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Luković J, Milijašević-Marčić S, Hatvani L, Kredics L, Szűcs A, Vágvölgyi C, Duduk N, Vico I, Potočnik I. Sensitivity of Trichoderma strains from edible mushrooms to the fungicides prochloraz and metrafenone. J Environ Sci Health B 2020; 56:54-63. [PMID: 33156729 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2020.1838821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-two strains of Trichoderma spp. (T. harzianum species complex [THSC], Trichoderma aggressivum f. europaeum, Trichoderma pleuroti, and Trichoderma pleuroticola) causing green mold disease on edible mushrooms (button mushroom, shiitake and oyster mushroom), collected during 2004-2018 from four countries (Serbia, North Macedonia, Croatia, and Hungary) were examined. Based on their ITS (internal transcribed spacer) sequences, strains from shiitake mushroom in Serbia were identified as members of the THSC, while in samples obtained from Serbian and North-Macedonian oyster mushroom farms THSC, T. pleuroti and T. pleuroticola were detected, which represent the first findings in the region. In fungicide susceptibility tests, all examined Trichoderma strains were found to be highly sensitive to prochloraz (ED50<0.4 µg mL-1) and considerably susceptible to metrafenone (ED50 < 4 µg mL-1). The most sensitive taxon to both fungicides was THSC from oyster mushroom. The toxicity of metrafenone was satisfying and strains from oyster mushroom showed the highest sensitivity (ED50 < 1.43 µg mL-1), while strains originating from button mushroom and shiitake displayed similar susceptibilities (ED50 < 3.64 µg mL-1). After additional in vivo trials, metrafenone might also be recommended for the control of green mold disease in mushroom farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Luković
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Lóránt Hatvani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Attila Szűcs
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nataša Duduk
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Vico
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ivana Potočnik
- Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection, Belgrade, Serbia
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Kong R, Wang J, Cheng M, Lu W, Chen M, Zhang R, Wang X. Development and characterization of corn starch/PVA active films incorporated with carvacrol nanoemulsions. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 164:1631-1639. [PMID: 32763393 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An active film was prepared by corn starch (CS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and carvacrol nanoemulsions (CNE). The microstructure and properties of CNE/corn starch/PVA (CNE/CSP) films were characterized and investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the uniform distribution of CNE and discontinuity of the film matrix. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and rheological analysis indicated that CNE could weaken molecular interaction of the film matrix. X-ray diffraction (XRD) show that the films are amorphous and CNE has no effect on crystal structure of the films. Incorporation of CNE significantly increased the tensile strength, Young's modulus, elongation at break, barrier (water vapor and ultraviolet), antioxidant and antifungal activity. With the CNE incorporated, the optimal tensile strength, Young's modulus, elongation at break and antioxidant activity of the films can reach 12 MPa, 11 MPa, 133%, 81%, respectively. Minimum water vapor permeability was 3.1 × 10-12 gd-1m-1Pa-1. Notably, films incorporated with CNE (≥20%) had good DPPH free radical scavenging ability (>50%) when stored up to 6 days. Films with 25% CNE exhibited excellent antifungal activity against Trichoderma sp. and its inhibitory zone was 47 mm. Overall, the CSP films loaded with CNE (>15%) could be used as food packing materials with good antioxidant and antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Kong
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Meng Cheng
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Wenqian Lu
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Menglin Chen
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Rongfei Zhang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
| | - Xiangyou Wang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China
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Mironenka J, Różalska S, Soboń A, Bernat P. Lipids, proteins and extracellular metabolites of Trichoderma harzianum modifications caused by 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid as a plant growth stimulator. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 194:110383. [PMID: 32143105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Strains of Trichoderma harzianum are well-known producers of bioactive secondary metabolites and have a beneficial effect on plants. However, to the best of our knowledge, the effect of the commonly used pesticides on the activity of this fungus is not yet investigated. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on the lipidome and selected extracellular compounds synthesized by T. harzianum IM 0961 was examined. It was observed that the herbicide 2,4-D caused changes in the lipid composition of the mycelium and that the herbicide exhibited lipophilic properties. In addition, the herbicide disturbed the phosphatidylcholine (PC)/phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio and increased membrane permeability. The higher amount of cardiolipin CL 72:7 and the lower amount of CL 72:8 could have been associated with a decreased ratio of 18:2 and 18:1 fatty acids in the herbicide-treated samples. Moreover, in the presence of 2,4-D, an increased lipid peroxidation (twofold), as well as a higher content of oxylipin (9-HODE and 13-HODE) and phosphatidic acid (PA), was noted, confirming that 2,4-D induced lipid peroxidation in the mycelium. The herbicide also exerted its toxic effect on the production of 14-aminoacid peptaibols and two compounds, harzianic acid and t22-azaphilone, exhibiting antibiotic and plant growth-promoting activity. During proteomic analysis, the synthesis of some proteins, such as calcineurin-like phosphoesterase metallophosphatases (MPPs), which modulate the properties of cell walls, was found to be inhibited by the herbicide. These presented findings may be of significant value in understanding the effect of 2,4-D on the activity of T. harzianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Mironenka
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Adrian Soboń
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Microbial Genetics, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Immunology, Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
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Durechova D, Jopcik M, Rajninec M, Moravcikova J, Libantova J. Expression of Drosera rotundifolia Chitinase in Transgenic Tobacco Plants Enhanced Their Antifungal Potential. Mol Biotechnol 2019; 61:916-928. [PMID: 31555964 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-019-00214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a chitinase gene (DrChit) that plays a role in the carnivorous processes of Drosera rotundifolia L. was isolated from genomic DNA, linked to a double CaMV35S promoter and nos terminator in a pBinPlus plant binary vector, and used for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of tobacco. RT-qPCR revealed that within 14 transgenic lines analysed in detail, 57% had DrChit transcript abundance comparable to or lower than level of a reference actin gene transcript. In contrast, the transgenic lines 9 and 14 exhibited 72 and 152 times higher expression level than actin. The protein extracts of these two lines exhibited five and eight times higher chitinolytic activity than non-transgenic controls when measured in a fluorimetric assay with FITC-chitin. Finally, the growth of Trichoderma viride was obviously suppressed when the pathogen was exposed to 100 μg of crude protein extract isolated from line 9 and line 14, with the area of mycelium growth reaching only 56.4% and 45.2%, of non-transgenic control, respectively. This is the first time a chitinase from a carnivorous plant with substrate specificity for long chitin polymers was tested in a transgenic plant with the aim of exploring its antifungal potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Durechova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P. O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Martin Jopcik
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P. O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Miroslav Rajninec
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P. O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Moravcikova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P. O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Libantova
- Institute of Plant Genetics and Biotechnology, Plant Science Biodiversity Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Akademicka 2, P. O. Box 39A, 950 07, Nitra, Slovak Republic.
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Nykiel-Szymańska J, Różalska S, Bernat P, Słaba M. Assessment of oxidative stress and phospholipids alterations in chloroacetanilides-degrading Trichoderma spp. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2019; 184:109629. [PMID: 31509783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the induction of oxidative stress and antioxidant response in the chloroacetanilides-degrading Trichoderma spp. under alachlor and metolachlor exposure, a comparative analysis using popular biomarkers was employed. An increased intracellular level of reactive oxygen species (ROS; especially superoxide anion [O2-]) as well as products of lipid and protein oxidation after 24 h incubation with the herbicides confirmed chloroacetanilide-induced oxidative stress in tested Trichoderma strains. However, the considerable decline in the ROS levels and the carbonyl group content (biomarkers of protein peroxidation) in a time-dependent manner and changes in the antioxidant enzyme activities indicated an active response against chloroacetanilide-induced oxidative stress and the mechanism of tolerance in tested fungi. Moreover, the tested herbicides clearly modified the phospholipids (PLs) content in Trichoderma spp. in the stationary phase of growth, which was manifested through the difference in phosphatidic acid (PA), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidylcholines (PC) levels. Despite enhanced lipid peroxidation and changes in PLs in most tested fungi, only a slight modification in membrane integrity of Trichoderma spp. under chloroacetanilides exposure was noted. The obtained results suggest that the alterations in the antioxidant system and the PLs profile of Trichoderma spp. might be useful biomarkers of chloroacetanilide-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Nykiel-Szymańska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Różalska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mirosława Słaba
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, 90-237, Lodz, Poland.
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Li J, Su M, Wang A, Wu Z, Chen Y, Qin D, Jiang Z. In Situ Formation of Ag Nanoparticles in Mesoporous TiO 2 Films Decorated on Bamboo via Self-Sacrificing Reduction to Synthesize Nanocomposites with Efficient Antifungal Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5497. [PMID: 31694142 PMCID: PMC6862692 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a novel green approach for the in situ fabrication of Ag NPs in mesoporous TiO2 films via the bamboo self-sacrificing reduction of Ag(NH3)2+ ions, which can inhibit fungal growth on the bamboo surface. Mesoporous anatase TiO2 (MT) films were first synthesized on bamboo via a hydrothermal method. Then, Ag NPs with a 5.3 nm mean diameter were incorporated into the pore channels of optimal MT/bamboo (MTB) samples at room temperature without the addition of reducing agents, such that the Ag NPs were almost entirely embedded into the MT films. Our analysis indicated that the solubilized lignin from bamboo, which is rich in oxygen-containing functional groups, serves as a green reductant for reducing the Ag(NH3)2+ ions to Ag NPs. Antifungal experiments with Trichoderma viride under dark conditions highlighted that the antifungal activity of the Ag/MT/bamboo samples were greater than those of naked bamboo, MTB, and Ag/bamboo, suggesting that these hybrid nanomaterials produce a synergistic antifungal effect that is unrelated to photoactivity. The inhibition of Penicillium citrinum effectively followed a similar trend. This newly developed bamboo protection method may provide a sustainable, eco-friendly, and efficient method for enhancing the antifungal characteristics of traditional bamboo, having the potential to prolong the service life of bamboo materials, particularly under dark conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpeng Li
- Key Laboratory of High Efficient Processing of Bamboo of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Technology Research Center for Building and Decorating Materials of Bamboo State Forestry Administration, China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou 310012, China; (J.L.); (A.W.); (Z.W.)
