstrates the complexity of factors likely to lead to community genetic effects in foundation trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Gosney
- School of Biological Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | | | - Lynne Forster
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 50, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Carmen Whiteley
- School of Biological Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Brad Potts
- School of Biological Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
- ARC Training Centre for Forest Value, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
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17
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Holste EK, Kobe RK, Gehring CA. Plant species differ in early seedling growth and tissue nutrient responses to arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza 2017; 27:211-223. [PMID: 27838856 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0744-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Experiments with plant species that can host both arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are important to separating the roles of fungal type and plant species and understanding the influence of the types of symbioses on plant growth and nutrient acquisition. We examined the effects of mycorrhizal fungal type on the growth and tissue nutrient content of two tree species (Eucalyptus grandis and Quercus costaricensis) grown under four nutrient treatments (combinations of low versus high nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) with different N:P ratios) in the greenhouse. Trees were inoculated with unidentified field mixtures of AMF or EMF species cultivated on root fragments of AMF- or EMF-specific bait plants. In E. grandis, inoculation with both AMF and EMF positively affected belowground plant dry weight and negatively affected aboveground dry weight, while only inoculation with AMF increased tissue nutrient content. Conversely, Q. costaricensis dry weight and nutrient content did not differ significantly among inoculation treatments, potentially due to its dependence on cotyledon reserves for growth. Mineral nutrition of both tree species differed with the ratio of N to P applied while growth did not. Our results demonstrate that both tree species' characteristics and the soil nutrient environment can affect how AMF and EMF interact with their host plants. This research highlights the importance of mycorrhizal fungal-tree-soil interactions during early seedling growth and suggests that differences between AMF and EMF associations may be crucial to understanding forest ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen K Holste
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Natural Resource Building, Room 126, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Richard K Kobe
- Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Natural Resource Building, Room 126, 48824, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Catherine A Gehring
- Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, 617 S. Beaver Street, 86011, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
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18
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Zwart L, Berger DK, Moleleki LN, van der Merwe NA, Myburg AA, Naidoo S. Evidence for salicylic acid signalling and histological changes in the defence response of Eucalyptus grandis to Chrysoporthe austroafricana. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45402. [PMID: 28349984 PMCID: PMC5368643 DOI: 10.1038/srep45402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucalyptus species are cultivated for forestry and are of economic importance. The fungal stem canker pathogen Chrysoporthe austroafricana causes disease of varying severity on E. grandis. The Eucalyptus grandis-Chrysoporthe austroafricana interaction has been established as a model system for studying Eucalyptus antifungal defence. Previous studies revealed that the phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) affects the levels of resistance in highly susceptible (ZG14) and moderately resistant (TAG5) clones. The aims of this study were to examine histochemical changes in response to wounding and inoculation as well as host responses at the protein level. The anatomy and histochemical changes induced by wounding and inoculation were similar between the clones, suggesting that anatomical differences do not underlie their different levels of resistance. Tyloses and gum-like substances were present after inoculation and wounding, but cell death occurred only after inoculation. Hyphae of C. austroafricana were observed inside dead and living cells, suggesting that the possibility of a hemibiotrophic interaction requires further investigation. Proteomics analysis revealed the possible involvement of proteins associated with cell death, SA signalling and systemic resistance. In combination with previous information, this study forms a basis for future functional characterisation of candidate genes involved in resistance of E. grandis to C. austroafricana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizahn Zwart
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Dave Kenneth Berger
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Lucy Novungayo Moleleki
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nicolaas A. van der Merwe
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Alexander A. Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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19
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Ye X, Liu H, Jin Y, Guo M, Huang A, Chen Q, Guo W, Zhang F, Feng L. Transcriptomic Analysis of Calonectria pseudoreteaudii during Various Stages of Eucalyptus Infection. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169598. [PMID: 28072879 PMCID: PMC5224884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Eucalyptus leaf blight caused by Calonectria spp. is a serious disease in Eucalyptus seedling and plantations. However, the molecular mechanisms of the infection process and pathogenesis of Calonectria to Eucalyptus is not well-studied. In this study, we analyzed the transcriptomes of C. pseudoreteaudii at three stages of Eucalyptus leaf infection, and in mycelium grown in potato dextrose broth using Illumina RNA-Seq technology. We identified 161 differentially expressed genes between C. pseudoreteaudii from leaf and mycelium grown in potato dextrose broth. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses of these genes suggested that they were mainly involved in oxidoreductase activity, hydrolase activity, and transmembrane transporter activity. Most of the differentially expressed genes at the early infection stage were upregulated. These upregulated genes were mainly involved in cell wall hydrolysis and toxin synthesis, suggesting a role for toxin and cell wall hydrolases in the establishment of Calonectria leaf blight. Genes related to detoxification of phytoalexins were continually upregulated during infection. The candidate effectors and putative pathogenicity determinants identified in this study will help in the functional analysis of C. pseudoreteaudii virulence and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhen Ye
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Jinshan College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Forestry Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Hongyi Liu
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Forestry Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yajie Jin
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Forestry Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Guo
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Forestry Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Aizhen Huang
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Forestry Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Quanzhu Chen
- Jinshan College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Forestry Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenshuo Guo
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Forestry Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Feiping Zhang
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Lizhen Feng
- Forestry College, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- Institute of Forestry Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Horton BM, Glen M, Davidson NJ, Ratkowsky DA, Close DC, Wardlaw TJ, Mohammed C. An assessment of ectomycorrhizal fungal communities in Tasmanian temperate high-altitude Eucalyptus delegatensis forest reveals a dominance of the Cortinariaceae. Mycorrhiza 2017; 27:67-74. [PMID: 27549439 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0725-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fungal diversity of Australian eucalypt forests remains underexplored. We investigated the ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungal community characteristics of declining temperate eucalypt forests in Tasmania. Within this context, we explored the diversity of EcM fungi of two forest types in the northern highlands in the east and west of the island. We hypothesised that EcM fungal community richness and composition would differ between forest type but that the Cortinariaceae would be the dominant family irrespective of forest type. We proposed that EcM richness would be greater in the wet sclerophyll forest than the dry sclerophyll forest type. Using both sporocarps and EcM fungi from root tips amplified by PCR and sequenced in the rDNA ITS region, 175 EcM operational taxonomic units were identified of which 97 belonged to the Cortinariaceae. The Cortinariaceae were the most diverse family, in both the above and below ground communities. Three distinct fungal assemblages occurred within the wet and dry sclerophyll forest types and two geographic regions that were studied, although this pattern did not remain when only the root tip data were analysed. EcM sporocarp richness was unusually higher than root tip richness and EcM richness did not significantly differ among forest types. The results are discussed in relation to the importance of the Cortinariaceae and the drivers of EcM fungal community composition within these forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryony M Horton
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 78, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia.
