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Shirouzu T, Suzuki TK, Matsuoka S, Takamatsu S. Evolutionary dependence of host type and chasmothecial appendage morphology in obligate plant parasites belonging to Erysipheae (powdery mildew, Erysiphaceae). Mycologia 2024:1-11. [PMID: 38606994 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2024.2327972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Evolutionary relationships between the morphological and ecological traits of fungi are poorly understood. The appendages of chasmothecia, which are sexual reproductive organs of Erysiphaceae, are considered to play a crucial role in the overwintering strategies of these fungi on host plants. Previous studies suggested that both the host type and appendage morphology evolved at the same nodes and transitioned from complex appendages on deciduous hosts to simple appendages on herb/evergreen hosts. However, the evolutionary dependence between host type and appendage morphology remains unproven owing to the limited species data used in analyses. To elucidate the evolutionary relationship between host type and appendage morphology, we used phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) to investigate the state transition, ancestral state, evolutionary dependence, and contingent evolution within Erysipheae, the largest and most diverse tribe in Erysiphaceae. Our PCMs, based on a comprehensive data set of Erysipheae, revealed that the most ancestral states were deciduous host types and complex appendages. From these ancestral states, convergent evolution toward the herb/evergreen host types and simple appendages occurred multiple times at the same nodes. For the first time in Erysiphaceae, we detected an evolutionary dependence between host type and appendage morphology. This is one of the few examples in which evolutionary dependence between host phenology and morphological traits in plant-parasitic fungi was demonstrated using PCMs. Appendage simplification on herb/evergreen hosts and complications on deciduous hosts can be reasonably explained by the functional advantages of each appendage type in different overwintering strategies. These expected appendage functions can explain approximately 90% of host type and appendage morphology combinations observed in the analyzed taxa. However, our results also highlighted the occurrence of evolutionary shifts that deviate from the expected advantages of each appendage morphology. These seemingly irrational shifts might be interpretable from the flexibility of overwintering strategies and quantification of appendage functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shirouzu
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, 514-8507 Japan
| | - Takao K Suzuki
- Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, the University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, 277-8568, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Matsuoka
- Field Science Education and Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Susumu Takamatsu
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, 514-8507 Japan
- National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba, 305-0005, Japan
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Chai CY, Ke T, Niu QH, Hui FL. Diversity of Wickerhamomyces (Wickerhamomycetaceae, Saccharomycetales) in China with the description of four new species. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1338231. [PMID: 38389540 PMCID: PMC10881795 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1338231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Wickerhamomyces is a well-known genus of the family Wickerhamomycetaceae in the class Ascomycetes. These fungi can survive in a variety of substrates and environments and perform many valuable roles in both industrial processes and the natural ecosystems. During our investigation of yeast diversity associated with plant materials, 53 Wickerhamomyces isolates were obtained from rotting wood and plant leaves collected in Fujian, Guizhou, Henan, and Yunnan Provinces of China. Isolates were identified as 14 Wickerhamomyces species, including 1 species known previously to occur in China (W. anomalus), 9 new record species in China (W. arborarius, W. ciferrii, W. edaphicus, W. lynferdii, W. pijperi, W. subpelliculosa, W. xylosica, W. strasburgensis, and W. sydowiorum), and 4 novel species (W. guiyangensis sp. nov., W. paramyanmarensis sp. nov., W. quanzhouensis sp. nov., and W. phyllophilus sp. nov.). This study presents a detailed account of these new species, illustrating their morphology and analyzing their phylogenetic relationships with other Wickerhamomyces species. Our study is the first comprehensive study on Wickerhamomyces species associated with plant materials from tropical and subtropical China. The results of this study update our understanding of the phylogenetic relationships, systematics, and ecology of Wickerhamomyces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yue Chai
- School of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
- Research Center of Henan Provincial Agricultural Biomass Resource Engineering and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Tao Ke
- School of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
- Research Center of Henan Provincial Agricultural Biomass Resource Engineering and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Qiu-Hong Niu
- School of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
- Research Center of Henan Provincial Agricultural Biomass Resource Engineering and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
| | - Feng-Li Hui
- School of Life Science and Agricultural Engineering, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
- Research Center of Henan Provincial Agricultural Biomass Resource Engineering and Technology, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, China
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Money NP, Stolze-Rybczynski J, Smith BE, Trninić D, Davis DJ, Fischer MWF. Ascus function: From squirt guns to ooze tubes. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1491-1504. [PMID: 38097323 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Unlike the mechanism of ballistospore discharge, which was not solved until the 1980s, the operation of asci as pressurized squirt guns is relatively straightforward and was understood in the nineteenth century. Since then, mycologists have sought to understand how structural adaptations to asci have allowed the ascomycetes to expel spores of different shapes and sizes over distances ranging from a few millimeters to tens of centimeters. These modifications include the use of valves at the tips of asci that maintain ascus pressure and expel spores at the highest speeds, and gelatinous appendages that connect spores after release and create larger projectiles with greater momentum than single spores. Clever experiments in the twentieth century coupled with meticulous microscopic studies led investigators to understand how asci with complicated apical structures worked and mathematical models produced estimates of launch speeds. With the recent application of high-speed video microscopy, these inferences about ascus function have been tested by imaging the motion of spores on a microsecond timescale. These experiments have established that ascospore discharge is the fastest fungal movement and is among the fastest movements in biology. Beginning with the history of the study of asci, this review article explains how asci are pressurized, how spores are released, and how far spores travel after their release. We also consider the efficiency of ascospore discharge relative to the mechanism of ballistospore discharge and examine the way that the squirt gun mechanism has limited the morphological diversity of ascomycete fruit bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P Money
- Western Program and Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA.
| | | | - B Eugene Smith
- Western Program and Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Dragana Trninić
- Western Program and Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Diana J Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH, 45233, USA
| | - Mark W F Fischer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mount St. Joseph University, Cincinnati, OH, 45233, USA
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Noshad D, van der Merwe L, Yanchuk A. First report of Truncatella angustata causing leaf blight on Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don in Canada. Plant Dis 2023. [PMID: 38035779 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-03-23-0471-pdn] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don) is one of the most important commercial tree species in British Columbia, generates more than $1 billion in economic activity annually and about 8-10 million trees are planted in reforestation efforts (Gregory et al. 2018). It has been selected as the provincial tree of British Columbia (BC) because of its tremendous economic, ecoogical and cultural value. However, foliar diseases such as leaf blights have serious impact on redcedar growth and may cause significant loss of tree volume (Russell, 2007). Our 2014 - 2015 surveys of western redcedar forests in coastal areas of BC indicated high incidence of a distinctive type of blight. We observed the incidence of this disease on more than 80% of western redcedar (approximately 493) trees from late May to early December. Early symptoms appeared as circular to oval, brownish to black spots (2-3 mm), 1-5 spots per branch tip, scattered at the tip margins. Sequentially, the spots enlarged and developed into necrotic lesions on both young and old leaves. More than 50 symptomatic leaves from 10 different trees were collected and rinsed in distilled water then surface-sterilized with three times washing in Tween 20 (%5 solution) for 2 minutes (each time) and %70 ethanol for 30 second (3 times repeat). Tissues from under lesions were placed on MEA (Malt Extract Agar; Phyto Tech® labs-Product ID: M498) and PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar; Phyto Tech® Labs-Product ID: P772). The plates were incubated at 21°C in the dark. They developed distinct dull white to brown, cottony colonies with each black acervuli approximately 450-500µm. The isolates produced fusiform conidia with four cells. They didn't have any distinct color. The conidiophore size was approximately 23-24 x 2-3 µm with mostly hyaline to light brown color, branched and conidiogenous was hyaline and not branched and simple. The spore size was approximately 15-20μm by 7-10μm with three transverse septa and endogenous papillae with hyaline apical appendages. Next, we collected spores and replated them on fresh MEA media culture and placed back in the incubator to produce pure cultures. We studied conidia from leaves of trees mentioned above using light and electron microscopy using Hitachi S-3500N Scanning Electron Microscope (Noshad et al. 2023). After morphological study, further identification to the species level conducted using Zambounis and Wenneker's approach (Zambounis 2019; Wenneker,2017). Genomic DNA from two single-spore isolates were isolated and sequenced. Sequences of ITS (Internal Transcribed Spacer) region amplified using primers ITS1/ITS4 and sequenced. Final sequences were deposited in Genbank and published (accession numbers OP086244 and OP086251). Blast analysis of these sequences showed 99% and 99% resemblances with T. angustata sequence (Sutton 1980). To verify its pathogenicity, we performed a comprehensive pathogenicity test to fulfill Koch's postulates. We collected their distinctive spores in an aseptic environment and standardized them (5000/ml) using a haemocytometer. Then we inoculated 100 western redcedar seedlings (three years old) by injecting standardized spore suspension solution (inoculum) using ultra-fine 0.3ml, 31G, 8mm syringes (approximately 0.1ml per inoculation site). Ten positive control seedlings were inoculated with distilled water and ten negative control seedlings were not inoculated at all. All inoculated (experimental) seedlings demonstrated same symptoms (black spots and characteristic spores) after eight weeks. None of the control seedlings showed any similar symptoms. In the next stage, we isolated and cultured spores from inoculated seedlings and studied them. The identity of reisolates confirmed using DNA sequencing. We used these spores for our next set of disease screening which was successful again. We identified Truncatella angustata (Pers.) Hughes as the causal agent for shoot-tip blight (STB) on western redcedar by examining morphological and molecular characteristics of the pathogen. This is the first report of T. angustata as a primary pathogen on western redcedar in British Columbia, Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Noshad
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 8199, Forest Improvement and Research, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- University of Victoria Faculty of Science, 124609, Biology, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada;
| | - Lise van der Merwe
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 8199, Forest Improvement and Research, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada;
| | - Alvin Yanchuk
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 8199, Forest Improvement and Research, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada
- University of Victoria Faculty of Science, 124609, Biology, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada;
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Nimsi KA, Manjusha K, Mohamed Hatha AA, Kathiresan K. Diversity, Distribution and Bioprospecting Potentials of Manglicolous Yeasts: A Review. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2023:7152589. [PMID: 37142411 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiad044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Manglicolous yeasts are those that inhabit mangroves. Being adapted to survive extreme environmental variations, these yeasts possess traits that are desirable in terms of bioprospecting potential. Yeasts have been successfully isolated from different microhabitats within the mangrove ecosystem, including vegetation, water, sediments, and invertebrates. They have been found to be most abundant in sediments and water. Manglicolous yeasts are highly diverse unlike previously assumed. Yeasts belonging to the phyla Ascomycetes are more common in mangrove ecosystems than Basidiomycetes. Candida, Cryptococcus, Debaryomyces, Geotrichum, Kluyveromyces, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, and Pichia were some of the dominant yeast genera which are cosmopolitan in distribution. New species yeasts such as Vishniacozyma changhuana and V.taiwanica are also known from mangroves. A compilation of isolation and identification methods employed for manglicolous yeast culture is provided in this review. Culture-independent approaches to understanding yeast diversities have also been introduced. The bioprospecting potentials of manglicolous yeasts have been highlighted these include enzymes, xylitol, biofuel, single-cell oil, anti-cancer agents, antimicrobials, and biosurfactants. Manglicolous yeast also finds application as biocontrol agents, bio-remediators, single-cell proteins, food and feed, and immunostimulants. Our knowledge of the diversity and economical prospects of manglicolous yeasts is limited and likely to remain so as mangroves are disappearing fast. Therefore, this review is an attempt to give insight into these aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kozhikotte Manjusha