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; (M.S.); (Z.J.)
| | - Minglei Su
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; (M.S.); (Z.J.)
| | - Anke Wang
- Key Laboratory of High Efficient Processing of Bamboo of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Technology Research Center for Building and Decorating Materials of Bamboo State Forestry Administration, China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou 310012, China; (J.L.); (A.W.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zaixing Wu
- Key Laboratory of High Efficient Processing of Bamboo of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Technology Research Center for Building and Decorating Materials of Bamboo State Forestry Administration, China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou 310012, China; (J.L.); (A.W.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yuhe Chen
- Key Laboratory of High Efficient Processing of Bamboo of Zhejiang Province, Engineering Technology Research Center for Building and Decorating Materials of Bamboo State Forestry Administration, China National Bamboo Research Center, Hangzhou 310012, China; (J.L.); (A.W.); (Z.W.)
| | - Daochun Qin
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; (M.S.); (Z.J.)
| | - Zehui Jiang
- International Center for Bamboo and Rattan, Beijing 100102, China; (M.S.); (Z.J.)
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Nykiel-Szymańska J, Bernat P, Słaba M. Potential of Trichoderma koningii to eliminate alachlor in the presence of copper ions. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2018; 162:1-9. [PMID: 29957402 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma koningii is capable of fast and effective eliminate alachlor (90% after 72 h when added separately and 80-60% in the presence of 1-5 mM of copper). After 168 h over 99% elimination of alachlor resulted in detoxification and was connected with the mitigation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Using MS/MS techniques, seven dechlorinated and hydroxylated metabolites were identified. Cytochrome P450 and laccase participate in biotransformation of the herbicide by this non-ligninolytic fungus. Laccase activity is stimulated both by copper and the mixture of copper and alachlor, which seems to be important for combined pollutants. T. koningii is characterized by high tolerance to copper (up to 7.5 mM). The metal content in mycelia reached 0.9-7.76 mg in 1 g of dry biomass. Our results suggest that T. koningii strain seems to be a promising tool for bioremediation of agricultural areas co-contaminated with copper-based fungicides and chloroacetanilide herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Nykiel-Szymańska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, Lodz 90-237, Poland
| | - Przemysław Bernat
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, Lodz 90-237, Poland
| | - Mirosława Słaba
- Department of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha Street 12/16, Lodz 90-237, Poland.
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Lombardi N, Vitale S, Turrà D, Reverberi M, Fanelli C, Vinale F, Marra R, Ruocco M, Pascale A, d'Errico G, Woo SL, Lorito M. Root Exudates of Stressed Plants Stimulate and Attract Trichoderma Soil Fungi. Mol Plant Microbe Interact 2018; 31:982-994. [PMID: 29547355 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-12-17-0310-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots release complex mixtures of bioactive molecules, including compounds that affect the activity and modify the composition of the rhizosphere microbiome. In this work, we investigated the initial phase of the interaction between tomato and an effective biocontrol strain of Trichoderma harzianum (T22). We found that root exudates (RE), obtained from plants grown in a split-root system and exposed to various biotic and abiotic stress factors (wounding, salt, pathogen attack), were able to stimulate the growth and act as chemoattractants of the biocontrol fungus. On the other hand, some of the treatments did not result in an enhanced chemotropism on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, indicating a mechanism that may be selective for nonpathogenic microbes. The involvement of peroxidases and oxylipins, both known to be released by roots in response to stress, was demonstrated by using RE fractions containing these molecules or their commercial purified analogs, testing the effect of an inhibitor, and characterizing the complex pattern of these metabolites released by tomato roots both locally and systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Lombardi
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Stefania Vitale
- 3 Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Rabanales 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - David Turrà
- 3 Departamento de Genetica, Facultad de Ciencias, Campus Rabanales 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Massimo Reverberi
- 4 Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università la Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy; and
| | - Corrado Fanelli
- 4 Dipartimento di Biologia Ambientale, Università la Sapienza, 00185 Roma, Italy; and
| | - Francesco Vinale
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| | - Roberta Marra
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Michelina Ruocco
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| | - Alberto Pascale
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
| | - Giada d'Errico
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
| | - Sheridan L Woo
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 5 Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Matteo Lorito
- 1 Istituto per la Protezione Sostenibile delle Piante, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- 2 Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
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Podbielska M, Szpyrka E, Piechowicz B, Sadło S, Sudoł M. Assessment of boscalid and pyraclostrobin disappearance and behavior following application of effective microorganisms on apples. J Environ Sci Health B 2018; 53:652-660. [PMID: 30024824 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1474554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the disappearance of boscalid (IUPAC name: 2-chloro-N-[2-(4-chlorophenyl)phenyl]pyridine-3-carboxamide) and pyraclostrobin (IUPAC name: methyl N-[2-[[1-(4-chlorophenyl)pyrazol-3-yl]oxymethyl]phenyl]-N-methoxycarbamate) residues in apple fruit, and to verify whether an organic fertilizer enriched with strains of antagonistic microorganisms can reduce pesticide residue levels. Field trials were conducted in a commercial orchard on apples of the Gloster variety, during 21 days after the treatment with Bellis 38 WG and the subsequent application of Zumba Plant formulation containing Bacillus spp., Trichoderma spp. and Glomus spp. In control samples, the decrease rate of boscalid and pyraclostrobin residue levels followed an exponential function, described by formulae Rt = 0.2824e-0.071t and Rt = 0.1176e-0.060t, with the coefficient of determination of r2 = 0.8692 and r2 = 0.9268, respectively. These levels dropped to half (t1/2) of their initial values after 9.8 and 11.5 days, respectively. The treatment with Zumba Plant resulted in a reduction in boscalid and pyraclostrobin residue levels by 52% and 41%, respectively. The results of this study are of importance for horticulture sciences and for producers of apples using plant protection products (PPPs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Podbielska
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology , University of Rzeszów , Pigonia 1 St, Rzeszów , Poland
| | - Ewa Szpyrka
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology , University of Rzeszów , Pigonia 1 St, Rzeszów , Poland
- b Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis, Regional Experimental Station in Rzeszow , Institute of Plant Protection-National Research , Langiewicza 28 St, Rzeszow , Poland
| | - Bartosz Piechowicz
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology , University of Rzeszów , Pigonia 1 St, Rzeszów , Poland
| | - Stanisław Sadło
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology , University of Rzeszów , Pigonia 1 St, Rzeszów , Poland
| | - Mateusz Sudoł
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology , University of Rzeszów , Pigonia 1 St, Rzeszów , Poland
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Chinnaperumal K, Govindasamy B, Paramasivam D, Dilipkumar A, Dhayalan A, Vadivel A, Sengodan K, Pachiappan P. Bio-pesticidal effects of Trichoderma viride formulated titanium dioxide nanoparticle and their physiological and biochemical changes on Helicoverpa armigera (Hub.). Pestic Biochem Physiol 2018; 149:26-36. [PMID: 30033013 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The control of agricultural pests through eco-friendly nanopesticides is a challenge of crucial environmental importance nowadays. The current study was aimed to discover a novel biopesticides through Trichoderma viride mediated synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TDNPs). The main chemical and physical features of the TDNPs were assessed by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and size distribution and shape of the NPs studied through the scanning electron microscope (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscope (HR-TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The extracellular synthesized nanoparticles were evaluated for their larvicidal, antifeedant and pupicidal activities against Helicoverpa armigera. TDNPs exhibited highest mortality rate on first (100%), second (100%) and third (92.34%), instar larvae of H. armigera at 100 ppm. The detoxifying enzymes such as, β-glucosidase and carboxylesterase were reduced whereas glutathione S-transferase increased during the treatment of TDNPs against H. armigera at 100 ppm. No toxic effects were found on Eudrilus eugeniae filter paper and artificial soil assays treated with TDNPs at 100 ppm. However, cypermethrin was toxic to earthworms after 72 h treatment. Therefore, TDNPs could act as significant inhibitors on the development of H. armigera, although, no adverse effect was found on earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamaraj Chinnaperumal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Govindasamy
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Deepak Paramasivam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aiswarya Dilipkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Arul Dhayalan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Amutha Vadivel
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Karthi Sengodan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Alwarkurichi, 627412 Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Perumal Pachiappan
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
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11
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Šantrić L, Potočnik I, Radivojević L, Umiljendić JG, Rekanović E, Duduk B, Milijašević-Marčić S. Impact of a native Streptomyces flavovirens from mushroom compost on green mold control and yield of Agaricus bisporus. J Environ Sci Health B 2018; 53:677-684. [PMID: 29775426 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2018.1474559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Thirty-five actinobacterial isolates, obtained from button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) substrates (i.e., compost in different phases of composting, black peat or casing layer) in Serbia in 2014-2016 were tested in vitro against the causal agents of green mold in cultivated mushroom. Out of six most promising isolates, A06 induced 42.4% in vitro growth inhibition of Trichoderma harzianum T54, and 27.6% inhibition of T. aggressivum f. europaeum T77. The novel strain A06 was identified as Streptomyces flavovirens based on macroscopic and cultural characteristics and 16S rDNA sequence and used in mushroom growing room experiments. Actinobacteria had no negative influence on mycelial growth of the cultivated mushroom in compost in situ. Isolate S. flavovirens A06 enhanced mushroom yield significantly, up to 31.5%. The A06 isolate was more efficient in enhancing yield after inoculation with the compost mold T. aggressivum (26.1%), compared to casing mold T. harzianum (8%). Considering disease incidence, actinobacteria significantly prevented green mold in compost caused by T. aggressivum (6.8%). However, fungicide prochloraz-Mn had a more significant role in reducing symptoms of casing mold, T. harzianum, in comparison with actinobacteria (24.2 and 11.8%, respectively). No significant differences between efficacies of S. flavovirens A06 and the fungicide prochloraz-Mn against T. aggressivum were revealed. These results imply that S. flavovirens A06 can be used to increase mushroom yield and contribute to disease control against the aggressive compost green mold disease caused by Trichoderma aggressivum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Šantrić
- a Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Ivana Potočnik
- a Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection , Belgrade , Serbia
| | | | | | - Emil Rekanović
- a Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Bojan Duduk
- a Institute of Pesticides and Environmental Protection , Belgrade , Serbia
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12
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Cui X, Du J, Li J, Wang Z. Inhibitory site of α-hairpinin peptide from tartary buckwheat has no effect on its antimicrobial activities. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:408-416. [PMID: 29509838 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are known to play important roles in the innate host defense mechanisms of most living organisms. Protease inhibitors from plants potently inhibit the growth of a variety of pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Therefore, there are excellent candidates for the development of novel antimicrobial agents. In this study, an antimicrobial peptide derived from tartary buckwheat seeds (FtAMP) was obtained by gene cloning, expression and purification, which exhibited inhibitory activity toward trypsin. Furthermore, the relationship between the antimicrobial and inhibitory activities of FtAMP was investigated. Two mutants (FtAMP-R21A and FtAMP-R21F) were generated through site-directed mutagenesis. Inhibitory activity analysis showed that both FtAMP-R21A and FtAMP-R21F lost trypsin-inhibitory activity. However, FtAMP-R21A and FtAMP-R21F showed novel inhibitory activities against elastase and α-chymotrypsin, respectively, suggesting that Arg-21 in the inhibitory site loop is specific for the inhibitory activity of FtAMP against trypsin. Antimicrobial assays showed that all three peptides exhibited strong antifungal activity against Trichoderma koningii, Rhizopus sp., and Fusarium oxysporum. These results showed that the changes in FtAMP inhibitory site have no effect on their antifungal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jingjing Du
