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Bandara AY, Kang S. Trichoderma application methods differentially affect the tomato growth, rhizomicrobiome, and rhizosphere soil suppressiveness against Fusarium oxysporum. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1366690. [PMID: 38476947 PMCID: PMC10929717 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1366690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are widely used to enhance crop growth and suppress diverse diseases. However, inconsistent field efficacy remains a major barrier to their use as a reliable alternative to synthetic pesticides. Various strategies have been investigated to enhance the robustness of their application. Here, we evaluated how T. virens application methods (pre-, at-, and post-transplant) affect the growth of two tomato varieties and their rhizosphere fungal and bacterial communities. Although the greatest rhizosphere abundance of T. virens was observed in the post-transplant application, the at-transplant application promoted tomato growth the most, indicating that greater rhizosphere abundance does not necessarily result in better tomato growth. None of the application methods significantly altered the global rhizosphere fungal and bacterial communities of the tested varieties. Changes in specific microbial genera and guilds may underpin the enhanced tomato growth. We also investigated whether the resulting microbiome changes affect the mycelial growth and conidial germination of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and F. oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, soilborne fungal pathogens of tomato, upon exposure to volatile compounds emitted by culturable rhizosphere microbes and metabolites extracted from the rhizosphere soils after Trichoderma treatments. Volatile compounds produced by cultured rhizosphere microbes after the at-transplant application suppressed the mycelial growth of both pathogens better than those after the other treatments. Similarly, water-soluble metabolites extracted from the rhizosphere soil samples after the at-transplant application most effectively suppressed the germination rate of F. oxysporum spores. Overall, our results suggest that the at-transplant application is most advantageous for promoting the growth of the tested tomato varieties and building soil suppressiveness against the tested fusaria. However, further studies are needed before applying this method to support tomato production. We discuss critical future questions.
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Ashoor S, Mathew GM, Sukumaran RK. Rice straw hydrolysis using in-situ produced enzymes: Feedstock influences fungal enzyme composition and hydrolytic efficiency. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38327105 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2024.2312458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 was cultivated on differentially pretreated rice straw and pure cellulose as a carbon source/inducer for cellulase production, and the enzymes were evaluated for hydrolysis of sequential acid and alkali pretreated rice straw. Growth on pretreated rice straw enhanced protein secretion and cellulase activities compared to pure cellulose as a carbon source. The yield of cellulolytic enzymes was higher for alkali pretreated rice straw (ALP-RS), while H2O2-treated (HP-RS) could not induce cellulases to a larger level compared to pure cellulose. Protein concentration was 3.5-fold higher on ALP-RS as compared to pure cellulose, with a maximum filter-paper cellulase (FPase) activity of 1.76 IU/ml and carboxy-methyl cellulase (CMCase) activity of 40.16 IU/ml (2.18 fold higher). Beta-glucosidase (BGL) activity was more or less the same with the different substrates and supplementation of heterologous BGL could result in a quantum jump in hydrolytic efficiencies, which in the case of ALP-RS induced enzymes was 34% (increased from 69.26% to 92.51%). The use of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) itself as a substrate for the production of cellulase is advantageous not only in terms of raw material costs but also for obtaining a more suitable enzyme profile for biomass hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selim Ashoor
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gincy Marina Mathew