- Department of Marine Biology, Microbiology, and Biochemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala 682016, India
| | | | - Kandasamy Kathiresan
- Center for Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu 608502, India
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Hoffman JR, Karol KG, Ohmura Y, Pogoda CS, Keepers KG, McMullin RT, Lendemer JC. Mitochondrial genomes in the iconic reindeer lichens: Architecture, variation, and synteny across multiple evolutionary scales. Mycologia 2023; 115:187-205. [PMID: 36736327 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2022.2157665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Variation in mitochondrial genome composition across intraspecific, interspecific, and higher taxonomic scales has been little studied in lichen obligate symbioses. Cladonia is one of the most diverse and ecologically important lichen genera, with over 500 species representing an array of unique morphologies and chemical profiles. Here, we assess mitochondrial genome diversity and variation in this flagship genus, with focused sampling of two clades of the "true" reindeer lichens, Cladonia subgenus Cladina, and additional genomes from nine outgroup taxa. We describe composition and architecture at the gene and the genome scale, examining patterns in organellar genome size in larger taxonomic groups in Ascomycota. Mitochondrial genomes of Cladonia, Pilophorus, and Stereocaulon were consistently larger than those of Lepraria and contained more introns, suggesting a selective pressure in asexual morphology in Lepraria driving it toward genomic simplification. Collectively, lichen mitochondrial genomes were larger than most other fungal life strategies, reaffirming the notion that coevolutionary streamlining does not correlate to genome size reductions. Genomes from Cladonia ravenelii and Stereocaulon pileatum exhibited ATP9 duplication, bearing paralogs that may still be functional. Homing endonuclease genes (HEGs), though scarce in Lepraria, were diverse and abundant in Cladonia, exhibiting variable evolutionary histories that were sometimes independent of the mitochondrial evolutionary history. Intraspecific HEG diversity was also high, with C. rangiferina especially bearing a range of HEGs with one unique to the species. This study reveals a rich history of events that have transformed mitochondrial genomes of Cladonia and related genera, allowing future study alongside a wealth of assembled genomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Hoffman
- Department of Biology, The City University of New York Graduate Center, 365 5th Avenue, New York, New York 10016
- Institute of Systemic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458-5126
| | - Kenneth G Karol
- Institute of Systemic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458-5126
| | - Yoshihito Ohmura
- Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science, 4-1-1 Amakubo, Tsukuba 305-0005, Japan
| | - Cloe S Pogoda
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Kyle G Keepers
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309
| | - Richard T McMullin
- Research and Collections, Canadian Museum of Nature, PO Box 3443, Station D, Ottawa, Ontario K1P 6P4, Canada
| | - James C Lendemer
- Institute of Systemic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York 10458-5126
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Mleczko P, Hilszczańska D, Karpowicz F, Kozak M, Leonardi M, Rosa-Gruszecka A, Tereba A, Pacioni G. Tuber wenchuanense, a holarctic truffle with a wide range of host plants and description of its ectomycorrhiza with spruce. Mycorrhiza 2023; 33:45-58. [PMID: 36637489 PMCID: PMC9938020 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01097-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Tuber wenchuanense ascomata (Ascomycota, Pezizales), a species originally described from Sichuan (China), were found in the Tatra Mountains in southern Poland. The purpose of this work was to (i) report and assess the first case of the holarctic natural distribution of a Tuber species, (ii) amend the original description of the species, (iii) summarize data on its host plants and (iv) describe its ectomycorrhiza. Specimens of Tuber wenchuanense from the Tatra Mountains were studied morphologically and molecularly. The ectomycorrhiza of this truffle with Picea abies was described for the first time. The distribution of T. wenchuanense, which is reconstructed based on sequences deposited in the publicly available nucleotide sequence databases, makes it the first holarctic Tuber species and the one with the northernmost habitat. In fact, its habitat is confined mainly to mountain coniferous forests and alpine and arctic tundra; although, according to known observations, the fruiting bodies of T. wenchuanense can be produced only under conifers. Based on the sequences of the internal transcribed spacer, this species appears to have low genetic variability over the entire distribution range. The phylogenetic tree showed that some of the unidentified phylotypes from the Rufum clade found by other researchers belong to T. wenchuanense. The ecological implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Mleczko
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Dorota Hilszczańska
- Department of Forest Ecology, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Filip Karpowicz
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | | | - Marco Leonardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Rosa-Gruszecka
- Department of Forest Ecology, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090, Raszyn, Poland.
| | - Anna Tereba
- Department of Forest Ecology, Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Braci Leśnej 3, 05-090, Raszyn, Poland
| | - Giovanni Pacioni
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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Sun JE, Meng CR, Phillips AJL, Wang Y. Two new Botryosphaeria (Botryosphaeriales, Botryosphaeriaceae) species in China. MycoKeys 2022; 94:1-16. [PMID: 36760539 PMCID: PMC9836432 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.94.91340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Five ascomycetous strains were isolated from dead branches and leaves of Salix (Salicaceae) and Osmanthusfragrans (Oleaceae), respectively. BLAST searches with ITS sequences in GenBank suggested a high degree of similarity to Botryosphaeriadothidea. To accurately identify these strains, we further analysed their morphological characteristics of asci, ascospores, all conidiophore cells and conidia. Phylogenetic relationships, based on ITS, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 gene sequences, confirmed our strains represented two novel species, which are introduced here as B.salicicola and B.osmanthuse spp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-E Sun
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, ChinaGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Chao-Rong Meng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, ChinaGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
| | - Alan J. L. Phillips
- Faculty of Sciences, Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisbon, PortugalUniversity of LisbonCampo GrandePortugal
| | - Yong Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural College, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, ChinaGuizhou UniversityGuiyangChina
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Bansal S, Mallikarjuna MG, Balamurugan A, Nayaka SC, Prakash G. Composition and Codon Usage Pattern Results in Divergence of the Zinc Binuclear Cluster ( Zn(II)2Cys6) Sequences among Ascomycetes Plant Pathogenic Fungi. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:1134. [PMID: 36354901 PMCID: PMC9694491 DOI: 10.3390/jof8111134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc binuclear cluster proteins (ZBC; Zn(II)2Cys6) are unique to the fungi kingdom and associated with a series of functions, viz., the utilization of macromolecules, stress tolerance, and most importantly, host-pathogen interactions by imparting virulence to the pathogen. Codon usage bias (CUB) is the phenomenon of using synonymous codons in a non-uniform fashion during the translation event, which has arisen because of interactions among evolutionary forces. The Zn(II)2Cys6 coding sequences from nine Ascomycetes plant pathogenic species and model system yeast were analysed for compositional and codon usage bias patterns. The clustering analysis diverged the Ascomycetes fungi into two clusters. The nucleotide compositional and relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis indicated GC biasness toward Ascomycetes fungi compared with the model system S. cerevisiae, which tends to be AT-rich. Further, plant pathogenic Ascomycetes fungi belonging to cluster-2 showed a higher number of GC-rich high-frequency codons than cluster-1 and was exclusively AT-rich in S. cerevisiae. The current investigation also showed the mutual effect of the two evolutionary forces, viz. natural selection and compositional constraints, on the CUB of Zn(II)2Cys6 genes. The perseverance of GC-rich codons of Zn(II)2Cys6 in Ascomycetes could facilitate the invasion process. The findings of the current investigation show the role of CUB and nucleotide composition in the evolutionary divergence of Ascomycetes plant pathogens and paves the way to target specific codons and sequences to modulate host-pathogen interactions through genome editing and functional genomics tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Bansal
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | | | - Alexander Balamurugan
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - S. Chandra Nayaka
- Department of Studies in Applied Botany and Biotechnology, University of Mysore, Mysore 570005, India
| | - Ganesan Prakash
- Division of Plant Pathology, ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi 110012, India
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Fraga BM, Díaz CE. Proposal for structural revision of several disubstituted tricycloalternarenes. Phytochemistry 2022; 201:113289. [PMID: 35738433 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mono- and di-substituted tricycloalternarenes form a group of meroterpenes isolated from epiphytic fungi. In this work, we have made thirteen proposals to correct erroneous structures of disubstituted tricycloalternarenes, also known as guignardones. Thus, in this group of compounds, structures of guignardones K, L3, M, W, tricycloalternarene B2, 15-hydroxy-tricycloalternarene 5 b, guignardiaene D, magnardones F-H and coibanols A-C, have been revised. Moreover, we have also explained why there are only two types of disubstituted tricycloalternarenes in nature, one with a -CH2-O- β-bridge between C-6 and C-4 (6R,4S-configuration), and the other with a -CH2-O- α-bridge between C-4 and C-6 (4R,6S-configuration). Finally, the relative and absolute configurations of phyllostictone A and the absolute structure of phyllostictone D have been established by comparison with those of magnardones I and D, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio M Fraga
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, C.S.I.C., Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Carmen E Díaz
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, C.S.I.C., Avda. Astrofísico F. Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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Rodrigues J, Rocha LFN, Martinez JM, Montalva C, Humber RA, Luz C. Clonostachys spp., natural mosquito antagonists, and their prospects for biological control of Aedes aegypti. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:2979-2984. [PMID: 35994116 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) is an important vector of arboviruses in the tropics and subtropics. New control strategies based on natural enemies such as entomopathogenic fungi are of utmost importance, and the present study reports the first isolation of Clonostachys spp. (Hypocreales: Bionectriaceae) from mosquitoes and their activity against A. aegypti. Entomopathogenic fungi were surveyed in central Brazil using A. aegypti larvae as sentinels and, also, a CDC light trap. Clonostachys eriocamporesii R.H. Perera & K.D. Hyde, 2020 (IP 440) and Clonostachys byssicola Schroers, 2001 (IP 461) were identified by sequence analysis of the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer gene, and tested against eggs, larvae, and adults. Both strains were highly active against A. aegypti third instar larvae, with mortalities ≥ 80% at 107 conidia/mL after 5 days but distinctly less active against eggs and adults. This is the first report of both C. eriocamporesii and C. byssicola as naturally occurring pathogens affecting mosquitoes, and IP 440 appears to be a promising control agent against aquatic stages of A. aegypti.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juscelino Rodrigues
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Luiz F N Rocha
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil.,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia de Goiás (IFG), Aparecida de Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Juan M Martinez
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Cristian Montalva
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil.,Instituto de Conservación, Biodiversidad y Territorio, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Richard A Humber
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil.,USDA-ARS Emerging Pests and Pathogens Research Unit, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, USA
| | - Christian Luz
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública (IPTSP), Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG), Avenida Esperança s/n, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, 74690-900, Brazil.