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030006, China
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuanhua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Taiyuan 030006, China
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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13
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Luo Z, Zhu M, Guo M, Lian Z, Tong W, Wang J, Zhang B, Wei W. Ultrasonic-Assisted Dispersion of ZnO Nanoparticles and Its Inhibition Activity to Trichoderma viride. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2018; 18:2352-2360. [PMID: 29442903 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2018.14397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The activity inhibition of fungi by ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) has shown huge potential applications in the area of hygienic coatings. However, the inhibition efficiency was limited due to the agglomeration of NPs. To obtain well-dispersed and highly stabilized ZnO nanofluids, ZnO NPs were capped with four kinds of surfactants under ultrasonication. The capping procedure was optimized by varying the dosage of surfactants, the ultrasonic duration, ultrasonic power and temperature. Capped ZnO nanofluids were then used for the inhibition of Trichoderma viride. The influence on the activity of the capping conditions, illumination, ZnO NPs content, humidity and temperature were investigated in details. Results suggest that well-dispersed ZnO NPs were obtained through ultrasonic-assisted functionalization using sodium polyacrylate as a dispersant. Moreover, capped ZnO nanofluids revealed long-term stability at pH above 6. The optimal capping procedure was obtained for a sonication power of 250 W, treatment duration of 40 min, dosage of 0.4% and temperature of 60 °C. Antifungal tests indicated that capped ZnO NPs showed an inhibition ability versus T. viride even in the dark. The antifungal ability of ZnO NPs increased with the increasing ZnO content, and humidity and temperature only affected the growth of fungi. Capped ZnO NPs showed an excellent antifungal performance even in the circumstance that was beneficial for the fungi growth (temperature of 30 °C, humidity of 95%), demonstrating the antimicrobial capability in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengwei Luo
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Mulin Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China
| | - Zhouyang Lian
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Wen Tong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Jirong Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
| | - Binghua Zhang
- Sinopec Yangzi Petrochemical Company Ltd., 778# Xinhua Road, Nanjing 210048, P. R. China
| | - Wuji Wei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, P. R. China
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14
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Martínez-Medina A, Appels FVW, van Wees SCM. Impact of salicylic acid- and jasmonic acid-regulated defences on root colonization by Trichoderma harzianum T-78. Plant Signal Behav 2017; 12:e1345404. [PMID: 28692334 PMCID: PMC5616143 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2017.1345404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We recently found that the beneficial fungus Trichoderma harzianum T-78 primes tomato plants for salicylic acid (SA)- and jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated defenses, resulting in enhanced resistance against the root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. By using SA- and JA-impaired mutant lines and exogenous hormonal application, here we investigated whether the SA- and JA-pathways also have a role in T-78 root colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana. Endophytic colonization by T-78 was faster in the SA-impaired mutant sid2 than in the wild type. Moreover, elicitation of SA-dependent defenses by SA application reduced T-78 colonization, indicating that the SA-pathway affects T-78 endophytism. In contrast, elicitation of the JA-pathway, which antagonized SA-dependent defenses, resulted in enhanced endophytic colonization by T-78. These findings are in line with our previous observation that SA-dependent defenses are repressed by T-78, which likely aids colonization by the endophytic fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Freek V. W. Appels
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C. M. van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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15
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Rostami A, Hinc K, Goshadrou F, Shali A, Bayat M, Hassanzadeh M, Amanlou M, Eslahi N, Ahmadian G. Display of B. pumilus chitinase on the surface of B. subtilis spore as a potential biopesticide. Pestic Biochem Physiol 2017; 140:17-23. [PMID: 28755689 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chitinases can inhibit the growth of many fungal diseases which are a great threat for global agricultural production. Biological control of pathogens like fungi, is believed to be one of the best ways to eliminate the adverse effects of plant pathogens. To this end, we expressed and displayed a chitinase from Bacillus pumilus (ChiS) on the surface of Bacillus subtilis spores, as a biocontrol agent. RESULT ChiS enzyme from B. pumilus was expressed on the spores of B. subtilis using CotG as a carrier protein. Immunofluorescence microscopy confirmed the expression of ChiS on the surface of the spores. Enzyme activity assay showed that the surface displayed ChiS was active and was also able to inhibit the growth of Rhizoctonia solani and Trichoderma harzianum fungi. Western blot analysis also indicated that CotG-ChiS is partially processed after display. Molecular dynamics simulation showed that the stability of the heterologous protein was decreased after fusion. CONCLUSION ChiS was successfully displayed on the surface of Bacillus spores by fusion to the CotG, one of the main spore coat proteins. In-vitro experiments showed that the displayed enzyme was effective in growth inhibition of R. solani and T. harzianum fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Rostami
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran; Department of Physiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Krzysztof Hinc
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology, UG-MUG, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Fatemeh Goshadrou
- Department of Physiology, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Shali
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Bayat
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Malihe Hassanzadeh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Development Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Amanlou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Drug Design and Development Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Eslahi
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Ahmadian
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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16
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Chen SH, Ng SL, Cheow YL, Ting ASY. A novel study based on adaptive metal tolerance behavior in fungi and SEM-EDX analysis. J Hazard Mater 2017; 334:132-141. [PMID: 28407540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Four fungal isolates: Simplicillium chinense (iso 9, accession no. KX425621), Penicillium simplicissimum (iso 10, KP713758), Trichoderma asperellum (iso 11, KP792512), and Coriolopsis sp. (1c3, KM403574) were subjected to a series of induced-tolerance training under high metal concentrations to determine if greater tolerance could be achieved from constant exposure to such conditions. Adaptive tolerance assay (Tolerance Index, TI) and Field-Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) characterized their metal tolerance. "Untrained" S. chinense, P. simplicissimum and T. asperellum showed tolerance towards 4000-4500ppm Al(III) (TI: 0.64-0.71), 1000ppm Cr(III) (0.52-0.83) and Pb(II) (0.32-0.88). With tolerance training, tolerance towards 2000-6000ppm Al(III), 500-3000ppm Pb(II) and 2000-3000ppm Cr(III) were achieved (TI: 0.01-0.82) compared to untrained cultures (0.00-0.59). In contrast, tolerance training for Coriolopsis sp. and P. simplicissimum was less successful, with TI values similar or lower than untrained cultures. SEM-EDX analysis proposed biosorption and bioaccumulation as mechanisms for metal removal. The latter was demonstrated with the removal of Cr(III) and Pb(II) by S. chinense (12.37 and 11.52mgg-1, respectively) and T. asperellum (10.44 and 7.50mgg-1). Induced-tolerance training may render benefit in the long run, but this delicate approach is suggestively species and metal dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Hui Chen
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Si Ling Ng
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yuen Lin Cheow
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adeline Su Yien Ting
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 46150, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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17
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Madariaga-Navarrete A, Rodríguez-Pastrana BR, Villagómez-Ibarra JR, Acevedo-Sandoval OA, Perry G, Islas-Pelcastre M. Bioremediation model for atrazine contaminated agricultural soils using phytoremediation (using Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and a locally adapted microbial consortium. J Environ Sci Health B 2017; 52:367-375. [PMID: 28277074 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2017.1292092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to examine a biological model under greenhouse conditions for the bioremediation of atrazine contaminated soils. The model consisted in a combination of phytoremediation (using Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and rhizopheric bio-augmentation using native Trichoderma sp., and Rhizobium sp. microorganisms that showed no inhibitory growth at 10,000 mg L-1 of herbicide concentration. 33.3 mg of atrazine 50 g-1 of soil of initial concentration was used and an initial inoculation of 1 × 109 UFC mL-1 of Rhizobium sp. and 1 × 105 conidia mL-1 of Trichoderma sp. were set. Four treatments were arranged: Bean + Trichoderma sp. (B+T); Bean + Rhizobium sp. (BR); Bean + Rhizobium sp. + Trichoderma sp. (B+R+T) and Bean (B). 25.51 mg of atrazine 50 g-1 of soil (76.63%) was removed by the B+T treatment in 40 days (a = 0.050, Tukey). This last indicate that the proposed biological model and methodology developed is useful for atrazine contaminated bioremediation agricultural soils, which can contribute to reduce the effects of agrochemical abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Madariaga-Navarrete
- a Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Agronomy and Forestry Area, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo , Tulancingo , Hidalgo , Mexico
| | - Blanca Rosa Rodríguez-Pastrana
- a Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Agronomy and Forestry Area, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo , Tulancingo , Hidalgo , Mexico
| | - José Roberto Villagómez-Ibarra
- b Academic Area of Chemistry, Institute of Basic Science and Engineering, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo , Pachuca , Hidalgo , Mexico
| | - Otilio Arturo Acevedo-Sandoval
- a Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Agronomy and Forestry Area, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo , Tulancingo , Hidalgo , Mexico
| | - Gregory Perry
- c Department of Plant Agriculture , Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph , Guelph , Ontario , Canada
| | - Margarita Islas-Pelcastre
- a Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Agronomy and Forestry Area, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo , Tulancingo , Hidalgo , Mexico
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18
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Tripathi P, Singh PC, Mishra A, Srivastava S, Chauhan R, Awasthi S, Mishra S, Dwivedi S, Tripathi P, Kalra A, Tripathi RD, Nautiyal CS. Arsenic tolerant Trichoderma sp. reduces arsenic induced stress in chickpea (Cicer arietinum). Environ Pollut 2017; 223:137-145. [PMID: 28153415 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxic metalloids including arsenic (As) can neither be eliminated nor destroyed from environment; however, they can be converted from toxic to less/non-toxic forms. The form of As species and their concentration determines its toxicity in plants. Therefore, the microbe mediated biotransformation of As is crucial for its plant uptake and toxicity. In the present study the role of As tolerant Trichoderma in modulating As toxicity in chickpea plants was explored. Chickpea plants grown in arsenate spiked soil under green house conditions were inoculated with two plant growth promoting Trichoderma strains, M-35 (As tolerant) and PPLF-28 (As sensitive). Total As concentration in chickpea tissue was comparable in both the Trichoderma treatments, however, differences in levels of organic and inorganic As (iAs) species were observed. The shift in iAs to organic As species ratio in tolerant Trichoderma treatment correlated with enhanced plant growth and nutrient content. Arsenic stress amelioration in tolerant Trichoderma treatment was also evident through rhizospheric microbial community and anatomical studies of the stem morphology. Down regulation of abiotic stress responsive genes (MIPS, PGIP, CGG) in tolerant Trichoderma + As treatment as compared to As alone and sensitive Trichoderma + As treatment also revealed that tolerant strain enhanced the plant's potential to cope with As stress as compared to sensitive one. Considering the bioremediation and plant growth promotion potential, the tolerant Trichoderma may appear promising for its utilization in As affected fields for enhancing agricultural productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratibha Tripathi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India; CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Poonam C Singh
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Aradhana Mishra
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Suchi Srivastava
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Reshu Chauhan
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Surabhi Awasthi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Seema Mishra
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Sanjay Dwivedi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Preeti Tripathi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Alok Kalra
- CSIR-Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow 226015, India
| | - Rudra D Tripathi
- CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Lucknow 226001, India.