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology (CSIR-NIIST), Thiruvananthapuram, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Gupta R, Singh M, Khan BR. Photosynthetic electron transport rate and root dynamics of finger millet in response to Trichoderma harzianum. Plant Signal Behav 2022; 17:2146373. [PMID: 36382615 PMCID: PMC9673954 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2146373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Finger millet (ragi) is the main food grain for many people, especially in the arid and semiarid regions of developing countries in Asia and Africa. The grains contain an exceptionally higher amount of Ca (>300 mg/100 g) when compared to other major cereals. For sustainable production of ragi in the current scenario of climate change, this study aimed to evaluate the impact of Trichoderma harzianum (TRI) on ragi performance. The performance of photosynthetic pigment pool, photosynthetic apparatus, and root dynamics of three varieties of ragi (PRM-1, PRM-701, and PRM-801) in response to four treatments viz., C (soil), S+ TRI (soil + Trichoderma), farmyard manure (soil+ FYM), and FYM+TRI (Soil + FYM + Trichoderma) were studied. Results have shown a significant increase in the photosynthetic pigment pool and optimized functional and structural integrity of the photosynthetic apparatus in response to the combination of farmyard manure (FYM) with TRI. Higher yield parameters viz., φ(Po) and φ(Eo), δ(Ro), efficiency ψ(Eo), performance indices - PIabs and PItotal, and enhanced root canopy and biomass were observed in all three varieties. Improved electron transport from PSII to PSI, root canopy and biomass, may also suitably favor biological carbon sequestration to retain soil health and plant productivity in case grown in association with FYM and TRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramwant Gupta
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, The University of Guyana, Georgetown, Guyana
- G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Munna Singh
- G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
- Department of Plant Physiology, CBSH, G B Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, India
| | - Bibi Rafeiza Khan
- Department of Biology, The University of Scranton, Scranton, PA, USA
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Salvatore MM, Siciliano A, Staropoli A, Vinale F, Nicoletti R, DellaGreca M, Guida M, Salvatore F, Iuliano M, Andolfi A, De Tommaso G. Interaction of the Fungal Metabolite Harzianic Acid with Rare-Earth Cations (Pr 3+, Eu 3+, Ho 3+, Tm 3+). Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196468. [PMID: 36235005 PMCID: PMC9571137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rare-earth elements (REEs) are in all respect a class of new contaminants that may have toxic effects on organisms and microorganisms and information on their interactions with natural ligands should be of value to predict and control their diffusion in natural environments. In the current study, we investigate interactions of tripositive cations of praseodymium, europium, holmium, and thulium with harzianic acid (H2L), a secondary metabolite produced by selected strains of fungi belonging to the Trichoderma genus. We applied the same techniques and workflow previously employed in an analogous study concerning lanthanum, neodymium, samarium, and gadolinium tripositive cations. Therefore, in the current study, HPLC-ESI-HRMS experiments, circular dichroism (CD), and UV-Vis spectrophotometric absorption data, as well as accurate pH measurements, were applied to characterize bonding interactions between harzianic acid and Pr3+, Eu3+, Ho3+, and Tm3+ cations. Problems connected to the low solubility of harzianic acid in water were overcome by employing a 0.1 M NaClO4/(CH3OH + H2O 50/50 w/w) mixed solvent. For Pr3+, Ho3+, and Tm3+, only the mono complexes PrL+, HoL+, and TmL+ were detected and their formation constant determined. Eu3+ forms almost exclusively the bis complex EuL2− for which the corresponding formation constant is reported; under our experimental conditions, the mono complex EuL+ is irrelevant. Combining the results of the present and previous studies, a picture of interactions of harzianic acid with rare-earth cations extending over 8 of the 17 REEs can be composed. In order to complement chemical information with toxicological information, a battery of bioassays was applied to evaluate the effects of praseodymium, europium, holmium, and thulium tripositive cations on a suite of bioindicators including Aliivibrio fischeri (Gram-negative bacterium), Raphidocelis subcapitata (green alga), and Daphnia magna (microcrustacean), and median effective concentration (EC50) values of Pr3+, Eu3+, Ho3+, and Tm3+ for the tested species were assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Michela Salvatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.S.); (M.I.); (A.A.); Tel.: +39-081-2539179 (A.A.)
| | | | - Alessia Staropoli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Vinale
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, 80137 Naples, Italy
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Rosario Nicoletti
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics, Research Centre for Olive, Fruit and Citrus Crops, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Marina DellaGreca
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Guida
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Francesco Salvatore
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Mauro Iuliano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.S.); (M.I.); (A.A.); Tel.: +39-081-2539179 (A.A.)