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12
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Xu T, Song Z, Hou Y, Liu S, Li X, Yang Q, Wu S. Secondary metabolites of the genus Nigrospora from terrestrial and marine habitats: Chemical diversity and biological activity. Fitoterapia 2022; 161:105254. [PMID: 35872163 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2022.105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Secondary metabolites produced by the ascomycetes have attracted wide attention from researchers. Their diverse chemical structures and rich biological activities are essential in medicine, food, and agriculture. The monophyletic Nigrospora genus belongs to the Apiosporaceae family and is a rich source of novel and diverse bioactive metabolites. It occurs as a common plant pathogen, endophyte, and saprobe distributed in many ecosystems worldwide. Researchers have focused on discovering new species and secondary metabolites in the past ten years. The host diseases caused by Nigrospora species are also investigated. This review describes 50 references from Web of Science, CNKI, Google Scholar and PubMed related to the secondary metabolites from Nigrospora. Here, a total of 231 compounds isolated from five known species and 21 unidentified species of Nigrospora from January 1991 to June 2022 are summarized. Their structures are attributed to polyketides, terpenoids, steroids, N-containing compounds, and fatty acids. Meanwhile, 77 metabolites exhibited various biological activities like cytotoxic, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antileukemic, antimalarial, phytotoxic, enzyme inhibitory, etc. Notably, this review presents a comprehensive literature survey focusing on the chemistry and bioactivity of secondary metabolites from Nigrospora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangchang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Zhiqiang Song
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yage Hou
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Sisi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Xinpeng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Qingrong Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Shaohua Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China.
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13
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Huang LL, Wang YL, Guerin-Laguette A, Wang R, Zhang P, Li YM, Yu FQ. Ectomycorrhizal synthesis between two Tuber species and six tree species: are different host-fungus combinations having dissimilar impacts on host plant growth? Mycorrhiza 2022; 32:341-351. [PMID: 35608677 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-022-01081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Truffle cultivation has drawn more and more attention for its high economic and ecological values in the world. To select symbionts suitable for cultivation purposes, we conducted greenhouse-based mycorrhization trials of two Tuber species (T. formosanum and T. pseudohimalayense) with five broad-leaved tree species (Corylus yunnanensis, Quercus aliena var. acutiserrata, Q. acutissima, Q. robur, Q. variabilis) and one conifer species (Pinus armandii). Axenically germinated seedlings of all tree species were either inoculated, or not, with spore suspensions of these two truffles in the greenhouse. Eight months after inoculation, T. formosanum or T. pseudohimalayense ectomycorrhizae were successfully formed on these six tree species, as evidenced by both morphological and molecular analyses. All selected trees showed good receptivity to mycorrhization by both fungi, with average colonization rates visually estimated at 40-50%. Plant growth, photosynthesis, and nutrient uptake were assessed 2 years after inoculation and were mainly affected by host species. Mycorrhization by both fungi significantly improved P uptake of the hosts, and the interaction between truffle species and host plant species had significant effects on leaf water and leaf K concentrations. In addition, a significantly negative correlation between leaf Ca and leaf C concentration was found across all the seedlings. In addition, mycorrhization had slightly increased plant stem and canopy, but had no significant effects on plant photosynthesis. Overall, these results suggest that the effects of these two Tuber ECMF on plant growth and nutrient acquisition depend on the identity of the host species. Moreover, all selected plant species could be symbiotic partners with either T. pseudohimalayense or T. formosanum for field cultivation purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Lan Huang
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, 132 Lanhei Road, Yunnan, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yan-Liang Wang
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, 132 Lanhei Road, Yunnan, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Alexis Guerin-Laguette
- Mycotree C/-Southern Woods Nursery, 1002 Robinsons Road, RD8, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Ran Wang
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, 132 Lanhei Road, Yunnan, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, 132 Lanhei Road, Yunnan, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Yong-Mei Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, 650201, China.
| | - Fu-Qiang Yu
- The Germplasm Bank of Wild Species, Yunnan Key Laboratory for Fungal Diversity and Green Development, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, 132 Lanhei Road, Yunnan, Kunming, 650201, China.
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14
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Fraga BM, Díaz CE. Proposal for structural revision of several monosubstituted tricycloalternarenes. Phytochemistry 2022; 198:113141. [PMID: 35245526 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cycloalternarenes are a group of meroterpenes isolated from epiphytic fungi with a mono-, bi, tri- or tetracyclic skeleton. We have detected in the bibliography a series of monosubstituted tricycloalternarenes with erroneous structures. Thus, in this work we make several proposals to correct the structures of nineteen 4-hydroxy-tricycloalternarenes, TCA 6a, TCA 11a2, (2E)- and (2Z)-TCA 12a, 2H-(2E)-TCA 12a, TCAs 9a and F2, methyl nor-tricycloalternarate, TCAs K, L, S-W, X2 and tricycloalterfurenes A-C, and four 6-hydroxy-tricycloalternarenes, TCA 12b, TCA 13b, tricycloalterfurene D and TCA F3. Moreover, the graphic representation of TCA 14b and TCAs 15b-18b had been corrected. In addition, we have suggested that mono-hydroxylated tricycloalternarenes can only exist in nature substituted at the 4α- or 6β-position (4R- or 6R-configuration), which could also be explained considering biogenetic reasons. We have also determined the C-4 and C-6 configuration of several monosubstituted tricycloalternarenes, whose planar structure had been previously determined. Thus, compounds of the "series a" such as TCAs 1a-8a, 11a and ACTG-toxin H have a 4R-configuration, whilst in the "series b" TCAs 3b-7b and TCAs 9b-11b possess a 6R-configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braulio M Fraga
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, C.S.I.C., Avda, Astrofísico F. Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Carmen E Díaz
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, C.S.I.C., Avda, Astrofísico F. Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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15
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Abstract
During meiosis, both alleles of any given gene should have equal chances of being inherited by the progeny. There are a number of reasons why, however, this is not the case, with one of the most intriguing instances presenting itself as the phenomenon of meiotic drive. Genes that are capable of driving can manipulate the ratio of alleles among viable meiotic products so that they are inherited in more than half of them. In many cases, this effect is achieved by direct antagonistic interactions, where the driving allele inhibits or otherwise eliminates the alternative allele. In ascomycete fungi, meiotic products are packaged directly into ascospores; thus, the effect of meiotic drive has been given the nefarious moniker, "spore killing." In recent years, many of the known spore killers have been elevated from mysterious phenotypes to well-described systems at genetic, genomic, and molecular levels. In this review, we describe the known diversity of spore killers and synthesize the varied pieces of data from each system into broader trends regarding genome architecture, mechanisms of resistance, the role of transposable elements, their effect on population dynamics, speciation and gene flow, and finally how they may be developed as synthetic drivers. We propose that spore killing is common, but that it is under-observed because of a lack of studies on natural populations. We encourage researchers to seek new spore killers to build on the knowledge that these remarkable genetic elements can teach us about meiotic drive, genomic conflict, and evolution more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron A Vogan
- Systematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ivain Martinossi-Allibert
- Systematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden.,Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaire, UMR 5095 CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, 33077, Bordeaux CEDEX, France
| | - S Lorena Ament-Velásquez
- Systematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jesper Svedberg
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, -Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95064
| | - Hanna Johannesson
- Systematic Biology, Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Shirouzu T, Suzuki TK, Matsuoka S, Takamatsu S. Evolutionary patterns of host type and chasmothecial appendage morphology in obligate plant parasites belonging to Cystotheceae (powdery mildew, Erysiphaceae). Mycologia 2021; 114:35-45. [PMID: 34871136 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.1983352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The chasmothecial appendages of Erysiphaceae are considered to function in the overwintering strategy and evolve morphologically in line with transitions of different host type. However, the evolutionary patterns and relationships of these traits have not yet been verified using statistical models based on phylogenetic information. We aimed to clarify the evolutionary process of host type and appendage morphology in Cystotheceae using phylogenetic comparative methods (PCMs) and to evaluate the evolutionary relationship of these traits. The ancestral state estimation of host types showed that the deciduous type is the most ancestral in Cystotheceae, and the herb or evergreen types evolved secondarily four times and twice, respectively. Branched- or circinate-type appendages were estimated to be the most ancestral, and the mycelioid and rudimentary types evolved secondarily thrice and once, respectively. The results of the random forest analysis showed that the host type was predictable from the phylogeny and appendage morphology. The ancestral state estimation suggested that simultaneous transitions of the host type and appendage morphology occurred at several ancestral nodes. These results suggest some functional relationships between host type and appendage morphology, but there was no statistical support for an overall trend in evolutionary dependence between these traits. Our results demonstrate the utility of PCMs in the study of trait evolution in Cystotheceae, which can be applied to a broader phylogeny of powdery mildews to elucidate the evolutionary relationship and functional causality of phenotypic traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Shirouzu
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Takao K Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0032, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Matsuoka
- Graduate School of Information Science, University of Hyogo, 7-1-28 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Susumu Takamatsu
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Mie University, 1577 Kurima-machiya, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
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17