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Racić G, Körmöczi P, Kredics L, Raičević V, Mutavdžić B, Vrvić MM, Panković D. Effect of the edaphic factors and metal content in soil on the diversity of Trichoderma spp. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2017; 24:3375-3386. [PMID: 27866360 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Influence of edaphic factors and metal content on diversity of Trichoderma species at 14 different soil sampling locations, on two depths, was examined. Forty-one Trichoderma isolates from 14 sampling sites were determined as nine species based on their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences. Our results indicate that weakly alkaline soils are rich sources of Trichoderma strains. Also, higher contents of available K and P are connected with higher Trichoderma diversity. Increased metal content in soil was not inhibiting factor for Trichoderma species occurrence. Relationship between these factors was confirmed by locally weighted sequential smoothing (LOESS) nonparametric smoothing analysis. Trichoderma strain (Szeged Microbiology Collection (SZMC) 22669) from soil with concentrations of Cr and Ni above remediation values should be tested for its potential for bioremediation of these metals in polluted soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Racić
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, Educons University, Vojvode Putnika 87, Sremska Kamenica, 21208, Serbia.
| | - Péter Körmöczi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Vera Raičević
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Beba Mutavdžić
- Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | | | - Dejana Panković
- Faculty of Environmental Protection, Educons University, Vojvode Putnika 87, Sremska Kamenica, 21208, Serbia
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20
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Vinceković M, Jalšenjak N, Topolovec-Pintarić S, Đermić E, Bujan M, Jurić S. Encapsulation of Biological and Chemical Agents for Plant Nutrition and Protection: Chitosan/Alginate Microcapsules Loaded with Copper Cations and Trichoderma viride. J Agric Food Chem 2016; 64:8073-8083. [PMID: 27715032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Novel chitosan/alginate microcapsules simultaneously loaded with copper cations and Trichoderma viride have been prepared and characterized. Information about the intermolecular interactions between biopolymers and bioactive agents was obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Encapsulation of T. viride spores and the presence of copper cations in the same compartment does not inhibit their activity. Microcapsule loading capacity and efficiency as well as swelling behavior and release depend on both the size of the microcapsule and bioactive agents. The in vitro copper cation release profile was fitted to a Korsmeyer-Peppas empirical model. Fickian diffusion was found to be a rate-controlling mechanism of release from smaller microcapsules, whereas anomalous transport kinetics controlled release from larger microcapsules. The T. viride spore release profile exhibited exponential release over the initial lag time. The results obtained opened perspectives for the future use of chitosan/alginate microcapsules simultaneously loaded with biological and chemical agents in plant nutrition and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Vinceković
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Plant Pathology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture , 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nenad Jalšenjak
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Plant Pathology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture , 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Snježana Topolovec-Pintarić
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Plant Pathology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture , 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Edyta Đermić
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Plant Pathology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture , 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marija Bujan
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Plant Pathology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture , 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Slaven Jurić
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Plant Pathology, University of Zagreb Faculty of Agriculture , 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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21
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Malmierca MG, Izquierdo-Bueno I, Mccormick SP, Cardoza RE, Alexander NJ, Moraga J, Gomes EV, Proctor RH, Collado IG, Monte E, Gutiérrez S. Botrydial and botcinins produced by Botrytis cinerea regulate the expression of Trichoderma arundinaceum genes involved in trichothecene biosynthesis. Mol Plant Pathol 2016; 17:1017-31. [PMID: 26575202 PMCID: PMC6638445 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma arundinaceum IBT 40837 (Ta37) and Botrytis cinerea produce the sesquiterpenes harzianum A (HA) and botrydial (BOT), respectively, and also the polyketides aspinolides and botcinins (Botcs), respectively. We analysed the role of BOT and Botcs in the Ta37-B. cinerea interaction, including the transcriptomic changes in the genes involved in HA (tri) and ergosterol biosynthesis, as well as changes in the level of HA and squalene-ergosterol. We found that, when confronted with B. cinerea, the tri biosynthetic genes were up-regulated in all dual cultures analysed, but at higher levels when Ta37 was confronted with the BOT non-producer mutant bcbot2Δ. The production of HA was also higher in the interaction area with this mutant. In Ta37-bcbot2Δ confrontation experiments, the expression of the hmgR gene, encoding the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, which is the first enzyme of the terpene biosynthetic pathway, was also up-regulated, resulting in an increase in squalene production compared with the confrontation with B. cinerea B05.10. Botcs had an up-regulatory effect on the tri biosynthetic genes, with BotcA having a stronger effect than BotcB. The results indicate that the interaction between Ta37 and B. cinerea exerts a stimulatory effect on the expression of the tri biosynthetic genes, which, in the interaction zone, can be attenuated by BOT produced by B. cinerea B05.10. The present work provides evidence for a metabolic dialogue between T. arundinaceum and B. cinerea that is mediated by sesquiterpenes and polyketides, and that affects the outcome of the interaction of these fungi with each other and their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica G Malmierca
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Izquierdo-Bueno
- Biomolecules Institute, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Susan P Mccormick
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, 61604, IL, USA
| | - Rosa E Cardoza
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
| | - Nancy J Alexander
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, 61604, IL, USA
| | - Javier Moraga
- Biomolecules Institute, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Eriston V Gomes
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, 14040-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Robert H Proctor
- Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, USDA/ARS, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research, Peoria, 61604, IL, USA
| | - Isidro G Collado
- Biomolecules Institute, Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Cádiz, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Enrique Monte
- Spanish-Portuguese Centre of Agricultural Research (CIALE), Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37185, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Santiago Gutiérrez
- Area of Microbiology, University School of Agricultural Engineers, University of León, Campus de Ponferrada, 24400 Ponferrada, Spain
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Ramada MHS, Steindorff AS, Bloch C, Ulhoa CJ. Secretome analysis of the mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma harzianum ALL 42 cultivated in different media supplemented with Fusarium solani cell wall or glucose. Proteomics 2016; 16:477-90. [PMID: 26631988 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201400546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma harzianum is a fungus well known for its potential as a biocontrol agent against many fungal phytopathogens. The aim of this study was to characterize the proteins secreted by T. harzianum ALL42 when its spores were inoculated and incubated for 48 h in culture media supplemented with glucose (GLU) or with cell walls from Fusarium solani (FSCW), a phytopathogen that causes severe losses in common bean and soy crops in Brazil, as well as other crop diseases around the world. Trichoderma harzianum was able to grow in Trichoderma Liquid Enzyme Production medium (TLE) and Minimal medium (MM) supplemented with FSCW and in TLE+GLU, but was unable to grow in MM+GLU medium. Protein quantification showed that TLE+FSCW and MM+FSCW had 45- and 30- fold, respectively, higher protein concentration on supernatant when compared to TLE+GLU, and this difference was observable on 2D gel electrophoresis (2DE). A total of 94 out of 105 proteins excised from 2DE maps were identified. The only protein observed in all three conditions was epl1. In the media supplemented with FSCW, different hydrolases such as chitinases, β-1,3-glucanases, glucoamylases, α-1,3-glucanases and proteases were identified, along with other proteins with no known functions in mycoparasitism, such as npp1 and cys. Trichoderma harzianum showed a complex and diverse arsenal of proteins that are secreted in response to the presence of FSCW, with novel proteins not previously described in mycoparasitic-related studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Henrique Soller Ramada
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Embrapa-Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Andrei Stecca Steindorff
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Carlos Bloch
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Embrapa-Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estação Biológica, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Cirano José Ulhoa
- Laboratório de Enzimologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Goiás (ICB), Goiânia, GO, Brazil
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Huang TT, Wages JM. New-to-nature sophorose analog: a potent inducer for gene expression in Trichoderma reesei. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 85:44-50. [PMID: 26920480 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Controlled hydrolysis of lactonic sophorolipids from Starmerella bombicola yields a previously undescribed sophorose analog that potently induces cellulase in Trichoderma reesei Rut-C30. Acid treatment of natural sophorolipids results in a mixture of monoacetylated, deacetylated, and diacetylated sophorolipids in acidic and lactonic forms. Isolation of the active components of the mixture, followed by structure determination by MS and NMR, reveals a new chemical entity, in which the lactone ring has been opened at the C-1' rather than at the C-4″ position of the sophorose moiety. This sophorose ester is resistant to degradation by the host and is at least 28 times more powerful an inducer than sophorose in shake-flask culture. Even at low concentrations (0.05 mM), the chemically modified sophorolipid effectively induces cellulase. With further improvements, this highly enabling technology can potentially reduce the cost of enzymes produced in T. reesei and can facilitate the rapid deployment of enzyme plants to support the nascent cellulosic biofuels and biochemicals industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Tao Huang
- Panorama Research, Inc., 1230 Bordeaux Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94089-1202, United States; Sophoro Biotechnologies, LLC 1230 Bordeaux Dr. Rm. 20, Sunnyvale, CA 94089-1202, United States.