| | - Anna Andolfi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
- BAT Center-Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-Environmental Technology, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.M.S.); (M.I.); (A.A.); Tel.: +39-081-2539179 (A.A.)
| | - Gaetano De Tommaso
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
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Zhang J, Yin WB. Characterisation of two unique sesquiterpenoids from Trichoderma hypoxylon. Mycology 2022; 13:32-38. [PMID: 35186411 PMCID: PMC8856097 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2021.1964630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two new sesquiterpenoids, 1–2, together with three known compounds, were isolated from Trichoderma hypoxylon. Among the known compounds, compound 4 was isolated as naturally occurring compound for the first time. The structures of these new compounds were characterized by HR-ESI-MS and spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR. The absolute configurations of 1–2 were assigned by electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Of Mycology, Institute Of Microbiology, Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China.,University Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bing Yin
- State Key Laboratory Of Mycology, Institute Of Microbiology, Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China.,University Of Chinese Academy Of Sciences, Beijing, Republic of China
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Shen S, Xia X, Zhong Y, Deng S, Xie D, Liu B, Zhang Y, Pan G, Wang X, Tu J. Implanting Niobium Carbide into Trichoderma Spore Carbon: a New Advanced Host for Sulfur Cathodes. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1900009. [PMID: 30843629 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201900009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tailored construction of advanced carbon hosts is playing a great role in the development of high-performance lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs). Herein, a novel N,P-codoped trichoderma spore carbon (TSC) with a bowl structure, prepared by a "trichoderma bioreactor" and annealing process is reported. Moreover, TSC shows excellent compatibility with conductive niobium carbide (NbC), which is in situ implanted into the TSC matrix in the form of nanoparticles forming a highly porous TSC/NbC host. Importantly, NbC plays a dual role in TSC for not only pore formation but also enhancement of conductivity. Excitingly, the sulfur can be well accommodated in the TSC/NbC host forming a high-performance TSC/NbC-S cathode, which exhibits greatly enhanced rate performance (810 mAh g-1 at 5 C) and long cycling life (937.9 mAh g-1 at 0.1 C after 500 cycles), superior to TSC-S and other carbon/S counterparts due to the larger porosity, higher conductivity, and better synergetic trapping effect for the soluble polysulfide intermediate. The synergetic work of porous the conductive architecture, heterodoped N&P polar sites in TSC and polar conductive NbC provides new opportunities for enhancing physisorption and chemisorption of polysulfides leading to higher capacity and better rate capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenghui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applications for Batteries of Zhejiang Province, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xinhui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applications for Batteries of Zhejiang Province, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applications for Batteries of Zhejiang Province, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Shengjue Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applications for Batteries of Zhejiang Province, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Dong Xie
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Advanced Nanomaterials, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applications for Batteries of Zhejiang Province, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applications for Batteries of Zhejiang Province, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Guoxiang Pan
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Huzhou University, Huzhou, 313000, P. R. China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applications for Batteries of Zhejiang Province, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jiangping Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Applications for Batteries of Zhejiang Province, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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Mendoza JLH, Pérez MIS, Prieto JMG, Velásquez JDQ, Olivares JGG, Langarica HRG. Antibiosis of Trichoderma spp strains native to northeastern Mexico against the pathogenic fungus Macrophomina phaseolina. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:1093-101. [PMID: 26691467 PMCID: PMC4704620 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420120177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Sampling of agricultural soils from the Mexican northeastern region was performed to detect Trichoderma spp., genetically characterize it, and assess its potential use as a biologic control agent against Macrophomina phaseolina. M. phaseolina is a phytopathogen that attacks over 500 species of cultivated plants and causes heavy losses in the regional sorghum crop. Sampling was performed immediately after sorghum or corn harvest in an area that was approximately 170 km from the Mexico-USA border. Sixteen isolates were obtained in total. Using colony morphology and sequencing the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) 1 and 4 of 18S rDNA, 14 strains were identified as Trichoderma harzianum, T. koningiopsis and T. virens. Subsequently, their antagonistic activity against M. phaseolina was evaluated in vitro, and 11 isolates showed antagonism by competition and stopped M. phaseolina growth. In 4 of these isolates, the antibiosis phenomenon was observed through the formation of an intermediate band without growth between colonies. One strain, HTE808, was identified as Trichoderma koningiopsis and grew rapidly; when it came into contact with the M. phaseolina colony, it continued to grow and sporulated until it covered the entire petri dish. Microscopic examination confirmed that it has a high level of hyperparasitism and is thus considered to have high potential for use in the control of this phytopathogen.