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Karunarathna A, Tibpromma S, Jayawardena RS, Nanayakkara C, Asad S, Xu J, Hyde KD, Karunarathna SC, Stephenson SL, Lumyong S, Kumla J. Fungal Pathogens in Grasslands. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:695087. [PMID: 34434901 PMCID: PMC8381356 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.695087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Grasslands are major primary producers and function as major components of important watersheds. Although a concise definition of grasslands cannot be given using a physiognomic or structural approach, grasslands can be described as vegetation communities experiencing periodical droughts and with canopies dominated by grasses and grass-like plants. Grasslands have a cosmopolitan distribution except for the Antarctic region. Fungal interactions with grasses can be pathogenic or symbiotic. Herbivorous mammals, insects, other grassland animals, and fungal pathogens are known to play important roles in maintaining the biomass and biodiversity of grasslands. Although most pathogenicity studies on the members of Poaceae have been focused on economically important crops, the plant-fungal pathogenic interactions involved can extend to the full range of ecological circumstances that exist in nature. Hence, it is important to delineate the fungal pathogen communities and their interactions in man-made monoculture systems and highly diverse natural ecosystems. A better understanding of the key fungal players can be achieved by combining modern techniques such as next-generation sequencing (NGS) together with studies involving classic phytopathology, taxonomy, and phylogeny. It is of utmost importance to develop experimental designs that account for the ecological complexity of the relationships between grasses and fungi, both above and below ground. In grasslands, loss in species diversity increases interactions such as herbivory, mutualism, predation or infectious disease transmission. Host species density and the presence of heterospecific host species, also affect the disease dynamics in grasslands. Many studies have shown that lower species diversity increases the severity as well as the transmission rate of fungal diseases. Moreover, communities that were once highly diverse but have experienced decreased species richness and dominancy have also shown higher pathogenicity load due to the relaxed competition, although this effect is lower in natural communities. This review addresses the taxonomy, phylogeny, and ecology of grassland fungal pathogens and their interactions in grassland ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuruddha Karunarathna
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China.,Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Saowaluck Tibpromma
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China.,CIFOR-ICRAF China Program, World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kunming, China
| | - Ruvishika S Jayawardena
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand.,School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | | | - Suhail Asad
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China.,CIFOR-ICRAF China Program, World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kunming, China
| | - Kevin D Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Samantha C Karunarathna
- Centre for Mountain Futures, Kunming Institute of Botany, Kunming, China.,CIFOR-ICRAF China Program, World Agroforestry (ICRAF), Kunming, China
| | - Steven L Stephenson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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18
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Motiejūnaitė J, Kačergius A, Kasparavičius J, Taraškevičius R, Matulevičiūtė D, Iršėnaitė R. Response of ectomycorrhizal and other Pinus sylvestris root-associated fungi to the load of allochthonous material from a great cormorant colony. Mycorrhiza 2021; 31:471-481. [PMID: 34101027 DOI: 10.1007/s00572-021-01034-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Colonies of piscivorous birds nesting in forests bring in loads of allochthonous material in amounts significantly exceeding atmospheric depositions, eventually causing major ecosystem changes. We studied the effect of increasing ornithogenic impact on ectomycorrhizal (EMF) and other root-associated fungi in a Scots pine forest affected by a colony of great cormorants. We evaluated quantitative data of ectomycorrhiza (numbers of root tips and morphotypes) and identified fungal species from pine root tips and from sporocarps collected in three designated study zones: D (zone of active nesting), E (colony margin), and G (pristine forest). Species-bearing sporocarps were absent in zone D, and their number steadily decreased in zone E and was significantly lower than in zone G. Species communities and occurrence frequencies of individual species differed significantly between the zones. Environmental factors, both directly (nutrient addition) and indirectly (changes in vegetation cover), associated with bird activity have significantly influenced fungal communities. We hypothesize that the first signs of increased avian impact on root-associated fungi are the reduced diversity of sporocarps and the low presence and diversity of boletoid fungi in root tips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jurga Motiejūnaitė
- Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Audrius Kačergius
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Vokė Branch, Žalioji Sq. 2, 02232, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jonas Kasparavičius
- Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Ričardas Taraškevičius
- Institute of Geology and Geography, Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, 08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Dalytė Matulevičiūtė
- Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Reda Iršėnaitė
- Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre, Žaliųjų Ežerų Str. 49, 08406, Vilnius, Lithuania
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19
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Brandenburg J, Blomqvist J, Shapaval V, Kohler A, Sampels S, Sandgren M, Passoth V. Oleaginous yeasts respond differently to carbon sources present in lignocellulose hydrolysate. Biotechnol Biofuels 2021; 14:124. [PMID: 34051838 PMCID: PMC8164748 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01974-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial oils, generated from lignocellulosic material, have great potential as renewable and sustainable alternatives to fossil-based fuels and chemicals. By unravelling the diversity of lipid accumulation physiology in different oleaginous yeasts grown on the various carbon sources present in lignocellulose hydrolysate (LH), new targets for optimisation of lipid accumulation can be identified. Monitoring lipid formation over time is essential for understanding lipid accumulation physiology. This study investigated lipid accumulation in a variety of oleaginous ascomycetous and basidiomycetous strains grown in glucose and xylose and followed lipid formation kinetics of selected strains in wheat straw hydrolysate (WSH). RESULTS Twenty-nine oleaginous yeast strains were tested for their ability to utilise glucose and xylose, the main sugars present in WSH. Evaluation of sugar consumption and lipid accumulation revealed marked differences in xylose utilisation capacity between the yeast strains, even between those belonging to the same species. Five different promising strains, belonging to the species Lipomyces starkeyi, Rhodotorula glutinis, Rhodotorula babjevae and Rhodotorula toruloides, were grown on undiluted wheat straw hydrolysate and lipid accumulation was followed over time, using Fourier transform-infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. All five strains were able to grow on undiluted WSH and to accumulate lipids, but to different extents and with different productivities. R. babjevae DVBPG 8058 was the best-performing strain, accumulating 64.8% of cell dry weight (CDW) as lipids. It reached a culture density of 28 g/L CDW in batch cultivation, resulting in a lipid content of 18.1 g/L and yield of 0.24 g lipids per g carbon source. This strain formed lipids from the major carbon sources in hydrolysate, glucose, acetate and xylose. R. glutinis CBS 2367 also consumed these carbon sources, but when assimilating xylose it consumed intracellular lipids simultaneously. Rhodotorula strains contained a higher proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids than the two tested Lipomyces starkeyi strains. CONCLUSIONS There is considerable metabolic diversity among oleaginous yeasts, even between closely related species and strains, especially when converting xylose to biomass and lipids. Monitoring the kinetics of lipid accumulation and identifying the molecular basis of this diversity are keys to selecting suitable strains for high lipid production from lignocellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jule Brandenburg
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BioCenter, Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Johanna Blomqvist
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BioCenter, Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Volha Shapaval
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Achim Kohler
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Sabine Sampels
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BioCenter, Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats Sandgren
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BioCenter, Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Volkmar Passoth
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, BioCenter, Box 7015, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Lim HJ, Nguyen TTT, Lee HB. Six Newly Recorded Fungal Taxa from Freshwater Niche in Korea. Mycobiology 2020; 49:105-121. [PMID: 37970186 PMCID: PMC10635171 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2020.1862472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Six interesting fungal strains were isolated during a survey of fungal diversity associated with freshwater; these strains were designated as CNUFC YJW2-22, CNUFC MSW11-6-2, CNUFC HRS5-3, CNUFC MSW242-6, CNUFC DMW2-2, and CNUFC CPWS-1. Based on a polyphasic approach including phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed space (ITS), large subunit (LSU), beta-tubulin (BenA), and calmodulin (CaM) gene sequences, morphological analyses, the six strains were found to be identical to Acremonium guillematii, Cadophora novi-eboraci, Lectera nordwiniana, Mycoarthris corallina, Talaromyces siamensis, and Tetracladium globosum, respectively. To our knowledge, these are the first records of the rare Lectera, Mycoarthris, and Tetracladium genera in Korea, and the first reports of A. guillematii, C. novi-eboraci, L. nordwiniana, M. corallina, T. siamensis, and Te. globosum in a freshwater environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Lim
- Environmental Microbiology Lab, Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Thuong T. T Nguyen
- Environmental Microbiology Lab, Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Environmental Microbiology Lab, Department of Agricultural Biological Chemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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21
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Baudy P, Konschak M, Sakpal H, Baschien C, Schulz R, Bundschuh M, Zubrod JP. The Fungicide Tebuconazole Confounds Concentrations of Molecular Biomarkers Estimating Fungal Biomass. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2020; 105:620-625. [PMID: 32857223 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02977-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Due to their ecological importance, fungi are suitable indicator organisms for anthropogenic stress. To estimate fungal biomass, the fungal membrane molecule ergosterol is often quantified as a proxy. Estimates based on ergosterol may, however, be distorted by exposure to demethylase inhibiting (DMI) fungicides, interfering with sterol synthesis. To test this hypothesis, we exposed ten fungal species to the DMI fungicide tebuconazole and measured concentrations of ergosterol and DNA per unit dry mass of the fungal hyphae. The latter served as alternative biomass proxy that is not specifically targeted by tebuconazole. Effects of tebuconazole on ergosterol concentrations were species-specific, while concentrations were on average reduced by 13%. In contrast, DNA concentrations were on average increased by 13%. We demonstrate that DMI fungicides - at close to field relevant levels - can distort fungal biomass estimation, complicating the use of this endpoint for environmental management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Baudy
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau, Germany.