| | - Morag Glen
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 78, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Neil J Davidson
- Greening Australia, 30 Burnett St, North Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia
| | - David A Ratkowsky
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 78, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Dugald C Close
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 78, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Tim J Wardlaw
- Forestry Tasmania, 79 Melville Street, Hobart, Tasmania Australia, 7000, Australia
| | - Caroline Mohammed
- School of Land and Food, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 78, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
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Canton GC, Bertolazi AA, Cogo AJD, Eutrópio FJ, Melo J, de Souza SB, A Krohling C, Campostrini E, da Silva AG, Façanha AR, Sepúlveda N, Cruz C, Ramos AC. Biochemical and ecophysiological responses to manganese stress by ectomycorrhizal fungus Pisolithus tinctorius and in association with Eucalyptus grandis. Mycorrhiza 2016; 26:475-487. [PMID: 26861483 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-016-0686-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
At relatively low concentrations, the element manganese (Mn) is essential for plant metabolism, especially for photosynthesis and as an enzyme antioxidant cofactor. However, industrial and agricultural activities have greatly increased Mn concentrations, and thereby contamination, in soils. We tested whether and how growth of Pisolithus tinctorius is influenced by Mn and glucose and compare the activities of oxidative stress enzymes as biochemical markers of Mn stress. We also compared nutrient accumulation, ecophysiology, and biochemical responses in Eucalyptus grandis which had been colonized by the ectomycorrhizal Pisolithus tinctorius with those which had not, when both were exposed to increasing Mn concentrations. In vitro experiments comprised six concentrations of Mn in three concentrations of glucose. In vivo experiments used plants colonized by Pisolithus tinctorius, or not colonized, grown with three concentrations of Mn (0, 200, and 1000 μM). We found that fungal growth and glucose concentration were correlated, but these were not influenced by Mn levels in the medium. The anti-oxidative enzymes catalase and glutathione S-transferase were both activated when the fungus was exposed to Mn. Also, mycorrhizal plants grew more and faster than non-mycorrhizal plants, whatever Mn exposure. Photosynthesis rate, intrinsic water use efficiency, and carboxylation efficiency were all inversely correlated with Mn concentration. Thus, we originally show that the ectomycorrhizal fungus provides protection for its host plants against varying and potentially toxic concentrations of Mn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela C Canton
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Lab, Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Boa Vista, Vila Velha, ES, 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Amanda A Bertolazi
- Plant Physiology Lab, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Antônio J D Cogo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Frederico Jacob Eutrópio
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Juliana Melo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Sávio Bastos de Souza
- Plant Physiology Lab, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Cesar A Krohling
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Eliemar Campostrini
- Plant Physiology Lab, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Ary Gomes da Silva
- Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology Lab, Universidade Vila Velha (UVV), Boa Vista, Vila Velha, ES, 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Arnoldo R Façanha
- Plant Physiology Lab, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
- Cell Tissue and Biology Lab, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Nuno Sepúlveda
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, Faculty of Sciences, United Kingdom & Center of Statistics and Applications of University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cruz
- Center for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (Ce3C), Faculty of Sciences, Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alessandro C Ramos
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Physiology of Microorganisms, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28013-602, Brazil.
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22
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Kariman K, Barker SJ, Jost R, Finnegan PM, Tibbett M. Sensitivity of jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) to phosphate, phosphite, and arsenate pulses as influenced by fungal symbiotic associations. Mycorrhiza 2016; 26:401-15. [PMID: 26810895 PMCID: PMC4909810 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-015-0674-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Many plant species adapted to P-impoverished soils, including jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), develop toxicity symptoms when exposed to high doses of phosphate (Pi) and its analogs such as phosphite (Phi) and arsenate (AsV). The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of fungal symbionts Scutellospora calospora, Scleroderma sp., and Austroboletus occidentalis on the response of jarrah to highly toxic pulses (1.5 mmol kg(-1) soil) of Pi, Phi, and AsV. S. calospora formed an arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis while both Scleroderma sp. and A. occidentalis established a non-colonizing symbiosis with jarrah plants. All these interactions significantly improved jarrah growth and Pi uptake under P-limiting conditions. The AM fungal colonization naturally declines in AM-eucalypt symbioses after 2-3 months; however, in the present study, the high Pi pulse inhibited the decline of AM fungal colonization in jarrah. Four weeks after exposure to the Pi pulse, plants inoculated with S. calospora had significantly lower toxicity symptoms compared to non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants, and all fungal treatments induced tolerance against Phi toxicity in jarrah. However, no tolerance was observed for AsV-treated plants even though all inoculated plants had significantly lower shoot As concentrations than the NM plants. The transcript profile of five jarrah high-affinity phosphate transporter (PHT1 family) genes in roots was not altered in response to any of the fungal species tested. Interestingly, plants exposed to high Pi supplies for 1 day did not have reduced transcript levels for any of the five PHT1 genes in roots, and transcript abundance of four PHT1 genes actually increased. It is therefore suggested that jarrah, and perhaps other P-sensitive perennial species, respond positively to Pi available in the soil solution through increasing rather than decreasing the expression of selected PHT1 genes. Furthermore, Scleroderma sp. can be considered as a fungus with dual functional capacity capable of forming both ectomycorrhizal and non-colonizing associations, where both pathways are always accompanied by evident growth and nutritional benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Kariman
- School of Earth and Environment M087, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Susan J Barker
- School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture M082, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ricarda Jost
- School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Life Science, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
| | - Patrick M Finnegan
- School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture M082, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mark Tibbett
- Centre for Agri-Environmental Research, and Soil Research Centre, School of Agriculture Policy and Development, University of Reading, Berkshire, RG6 6AR, UK.
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Salla TD, Astarita LV, Santarém ER. Defense responses in plants of Eucalyptus elicited by Streptomyces and challenged with Botrytis cinerea. Planta 2016; 243:1055-1070. [PMID: 26794965 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2460-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Elicitation of E. grandis plants with Streptomyces PM9 reduced the gray-mold disease, through increasing the levels of enzymes directly related to the induction of plant defense responses, and accumulation of specific phenolic compounds. Members of Eucalyptus are economically important woody species, especially as a raw material in many industrial sectors. Species of this genus are susceptible to pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea (gray mold). Biological control of plant diseases using rhizobacteria is one alternative to reduce the use of pesticides and pathogen attack. This study evaluated the metabolic and phenotypic responses of Eucalyptus grandis and E. globulus plants treated with Streptomyces sp. PM9 and challenged with the pathogenic fungus B. cinerea. Metabolic responses were evaluated by assessing the activities of the enzymes polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase as well as the levels of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. The incidence and progression of the fungal disease in PM9-treated plants and challenged with B. cinerea were evaluated. Treatment with Streptomyces sp. PM9 and challenge with B. cinerea led to changes in the activities of polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase as well as in the levels of phenolic compounds in the plants at different time points. Alterations in enzymes of PM9-treated plants were related to early defense responses in E. grandis. Gallic and chlorogenic acids were on average more abundant, although caffeic acid, benzoic acid and catechin were induced at specific time points during the culture period. Treatment with Streptomyces sp. PM9 significantly delayed the establishment of gray mold in E. grandis plants. These results demonstrate the action of Streptomyces sp. PM9 in inducing plant responses against B. cinerea, making this organism a potential candidate for biological control in Eucalyptus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamiris D Salla
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 12C, sala 213, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Leandro V Astarita
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 12C, sala 213, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil
| | - Eliane R Santarém
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Faculdade de Biociências, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul - PUCRS, Avenida Ipiranga, 6681, 12C, sala 213, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil.