| | - John M Wages
- Panorama Research, Inc., 1230 Bordeaux Dr., Sunnyvale, CA 94089-1202, United States; Sophoro Biotechnologies, LLC 1230 Bordeaux Dr. Rm. 20, Sunnyvale, CA 94089-1202, United States
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24
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Mazzoleni S, Cartenì F, Bonanomi G, Senatore M, Termolino P, Giannino F, Incerti G, Rietkerk M, Lanzotti V, Chiusano ML. Inhibitory effects of extracellular self-DNA: a general biological process? New Phytol 2015; 206:127-132. [PMID: 25628124 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Self-inhibition of growth has been observed in different organisms, but an underlying common mechanism has not been proposed so far. Recently, extracellular DNA (exDNA) has been reported as species-specific growth inhibitor in plants and proposed as an explanation of negative plant-soil feedback. In this work the effect of exDNA was tested on different species to assess the occurrence of such inhibition in organisms other than plants. Bioassays were performed on six species of different taxonomic groups, including bacteria, fungi, algae, plants, protozoa and insects. Treatments consisted in the addition to the growth substrate of conspecific and heterologous DNA at different concentration levels. Results showed that treatments with conspecific DNA always produced a concentration dependent growth inhibition, which instead was not observed in the case of heterologous DNA. Reported evidence suggests the generality of the observed phenomenon which opens new perspectives in the context of self-inhibition processes. Moreover, the existence of a general species-specific biological effect of exDNA raises interesting questions on its possible involvement in self-recognition mechanisms. Further investigation at molecular level will be required to unravel the specific functioning of the observed inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Mazzoleni
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cartenì
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Giuliano Bonanomi
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Mauro Senatore
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Pasquale Termolino
- CNR-IGV, Istituto di Genetica Vegetale, via Università 133, Portici (NA), 80055, Italy
| | - Francesco Giannino
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Guido Incerti
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Max Rietkerk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Copernicus Institute, Utrecht University, PO Box 80115., TC Utrecht, 3508, the Netherlands
| | - Virginia Lanzotti
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Chiusano
- Dipartimento di Agraria, University of Naples Federico II, via Università 100, Portici (NA), 80055., Italy
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Colavolpe MB, Mejía SJ, Albertó E. Efficiency of treatments for controlling Trichoderma spp during spawning in cultivation of lignicolous mushrooms. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 45:1263-70. [PMID: 25763030 PMCID: PMC4323299 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822014000400017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp is the cause of the green mold disease in mushroom cultivation production. Many disinfection treatments are commonly applied to lignocellulose substrates to prevent contamination. Mushroom growers are usually worried about the contaminations that may occur after these treatments during handling or spawning. The aim of this paper is to estimate the growth of the green mold Trichoderma sp on lignocellulose substrates after different disinfection treatments to know which of them is more effective to avoid contamination during spawning phase. Three different treatments were assayed: sterilization (121 °C), immersion in hot water (60 and 80 °C), and immersion in alkalinized water. Wheat straw, wheat seeds and Eucalyptus or Populus sawdust were used separately as substrates. After the disinfection treatments, bagged substrates were sprayed with 3 mL of suspension of conidia of Trichoderma sp (10(5) conidia/mL) and then separately spawned with Pleurotus ostreatus or Gymnopilus pampeanus. The growth of Trichoderma sp was evaluated based on a qualitative scale. Trichoderma sp could not grow on non-sterilized substrates. Immersions in hot water treatments and immersion in alkalinized water were also unfavorable treatments for its growth. Co- cultivation with mushrooms favored Trichoderma sp growth. Mushroom cultivation disinfection treatments of lignocellulose substrates influence on the growth of Trichoderma sp when contaminations occur during spawning phase. The immersion in hot water at 60 °C for 30 min or in alkalinized water for 36 h, are treatments which better reduced the contaminations with Trichoderma sp during spawning phase for the cultivation of lignicolous species.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Belén Colavolpe
- Laboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom CultivationInstituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de ChascomúsConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasUniversidad Nacional de San MartínProvincia de Buenos AiresArgentinaLaboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom Cultivation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Santiago Jaramillo Mejía
- Laboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom CultivationInstituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de ChascomúsConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasUniversidad Nacional de San MartínProvincia de Buenos AiresArgentinaLaboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom Cultivation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Edgardo Albertó
- Laboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom CultivationInstituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de ChascomúsConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasUniversidad Nacional de San MartínProvincia de Buenos AiresArgentinaLaboratoty of Mycology and Mushroom Cultivation, Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas/Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kosanović D, Potočnik I, Vukojević J, Stajić M, Rekanović E, Stepanović M, Todorović B. Fungicide sensitivity of Trichoderma spp. from Agaricus bisporus farms in Serbia. J Environ Sci Health B 2015; 50:607-613. [PMID: 26065521 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2015.1028849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma species, the causal agents of green mould disease, induce great losses in Agaricus bisporus farms. Fungicides are widely used to control mushroom diseases although green mould control is encumbered with difficulties. The aims of this study were, therefore, to research in vitro toxicity of several commercial fungicides to Trichoderma isolates originating from Serbian and Bosnia-Herzegovina farms, and to evaluate the effects of pH and light on their growth. The majority of isolates demonstrated optimal growth at pH 5.0, and the rest at pH 6.0. A few isolates also grew well at pH 7. The weakest mycelial growth was noted at pH 8.0-9.0. Generally, light had an inhibitory effect on the growth of tested isolates. The isolates showed the highest susceptibility to chlorothalonil and carbendazim (ED50 less than 1 mg L(-1)), and were less sensitive to iprodione (ED50 ranged 0.84-6.72 mg L(-1)), weakly resistant to thiophanate-methyl (ED50 = 3.75-24.13 mg L(-1)), and resistant to trifloxystrobin (ED50 = 10.25-178.23 mg L(-1)). Considering the toxicity of fungicides to A. bisporus, carbendazim showed the best selective toxicity (0.02), iprodione and chlorothalonil moderate (0.16), and thiophanate-methyl the lowest (1.24), while trifloxystrobin toxicity to A. bisporus was not tested because of its inefficiency against Trichoderma isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejana Kosanović
- a Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera "Torlak ," Belgrade , Serbia
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Londero A, León Peláez MA, Diosma G, De Antoni GL, Abraham AG, Garrote GL. Fermented whey as poultry feed additive to prevent fungal contamination. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94:3189-3194. [PMID: 24652751 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fungal contamination of poultry feed causes economic losses to industry and represents a potential risk to animal health. The aim of the present study was to analyze the effectiveness of whey fermented with kefir grains as additive to reduce fungal incidence, thus improving feed safety. RESULTS Whey fermented for 24 h at 20 °C with kefir grains (100 g L(-1) ) reduced conidial germination of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus parasiticus, Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Penicillium crustosum, Trichoderma longibrachiatum and Rhizopus sp. Poultry feed supplemented with fermented whey (1 L kg(-1) ) was two to four times more resistant to fungal contamination than control feed depending on the fungal species. Additionally, it contained kefir microorganisms at levels of 1 × 10(8) colony-forming units (CFU) kg(-1) of lactic acid bacteria and 6 × 10(7) CFU kg(-1) of yeasts even after 30 days of storage. CONCLUSION Fermented whey added to poultry feed acted as a biopreservative, improving its resistance to fungal contamination and increasing its shelf life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Londero
- Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Criotecnología de Alimentos (CONICET La Plata, UNLP), 47 y 116, 1900, La Plata, Argentina
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Gruber S, Zeilinger S. The transcription factor Ste12 mediates the regulatory role of the Tmk1 MAP kinase in mycoparasitism and vegetative hyphal fusion in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111636. [PMID: 25356841 PMCID: PMC4214791 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoparasitic species of the fungal genus Trichoderma are potent antagonists able to combat plant pathogenic fungi by direct parasitism. An essential step in this mycoparasitic fungus-fungus interaction is the detection of the fungal host followed by activation of molecular weapons in the mycoparasite by host-derived signals. The Trichoderma atroviride MAP kinase Tmk1, a homolog of yeast Fus3/Kss1, plays an essential role in regulating the mycoparasitic host attack, aerial hyphae formation and conidiation. However, the transcription factors acting downstream of Tmk1 are hitherto unknown. Here we analyzed the functions of the T. atroviride Ste12 transcription factor whose orthologue in yeast is targeted by the Fus3 and Kss1 MAP kinases. Deletion of the ste12 gene in T. atroviride not only resulted in reduced mycoparasitic overgrowth and lysis of host fungi but also led to loss of hyphal avoidance in the colony periphery and a severe reduction in conidial anastomosis tube formation and vegetative hyphal fusion events. The transcription of several orthologues of Neurospora crassa hyphal fusion genes was reduced upon ste12 deletion; however, the Δste12 mutant showed enhanced expression of mycoparasitism-relevant chitinolytic and proteolytic enzymes and of the cell wall integrity MAP kinase Tmk2. Based on the comparative analyses of Δste12 and Δtmk1 mutants, an essential role of the Ste12 transcriptional regulator in mediating outcomes of the Tmk1 MAPK pathway such as regulation of the mycoparasitic activity, hyphal fusion and carbon source-dependent vegetative growth is suggested. Aerial hyphae formation and conidiation, in contrast, were found to be independent of Ste12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Gruber
- Research Area Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Wien, Austria
| | - Susanne Zeilinger
- Research Area Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Wien, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Alonso-Ramírez A, Poveda J, Martín I, Hermosa R, Monte E, Nicolás C. Salicylic acid prevents Trichoderma harzianum from entering the vascular system of roots. Mol Plant Pathol 2014; 15:823-31. [PMID: 24684632 PMCID: PMC6638820 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma is a soil-borne fungal genus that includes species with a significant impact on agriculture and industrial processes. Some Trichoderma strains exert beneficial effects in plants through root colonization, although little is known about how this interaction takes place. To better understand this process, the root colonization of wild-type Arabidopsis and the salicylic acid (SA)-impaired mutant sid2 by a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-marked Trichoderma harzianum strain was followed under confocal microscopy. Trichoderma harzianum GFP22 was able to penetrate the vascular tissue of the sid2 mutant because of the absence of callose deposition in the cell wall of root cells. In addition, a higher colonization of sid2 roots by GFP22 compared with that in Arabidopsis wild-type roots was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. These results, together with differences in the expression levels of plant defence genes in the roots of both interactions, support a key role for SA in Trichoderma early root colonization stages. We observed that, without the support of SA, plants were unable to prevent the arrival of the fungus in the vascular system and its spread into aerial parts, leading to later collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alonso-Ramírez
- Departamento de Fisiología Vegetal, Centro Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias (CIALE), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Salamanca, C/Río Duero 12, Campus de Villamayor, 37185, Salamanca, Spain
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Chauhan HPS, Carpenter J, Joshi S. Synthetic aspects, spectral, thermal studies and antimicrobial screening on bis(N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamato-S,S')antimony(III) complexes with oxo or thio donor ligands. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2014; 130:230-237. [PMID: 24792196 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.03.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The bis(N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamato-S,S')antimony(III) complexes have been obtained by the reaction of chloro bis(N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamato-S,S')antimony(III) with corresponding oxo or thio donor ligands such as sodium benzoate 1, sodium thioglycolate 2, phenol 3, sodium 1-propanethiolate 4, potassium thioacetate 5, sodium salicylate 6, ethane-1,2-dithiolate 7 and disodium oxalate 8. These complexes have been characterized by the physicochemical [melting point, molecular weight determination and elemental analysis (C, H, N, S and Sb)], spectral [UV-Visible, FT-IR, far IR, NMR (1H and 13C)], thermogravimetric (TG & DTA) analysis, ESI-Mass and powder X-ray diffraction studies. Thermogravimetric analysis of the complexes confirmed the final decomposition product as highly pure antimony sulfide (Sb2S3) and powder X-ray diffraction studies show that the complexes are in lower symmetry with monoclinic crystal lattice and nano-ranged particle size (11.51-20.82 nm). The complexes have also been screened against some bacterial and fungal strains for their antibacterial and antifungal activities and compared with standard drugs. These show that the complexes have greater activities against some human pathogenic bacteria and fungi than the activities of standard drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P S Chauhan
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, India.