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Asad SA, Tabassum A, Hameed A, Hassan FU, Afzal A, Khan SA, Ahmed R, Shahzad M. Determination of lytic enzyme activities of indigenous Trichoderma isolates from Pakistan. Braz J Microbiol 2015; 46:1053-64. [PMID: 26691463 PMCID: PMC4704632 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838246420140787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated lytic enzyme activities in three indigenous Trichoderma strains namely, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma sp. Native Trichoderma strains and a virulent strain of Rhizoctonia solani isolated from infected bean plants were also included in the study. Enzyme activities were determined by measuring sugar reduction by dinitrosalicylic acid (DNS) method using suitable substrates. The antagonists were cultured in minimal salt medium with the following modifications: medium A (1 g of glucose), medium B (0.5 g of glucose + 0.5 g of deactivated R. solani mycelia), medium C (1.0 g of deactivated respective antagonist mycelium) and medium D (1 g of deactivated R. solani mycelia). T asperellum showed presence of higher amounts of chitinases, β-1, 3-glucanases and xylanases in extracellular protein extracts from medium D as compared to medium A. While, the higher activities of glucosidases and endoglucanses were shown in medium D extracts by T. harzianum. β-glucosidase activities were lower compared with other enzymes; however, activities of the extracts of medium D were significantly different. T. asperellum exhibited maximum inhibition (97.7%). On the other hand, Trichoderma sp. did not show any effect on mycelia growth of R. solani on crude extract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Ahmad Asad
- Centre for Climate Research and Development, COMSATS University,
Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Tabassum
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad,
Pakistan
| | - Abdul Hameed
- Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad,
Pakistan
| | - Fayyaz ul Hassan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Aftab Afzal
- Department of Botany, Hazara University, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Sabaz Ali Khan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Abbottabad,
Pakistan
| | - Rafiq Ahmed
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Abbottabad,
Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahzad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Abbottabad,
Pakistan
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Kasa P, Modugapalem H, Battini K. Isolation, screening, and molecular characterization of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria isolates of Azotobacter and Trichoderma and their beneficial activities. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2015; 6:360-3. [PMID: 26283830 PMCID: PMC4518410 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.160006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The present study was conducted for isolation, screening, and identification of Azotobacter and Trichoderma from different soil samples. METHODS A total of 10 isolates of Azotobacter and Trichoderma were isolated from rhizospheric soils. The test isolates were biochemically characterized and screened in in-vitro conditions for their plant growth promoting properties. DNA polymorphism of isolates was studied using randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis. RESULTS A total of 41 bands were scored, out of which 35 bands were found to be 85.59% polymorphic in Azotobacter and in Trichoderma among total 37 bands scored of which 29 were found to be 78.37% polymorphic. The influence of isolated plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) strains on plant growth was studied using different parameters such as height of the plant, number of leaves, and number of branches, and bio-control activity was studied. CONCLUSION The present results concluded that the multiple beneficial activities of PGPR traits increase the plant growth and bio-control activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parameswari Kasa
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visva Vidyalayam (Women's University), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Hemalatha Modugapalem
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visva Vidyalayam (Women's University), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Kishori Battini