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24
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Quecine MC, Leite TF, Bini AP, Regiani T, Franceschini LM, Budzinski IGF, Marques FG, Labate MTV, Guidetti-Gonzalez S, Moon DH, Labate CA. Label-Free Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Puccinia psidii Uredospores Reveals Differences of Fungal Populations Infecting Eucalyptus and Guava. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0145343. [PMID: 26731728 PMCID: PMC4701387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Puccinia psidii sensu lato (s.l.) is the causal agent of eucalyptus and guava rust, but it also attacks a wide range of plant species from the myrtle family, resulting in a significant genetic and physiological variability among populations accessed from different hosts. The uredospores are crucial to P. psidii dissemination in the field. Although they are important for the fungal pathogenesis, their molecular characterization has been poorly studied. In this work, we report the first in-depth proteomic analysis of P. psidii s.l. uredospores from two contrasting populations: guava fruits (PpGuava) and eucalyptus leaves (PpEucalyptus). NanoUPLC-MSE was used to generate peptide spectra that were matched to the UniProt Puccinia genera sequences (UniProt database) resulting in the first proteomic analysis of the phytopathogenic fungus P. psidii. Three hundred and fourty proteins were detected and quantified using Label free proteomics. A significant number of unique proteins were found for each sample, others were significantly more or less abundant, according to the fungal populations. In PpGuava population, many proteins correlated with fungal virulence, such as malate dehydrogenase, proteossomes subunits, enolases and others were increased. On the other hand, PpEucalyptus proteins involved in biogenesis, protein folding and translocation were increased, supporting the physiological variability of the fungal populations according to their protein reservoirs and specific host interaction strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Quecine
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Falda Leite
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - Andressa Peres Bini
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - Thais Regiani
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - Lívia Maria Franceschini
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Garbelini Marques
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - Mônica Teresa Veneziano Labate
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - Simone Guidetti-Gonzalez
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - David Henry Moon
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Labate
- Departament of Genetics, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba -SP, Brazil
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Jimu L, Chen S, Wingfield MJ, Mwenje E, Roux J. Three genetic groups of the Eucalyptus stem canker pathogen Teratosphaeria zuluensis introduced into Africa from an unknown source. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 109:21-33. [PMID: 26499489 DOI: 10.1111/efp.12095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The Eucalyptus stem canker pathogen Teratosphaeria zuluensis was discovered in South Africa in 1988 and it has subsequently been found in several other African countries as well as globally. In this study, the population structure, genetic diversity and evolutionary history of T. z uluensis were analysed using microsatellite markers to gain an enhanced understanding of its movement in Africa. Isolates were collected from several sites in Malawi, Mozambique, Uganda and Zambia. Data obtained were compared with those previously published for a South African population. The data obtained from 334 isolates, amplified across eight microsatellite loci, were used for assignment, differentiation and genetic diversity tests. STRUCTURE analyses, θ st and genetic distances revealed the existence of two clusters, one dominated by isolates from South Africa and the other by isolates from the Zambezi basin including Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia. High levels of admixture were found within and among populations, dominated by the Mulanje population in Malawi. Moderate to low genetic diversity of the populations supports the previously held view that the pathogen was introduced into Africa. The clonal nature of the Ugandan population suggests a very recent introduction, most likely from southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Jimu
- Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, Forest Science Postgraduate Programme, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - ShuaiFei Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, FABI, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, FABI, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Eddie Mwenje
- Bindura University of Science Education (BUSE), P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Jolanda Roux
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, FABI, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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26
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Martín-Sampedro R, Fillat Ú, Ibarra D, Eugenio ME. Use of new endophytic fungi as pretreatment to enhance enzymatic saccharification of Eucalyptus globulus. Bioresour Technol 2015; 196:383-390. [PMID: 26255602 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
New endophytic fungi are assessed for the first time as pretreatment to enhance saccharification of Eucalyptus globulus wood. The fungi are all laccase-producing ascomycetes and were isolated from eucalyptus trees in Spain. After five endophytes had been assayed alone or in combination with white-rot fungus Trametes sp. I-62, three were pre-selected. To improve sugar production, an autohydrolysis pretreatment was performed before or after fungal treatment. Pretreatment increased sugar production 2.7 times compared to non-pretreated wood. When fungal and autohydrolysis pretreatments were combined, a synergistic increase in saccharification was observed in all cases. Endophytic fungi Ulocladium sp. and Hormonema sp. produced greater enhancements in saccharification than Trametes sp. I-62 (increase in sugar yields of 8.5, 8.0 and 6.0 times, respectively), demonstrating the high potential of these new endophytic fungi for saccharification enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Martín-Sampedro
- INIA - CIFOR, Forestry Products Department, Cellulose and Paper Laboratories, Ctra. de La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Úrsula Fillat
- INIA - CIFOR, Forestry Products Department, Cellulose and Paper Laboratories, Ctra. de La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - David Ibarra
- INIA - CIFOR, Forestry Products Department, Cellulose and Paper Laboratories, Ctra. de La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María E Eugenio
- INIA - CIFOR, Forestry Products Department, Cellulose and Paper Laboratories, Ctra. de La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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27
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Jimu L, Chen S, Wingfield MJ, Mwenje E, Roux J. Three genetic groups of the Eucalyptus stem canker pathogen Teratosphaeria zuluensis introduced into Africa from an unknown source. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 2015; 109:21-33. [PMID: 26499489 DOI: 10.1007/s10482-015-0606-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The Eucalyptus stem canker pathogen Teratosphaeria zuluensis was discovered in South Africa in 1988 and it has subsequently been found in several other African countries as well as globally. In this study, the population structure, genetic diversity and evolutionary history of T. z uluensis were analysed using microsatellite markers to gain an enhanced understanding of its movement in Africa. Isolates were collected from several sites in Malawi, Mozambique, Uganda and Zambia. Data obtained were compared with those previously published for a South African population. The data obtained from 334 isolates, amplified across eight microsatellite loci, were used for assignment, differentiation and genetic diversity tests. STRUCTURE analyses, θ st and genetic distances revealed the existence of two clusters, one dominated by isolates from South Africa and the other by isolates from the Zambezi basin including Malawi, Mozambique and Zambia. High levels of admixture were found within and among populations, dominated by the Mulanje population in Malawi. Moderate to low genetic diversity of the populations supports the previously held view that the pathogen was introduced into Africa. The clonal nature of the Ugandan population suggests a very recent introduction, most likely from southern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Jimu
- Department of Plant Production and Soil Science, Forest Science Postgraduate Programme, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - ShuaiFei Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, FABI, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, FABI, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
| | - Eddie Mwenje
- Bindura University of Science Education (BUSE), P. Bag 1020, Bindura, Zimbabwe
| | - Jolanda Roux
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, FABI, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa
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28
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Plett JM, Kohler A, Khachane A, Keniry K, Plett KL, Martin F, Anderson IC. The effect of elevated carbon dioxide on the interaction between Eucalyptus grandis and diverse isolates of Pisolithus sp. is associated with a complex shift in the root transcriptome. New Phytol 2015; 206:1423-36. [PMID: 25377589 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Using the newly available genome for Eucalyptus grandis, we sought to determine the genome-wide traits that enable this host to form mutualistic interactions with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) Pisolithus sp. and to determine how future predicted concentrations of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2 ) will affect this relationship. We analyzed the physiological and transcriptomic responses of E. grandis during colonization by different Pisolithus sp. isolates under conditions of ambient (400 ppm) and elevated (650 ppm) CO2 to tease out the gene expression profiles associated with colonization status. We demonstrate that E. grandis varies in its susceptibility to colonization by different Pisolithus isolates in a manner that is not predictable by geographic origin or the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based phylogeny of the fungal partner. Elevated concentrations of CO2 alter the receptivity of E. grandis to Pisolithus, a change that is correlated to a dramatic shift in the transcriptomic profile of the root. These data provide a starting point for understanding how future environmental change may alter the signaling between plants and their ECM partners and is a step towards determining the mechanism behind previously observed shifts in Eucalypt-associated fungal communities exposed to elevated concentrations of atmospheric CO2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Annegret Kohler
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-University of Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Amit Khachane
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Kerry Keniry
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Krista L Plett
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
| | - Francis Martin
- INRA, UMR 1136 INRA-University of Lorraine, Interactions Arbres/Microorganismes, Laboratory of Excellence ARBRE, INRA-Nancy, 54280, Champenoux, France
| | - Ian C Anderson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, University of Western Sydney, Richmond, NSW, 2753, Australia
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29
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Mangwanda R, Myburg AA, Naidoo S. Transcriptome and hormone profiling reveals Eucalyptus grandis defence responses against Chrysoporthe austroafricana. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:319. [PMID: 25903559 PMCID: PMC4405875 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1529-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eucalyptus species and interspecific hybrids exhibit valuable growth and wood properties that make them a highly desirable commodity. However, these trees are challenged by a wide array of biotic stresses during their lifetimes. The Eucalyptus grandis reference genome sequence provides a resource to study pest and pathogen defence mechanisms in long-lived woody plants. E. grandis trees are generally susceptible to Chrysoporthe austroafricana, a causal agent of stem cankers on eucalypts. The aim of this study was to characterize the defence response of E. grandis against C. austroafricana. RESULTS Hormone profiling of susceptible and moderately resistant clonal E. grandis genotypes indicated a reduction in salicylic acid and gibberellic acid levels at 3 days post inoculation. We hypothesized that these signaling pathways may facilitate resistance. To further investigate other defence mechanisms at this time point, transcriptome profiling was performed. This revealed that cell wall modifications and response to oxidative stress form part of the defence responses common to both genotypes, whilst changes in the hormone signaling pathways may contribute to resistance. Additionally the expression of selected candidate defence response genes was induced earlier in moderately resistant trees than in susceptible trees, supporting the hypothesis that a delayed defence response may occur in the susceptible interaction. CONCLUSION The ability of a host to fine-tune its defence responses is crucial and the responses identified in this study extends our understanding of plant defence, gained from model systems, to woody perennials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronishree Mangwanda
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag x20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Alexander A Myburg
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag x20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
| | - Sanushka Naidoo
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), Genomics Research Institute (GRI), University of Pretoria, Private bag x20, Pretoria, 0028, South Africa.