| | - Jaswant Carpenter
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, India
| | - Sapana Joshi
- School of Chemical Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore 452001, India
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Yamashita Y, Okazaki K. Purification and Antifungal Activity of Recombinant Chitinase fromEscherichia coliCarrying the Family 19 Chitinase Gene ofStreptomycessp. J-13-3. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 68:2193-6. [PMID: 15502369 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.68.2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant chitinase was purified from the cell extract of Escherichia coli JM109 transformed by plasmid pUC19 carrying the gene encoding family 19 chitinase of Streptomyces sp. J-13-3 by column chromatography on DEAE-Sepharose, CM-Sepharose, and Bio-Gel P-100. The final preparation was homogenous in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 32,000. The recombinant chitinase hydrolyzed the trimer to hexamer of N-acetylglucosamine and had the identical N-terminal amino acid sequence of the mature protein, indicating removal of the signal sequence by E. coli signal peptidase. The fungal growth in well (200 microl of medium) of microplate by measurement of absorbance at 595 nm indicated that the chitinase (10 microg) completely and half inhibited growth of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Yamashita
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagawa University, Miki, Kagawa 761-0795, Japan
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Taira T, Toma N, Ishihara M. Purification, Characterization, and Antifungal Activity of Chitinases from Pineapple (Ananas comosus) Leaf. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 69:189-96. [PMID: 15665484 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.69.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Three chitinases, designated pineapple leaf chitinase (PL Chi)-A, -B, and -C were purified from the leaves of pineapple (Ananas comosus) using chitin affinity column chromatography followed by several column chromatographies. PL Chi-A is a class III chitinase having a molecular mass of 25 kDa and an isoelectric point of 4.4. PL Chi-B and -C are class I chitinases having molecular masses of 33 kDa and 39 kDa and isoelectric points of 7.9 and 4.6 respectively. PL Chi-C is a glycoprotein and the others are simple proteins. The optimum pHs of PL Chi-A, -B, and -C toward glycolchitin are pH 3, 4, and 9 respectively. The chitin-binding ability of PL Chi-C is higher than that of PL Chi-B, and PL Chi-A has lower chitin-binding ability than the others. At low ionic strength, PL Chi-B exhibits strong antifungal activity toward Trichoderma viride but the others do not. At high ionic strength, PL Chi-B and -C exhibit strong and weak antifungal activity respectively. PL Chi-A does not have antifungal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toki Taira
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ryukyu University, Okinawa, Japan.
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Sharfman M, Bar M, Schuster S, Leibman M, Avni A. Sterol-dependent induction of plant defense responses by a microbe-associated molecular pattern from Trichoderma viride. Plant Physiol 2014; 164:819-27. [PMID: 24351686 PMCID: PMC3912108 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.230136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant-microbe interactions involve numerous regulatory systems essential for plant defense against pathogens. An ethylene-inducing xylanase (Eix) of Trichoderma viride is a potent elicitor of plant defense responses in specific cultivars of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). We demonstrate that tomato cyclopropyl isomerase (SlCPI), an enzyme involved in sterol biosynthesis, interacts with the LeEix2 receptor. Moreover, we examined the role of SlCPI in signaling during the LeEix/Eix defense response. We found that SlCPI is an important factor in the regulation of the induction of defense responses such as the hypersensitive response, ethylene biosynthesis, and the induction of pathogenesis-related protein expression in the case of LeEix/Eix. Our results also suggest that changes in the sterol composition reduce LeEix internalization, thereby attenuating the induction of plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miya Sharfman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Maya Bar
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Silvia Schuster
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Meirav Leibman
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
| | - Adi Avni
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel 69978
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Velázquez-Becerra C, Macías-Rodríguez LI, López-Bucio J, Flores-Cortez I, Santoyo G, Hernández-Soberano C, Valencia-Cantero E. The rhizobacterium Arthrobacter agilis produces dimethylhexadecylamine, a compound that inhibits growth of phytopathogenic fungi in vitro. Protoplasma 2013; 250:1251-62. [PMID: 23674267 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-013-0506-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant diseases caused by fungal pathogens such as Botrytis cinerea and the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi affect agricultural production worldwide. Control of these pests can be done by the use of fungicides such as captan, which may have deleterious effects on human health. This study demonstrates that the rhizobacterium Arthrobacter agilis UMCV2 produces volatile organic compounds that inhibit the growth of B. cinerea in vitro. A single compound from the volatile blends, namely dimethylhexadecylamine (DMHDA), could inhibit the growth of both B. cinerea and P. cinnamomi when supplied to the growth medium in low concentrations. DMHDA also inhibited the growth of beneficial fungi Trichoderma virens and Trichoderma atroviride but at much higher concentrations. DMHDA-related aminolipids containing 4, 8, 10, 12, and 14 carbons in the alkyl chain were tested for their inhibitory effect on the growth of the pathogens. The results show that the most active compound from those tested was dimethyldodecylamine. This effect correlates with a decrease in the number of membrane lipids present in the mycelium of the pathogen including eicosanoic acid, (Z)-9-hexadecenoic acid, methyl ester, and (Z)-9-octadecenoic acid, methyl ester. Strawberry leaflets treated with DMHDA were not injured by the compound. These data indicate that DMHDA and related compounds, which can be produced by microorganisms may effectively inhibit the proliferation of certain plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crisanto Velázquez-Becerra
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Edificio B5, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 58030, Morelia, Michoacán, México
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Romano A, Vitullo D, Senatore M, Lima G, Lanzotti V. Antifungal cyclic lipopeptides from Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BO5A. J Nat Prod 2013; 76:2019-2025. [PMID: 24164115 DOI: 10.1021/np400119n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A bioassay-guided fractionation of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain BO5A afforded the isolation of two new cyclic lipopeptides (1 and 2) as the major lipid constituents (>60%) of the CHCl3-MeOH (2:1) extract. The chemical structures of the isolated metabolites were elucidated by spectroscopic methods, including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry (MS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (MS1, MS2), and chemical degradation. The compounds are members of the surfactins family and are based on a heptapeptide chain composed by Glu-Val-Leu-Val-Asp-Leu-Leu. Its N-terminal end is N-acylated by an (R)-3-hydroxy fatty acid with linear alkyl chains of 16:0 and 15:0 (1 and 2, respectively). The 3-hydroxyl group closes a 25-membered lactone ring with the carboxylic group of the C-terminal amino acid. The isolated compounds were tested for their inhibitory activity against the four pathogenic fungi Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus niger, Botrytis cinerea, and Penicillium italicum and the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma harzianum. Compound 2 displayed activity against all tested pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Romano
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli Federico II , Via Università 100, 80055 Portici (NA), Italy
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Gherbawy YA, Shalaby IM, Abd El-sadek MS, Elhariry HM, Banaja AA. The anti-fasciolasis properties of silver nanoparticles produced by Trichoderma harzianum and their improvement of the anti-fasciolasis drug triclabendazole. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:21887-98. [PMID: 24196355 PMCID: PMC3856041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141121887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, new strains of Fasciola demonstrated drug resistance, which increased the need for new drugs or improvement of the present drugs. Nanotechnology is expected to open some new opportunities to fight and prevent diseases using an atomic scale tailoring of materials. The ability to uncover the structure and function of biosystems at the nanoscale, stimulates research leading to improvement in biology, biotechnology, medicine and healthcare. The size of nanomaterials is similar to that of most biological molecules and structures; therefore, nanomaterials can be useful for both in vivo and in vitro biomedical research and applications. Therefore, this work aimed to isolate fungal strains from Taif soil samples, which have the ability to synthesize silver nanoparticles. The fungus Trichoderma harzianum, when challenged with silver nitrate solution, accumulated silver nanoparticles (AgNBs) on the surface of its cell wall in 72 h. These nanoparticles, dislodged by ultrasonication, showed an absorption peak at 420 nm in a UV-visible spectrum, corresponding to the plasmon resonance of silver nanoparticles. The transmission electron micrographs of dislodged nanoparticles in aqueous solution showed the production of reasonably monodisperse silver nanoparticles (average particle size: 4.66 nm) by the fungus. The percentage of non hatching eggs treated with the Triclabendazole drug was 69.67%, while this percentage increased to 89.67% in combination with drug and AgNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssuf A. Gherbawy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (I.M.S.); (H.M.E.); (B.A.A.)