| | - Marco Konschak
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Harshada Sakpal
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
| | - Christiane Baschien
- Leibniz Institute DSMZ-German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures GmbH, Inhoffenstraße 7B, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralf Schulz
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
- Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, 76857, Eußerthal, Germany
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau, Germany.
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 75007, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Jochen P Zubrod
- iES Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829, Landau, Germany
- Eußerthal Ecosystem Research Station, University of Koblenz-Landau, Birkenthalstraße 13, 76857, Eußerthal, Germany
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22
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Chang R, Duong TA, Taerum SJ, Wingfield MJ, Zhou X, de Beer ZW. Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with mites phoretic on bark beetles in Qinghai, China. IMA Fungus 2020; 11:15. [PMID: 32775175 PMCID: PMC7391587 DOI: 10.1186/s43008-020-00037-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bark beetle galleries are complex ecosystems where many microbes and other arthropods co-exist with the beetles. Fungi isolated from these galleries are often referred to as ‘beetle associates’, but the nature of these associations are poorly understood. The possibility that many of these fungi might in fact be mite associates is often overlooked. Several recent studies explored the diversity of fungi from conifer-infesting bark beetles and their galleries in China, but only one study considered phoretic mites and their fungi from conifer-infesting bark beetles in Yunnan, southwestern China. We studied the mites and fungi from galleries of four spruce-infesting bark beetle species in the high altitude forests of Qinghai province, western China. Mites were identified based on morphological characteristics, and fungi based on DNA sequences of four gene regions. In total, 173 mite individuals were collected belonging to 18 species in 11 genera. A total of 135 fungal isolates were obtained from the mites, representing 14 taxa from the Ophiostomatales. The most frequently isolated fungus was Ophiostoma nitidum, which represented 23.5% of the total isolates. More fungal species were found from fewer mites and bark beetle species than from the study in Yunnan. Although we could not elucidate the exact nature of interactions between mites and their fungi, our results re-enforce that these organisms should not be ignored in pest risk assessments of bark beetles, that often focus only on the beetles and their fungi. Three new species are described: Grosmannia zekuensis, O. manchongi, and O. kunlunense spp. nov., and our data revealed that O. typographi, recently described from China, is a synonym of O. ainoae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runlei Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa.,College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014 China
| | - Tuan A Duong
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
| | - Stephen J Taerum
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
| | - Michael J Wingfield
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
| | - XuDong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
| | - Z Wilhelm de Beer
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics & Microbiology, Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 0002 South Africa
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23
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Iturrieta-González I, Gené J, Wiederhold N, García D. Three new Curvularia species from clinical and environmental sources. MycoKeys 2020; 68:1-21. [PMID: 32607056 PMCID: PMC7314867 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.68.51667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Curvularia is a Pleosporalean monophyletic genus with a great diversity of species, including relevant phytopathogenic, animal and human pathogenic fungi. However, their microscopic identification is difficult due to overlapping morphological features amongst species. In recent years, multi-locus sequence analysis using the ITS region of the rDNA and fragments of the genes gapdh and tef1 revealed numerous cryptic species, especially in isolates that commonly produced 3-septate conidia. Therefore, based on sequence analysis of the above-mentioned DNA barcodes recommended for species delineation in Curvularia, we propose three novel species, C.paraverruculosa, C.suttoniae and C.vietnamensis, isolated from soil, human clinical specimens and plant material, respectively, collected in different countries. These new species are morphologically characterised and illustrated in the present study. Curvulariaparaverruculosa differs from its counterparts, C.americana and C.verruculosa, mainly by its narrower conidia. Curvulariasuttoniae and C.vietnamensis are closely related to C.petersonii, but the former two have larger conidia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Iturrieta-González
- Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Josepa Gené
- Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Nathan Wiederhold
- Fungus Testing Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dania García
- Unitat de Micologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut and IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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24
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Karunarathna A, Peršoh D, Ekanayaka AH, Jayawardena RS, Chethana KWT, Goonasekara ID, Cheewangkoon R, Camporesi E, Hyde KD, Lumyong S, Karunarathna SC. Patellariopsidaceae Fam. Nov. With Sexual-Asexual Connection and a New Host Record for Cheirospora botryospora (Vibrisseaceae, Ascomycota). Front Microbiol 2020; 11:906. [PMID: 32528427 PMCID: PMC7264944 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Helotiales is a polyphyletic order of Ascomycetes. The paucity of relevant molecular data and unclear connections of sexual and asexual morphs present challenges in resolving taxa within this order. In the present study, Patellariopsidaceae fam. nov., the asexual morph of Patellariopsis atrovinosa, and a new record of Cheirospora botryospora (Vibrisseaceae) on Fagus sylvatica (Fagaceae) from Italy are discussed based on morphology and molecular phylogeny. Phylogenetic analyses based on a combined sequence dataset of LSU and ITS were used to infer the phylogenetic relationships within the Helotiales. The results of this research provide a solid base to the taxonomy and phylogeny of Helotiales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuruddha Karunarathna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Derek Peršoh
- AG Geobotany, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Anusha H. Ekanayaka
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | | | | | - Ishani D. Goonasekara
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Ratchadawan Cheewangkoon
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Erio Camporesi
- A.M.B, Circolo Micologico “Giovanni Carini”, Brescia, Italy
- A.M.B. Gruppo, Micologico Forlivese “Antonio Cicognani”, Forlì, Italy
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- World Agroforestry Centre, East and Central Asia, Kunming, China
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
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25
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Morio F, O'Brien CE, Butler G. Draft Genome Sequence of the Yeast Kazachstania telluris CBS 16338 Isolated from Forest Soil in Ireland. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:587-590. [PMID: 32356255 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00449-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Draft genomes of several Kazachstania species, a large group of ascomycetous budding yeasts, have been recently published. However, there is none yet available for pathogenic species from the K. telluris clade, including K. telluris sensu stricto, an opportunistic yeast that has been isolated from various niches and human clinical samples. Here we provide the first draft genome sequence of the strain K. telluris CBS 16338, that we isolated from forest soil in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Morio
- School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Institut de Biologie, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France.
- Département de Parasitologie Et Mycologie Médicale, EA1155 IICiMed, Institut de Recherche en Santé 2, Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Nantes, France.