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Colavolpe MB, Mejía SJ, Albertó E. Efficiency of treatments for controlling Trichoderma spp during spawning in cultivation of lignicolous mushrooms. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 45:1263-70. [PMID: 25763030 PMCID: PMC4323299 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp is the cause of the green mold disease in mushroom cultivation production. Many disinfection treatments are commonly applied to lignocellulose substrates to prevent contamination. Mushroom growers are usually worried about the contaminations that may occur after these treatments during handling or spawning. The aim of this paper is to estimate the growth of the green mold Trichoderma sp on lignocellulose substrates after different disinfection treatments to know which of them is more effective to avoid contamination during spawning phase. Three different treatments were assayed: sterilization (121 °C), immersion in hot water (60 and 80 °C), and immersion in alkalinized water. Wheat straw, wheat seeds and Eucalyptus or Populus sawdust were used separately as substrates. After the disinfection treatments, bagged substrates were sprayed with 3 mL of suspension of conidia of Trichoderma sp (10(5) conidia/mL) and then separately spawned with Pleurotus ostreatus or Gymnopilus pampeanus. The growth of Trichoderma sp was evaluated based on a qualitative scale. Trichoderma sp could not grow on non-sterilized substrates. Immersions in hot water treatments and immersion in alkalinized water were also unfavorable treatments for its growth. Co- cultivation with mushrooms favored Trichoderma sp growth. Mushroom cultivation disinfection treatments of lignocellulose substrates influence on the growth of Trichoderma sp when contaminations occur during spawning phase. The immersion in hot water at 60 °C for 30 min or in alkalinized water for 36 h, are treatments which better reduced the contaminations with Trichoderma sp during spawning phase for the cultivation of lignicolous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Colavolpe
- Laboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom CultivationInstituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de ChascomúsConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasUniversidad Nacional de San MartínProvincia de Buenos AiresArgentinaLaboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom Cultivation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Santiago Jaramillo Mejía
- Laboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom CultivationInstituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de ChascomúsConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasUniversidad Nacional de San MartínProvincia de Buenos AiresArgentinaLaboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom Cultivation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Edgardo Albertó
- Laboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom CultivationInstituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de ChascomúsConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasUniversidad Nacional de San MartínProvincia de Buenos AiresArgentinaLaboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom Cultivation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Rachid CTCC, Balieiro FC, Fonseca ES, Peixoto RS, Chaer GM, Tiedje JM, Rosado AS. Intercropped silviculture systems, a key to achieving soil fungal community management in eucalyptus plantations. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118515. [PMID: 25706388 PMCID: PMC4338270 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are ubiquitous and important contributors to soil nutrient cycling, playing a vital role in C, N and P turnover, with many fungi having direct beneficial relationships with plants. However, the factors that modulate the soil fungal community are poorly understood. We studied the degree to which the composition of tree species affected the soil fungal community structure and diversity by pyrosequencing the 28S rRNA gene in soil DNA. We were also interested in whether intercropping (mixed plantation of two plant species) could be used to select fungal species. More than 50,000 high quality sequences were analyzed from three treatments: monoculture of Eucalyptus; monoculture of Acacia mangium; and a mixed plantation with both species sampled 2 and 3 years after planting. We found that the plant type had a major effect on the soil fungal community structure, with 75% of the sequences from the Eucalyptus soil belonging to Basidiomycota and 19% to Ascomycota, and the Acacia soil having a sequence distribution of 28% and 62%, respectively. The intercropping of Acacia mangium in a Eucalyptus plantation significantly increased the number of fungal genera and the diversity indices and introduced or increased the frequency of several genera that were not found in the monoculture cultivation samples. Our results suggest that management of soil fungi is possible by manipulating the composition of the plant community, and intercropped systems can be a means to achieve that.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio T. C. C. Rachid
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo S. Fonseca
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raquel Silva Peixoto
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - James M. Tiedje
- Center for Microbial Ecology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Alexandre S. Rosado
- Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Gosney BJ, O′Reilly-Wapstra JM, Forster LG, Barbour RC, Iason GR, Potts BM. Genetic and ontogenetic variation in an endangered tree structures dependent arthropod and fungal communities. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114132. [PMID: 25469641 PMCID: PMC4254790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant genetic and ontogenetic variation can significantly impact dependent fungal and arthropod communities. However, little is known of the relative importance of these extended genetic and ontogenetic effects within a species. Using a common garden trial, we compared the dependent arthropod and fungal community on 222 progeny from two highly differentiated populations of the endangered heteroblastic tree species, Eucalyptus morrisbyi. We assessed arthropod and fungal communities on both juvenile and adult foliage. The community variation was related to previous levels of marsupial browsing, as well as the variation in the physicochemical properties of leaves using near-infrared spectroscopy. We found highly significant differences in community composition, abundance and diversity parameters between eucalypt source populations in the common garden, and these were comparable to differences between the distinctive juvenile and adult foliage. The physicochemical properties assessed accounted for a significant percentage of the community variation but did not explain fully the community differences between populations and foliage types. Similarly, while differences in population susceptibility to a major marsupial herbivore may result in diffuse genetic effects on the dependent community, this still did not account for the large genetic-based differences in dependent communities between populations. Our results emphasize the importance of maintaining the populations of this rare species as separate management units, as not only are the populations highly genetically structured, this variation may alter the trajectory of biotic colonization of conservation plantings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Gosney
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- National Center of Future Forest Industries (NCFFI), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Julianne M. O′Reilly-Wapstra
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- National Center of Future Forest Industries (NCFFI), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Lynne G. Forster
- School of Agricultural Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Robert C. Barbour
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Glenn R. Iason
- The James Hutton Institute, Craigibuckler, Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Brad M. Potts
- School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- National Center of Future Forest Industries (NCFFI), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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Salla TD, da Silva R, Astarita LV, Santarém ER. Streptomyces rhizobacteria modulate the secondary metabolism of Eucalyptus plants. Plant Physiol Biochem 2014; 85:14-20. [PMID: 25394796 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The genus Eucalyptus comprises economically important species, such as Eucalyptus grandis and Eucalyptus globulus, used especially as a raw material in many industrial sectors. Species of Eucalyptus are very susceptible to pathogens, mainly fungi, which leads to mortality of plant cuttings in rooting phase. One alternative to promote plant health and development is the potential use of microorganisms that act as agents for biological control, such as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). Rhizobacteria Streptomyces spp have been considered as PGPR. This study aimed at selecting strains of Streptomyces with ability to promote plant growth and modulate secondary metabolism of E. grandis and E. globulus in vitro plants. The experiments assessed the development of plants (root number and length), changes in key enzymes in plant defense (polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase) and induction of secondary compounds(total phenolic and quercetinic flavonoid fraction). The isolate Streptomyces PM9 showed highest production of indol-3-acetic acid and the best potential for root induction. Treatment of Eucalyptus roots with Streptomyces PM9 caused alterations in enzymes activities during the period of co-cultivation (1-15 days), as well as in the levels of phenolic compounds and flavonoids. Shoots also showed alteration in the secondary metabolism, suggesting induced systemic response. The ability of Streptomyces sp. PM9 on promoting root growth, through production of IAA, and possible role on modulation of secondary metabolism of Eucalyptus plants characterizes this isolate as PGPR and indicates its potential use as a biological control in forestry.