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +966-55-3993-906
| | - Ismail M. Shalaby
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (I.M.S.); (H.M.E.); (B.A.A.)
| | - Mahmoud Syed Abd El-sadek
- Nanomaterial Lab., Physics Department, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt; E-Mail:
| | - Hesham M. Elhariry
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (I.M.S.); (H.M.E.); (B.A.A.)
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, POB 68- Hadayek Shoubra, Cairo 11241, Egypt
| | - AbdelElah A. Banaja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 888, Taif 21974, Saudi Arabia; E-Mails: (I.M.S.); (H.M.E.); (B.A.A.)
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Aghcheh RK, Druzhinina IS, Kubicek CP. The putative protein methyltransferase LAE1 of Trichoderma atroviride is a key regulator of asexual development and mycoparasitism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67144. [PMID: 23826217 PMCID: PMC3691206 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In Ascomycota the protein methyltransferase LaeA is a global regulator that affects the expression of secondary metabolite gene clusters, and controls sexual and asexual development. The common mycoparasitic fungus Trichoderma atroviride is one of the most widely studied agents of biological control of plant-pathogenic fungi that also serves as a model for the research on regulation of asexual sporulation (conidiation) by environmental stimuli such as light and/or mechanical injury. In order to learn the possible involvement of LAE1 in these two traits, we assessed the effect of deletion and overexpression of lae1 gene on conidiation and mycoparasitic interaction. In the presence of light, conidiation was 50% decreased in a Δ lae1 and 30-50% increased in lae1-overexpressing (OElae1) strains. In darkness, Δ lae1 strains did not sporulate, and the OElae1 strains produced as much spores as the parent strain. Loss-of-function of lae1 also abolished sporulation triggered by mechanical injury of the mycelia. Deletion of lae1 also increased the sensitivity of T. atroviride to oxidative stress, abolished its ability to defend against other fungi and led to a loss of mycoparasitic behaviour, whereas the OElae1 strains displayed enhanced mycoparasitic vigor. The loss of mycoparasitic activity in the Δ lae1 strain correlated with a significant underexpressionn of several genes normally upregulated during mycoparasitic interaction (proteases, GH16 ß-glucanases, polyketide synthases and small cystein-rich secreted proteins), which in turn was reflected in the partial reduction of formation of fungicidal water soluble metabolites and volatile compounds. Our study shows T. atroviride LAE1 is essential for asexual reproduction in the dark and for defense and parasitism on other fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razieh Karimi Aghcheh
- Microbiology Group, Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irina S. Druzhinina
- Microbiology Group, Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian P. Kubicek
- Microbiology Group, Research Division Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, c/o Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Nonaka H, Kobayashi A, Funaoka M. Behavior of lignin-binding cellulase in the presence of fresh cellulosic substrate. Bioresour Technol 2013; 135:53-57. [PMID: 23186657 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/13/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A model lignin-binding cellulase was prepared from Trichoderma reesei cellulase and lignocresol, which was synthesized from softwood or hardwood lignin. Filter paper was incubated with the lignocresol-cellulase complex, and it was observed that only a limited amount of cellulase migrated to the filter paper. The cellulase adsorption isotherms for the lignocresols and filter paper were fitted to a Langmuir absorption model, and the determined Langmuir constants were as follows: softwood lignocresol>hardwood lignocresol>>filter paper. The calculations demonstrated that lignin-binding cellulase can potentially be recovered by the addition of a sufficient quantity of cellulosic substrate. As a result, the lignocresol-binding cellulase is highly stable and lignocresol can potentially be used for immobilizing cellulase in the active state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Nonaka
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan.
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Lan TQ, Wei D, Yang ST, Liu X. Enhanced cellulase production by Trichoderma viride in a rotating fibrous bed bioreactor. Bioresour Technol 2013; 133:175-182. [PMID: 23428816 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are widely used to produce cellulase, but how the fermentation conditions affect their production is not well known. In this study, cellulase production by Trichoderma viride in submerged fermentations with free cells in a stirred-tank reactor (STR) and immobilized cells in a rotating fibrous-bed bioreactor (RFBB) were investigated. Compared to free-cell fermentation, immobilized-cell fermentation gave 35.5% higher FPase activity and 69.7% higher saccharification yield of sugarcane bagasse (SCB). The secretory proteins in the fermentation broths were analyzed with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and MALDI-TOF-TOF mass spectrometry, which identified 24 protein spots with differential expression levels. Among them, cellobiohydrolase CBH II and endoglucanase EG II were highly expressed and secreted in the immobilized-cell fermentation, while the free-cell fermentation produced more CBH І and EG ІV. These results showed that immobilized-cell fermentation with T. viride in the RFBB was advantageous for cellulase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Qing Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Food Sciences, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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Wang M, Hashimoto M, Hashidoko Y. Carot-4-en-9,10-diol, a conidiation-inducing sesquiterpene diol produced by Trichoderma virens PS1-7 upon exposure to chemical stress from highly active iron chelators. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:1906-14. [PMID: 23315728 PMCID: PMC3592238 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03531-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To screen biocontrol agents against Burkholderia plantarii, the causative agent of rice seedling blight, we employed catechol, an analog of the virulence factor tropolone, to obtain chemical stress-resistant microorganisms. The fungal isolate PS1-7, identified as a strain of Trichoderma virens, showed the highest resistance to catechol (20 mM) and exhibited efficacy as a biocontrol agent for rice seedling blight. During investigation of metabolic traits of T. virens PS1-7 exposed to catechol, we found a secondary metabolite that was released extracellularly and uniquely accumulated in the culture. The compound induced by chemical stress due to catechol was subsequently isolated and identified as a sesquiterpene diol, carot-4-en-9,10-diol, based on spectroscopic analyses. T. virens PS1-7 produced carot-4-en-9,10-diol as a metabolic response to tropolone at concentrations from 0.05 to 0.2 mM, and the response was enhanced in a dose-dependent manner, similar to its response to catechol at concentrations from 0.1 to 1 mM. Some iron chelators, such as pyrogallol, gallic acid, salicylic acid, and citric acid, at 0.5 mM also showed activation of T. virens PS1-7 production of carot-4-en-9,10-diol. This sesquiterpene diol, formed in response to chemical stress, promoted conidiation of T. virens PS1-7, suggesting that it is involved in an autoregulatory signaling system. In a bioassay of the metabolic and morphological responses of T. virens PS1-7, conidiation in hyphae grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates was either promoted or induced by carot-4-en-9,10-diol. Carot-4-en-9,10-diol can thus be regarded as an autoregulatory signal in T. virens, and our findings demonstrate that intrinsic intracellular signaling regulates conidiation of T. virens.
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Arinbasarova AI, Makrushin KV, Medentsev AG, Lukasheva EV, Berezov TT. [Production of extracellular hydrogen peroxide and L-lysine-alpha-oxidase in the process of deep culturing of fungus Trichoderma cf. aureoviride rifai BKM F-4268D under salt stress]. Mikrobiologiia 2012; 81:741-744. [PMID: 23610924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Srivastava PK, Shenoy BD, Gupta M, Vaish A, Mannan S, Singh N, Tewari SK, Tripathi RD. Stimulatory effects of arsenic-tolerant soil fungi on plant growth promotion and soil properties. Microbes Environ 2012; 27:477-82. [PMID: 23047145 PMCID: PMC4103557 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me11316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen fungi were obtained from arsenic-contaminated agricultural fields in West Bengal, India and examined for their arsenic tolerance and removal ability in our previous study. Of these, the four best arsenic-remediating isolates were tested for plant growth promotion effects on rice and pea in the present study. A greenhouse-based pot experiment was conducted using soil inocula of individual fungi. The results indicated a significant (P<0.05) increase in plant growth and improvement of soil properties in inoculated soils compared to the control. A significant increase in plant growth was recorded in treated soils and varied from 16-293%. Soil chemical and enzymatic properties varied from 20-222% and 34-760%, respectively, in inoculated soil. Plants inoculated with inocula of Westerdykella and Trichoderma showed better stimulatory effects on plant growth and soil nutrient availability than Rhizopus and Lasiodiplodia. These fungi improved soil nutrient content and enhanced plant growth. These fungi may be used as bioinoculants for plant growth promotion and improved soil properties in arsenic-contaminated agricultural soils.
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Engel P, Krull S, Seiferheld B, Spiess AC. Rational approach to optimize cellulase mixtures for hydrolysis of regenerated cellulose containing residual ionic liquid. Bioresour Technol 2012; 115:27-34. [PMID: 22100231 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2011.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
For the efficient production of glucose for platform chemicals or biofuels, cellulosic biomass is pretreated and subsequently hydrolyzed with cellulases. Although ionic liquids (IL) are known to effectively pretreat cellulosic biomass, the hydrolysis of IL pretreated biomass has not been optimized so far. Here, we present a semi-empirical model to rationally optimize the hydrolysis of pretreated α-cellulose - regenerated from IL and containing residual IL from the pretreatment. First, the influence of the IL MMIM DMP on the individual cellulases endoglucanase I, cellobiohydrolase I and β-glucosidase was investigated. Second, an enzyme loading-dependent model was developed to describe kinetics for the individual cellulases and cellulase mixtures. Third, this model was used to optimize the cellulase mixture for the efficient hydrolysis of regenerated cellulose containing residual IL. Finally, we could significantly increase the initial hydrolysis rate in 10% (v/v) MMIM DMP by 49% and the sugar yield by 10% points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Engel
- AVT-Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Lanzotti V, Barile E, Antignani V, Bonanomi G, Scala F. Antifungal saponins from bulbs of garlic, Allium sativum L. var. Voghiera. Phytochemistry 2012; 78:126-134. [PMID: 22513009 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
A bioassay-guided phytochemical analysis of the polar extract from the bulbs of garlic, Allium sativum L., var. Voghiera, typical of Voghiera, Ferrara (Italy), allowed the isolation of ten furostanol saponins; voghieroside A1/A2 and voghieroside B1/B2, based on the rare agapanthagenin aglycone; voghieroside C1/C2, based on agigenin aglycone; and voghieroside D1/D2 and E1/E2, based on gitogenin aglycone. In addition, we found two known spirostanol saponins, agigenin 3-O-trisaccharide and gitogenin 3-O-tetrasaccharide. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were established through a combination of extensive nuclear magnetic resonance, mass spectrometry and chemical analyses. High concentrations of two eugenol diglycosides were also found for the first time in Allium spp. The isolated compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity towards two fungal species, the air-borne pathogen Botrytis cinerea and the antagonistic fungus Trichoderma harzianum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Lanzotti
- Dipartimento di Scienza degli Alimenti, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Università 100, I-80055 Portici, Napoli, Italy.