| | - Caoimhe E O'Brien
- School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Geraldine Butler
- School of Biomedical and Biomolecular Sciences, Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Milo S, Harari-Misgav R, Hazkani-Covo E, Covo S. Limited DNA Repair Gene Repertoire in Ascomycete Yeast Revealed by Comparative Genomics. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 11:3409-3423. [PMID: 31693105 PMCID: PMC7145719 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascomycota is the largest phylogenetic group of fungi that includes species important to human health and wellbeing. DNA repair is important for fungal survival and genome evolution. Here, we describe a detailed comparative genomic analysis of DNA repair genes in Ascomycota. We determined the DNA repair gene repertoire in Taphrinomycotina, Saccharomycotina, Leotiomycetes, Sordariomycetes, Dothideomycetes, and Eurotiomycetes. The subphyla of yeasts, Saccharomycotina and Taphrinomycotina, have a smaller DNA repair gene repertoire comparing to Pezizomycotina. Some genes were absent from most, if not all, yeast species. To study the conservation of these genes in Pezizomycotina, we used the Gain Loss Mapping Engine algorithm that provides the expectations of gain or loss of genes given the tree topology. Genes that were absent from most of the species of Taphrinomycotina or Saccharomycotina showed lower conservation in Pezizomycotina. This suggests that the absence of some DNA repair in yeasts is not random; genes with a tendency to be lost in other classes are missing. We ranked the conservation of DNA repair genes in Ascomycota. We found that Rad51 and its paralogs were less conserved than other recombinational proteins, suggesting that there is a redundancy between Rad51 and its paralogs, at least in some species. Finally, based on the repertoire of UV repair genes, we found conditions that differentially kill the wine pathogen Brettanomyces bruxellensis and not Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In summary, our analysis provides testable hypotheses to the role of DNA repair proteins in the genome evolution of Ascomycota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Milo
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Reut Harari-Misgav
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Einat Hazkani-Covo
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Shay Covo
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel
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27
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Aparicio-Cuevas MA, González MDC, Raja H, Rivero-Cruz I, Kurina SJ, Burdette JE, Oberlies NH, Figueroa M. Metabolites from the Marine-Facultative Aspergillus sp. MEXU 27854 and Gymnoascus hyalinosporus MEXU 29901 from Caleta Bay, Mexico. Tetrahedron Lett 2019; 60:1649-1652. [PMID: 32390667 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During our ongoing research on fungal strains from unexplored sources, the reinvestigation of the CHCl3-MeOH extract of the marine-facultative Aspergillus sp. MEXU 27854 yielded a new N-methyl cyclic pentapeptide (1) along with known butyrolactone II and PF1233 A. In addition, from the marine-facultative Gymnoascus hyalinosporus MEXU 29901, a new alternariol glucoside, 10-O-[β-D-(4-methoxyl-glucopyranosyl)]-4-O-methylalternariol (2) and known alternariol 4-O-methyl ether, alternariol and beauvericin, were isolated. The structures of 1 and 2 were established by detailed spectroscopic data, and their absolute configuration was ascertained by Marfey's analysis and HRESIMS-MS/MS data for 1, and by chemical degradation and optical rotation analysis for 2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huzefa Raja
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Isabel Rivero-Cruz
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
| | - Steven J Kurina
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Nicholas H Oberlies
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, United States
| | - Mario Figueroa
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, México
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Martín JF, van den Berg MA, Ver Loren van Themaat E, Liras P. Sensing and transduction of nutritional and chemical signals in filamentous fungi: Impact on cell development and secondary metabolites biosynthesis. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107392. [PMID: 31034961 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi respond to hundreds of nutritional, chemical and environmental signals that affect expression of primary metabolism and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. These signals are sensed at the membrane level by G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs contain usually seven transmembrane domains, an external amino terminal fragment that interacts with the ligand, and an internal carboxy terminal end interacting with the intracellular G protein. There is a great variety of GPCRs in filamentous fungi involved in sensing of sugars, amino acids, cellulose, cell-wall components, sex pheromones, oxylipins, calcium ions and other ligands. Mechanisms of signal transduction at the membrane level by GPCRs are discussed, including the internalization and compartmentalisation of these sensor proteins. We have identified and analysed the GPCRs in the genome of Penicillium chrysogenum and compared them with GPCRs of several other filamentous fungi. We have found 66 GPCRs classified into 14 classes, depending on the ligand recognized by these proteins, including most previously proposed classes of GPCRs. We have found 66 putative GPCRs, representatives of twelve of the fourteen previously proposed classes of GPCRs, depending on the ligand recognized by these proteins. A staggering fortytwo putative members of the new GPCR class XIV, the so-called Pth11 sensors of cellulosic material as reported for Neurospora crassa and some other fungi, were identified. Several GPCRs sensing sex pheromones, known in yeast and in several fungi, were also identified in P. chrysogenum, confirming the recent unravelling of the hidden sexual capacity of this species. Other sensing mechanisms do not involve GPCRs, including the two-component systems (HKRR), the HOG signalling system and the PalH mediated pH transduction sensor. GPCR sensor proteins transmit their signals by interacting with intracellular heterotrimeric G proteins, that are well known in several fungi, including P. chrysogenum. These G proteins are inactive in the GDP containing heterotrimeric state, and become active by nucleotide exchange, allowing the separation of the heterotrimeric protein in active Gα and Gβγ dimer subunits. The conversion of GTP in GDP is mediated by the endogenous GTPase activity of the G proteins. Downstream of the ligand interaction, the activated Gα protein and also the Gβ/Gγ dimer, transduce the signals through at least three different cascades: adenylate cyclase/cAMP, MAPK kinase, and phospholipase C mediated pathways.
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29
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Olicón-Hernández DR, Camacho-Morales RL, Pozo C, González-López J, Aranda E. Evaluation of diclofenac biodegradation by the ascomycete fungus Penicillium oxalicum at flask and bench bioreactor scales. Sci Total Environ 2019; 662:607-614. [PMID: 30699381 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Diclofenac (DFC) is a common anti-inflammatory drug, and has attracted the significant attention due to its massive use around the world and its environmental impact. In this work, we describe for the first time the use of Penicillium oxalicum, an ascomycetes fungus, for the biotransformation of DFC at flask and bench bioreactor scales. We present a complete study of the role of enzymes, metabolic pathway, acute toxicity assays and comparison between free and immobilised biomass. Pellets of P. oxalicum degraded 100 μM of DFC within 24 h, and the activity of CYP450 enzymes was key for the elimination of the drug. The scaling-up to bench bioreactor was optimised by the reduction of nutrients, and characterising the actions of free pellets, polyurethane foam- and plastic K1-immobilised biomass revealed free pellets to be the most efficient DFC removal system (total elimination occurred in 36 h). Hydroxylated metabolites were detected during the process, suggesting that a mixture of biological and physical processes were involved in the elimination of DFC. The use of P. oxalicum reduced the acute toxicity of the medium supplemented with diclofenac and represents a novel and attractive alternative for the elimination of pharmaceutical compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R Lucero Camacho-Morales
- Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Ramón y Cajal, 4, Fray Luis Bldg, ZIP 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Clementina Pozo
- Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Ramón y Cajal, 4, Fray Luis Bldg, ZIP 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús González-López
- Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Ramón y Cajal, 4, Fray Luis Bldg, ZIP 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Elisabet Aranda
- Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, Ramón y Cajal, 4, Fray Luis Bldg, ZIP 18071 Granada, Spain; Department of Microbiology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain.
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30
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Orban A, Fraatz MA, Rühl M. Aroma Profile Analyses of Filamentous Fungi Cultivated on Solid Substrates. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 2019; 169:85-107. [PMID: 30828753 DOI: 10.1007/10_2019_87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi have been used since centuries in the production of food by means of solid substrate fermentation (SSF). The most applied SSF involving fungi is the cultivation of mushrooms, e.g., on tree stumps or sawdust, for human consumption. However, filamentous fungi are also key players during manufacturing of several processed foods, like mold cheese, tempeh, soy sauce, and sake. In addition to their nutritive values, these foods are widely consumed due to their pleasant flavors. Based on the potentials of filamentous fungi to grow on solid substrates and to produce valuable aroma compounds, in recent decades, several studies concentrated on the production of aroma compounds with SSF, turning cheap agricultural wastes into valuable flavors. In this review, we focus on the presentation of common analytical methods for volatile substances and highlight various applications of SSF of filamentous fungi dealing with the production of aroma compounds. Graphical Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Orban
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Marco A Fraatz
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Rühl
- Justus Liebig University Giessen, Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology, Giessen, Germany. .,Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Project Group "Bioresources", Giessen, Germany.
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Nguyen TTT, Hee Lee S, Jeong Jeon S, Burm Lee H. First Records of Rare Ascomycete Fungi, Acrostalagmus luteoalbus, Bartalinia robillardoides, and Collariella carteri from Freshwater Samples in Korea. Mycobiology 2019; 47:1-11. [PMID: 30988986 PMCID: PMC6450499 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1550894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and occurrence of rare ascomycete fungi within freshwater samples in Korea was investigated. Three rare fungal strains, CNUFC-YR537-1, CNUFC-CNUP1-1, and CNUFC-NDR3-1, were isolated using serial dilution method. On the basis of their morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of their internal transcribed spacer regions and 28S rDNA sequences, the three isolates were identified as Acrostalagmus luteoalbus, Bartalinia robillardoides, and Collariella carteri, respectively. To our knowledge, these are the first records of rare genera Acrostalagmus, Bartalinia, and Collariella from Korea, and the first reports of A. luteoalbus, B. robillardoides, and C. carteri from freshwater samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuong T. T. Nguyen
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology & Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seo Hee Lee
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology & Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Sun Jeong Jeon
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology & Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology & Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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El-Katony TM, El-Dein MMN, El-Fallal AA, Ibrahim NG. Effect of the taxonomic group of fungi and type of substrate on the antioxidant activity of a solid-state fermentation system. Int Microbiol 2019; 22:203-215. [PMID: 30810984 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-018-00040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant activities of a solid-state fermentation system (SSFS) employing six basidiomycete and four ascomycete fungi on orange peel have been evaluated. Class comparisons revealed highly significant effect of fungal group on the antioxidant activity. Peroxidase activity appeared only in the basidiomycete fungi (particularly Pleurotus columbinus, Ganoderma resinaceum, and Pleurotus floridanus) whereas catalase activity appeared in the two fungal groups in favor of the ascomycetes (particularly Paecilomyces variotii and Aspergillus fumigatus). Maximal peroxidase and minimal catalase activities were found at moderate phenolic content, with extreme phenolic levels leading to low peroxidase activity but high catalase activity. Production of the non-enzymatic antioxidants (phenolics, flavonoids, reducing power, and DPPH scavenging) was in favor of the ascomycetes, which showed great native ability to synthesize flavonoids and also to release flavonoids from orange peel. The basidiomycete fungi, which have limited native ability to produce phenolics, had high ability to consume orange peel phenolics. By contrast, the ascomycete fungi exhibited great native ability for production of phenolics and low ability to consume exogenous phenolics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Mohamed El-Katony
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta City, 34517, Egypt.