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da Silva MDCS, Paula TDA, Moreira BC, Carolino M, Cruz C, Bazzolli DMS, Silva CC, Kasuya MCM. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria in Eucalyptus globulus plantations. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111313. [PMID: 25340502 PMCID: PMC4207822 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucalypt cultivation is an important economic activity worldwide. In Portugal, Eucalyptus globulus plantations account for one-third of the total forested area. The nutritional requirements of this crop have been well studied, and nitrogen (N) is one of the most important elements required for vegetal growth. N dynamics in soils are influenced by microorganisms, such as diazotrophic bacteria (DB) that are responsible for biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), so the aim of this study was to evaluate and identity the main groups of DB in E. globulus plantations. Samples of soil and root systems were collected in winter and summer from three different Portuguese regions (Penafiel, Gavião and Odemira). We observed that DB communities were affected by season, N fertilization and moisture. Furthermore Bradyrhizobium and Burkholderia were the most prevalent genera in these three regions. This is the first study describing the dynamic of these bacteria in E. globulus plantations, and these data will likely contribute to a better understanding of the nutritional requirements of eucalypt cultivation and associated organic matter turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bruno Coutinho Moreira
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Manuela Carolino
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Lisboa, Campo Grande, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cruz
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Centro de Biologia Ambiental, Lisboa, Campo Grande, Portugal
| | | | - Cynthia Canedo Silva
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Kariman K, Barker SJ, Finnegan PM, Tibbett M. Ecto- and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis can induce tolerance to toxic pulses of phosphorus in jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) seedlings. Mycorrhiza 2014; 24:501-9. [PMID: 24584781 PMCID: PMC4156786 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-014-0567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In common with many plants native to low P soils, jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) develops toxicity symptoms upon exposure to elevated phosphorus (P). Jarrah plants can establish arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) and ectomycorrhizal (ECM) associations, along with a non-colonizing symbiosis described recently. AM colonization is known to influence the pattern of expression of genes required for P uptake of host plants and our aim was to investigate this phenomenon in relation to P sensitivity. Therefore, we examined the effect on hosts of the presence of AM and ECM fungi in combination with toxic pulses of P and assessed possible correlations between the induced tolerance and the shoot P concentration. The P transport dynamics of AM (Rhizophagus irregularis and Scutellospora calospora), ECM (Scleroderma sp.), non-colonizing symbiosis (Austroboletus occidentalis), dual mycorrhizal (R. irregularis and Scleroderma sp.), and non-mycorrhizal (NM) seedlings were monitored following two pulses of P. The ECM and A. occidentalis associations significantly enhanced the shoot P content of jarrah plants growing under P-deficient conditions. In addition, S. calospora, A. occidentalis, and Scleroderma sp. all stimulated plant growth significantly. All inoculated plants had significantly lower phytotoxicity symptoms compared to NM controls 7 days after addition of an elevated P dose (30 mg P kg(-1) soil). Following exposure to toxicity-inducing levels of P, the shoot P concentration was significantly lower in R. irregularis-inoculated and dually inoculated plants compared to NM controls. Although all inoculated plants had reduced toxicity symptoms and there was a positive linear relationship between rank and shoot P concentration, the protective effect was not necessarily explained by the type of fungal association or the extent of mycorrhizal colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Kariman
- School of Earth and Environment M087, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
- School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Susan J. Barker
- School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
- Institute of Agriculture M082, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Patrick M. Finnegan
- School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
- Institute of Agriculture M082, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
| | - Mark Tibbett
- School of Earth and Environment M087, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009 Australia
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology (B37), School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK 43 OAL England
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Kariman K, Barker SJ, Jost R, Finnegan PM, Tibbett M. A novel plant-fungus symbiosis benefits the host without forming mycorrhizal structures. New Phytol 2014; 201:1413-1422. [PMID: 24279681 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
• Most terrestrial plants form mutually beneficial symbioses with specific soil-borne fungi known as mycorrhiza. In a typical mycorrhizal association, fungal hyphae colonize plant roots, explore the soil beyond the rhizosphere and provide host plants with nutrients that might be chemically or physically inaccessible to root systems. • Here, we combined nutritional, radioisotopic ((33)P) and genetic approaches to describe a plant growth promoting symbiosis between the basidiomycete fungus Austroboletus occidentalis and jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata), which has quite different characteristics. • We show that the fungal partner does not colonize plant roots; hyphae are localized to the rhizosphere soil and vicinity and consequently do not transfer nutrients located beyond the rhizosphere. Transcript profiling of two high-affinity phosphate (Pi) transporter genes (EmPHT1;1 and EmPHT1;2) and hyphal-mediated (33)Pi uptake suggest that the Pi uptake shifts from an epidermal to a hyphal pathway in ectomycorrhizal plants (Scleroderma sp.), similar to arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses, whereas A. occidentalis benefits its host indirectly. The enhanced rhizosphere carboxylates are linked to growth and nutritional benefits in the novel symbiosis. • This work is a starting point for detailed mechanistic studies on other basidiomycete-woody plant relationships, where a continuum between heterotrophic rhizosphere fungi and plant beneficial symbioses is likely to exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Kariman
- School of Earth and Environment M087, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Susan J Barker
- School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture M082, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Ricarda Jost
- School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Patrick M Finnegan
- School of Plant Biology M084, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Institute of Agriculture M082, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - Mark Tibbett
- School of Earth and Environment M087, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology (B37), School of Applied Sciences, Cranfield University, Cranfield, Bedfordshire, MK 43 OAL, UK
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Pérez J, Galán J, Descals E, Pozo J. Effects of fungal inocula and habitat conditions on alder and eucalyptus leaf litter decomposition in streams of northern Spain. Microb Ecol 2014; 67:245-255. [PMID: 24141942 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigated how fungal decomposer (aquatic hyphomycetes) communities colonizing alder and eucalyptus leaf litter respond to changes in habitat characteristics (transplantation experiment). We examined the breakdown of leaf materials and the associated fungal communities at two contrasting sites, a headwater stream (H) and a midreach (M). Agroforestry increased from headwater to midreach. One month after the start of experiments at both sites, some leaf samples from the midreach site were transplanted to the headwater site (M-H treatment). Although both sites showed similar dissolved inorganic nutrient concentrations, eucalyptus leaves initially incubated at the midreach site (M, M-H) increased their breakdown rate compared to those incubated along the experiment at the headwater site (H). Alder breakdown rate was not enhanced, suggesting that their consumption was not limited by nutrient availability. Sporulation rates clearly differed between leaf types (alder > eucalyptus) and streams (H > M), but no transplantation effect was detected. When comparing conidial assemblages after transplantation, an inoculum effect (persistence of early colonizing species) was clear in both leaf species. Substrate preference and shifts in the relative importance of some fungal species along the process were also observed. Overall, our results support the determining role of the initial conditioning phase on the whole litter breakdown process, highlighting the importance of intrinsic leaf characteristics and those of the incubation habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Pérez
- Laboratory of Stream Ecology, Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080, Bilbao, Spain,