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Lin YR, Lo CT, Liu SY, Peng KC. Involvement of pachybasin and emodin in self-regulation of Trichoderma harzianum mycoparasitic coiling. J Agric Food Chem 2012; 60:2123-2128. [PMID: 22292460 DOI: 10.1021/jf202773y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Our aim was to determine the effects of two secondary metabolites secreted by Trichoderma harzianum, pachybasin and emodin, on the mycoparasitic coiling behavior and cAMP content of T. harzianum. The number of T. harzianum coils around Nylon 66 fiber was increased in the presence of R. solani. The number of T. harzianum coils around R. solani hyphae and Nylon 66 fiber were significantly increased in the presence of pachybasin and emodin. The cAMP level in T. harzianum was significantly increased by close contact with R. solani and much higer cAMP level in the presence of exogenous pachybasin and emodin. A cAMP inhibitor diminished the effect of pachybasin and emodin on T. harzianum coiling around Nylon 66 fiber. The results suggest that pachybasin and emodin mediate the increase in the number of Trichoderma mycoparasitic coils via cAMP signaling. This is the first report to suggest that pachybasin and emodin play roles in the biocontrol mechanism of Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ruu Lin
- Department of Life Science and Institute of Biotechnology, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
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Argumedo-Delira R, Alarcón A, Ferrera-Cerrato R, Almaraz JJ, Peña-Cabriales JJ. Tolerance and growth of 11 Trichoderma strains to crude oil, naphthalene, phenanthrene and benzo[a]pyrene. J Environ Manage 2012; 95 Suppl:S291-S299. [PMID: 20869805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2009] [Revised: 08/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHs) are major organic contaminants in soils, whose degradation process is mediated by microorganisms such as the filamentous fungi Cunninghamella elegans and Phanerochaete chrysosporium. However, little is known about the tolerance and the degradation capability of Trichoderma species when exposed to PH. This research evaluated the tolerance and growth of 11 Trichoderma strains to crude oil (COil), naphthalene (NAPH), phenanthrene (PHE) and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) by using in vitro systems. Petri dishes containing solid mineral minimum medium were separately contaminated with COil, with seven doses of either NAPH or PHE (250, 500, 750, 1000, 2000, and 3000 mg L(-1)), and with six doses of B[a]P (10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 mg L(-1)). Non-contaminated plates were used as controls. Trichoderma strains were exposed to all the contaminants by triplicate, and the growth of each fungal colony was daily recorded. No significant differences were observed among Trichoderma strains when they were exposed to COil in which the maximum fungal growth was reached at 96 h. In contrast, Trichoderma strains showed variations to tolerate and grow under different doses of either NAPH, PHE or B[a]P. Increasing NAPH doses resulted on significant greater fungal growth inhibition than PHE doses. The exposure to B[a]P did not inhibited growth of some Trichoderma strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Argumedo-Delira
- Área de Microbiología, Postgrado de Edafología, Colegio de Postgraduados, Carretera México-Texcoco Km 36.5, Montecillo 56230, Estado de México, México
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Ahmad B, Khan I, Bashir S, Azam S, Ali N. The antifungal, cytotoxic, antitermite and insecticidal activities of Zizyphus jujube. Pak J Pharm Sci 2011; 24:489-493. [PMID: 21959810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Plants are very useful, self-generating machines, producing a variety of useful bioactive products. Keeping in view this idea, the crude methanolic extract and various fractions of Zizyphus jujuba were screened for antifungal, cytotoxic, antitermite and insecticidal activities. Low activity was shown by the crude methanolic extract (12%), n-hexane (9%), chloroform (20%) and ethyl acetate (14%) fraction against Penicillium notatum. Low activity was shown by the n-hexane fraction against Aspergillus niger (10%) and Trichoderma harzianum (13%) and inactive against Aspergillus flavus, Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer. The CHCl(3) fraction exhibited low activity of 10% against F. oxysporum while showing no activity against the rest of the test fungi. All the test samples were inactive against Rhizopus stolonifer. The crude methanolic extract was highly cytotoxic (73.33%) at the concentration of 1000 (µg/ml) while the rest of the test samples were low in toxicity at the same concentration. The crude methanolic extract of Zizyphus jujuba showed significant antitermite activity against Heterotermes indicola, among the test samples. Against Tribolium castaneum, Rhizopertha dominica and Callosbruchus analis the insecticidal activity was determined. All the test samples except n-hexane showed low activity (20%) against T. castaneum. The n-hexane fraction showed low activity (20%) against R. dominica while the rest of the fractions were inactive against it. Low activity of 40% and 20% was shown by the chloroform and n-hexane fraction respectively against C. analis. The results of the present study revealed that the plant could be as potent source of cytotoxic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashir Ahmad
- Pharma Biotech Research Lab, Centre of Biotechnology and Microbiology, University of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
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Contreras-Cornejo HA, Macías-Rodríguez L, Beltrán-Peña E, Herrera-Estrella A, López-Bucio J. Trichoderma-induced plant immunity likely involves both hormonal- and camalexin-dependent mechanisms in Arabidopsis thaliana and confers resistance against necrotrophic fungi Botrytis cinerea. Plant Signal Behav 2011; 6:1554-63. [PMID: 21931272 PMCID: PMC3256384 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.10.17443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma have long been recognized as agents for the biocontrol of plant diseases. In this work, we investigated the mechanisms involved in the defense responses of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings elicited by co-culture with Trichoderma virens and Trichoderma atroviride. Interaction of plant roots with fungal mycelium induced growth and defense responses, indicating that both processes are not inherently antagonist. Expression studies of the pathogenesis-related reporter markers pPr1a:uidA and pLox2:uidA in response to T. virens or T. atroviride provided evidence that the defense signaling pathway activated by these fungi involves salicylic acid (SA) and/or jasmonic acid (JA) depending on the amount of conidia inoculated. Moreover, we found that Arabidopsis seedlings colonized by Trichoderma accumulated hydrogen peroxide and camalexin in leaves. When grown under axenic conditions, T. virens produced indole-3-carboxaldehyde (ICAld) a tryptophan-derived compound with activity in plant development. In Arabidopsis seedlings whose roots are in contact with T. virens or T. atroviride, and challenged with Botrytis cinerea in leaves, disease severity was significantly reduced compared to axenically grown seedlings. Our results indicate that the defense responses elicited by Trichoderma in Arabidopsis are complex and involve the canonical defense hormones SA and JA as well as camalexin, which may be important factors in boosting plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexon Angel Contreras-Cornejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo; Morelia, Michoacán México
| | - Lourdes Macías-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo; Morelia, Michoacán México
| | - Elda Beltrán-Peña
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo; Morelia, Michoacán México
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad; CINVESTAV Irapuato; Irapuato, Guanajuato México
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo; Morelia, Michoacán México
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Tapia E, Montes C, Rebufel P, Paradela A, Prieto H, Arenas G. Expression of an optimized Argopecten purpuratus antimicrobial peptide in E. coli and evaluation of the purified recombinant protein by in vitro challenges against important plant fungi. Peptides 2011; 32:1909-16. [PMID: 21787820 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2011.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMP) have been widely described in several organisms from different kingdoms. We recently designed and evaluated a synthetic version of an AMP isolated and characterized from Argopecten purpuratus hemocytes. This study describes the generation of a chimaeric gene encoding for Ap-S, the use of this construct to transform E. coli strain BL21, and the evaluation of the purified recombinant Ap-S (rApS) as an antifungal agent. The proposed gene coding for rAp-S consists of 93 nucleotides arranged downstream from the IPTG-inducible T7 promoter. The best synthesis conditions were obtained after E. coli cultivation at 26°C for 3h, which allowed for the production of an rAp-S-enriched fraction containing the peptide at 249μM. Mass spectrometry analysis of the purified rAp-S (3085.80Da) showed the addition of a glycine residue on its N-terminal end derived from vector design and peptide purification. The purified rApS fraction was assayed for antifungal activity by direct addition of purified rApS elution to potato dextrose agar media at a final concentration of 81nM. These assays showed important growth inhibitions of both biotrophic (Fusarium oxysporum, Trichoderma harzianum) and necrotrophic (Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria spp.) fungi in that the hyphae structures and spore count were affected in all cases. The strategy of cloning and expressing rAp-S in E. coli, the high yield obtained and its successful use for controlling pathogenic fungi suggest that this molecule could be applied to agricultural crops using various management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Tapia
- Biotechnology Doctoral Program, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María-Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Brasil 2950, Valparaíso, Chile
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Vicentini CB, Romagnoli C, Manfredini S, Rossi D, Mares D. Pyrazolo[3,4-c]isothiazole and isothiazolo[4,3-d]isoxazole derivatives as antifungal agents. Pharm Biol 2011; 49:545-552. [PMID: 21385093 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2010.527350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT The diseases of plants and humans due to pathogenic fungi are increasing. Among the substances used to combat fungi, the azoles are of primary interest, both in agricultural field both in health. To avoid fungal resistance phenomena, the synthesis and tests of new derivatives are necessary. OBJECTIVE This article discusses the synthesis and the antifungal activity of pyrazolo[3,4-c]isothiazole and isothiazolo[4,3-d]isoxazole derivatives against three fungi that are pathogenic only for plants and two fungi that are opportunistic in humans and plants. MATERIALS AND METHODS The compounds were prepared starting from 2-cyano-3-ethoxy-2-butenethioamide. The antifungal activity of the compounds was determined by measuring the inhibition of growth of the fungi tested at 20, 50, and 100 µg/mL in comparison with the controls. RESULTS Results demonstrated that several compounds were able to control the mycelial growth of the tested fungi, even if they showed different sensitivity to the different azole-derivatives. In general Magnaporthe grisea (T.T. Hebert) Yaegashi & Udagawa was the most sensitive fungus, being blocked almost entirely by 4-chloro derivative even at 20 µg/mL, a concentration at which the reference commercial compound tricyclazole was nearly ineffective. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These findings demonstrate that the pyrazolo[3,4-c]isothiazole derivatives have a wide spectrum of activity on phytopathogenic and opportunistic fungi. In particular the 4-chloro derivative seems to have a great potential as new product to combat M. grisea in the agricultural field.
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