| | | | - Amira Ali El-Fallal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta City, 34517, Egypt
| | - Nourhan Gamal Ibrahim
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Damietta University, New Damietta City, 34517, Egypt
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Dogonniuck AE, Squires TJ, Weir A. Studies on Dimorphomyceteae: I. New species of Nycteromyces and Dimeromyces (Laboulbeniales) on bat flies (Streblidae). Mycologia 2019; 111:118-126. [PMID: 30676287 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2018.1538279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Three new species, Nycteromyces orientalis, Dimeromyces capensis, and D. streblidarum, belonging to the Laboulbeniales (Fungi, Ascomycota) and collected on bat flies (Diptera, Streblidae), are described and illustrated. The new species of Nycteromyces is the second described in this rarely collected genus, with the type species, N. streblidinus, previously collected only three times from Venezuela, Panama, and Honduras. The material for our new species comes from Australia, India, Philippines, and Tanzania, and morphological characters of these new collections require emendation of the original generic diagnosis. The distribution of N. streblidinus is also extended with additional collections from Costa Rica and Peru. We describe two new species of Dimeromyces from streblid hosts, the first report of any members of this large, diverse genus on this host family. Newly described taxa are compared with known species and the genera Nycteromyces and Dimeromyces discussed in relation to other known Laboulbeniales taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Dogonniuck
- a Department of Environmental and Forest Biology , College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York , 241 Illick Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse , New York 13210
| | - Timothy J Squires
- a Department of Environmental and Forest Biology , College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York , 241 Illick Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse , New York 13210
| | - Alex Weir
- a Department of Environmental and Forest Biology , College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York , 241 Illick Hall, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse , New York 13210
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Becarelli S, Chicca I, Siracusa G, La China S, Gentini A, Lorenzi R, Munz G, Petroni G, Levin DB, Di Gregorio S. Hydrocarbonoclastic Ascomycetes to enhance co-composting of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) contaminated dredged sediments and lignocellulosic matrices. N Biotechnol 2019; 50:27-36. [PMID: 30654133 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Four new Ascomycete fungi capable of degrading diesel oil were isolated from sediments of a river estuary mainly contaminated by shipyard fuels or diesel oil. The isolates were identified as species of Lambertella, Penicillium, Clonostachys, and Mucor. The fungal candidates degraded and adsorbed the diesel oil in suspension cultures. The Lambertella sp. isolate displayed the highest percentages of oxidation of diesel oil and was characterised by the capacity to utilise the latter as a sole carbon source. This isolate showed extracellular laccase and Mn-peroxidase activities in the presence of diesel oil. It was tested for capacity to accelerate the process of decontamination of total petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sediments, co-composted with lignocellulosic residues and was able to promote the degradation of 47.6% of the TPH contamination (54,074 ± 321 mg TPH/Kg of sediment) after two months of incubation. The response of the bacterial community during the degradation process was analysed by 16S rRNA gene meta-barcoding.
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Nguyen TTT, Pangging M, Lee SH, Lee HB. Four New Records of Ascomycete Species from Korea. Mycobiology 2018; 46:328-340. [PMID: 30637141 PMCID: PMC6319456 DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2018.1550169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
While evaluating fungal diversity in freshwater, grasshopper feces, and soil collected at Dokdo Island in Korea, four fungal strains designated CNUFC-DDS14-1, CNUFC-GHD05-1, CNUFC-DDS47-1, and CNUFC-NDR5-2 were isolated. Based on combination studies using phylogenies and morphological characteristics, the isolates were confirmed as Ascodesmis sphaerospora, Chaetomella raphigera, Gibellulopsis nigrescens, and Myrmecridium schulzeri, respectively. This is the first records of these four species from Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuong T. T. Nguyen
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Monmi Pangging
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seo Hee Lee
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyang Burm Lee
- Division of Food Technology, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Schumacher DI, Lütkenhaus R, Altegoer F, Teichert I, Kück U, Nowrousian M. The transcription factor PRO44 and the histone chaperone ASF1 regulate distinct aspects of multicellular development in the filamentous fungus Sordaria macrospora. BMC Genet 2018; 19:112. [PMID: 30545291 PMCID: PMC6293562 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fungal fruiting bodies are complex three-dimensional structures that are formed to protect and disperse the sexual spores. Their morphogenesis requires the concerted action of numerous genes; however, at the molecular level, the spatio-temporal sequence of events leading to the mature fruiting body is largely unknown. In previous studies, the transcription factor gene pro44 and the histone chaperone gene asf1 were shown to be essential for fruiting body formation in the ascomycete Sordaria macrospora. Both PRO44 and ASF1 are predicted to act on the regulation of gene expression in the nucleus, and mutants in both genes are blocked at the same stage of development. Thus, we hypothesized that PRO44 and ASF1 might be involved in similar aspects of transcriptional regulation. In this study, we characterized their roles in fruiting body development in more detail. Results The PRO44 protein forms homodimers, localizes to the nucleus, and is strongly expressed in the outer layers of the developing young fruiting body. Analysis of single and double mutants of asf1 and three other chromatin modifier genes, cac2, crc1, and rtt106, showed that only asf1 is essential for fruiting body formation whereas cac2 and rtt106 might have redundant functions in this process. RNA-seq analysis revealed distinct roles for asf1 and pro44 in sexual development, with asf1 acting as a suppressor of weakly expressed genes during morphogenesis. This is most likely not due to global mislocalization of nucleosomes as micrococcal nuclease-sequencing did not reveal differences in nucleosome spacing and positioning around transcriptional start sites between Δasf1 and the wild type. However, bisulfite sequencing revealed a decrease in DNA methylation in Δasf1, which might be a reason for the observed changes in gene expression. Transcriptome analysis of gene expression in young fruiting bodies showed that pro44 is required for correct expression of genes involved in extracellular metabolism. Deletion of the putative transcription factor gene asm2, which is downregulated in young fruiting bodies of Δpro44, results in defects during ascospore maturation. Conclusions In summary, the results indicate distinct roles for the transcription factor PRO44 and the histone chaperone ASF1 in the regulation of sexual development in fungi. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12863-018-0702-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ramona Lütkenhaus
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Florian Altegoer
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.,LOEWE-Zentrum für Synthetische Mikrobiologie & Department of Chemistry, Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ines Teichert
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kück
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany
| | - Minou Nowrousian
- Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44780, Bochum, Germany.
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Abstract
A taxonomic monograph of the ascomycete genus Taeniolella (asexual dematiaceous hyphomycetes, sexual morphs unknown) is provided. Recent phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the polyphyly of this genus. The type species of Taeniolella pertains to the Kirschsteiniotheliaceae within Dothideomycetes, while other saprobic species clustered far away within Sordariomycetes, Savoryellaceae s. lat., and Lindgomycetaceae, whereas lichenicolous species belong to a monophyletic clade that represents the order Asterotexiales, but for most species assigned to Taeniolella sequence data and phylogenetic analyses are not yet available. The main focus of the present taxonomic study was on a revision of the lichenicolous Taeniolella species. Since the currently available phylogenetic analyses do not allow final taxonomic conclusions at generic rank, the exclusion of lichenicolous species from Taeniolella s. lat. has been postponed pending a broader sampling and more phylogenetic data of allied ascomycete genera within the order Asterotexiales. For the interim, Taeniolella s. lat., including lichenicolous and saprobic species, is maintained. The taxonomic background, history, generic description and discrimination from morphologically confusable genera, phylogeny, biology, host range and distribution, and species concept of Taeniolella species are briefly outlined and discussed. Keys to the species of Taeniolella divided by ecological groups (lichenicolous taxa, saprobic taxa) are provided, supplemented by a tabular key to lichenicolous species based on host (lichen) families and genera. Twenty-nine lichenicolous species and a Taeniolella sp. (putative asexual morph of Sphaerellothecium thamnoliae) as well as 16 saprobic species are described in detail and illustrated by drawings, macroscopic photographs, light microscopic and SEM micrographs, including six new lichenicolous species (T. arctoparmeliae on Arctoparmelia separata, T. lecanoricola on Lecanora rupicola, T. thelotrematis on Thelotrema, T. umbilicariae and T. umbilicariicola on Umbilicaria, T. weberi on Thelotrema weberi), three new saprobic species (T. filamentosa on Salix, T. ravenelii on Quercus, T. stilbosporoides on Salix caprea), and one new combination, T. arthoniae. Most saprobic Taeniolella species are wood-inhabiting (on bark, decorticated trunks and twigs, rotten wood), whereas lichenicolous species grow on thalli and fruiting bodies (mostly apothecia) of lichens, mostly without causing any evident damage, but they are nevertheless confined to their host lichens, or they are obviously pathogenic and cause either disease of the thalli (e.g., Taeniolella chrysothricis and T. delicata) or at least thallus discolorations or necroses (e.g., T. christiansenii, T. chrysothricis, T. cladinicola, T. pseudocyphellariae, and T. strictae). Taeniolella atricerebrina and T. rolfii induce the formation of distinct galls. The range of micro-morphological traits for taxonomic purposes is limited in Taeniolella species, but size, shape and septation of conidiophores and conidia, including surface ornamentation, provided basic characters. Mycelium, stromata and arrangement of conidiophores are less important for the differentiation of species. Lichenicolous species are widespread on a wide range of lichens, with a focus in the northern hemisphere, mainly in northern temperate regions, including arctic-subartic habitats (18 species, i.e., 62 % of the lichenicolous species). Eleven lichenicolous species, e.g., T. pseudocyphellariae, T. santessonii, T. thelotrematis, T. umbilicariae, are also known from collections in non-temperate Asia, Australia and South America (38 % of the species). Most collections deposited in herbaria are from northern temperate to arctic-subarctic regions, which may reflect activities of lichenologists and mycologist dealing with lichenicolous fungi in general and Taeniolella in particular. Most lichenicolous Taeniolella species are confined to hosts of a single lichen genus or few closely allied genera (26 species, i.e., 97 % of the lichenicolous species), but only three species, T. delicata, T. punctata, and T. verrucosa, have wider hosts ranges. Excluded, doubtful and insufficiently known species assigned to Taeniolella are listed at the end, discussed, described and in some cases illustrated, including Talpapellis beschiana comb. nov. (≡ Taeniolella beschiana), Corynespora laevistipitata (≡ Taeniolella laevistipitata), Stanjehughesia lignicola comb. nov. (≡ Taeniolella lignicola), Sterigmatobotrys rudis (≡ Taeniolella rudis), and Taeniolina scripta (≡ Taeniolella scripta).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Heuchert