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Jourand P, Hannibal L, Majorel C, Mengant S, Ducousso M, Lebrun M. Ectomycorrhizal Pisolithus albus inoculation of Acacia spirorbis and Eucalyptus globulus grown in ultramafic topsoil enhances plant growth and mineral nutrition while limits metal uptake. J Plant Physiol 2014; 171:164-72. [PMID: 24331432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM) isolates of Pisolithus albus (Cooke and Massee) from nickel-rich ultramafic topsoils in New Caledonia were inoculated onto Acacia spirorbis Labill. (an endemic Fabaceae) and Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (used as a Myrtaceae plant host model). The aim of the study was to analyze the growth of symbiotic ECM plants growing on the ultramafic substrate that is characterized by high and toxic metal concentrations i.e. Co, Cr, Fe, Mn and Ni, deficient concentrations of plant essential nutrients such as N, P, K, and that presents an unbalanced Ca/Mg ratio (1/19). ECM inoculation was successful with a plant level of root mycorrhization up to 6.7%. ECM symbiosis enhanced plant growth as indicated by significant increases in shoot and root biomass. Presence of ECM enhanced uptake of major elements that are deficient in ultramafic substrates; in particular P, K and Ca. On the contrary, the ECM symbioses strongly reduced transfer to plants of element in excess in soils; in particular all metals. ECM-inoculated plants released metal complexing molecules as free thiols and oxalic acid mostly at lower concentrations than in controls. Data showed that ECM symbiosis helped plant growth by supplying uptake of deficient elements while acting as a protective barrier to toxic metals, in particular for plants growing on ultramafic substrate with extreme soil conditions. Isolation of indigenous and stress-adapted beneficial ECM fungi could serve as a potential tool for inoculation of ECM endemic plants for the successful restoration of ultramafic ecosystems degraded by mining activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Jourand
- IRD, UR040 LSTM, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
| | - Laure Hannibal
- IRD, UR040 LSTM, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Clarisse Majorel
- IRD, UR040 LSTM, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Stéphane Mengant
- Université de Nouvelle-Calédonie, Laboratoire insulaire du vivant et de l'environnement, B.P. R4, 98851 Nouméa Cedex, New Caledonia
| | - Marc Ducousso
- CIRAD, UR 82 LSTM, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5 France
| | - Michel Lebrun
- Université Montpellier 2, UMR28 LSTM, TA A-82/J Campus International de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
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Kemler M, Garnas J, Wingfield MJ, Gryzenhout M, Pillay KA, Slippers B. Ion Torrent PGM as tool for fungal community analysis: a case study of endophytes in Eucalyptus grandis reveals high taxonomic diversity. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81718. [PMID: 24358124 PMCID: PMC3864840 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Kingdom Fungi adds substantially to the diversity of life, but due to their cryptic morphology and lifestyle, tremendous diversity, paucity of formally described specimens, and the difficulty in isolating environmental strains into culture, fungal communities are difficult to characterize. This is especially true for endophytic communities of fungi living in healthy plant tissue. The developments in next generation sequencing technologies are, however, starting to reveal the true extent of fungal diversity. One of the promising new technologies, namely semiconductor sequencing, has thus far not been used in fungal diversity assessments. In this study we sequenced the internal transcribed spacer 1 (ITS1) nuclear encoded ribosomal RNA of the endophytic community of the economically important tree, Eucalyptus grandis, from South Africa using the Ion Torrent Personal Genome Machine (PGM). We determined the impact of various analysis parameters on the interpretation of the results, namely different sequence quality parameter settings, different sequence similarity cutoffs for clustering and filtering of databases for removal of sequences with incomplete taxonomy. Sequence similarity cutoff values only had a marginal effect on the identified family numbers, whereas different sequence quality filters had a large effect (89 vs. 48 families between least and most stringent filters). Database filtering had a small, but statistically significant, effect on the assignment of sequences to reference sequences. The community was dominated by Ascomycota, and particularly by families in the Dothidiomycetes that harbor well-known plant pathogens. The study demonstrates that semiconductor sequencing is an ideal strategy for environmental sequencing of fungal communities. It also highlights some potential pitfalls in subsequent data analyses when using a technology with relatively short read lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kemler
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeff Garnas
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Michael J. Wingfield
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Marieka Gryzenhout
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Kerry-Anne Pillay
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Bernard Slippers
- Department of Genetics, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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Fernandes I, Duarte S, Cássio F, Pascoal C. Effects of riparian plant diversity loss on aquatic microbial decomposers become more pronounced with increasing time. Microb Ecol 2013; 66:763-772. [PMID: 23963224 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-013-0278-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We examined the potential long-term impacts of riparian plant diversity loss on diversity and activity of aquatic microbial decomposers. Microbial assemblages were obtained in a mixed-forest stream by immersion of mesh bags containing three leaf species (alder, oak and eucalyptus), commonly found in riparian corridors of Iberian streams. Simulation of species loss was done in microcosms by including a set of all leaf species, retrieved from the stream, and non-colonized leaves of three, two or one leaf species. Leaves were renewed every month throughout six months, and microbial inoculum was ensured by a set of colonized leaves from the previous month. Microbial diversity, leaf mass loss and fungal biomass were assessed at the second and sixth months after plant species loss. Molecular diversity of fungi and bacteria, as the total number of operational taxonomic units per leaf diversity treatment, decreased with leaf diversity loss. Fungal biomass tended to decrease linearly with leaf species loss on oak and eucalyptus, suggesting more pronounced effects of leaf diversity on lower quality leaves. Decomposition of alder and eucalyptus leaves was affected by leaf species identity, mainly after longer times following diversity loss. Leaf decomposition of alder decreased when mixed with eucalyptus, while decomposition of eucalyptus decreased in mixtures with oak. Results suggest that the effects of leaf diversity on microbial decomposers depended on leaf species number and also on which species were lost from the system, especially after longer times. This may have implications for the management of riparian forests to maintain stream ecosystem functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Fernandes
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA), Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Pylro VS, de Freitas ALM, Otoni WC, da Silva IR, Borges AC, Costa MD. Calcium oxalate crystals in eucalypt ectomycorrhizae: morphochemical characterization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67685. [PMID: 23844062 PMCID: PMC3699605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectomycorrhizal fungi are ubiquitous in forest ecosystems, benefitting plants principally by increasing the uptake of water and nutrients such as calcium from the soil. Previous work has demonstrated accumulation of crystallites in eucalypt ectomycorrhizas, but detailed morphological and chemical characterization of these crystals has not been performed. In this work, cross sections of acetic acid-treated and cleared ectomycorrhizal fragments were visualized by polarized light microscopy to evaluate the location of crystals within cortical root cells. Ectomycorrhizal sections were also observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive x-ray (EDS) microprobe analysis. The predominant forms of crystals were crystal sand (granules) and concretions. Calcium, carbon and oxygen were detected by EDS as constituent elements and similar elemental profiles were observed between both crystal morphologies. All analyzed crystalline structures were characterized as calcium oxalate crystals. This is the first report of the stoichiometry and morphology of crystals occurring in eucalypt ectomycorrhizas in tropical soils. The data corroborates the role of ectomycorrhizae in the uptake and accumulation of calcium in the form of calcium oxalate crystals in hybrid eucalypt plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Satler Pylro
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ivo Ribeiro da Silva
- Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Chaer Borges
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maurício Dutra Costa
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Ishaq L, Barber PA, Hardy GESJ, Calver M, Dell B. Seedling mycorrhizal type and soil chemistry are related to canopy condition of Eucalyptus gomphocephala. Mycorrhiza 2013; 23:359-371. [PMID: 23314749 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-012-0476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The health of Eucalyptus gomphocephala is declining within its natural range in south-western Australia. In a pilot study to assess whether changes in mycorrhizal fungi and soil chemistry might be associated with E. gomphocephala decline, we set up a containerized bioassay experiment with E. gomphocephala as the trap plant using intact soil cores collected from 12 sites with E. gomphocephala canopy condition ranging from healthy to declining. Adjacent soil samples were collected for chemical analysis. The type of mycorrhiza (arbuscular or ectomycorrhizal) formed in containerized seedlings predicted the canopy condition of E. gomphocephala at the sites where the cores were taken. Ectomycorrhizal fungi colonization was higher in seedling roots in soil taken from sites with healthy canopies, whereas colonization by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi dominated in roots in soil taken from sites with declining canopies. Furthermore, several soil chemical properties predicted canopy condition and the type of mycorrhizal fungi colonizing roots. These preliminary findings suggest that large-scale studies should be undertaken in the field to quantify those ectomycorrhiza (ECM) fungi sensitive to E. gomphocephala canopy decline and whether particular ECM fungi are bioindicators of ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Ishaq