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Padmavati Mahila Visva Vidyalayam (Women's University), Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Znameroski EA, Glass NL. Using a model filamentous fungus to unravel mechanisms of lignocellulose deconstruction. Biotechnol Biofuels 2013; 6:6. [PMID: 23339486 PMCID: PMC3598899 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-6-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are the main source of enzymes used to degrade lignocellulose to fermentable sugars for the production of biofuels. While the most commonly used organism for the production of cellulases in an industrial setting is Trichoderma reesei (Hypocrea jecorina), recent work in the model filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa has shown that the variety of molecular, genetic and biochemical techniques developed for this organism can expedite analyses of the complexities involved in the utilization of lignocellulose as a source of carbon. These include elucidating regulatory networks associated with plant cell wall deconstruction, the identification of signaling molecules necessary for induction of the expression of genes encoding lignocellulolytic enzymes and the characterization of new cellulolytic enzymatic activities. In particular, the availability of a full genome deletion strain set for N. crassa has expedited high throughput screening for mutants that display a cellulolytic phenotype. This review summarizes the key findings of several recent studies using N. crassa to further understanding the mechanisms of plant cell wall deconstruction by filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Znameroski
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Current address: Novozymes, 1445 Drew Avenue, 95618, Davis, CA, USA
| | - N Louise Glass
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, 94720, Berkeley, CA, USA
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Kubicek CP. Systems biological approaches towards understanding cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei. J Biotechnol 2013; 163:133-42. [PMID: 22750088 PMCID: PMC3568919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2012.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress and improvement in "-omics" technologies has made it possible to study the physiology of organisms by integrated and genome-wide approaches. This bears the advantage that the global response, rather than isolated pathways and circuits within an organism, can be investigated ("systems biology"). The sequencing of the genome of Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph Hypocrea jecorina), a fungus that serves as a major producer of biomass-degrading enzymes for the use of renewable lignocellulosic material towards production of biofuels and biorefineries, has offered the possibility to study this organism and its enzyme production on a genome wide scale. In this review, I will highlight the use of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics towards an improved and novel understanding of the biochemical processes that involve in the massive overproduction of secreted proteins.
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Contreras-Cornejo HA, Macías-Rodríguez L, Beltrán-Peña E, Herrera-Estrella A, López-Bucio J. Trichoderma-induced plant immunity likely involves both hormonal- and camalexin-dependent mechanisms in Arabidopsis thaliana and confers resistance against necrotrophic fungi Botrytis cinerea. Plant Signal Behav 2011; 6:1554-63. [PMID: 21931272 PMCID: PMC3256384 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.10.17443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi belonging to the genus Trichoderma have long been recognized as agents for the biocontrol of plant diseases. In this work, we investigated the mechanisms involved in the defense responses of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings elicited by co-culture with Trichoderma virens and Trichoderma atroviride. Interaction of plant roots with fungal mycelium induced growth and defense responses, indicating that both processes are not inherently antagonist. Expression studies of the pathogenesis-related reporter markers pPr1a:uidA and pLox2:uidA in response to T. virens or T. atroviride provided evidence that the defense signaling pathway activated by these fungi involves salicylic acid (SA) and/or jasmonic acid (JA) depending on the amount of conidia inoculated. Moreover, we found that Arabidopsis seedlings colonized by Trichoderma accumulated hydrogen peroxide and camalexin in leaves. When grown under axenic conditions, T. virens produced indole-3-carboxaldehyde (ICAld) a tryptophan-derived compound with activity in plant development. In Arabidopsis seedlings whose roots are in contact with T. virens or T. atroviride, and challenged with Botrytis cinerea in leaves, disease severity was significantly reduced compared to axenically grown seedlings. Our results indicate that the defense responses elicited by Trichoderma in Arabidopsis are complex and involve the canonical defense hormones SA and JA as well as camalexin, which may be important factors in boosting plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexon Angel Contreras-Cornejo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo; Morelia, Michoacán México
| | - Lourdes Macías-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo; Morelia, Michoacán México
| | - Elda Beltrán-Peña
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo; Morelia, Michoacán México
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad; CINVESTAV Irapuato; Irapuato, Guanajuato México
| | - José López-Bucio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas; Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo; Morelia, Michoacán México
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