- Centre of Excellence for Climate Change, Woodland and Forest Health, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia
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Janos DP, Scott J, Aristizábal C, Bowman DMJS. Arbuscular-mycorrhizal networks inhibit Eucalyptus tetrodonta seedlings in rain forest soil microcosms. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57716. [PMID: 23460899 PMCID: PMC3584021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Eucalyptus tetrodonta, a co-dominant tree species of tropical, northern Australian savannas, does not invade adjacent monsoon rain forest unless the forest is burnt intensely. Such facilitation by fire of seedling establishment is known as the "ashbed effect." Because the ashbed effect might involve disruption of common mycorrhizal networks, we hypothesized that in the absence of fire, intact rain forest arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) networks inhibit E. tetrodonta seedlings. Although arbuscular mycorrhizas predominate in the rain forest, common tree species of the northern Australian savannas (including adult E. tetrodonta) host ectomycorrhizas. To test our hypothesis, we grew E. tetrodonta and Ceiba pentandra (an AM-responsive species used to confirm treatments) separately in microcosms of ambient or methyl-bromide fumigated rain forest soil with or without severing potential mycorrhizal fungus connections to an AM nurse plant, Litsea glutinosa. As expected, C. pentandra formed mycorrhizas in all treatments but had the most root colonization and grew fastest in ambient soil. E. tetrodonta seedlings also formed AM in all treatments, but severing hyphae in fumigated soil produced the least colonization and the best growth. Three of ten E. tetrodonta seedlings in ambient soil with intact network hyphae died. Because foliar chlorosis was symptomatic of iron deficiency, after 130 days we began to fertilize half the E. tetrodonta seedlings in ambient soil with an iron solution. Iron fertilization completely remedied chlorosis and stimulated leaf growth. Our microcosm results suggest that in intact rain forest, common AM networks mediate belowground competition and AM fungi may exacerbate iron deficiency, thereby enhancing resistance to E. tetrodonta invasion. Common AM networks-previously unrecognized as contributors to the ashbed effect-probably help to maintain the rain forest-savanna boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- David P Janos
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, United States of America.
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Kaewkla O, Franco CMM. Rational approaches to improving the isolation of endophytic actinobacteria from Australian native trees. Microb Ecol 2013; 65:384-393. [PMID: 22976339 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-012-0113-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, new actinobacterial species have been isolated as endophytes of plants and shrubs and are sought after both for their role as potential producers of new drug candidates for the pharmaceutical industry and as biocontrol inoculants for sustainable agriculture. Molecular-based approaches to the study of microbial ecology generally reveal a broader microbial diversity than can be obtained by cultivation methods. This study aimed to improve the success of isolating individual members of the actinobacterial population as pure cultures as well as improving the ability to characterise the large numbers obtained in pure culture. To achieve this objective, our study successfully employed rational and holistic approaches including the use of isolation media with low concentrations of nutrients normally available to the microorganism in the plant, plating larger quantities of plant sample, incubating isolation plates for up to 16 weeks, excising colonies when they are visible and choosing Australian endemic trees as the source of the actinobacteria. A hierarchy of polyphasic methods based on culture morphology, amplified 16S rRNA gene restriction analysis and limited sequencing was used to classify all 576 actinobacterial isolates from leaf, stem and root samples of two eucalypts: a Grey Box and Red Gum, a native apricot tree and a native pine tree. The classification revealed that, in addition to 413 Streptomyces spp., isolates belonged to 16 other actinobacterial genera: Actinomadura (two strains), Actinomycetospora (six), Actinopolymorpha (two), Amycolatopsis (six), Gordonia (one), Kribbella (25), Micromonospora (six), Nocardia (ten), Nocardioides (11), Nocardiopsis (one), Nonomuraea (one), Polymorphospora (two), Promicromonospora (51), Pseudonocardia (36), Williamsia (two) and a novel genus Flindersiella (one). In order to prove novelty, 12 strains were characterised fully to the species level based on polyphasic taxonomy. One strain represented a novel genus in the family Nocardioides, and the other 11 strains were accepted as novel species. In summary, the holistic isolation strategies were successful in obtaining significant culturable actinobacterial diversity within Australian native trees that includes rare and novel species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onuma Kaewkla
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Flinders University, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Silva JCE, Potts BM, Bijma P, Kerr RJ, Pilbeam DJ. Genetic control of interactions among individuals: contrasting outcomes of indirect genetic effects arising from neighbour disease infection and competition in a forest tree. New Phytol 2013; 197:631-641. [PMID: 23253336 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Indirect genetic effects (IGEs) are heritable effects of individuals on trait values of their conspecifics. IGEs may substantially affect response to selection, but empirical studies on IGEs are sparse and their magnitude and correlation with direct genetic effects are largely unknown in plants. Here we used linear mixed models to estimate genetic (co)variances attributable to direct and indirect effects for growth and foliar disease damage in a large pedigreed population of Eucalyptus globulus. We found significant IGEs for growth and disease damage, which increased with age for growth. The correlation between direct and indirect genetic effects was highly negative for growth, but highly positive for disease damage, consistent with neighbour competition and infection, respectively. IGEs increased heritable variation by 71% for disease damage, but reduced heritable variation by 85% for growth, leaving nonsignificant heritable variation for later age growth. Thus, IGEs are likely to prevent response to selection in growth, despite a considerable ordinary heritability. IGEs change our perspective on the genetic architecture and potential response to selection. Depending on the correlation between direct and indirect genetic effects, IGEs may enhance or diminish the response to natural or artificial selection compared with that predicted from ordinary heritability.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Costa E Silva
- Centro de Estudos Florestais, Departamento dos Recursos Naturais, Ambiente e Território, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade Técnica de Lisboa, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Brad M Potts
- School of Plant Science and CRC for Forestry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - Piter Bijma
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, Marijkeweg 40, 6709PG, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Richard J Kerr
- PlantPlan Genetics Pty Ltd, c/o School of Plant Science, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
| | - David J Pilbeam
- Southern Tree Breeding Association Inc, 39 Helen Street, PO Box 1811, Mount Gambier, South Australia, 5290, Australia
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Öztürk Z, Tansel B, Katsenovich Y, Sukop M, Laha S. Highly organic natural media as permeable reactive barriers: TCE partitioning and anaerobic degradation profile in eucalyptus mulch and compost. Chemosphere 2012; 89:665-671. [PMID: 22795070 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Batch and column experiments were conducted with eucalyptus mulch and commercial compost to evaluate suitability of highly organic natural media to support anaerobic decomposition of trichloroethylene (TCE) in groundwater. Experimental data for TCE and its dechlorination byproducts were analyzed with Hydrus-1D model to estimate the partitioning and kinetic parameters for the sequential dechlorination reactions during TCE decomposition. The highly organic natural media allowed development of a bioactive zone capable of decomposing TCE under anaerobic conditions. The first order TCE biodecomposition reaction rates were 0.23 and 1.2d(-1) in eucalyptus mulch and compost media, respectively. The retardation factors in the eucalyptus mulch and compost columns for TCE were 35 and 301, respectively. The results showed that natural organic soil amendments can effectively support the anaerobic bioactive zone for remediation of TCE contaminated groundwater. The natural organic media are effective environmentally sustainable materials for use in permeable reactive barriers.
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Li AS, Pan WH, Wu SX, Hideaki T, Guo NR, Shen YN, Lu GX, Pan RG, Zhu MC, Chen M, Shi WM, Liao WQ. Ecological surveys of the Cryptococcus species complex in China. Chin Med J (Engl) 2012; 125:511-516. [PMID: 22490412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite recent reports on the molecular epidemiology of cryptococcal infections in China, clinical isolates have been mostly reported from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-negative patients, and environmental isolates from China have rarely been included. The aim of this study was to investigate the ecological profile of Cryptococcus (C.) neoformans and C. gattii in China. METHODS A survey was performed in 10 cities from 20°N (North latitude) to 50°N and in a Eucalyptus (E.) camaldulensis forestry farm at the Guixi forestry center, China. RESULTS Six hundred and twenty samples of pigeon droppings from 10 cities and 819 E. camaldulensis tree samples were collected and inoculated on caffeic acid cornmeal agar (CACA). The brown-colored colonies were recultured to observe their morphology, growth on canavanine-glycine-bromothymol-blue (CGB) medium, phenol oxidase and urease activities, serotype and mating type. There were obvious differences in the positive sample rates of C. neoformans in pigeon droppings collected from the different cities, ranging from 50% in the cities located at latitudes from 30°N - 40°N, 29% at 20°N - 30°N and 13% at 40°N - 50°N. CONCLUSIONS There were no differences in positive bevy rates (approximately 80%) among the three grouped cities. Mycological tests of 101 isolates purified from pigeon droppings revealed that they were C. neoformans var. grubii. We also observed variable capsular size around the C. neoformans cells in colonies with variable melanin production and the bio-adhesion of the natural C. neoformans cells with other microorganisms. One urease-negative C. neoformans isolate was isolated from pigeon droppings in Jinan city. No C. gattii was isolated in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Sheng Li
- Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210042, China
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Jairus T, Mpumba R, Chinoya S, Tedersoo L. Invasion potential and host shifts of Australian and African ectomycorrhizal fungi in mixed eucalypt plantations. New Phytol 2011; 192:179-187. [PMID: 21627665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03775.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
• Transportation of forestry materials results in unintended co-introduction of nonnative species that may cause enormous ecological or economic damage. While the invasion ecology of plants and animals is relatively well-known, that of microorganisms, except aboveground pathogens, remains poorly understood. • This work addresses host shifts and invasion potential of root symbiotic ectomycorrhizal fungi that were co-introduced with Australian eucalypts and planted in clear-cut miombo woodlands in Zambia, south-central Africa. • By use of rDNA and plastid intron sequence analysis for identification and phylogenetic techniques for inferring fungal origin, we demonstrated that host shifts were uncommon in the Australian fungi, but frequent in the African fungi, especially in mixed plantations where roots of different trees intermingle. • There was evidence for naturalization, but not for invasion by Australian ectomycorrhizal fungi. Nevertheless, the fungi introduced may pose an invasion risk along with further adaptation to local soil environment and host trees. Inoculation of eucalypts with native edible fungi may ameliorate the potential invasion risks of introduced fungi and provide an alternative source of nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teele Jairus
- Department of Botany, Institute of Ecology and Earth Sciences, University of Tartu, 40 Lai St, 51005 Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Stephen Chinoya
- Loloma Mission Hospital, PO Box 100 Manyinga, Kabompo, Zambia
| | - Leho Tedersoo
- Natural History Museum of Tartu University, 46 Vanemuise Street 51005 Tartu, Estonia
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Ferreira MA, Harrington TC, Alfenas AC, Mizubuti ESG. Movement of genotypes of Ceratocystis fimbriata within and among Eucalyptus plantations in Brazil. Phytopathology 2011; 101:1005-1012. [PMID: 21486144 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-01-11-0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ceratocystis wilt on eucalyptus, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, was first recognized in 1997 in the state of Bahia, Brazil, but is now known in five other states and in four other countries. C. fimbriata is a native, soilborne pathogen in some parts of Brazil but we hypothesized that genotypes of the pathogen have been moved among plantations in rooted cuttings collected from diseased trees and within plantations on cutting tools. We used six microsatellite markers to identify 78 genotypes of C. fimbriata among 177 isolates from individual trees in 20 eucalyptus plantations. The highest gene and genotypic diversity values were found in plantations on formerly wild Cerrado forest in Minas Gerais, suggesting that the fungus was in the soil prior to planting eucalyptus. In contrast, one or only a few genotypes were found in plantations on previous pastureland (with no woody hosts) in Bahia and São Paulo, and most of these genotypes were found in a Bahian nursery or in one of two Bahian plantations that were sources for rooted cuttings. Sources of cuttings tended to be dominated by one or a few genotypes that may have been spread within the plantation on cutting tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Ferreira
- Departamento de Fitopatologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Smits THM, Rezzonico F, Kamber T, Blom J, Goesmann A, Ishimaru CA, Frey JE, Stockwell VO, Duffy B. Metabolic versatility and antibacterial metabolite biosynthesis are distinguishing genomic features of the fire blight antagonist Pantoea vagans C9-1. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22247. [PMID: 21789243 PMCID: PMC3137637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pantoea vagans is a commercialized biological control agent used against the pome fruit bacterial disease fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora. Compared to other biocontrol agents, relatively little is currently known regarding Pantoea genetics. Better understanding of antagonist mechanisms of action and ecological fitness is critical to improving efficacy. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Genome analysis indicated two major factors Contribute to biocontrol activity: competition for limiting substrates and antibacterial metabolite production. Pathways for utilization of a broad diversity of sugars and acquisition of iron were identified. Metabolism of sorbitol by P. vagans C9-1 may be a major metabolic feature in biocontrol of fire blight. Biosynthetic genes for the antibacterial peptide pantocin A were found on a chromosomal 28-kb genomic island, and for dapdiamide E on the plasmid pPag2. There was no evidence of potential virulence factors that could enable an animal or phytopathogenic lifestyle and no indication of any genetic-based biosafety risk in the antagonist. CONCLUSIONS Identifying key determinants contributing to disease suppression allows the development of procedures to follow their expression in planta and the genome sequence contributes to rationale risk assessment regarding the use of the biocontrol strain in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo H. M. Smits
- Swiss National Competence Center for Fire Blight, Division of Plant Protection, Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Rezzonico
- Swiss National Competence Center for Fire Blight, Division of Plant Protection, Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Tim Kamber
- Swiss National Competence Center for Fire Blight, Division of Plant Protection, Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Jochen Blom
- CeBiTec, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Carol A. Ishimaru
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Jürg E. Frey
- Swiss National Competence Center for Fire Blight, Division of Plant Protection, Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Virginia O. Stockwell
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Brion Duffy
- Swiss National Competence Center for Fire Blight, Division of Plant Protection, Agroscope Changins-Wädenswil ACW, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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