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - U Braun
- Martin-Luther-Universität, Institut für Biologie, Bereich Geobotanik und Botanischer Garten, Herbarium, Neuwerk 21, 06099 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - P Diederich
- Musée national d'histoire naturelle, 25 rue Munster, L-2160 Luxembourg
| | - D Ertz
- Botanic Garden Meise, Department of Research, Nieuwelaan 38, B-1860 Meise, Belgium.,Fédération Wallonie-Bruxelles, Direction Générale de l'Enseignement non obligatoire et de la Recherche scientifique, rue A. Lavallée 1, B-1080 Bruxelles, Belgium
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Banchi E, Stankovic D, Fernández-Mendoza F, Gionechetti F, Pallavicini A, Muggia L. ITS2 metabarcoding analysis complements lichen mycobiome diversity data. Mycol Prog 2018; 17:1049-1066. [PMID: 30956650 PMCID: PMC6428334 DOI: 10.1007/s11557-018-1415-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lichen thalli harbor complex fungal communities (mycobiomes) of species with divergent trophic and ecological strategies. The complexity and diversity of lichen mycobiomes are still largely unknown, despite surveys combining culture-based methods and high-throughput sequencing (HTS). The results of such surveys are strongly influenced by the barcode locus chosen, its sensitivity in discriminating taxa, and the depth to which public sequence repositories cover the phylogenetic spectrum of fungi. Here, we use HTS of the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) to assess the taxonomic composition and diversity of a well-characterized, alpine rock lichen community that includes thalli symptomatically infected by lichenicolous fungi as well as asymptomatic thalli. Taxa belonging to the order Chaetothyriales are the major components of the observed lichen mycobiomes. We predict sequences representative of lichenicolous fungi characterized morphologically and assess their asymptomatic presence in lichen thalli. We demonstrated the limitations of metabarcoding in fungi and show how the estimation of species diversity widely differs when ITS1 or ITS2 are used as barcode, and particularly biases the detection of Basidiomycota. The complementary analysis of both ITS1 and ITS2 loci is therefore required to reliably estimate the diversity of lichen mycobiomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Banchi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - David Stankovic
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- National Institute of Biology, Marine Biology Station, Fornače 41, 6330 Piran, Slovenia
| | | | - Fabrizia Gionechetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Alberto Pallavicini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Lucia Muggia
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Via Giorgieri 10, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Tibpromma S, Hyde KD, Bhat JD, Mortimer PE, Xu J, Promputtha I, Doilom M, Yang JB, Tang AMC, Karunarathna SC. Identification of endophytic fungi from leaves of Pandanaceae based on their morphotypes and DNA sequence data from southern Thailand. MycoKeys 2018; 33:25-67. [PMID: 30532625 PMCID: PMC6283267 DOI: 10.3897/mycokeys.33.23670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The authors established the taxonomic status of endophytic fungi associated with leaves of Pandanaceae collected from southern Thailand. Morphotypes were initially identified based on their characteristics in culture and species level identification was done based on both morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequence data. Twenty-two isolates from healthy leaves were categorised into eight morphotypes. Appropriate universal primers were used to amplify specific gene regions and phylogenetic analyses were performed to identify these endophytes and established relationships with extant fungi. The authors identified both ascomycete and basidiomycete species, including one new genus, seven new species and nine known species. Morphological descriptions, colour plates and phylogenies are given for each taxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saowaluck Tibpromma
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Jayarama D. Bhat
- Formerly, Department of Botany, Goa University, Taleigão, Goa, India
- No. 128/1-J, Azad Housing Society, Curca, Goa Velha, India
| | - Peter E. Mortimer
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianchu Xu
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Itthayakorn Promputtha
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
- Environmental Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, 50200, Thailand
| | - Mingkwan Doilom
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
| | - Jun-Bo Yang
- Germplasm Bank of Wild Species in Southwest China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, China
| | - Alvin M. C. Tang
- Division of Applied Science, College of International Education, The Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science, Kunming 650201, Yunnan, People’s Republic of China
- Centre of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, 57100, Thailand
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Hühner E, Backhaus K, Kraut R, Li SM. Production of α-keto carboxylic acid dimers in yeast by overexpression of NRPS-like genes from Aspergillus terreus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:1663-72. [PMID: 29305695 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8719-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs) are key enzymes in microorganisms for the assembly of peptide backbones of biologically and pharmacologically active natural products. The monomodular NRPS-like enzymes comprise often an adenylation (A), a thiolation (T), and a thioesterase (TE) domain. In contrast to the NRPSs, they do not contain any condensation domain and usually catalyze a dimerization of α-keto carboxylic acids and thereby provide diverse scaffolds for further modifications. In this study, we established an expression system for NRPS-like genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. By expression of four known genes from Aspergillus terreus, their predicted function was confirmed and product yields of up to 35 mg per liter culture were achieved. Furthermore, expression of ATEG_03090 from the same fungus, encoding for the last uncharacterized NRPS-like enzyme with an A-T-TE domain structure, led to the formation of the benzoquinone derivative atromentin. All the accumulated products were isolated and their structures were elucidated by NMR and MS analyses. This study provides a convenient system for proof of gene function as well as a basis for synthetic biology, since additional genes encoding modification enzymes can be introduced.
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Leroy C, Jauneau A, Martinez Y, Cabin-Flaman A, Gibouin D, Orivel J, Séjalon-Delmas N. Exploring fungus-plant N transfer in a tripartite ant-plant-fungus mutualism. Ann Bot 2017; 120:417-426. [PMID: 28633407 PMCID: PMC5591417 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The plant Hirtella physophora, the ant Allomerus decemarticulatus and a fungus, Trimmatostroma sp., form a tripartite association. The ants manipulate both the plant trichomes and the fungus to build galleries under the stems of their host plant used to capture prey. In addition to its structural role, the fungus also improves nutrient uptake by the host plant. But it still remains unclear whether the fungus plays an indirect or a direct role in transferring nutrients to the plant. This study aimed to trace the transfer of N from the fungus to the plant's stem tissue. METHODS Optical microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to investigate the presence of fungal hyphae in the stem tissues. Then, a 15N-labelling experiment was combined with a nanoscale secondary-ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS 50) isotopic imaging approach to trace the movement of added 15N from the fungus to plant tissues. KEY RESULTS The TEM images clearly showed hyphae inside the stem tissue in the cellular compartment. Also, fungal hyphae were seen perforating the wall of the parenchyma cell. The 15N provisioning of the fungus in the galleries resulted in significant enrichment of the 15N signature of the plant's leaves 1 d after the 15N-labelling solution was deposited on the fungus-bearing trap. Finally, NanoSIMS imaging proved that nitrogen was transferred biotrophically from the fungus to the stem tissue. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence that the fungi are connected endophytically to an ant-plant system and actively transfer nitrogen from 15N-labelling solution to the plant's stem tissues. Overall, this study underlines how complex the trophic structure of ant-plant interactions is due to the presence of the fungus and provides insight into the possibly important nutritional aspects and tradeoffs involved in myrmecophyte-ant mutualisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Leroy
- AMAP, IRD, CIRAD, CNRS, INRA, Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- For correspondence. E-mail
| | - Alain Jauneau
- CNRS, FR3450 Fédération de Recherches Agrobiosciences Interactions et Biodiversité, Plateforme TRI d’imagerie cellulaire de Toulouse, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, B.p. 42 617 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Yves Martinez
- CNRS, FR3450 Fédération de Recherches Agrobiosciences Interactions et Biodiversité, Plateforme TRI d’imagerie cellulaire de Toulouse, 24 Chemin de Borde Rouge, B.p. 42 617 Auzeville, 31326 Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Armelle Cabin-Flaman
- Equipe AMMIS, laboratoire MERCI EA 3829, UFR Science et Techniques, place Emile Blondel, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan cedex, France
| | - David Gibouin
- Equipe AMMIS, laboratoire MERCI EA 3829, UFR Science et Techniques, place Emile Blondel, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan cedex, France
| | - Jérôme Orivel
- CNRS, UMR Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, INRA, Université de Guyane, Université des Antilles, Campus agronomique, BP 316, 97379 Kourou cedex, France and
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Siqueira JP, Sutton DA, García D, Gené J, Thomson P, Wiederhold N, Guarro J. Species diversity of Aspergillus section Versicolores in clinical samples and antifungal susceptibility. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1458-67. [PMID: 27742099 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus section Versicolores includes species of clinical relevance and many others that have been poorly studied but are occasionally found in clinical samples. The aim of this study was to investigate, using a multilocus phylogenetic approach, the spectrum of species of the section Versicolores and to determine their in vitro antifungal susceptibility. The study was based on a set of 77 clinical isolates from different USA medical centres, which had been previously identified as belonging to this section. The genetic markers used were internal transcribed spacer (ITS), β-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM), and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), and the drugs tested, following the CLSI guidelines, were amphotericin B (AMB), itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, terbinafine (TBF), and flucytosine (5FC). The most frequent species were Aspergillus sydowii (26 %), Aspergillus creber (22 %), and Aspergillus amoenus (18.2 %), followed by Aspergillus protuberus (13 %), Aspergillus jensenii (10.4 %), and Aspergillus tabacinus (5.2 %); while Aspergillus cvjetkovicii, Aspergillus fructus, Aspergillus puulaauensis, and Aspergillus versicolor were represented by only one isolate each (1.3 %). This is the first time that A. jensenii and A. puulaauensis have been reported from clinical samples. Considering the high number of isolates identified as belonging to this fungal group in this study, its clinical relevance should not be overlooked. Aspergillus versicolor, traditionally considered one of the most common species in this section in a clinical setting, was only rarely recovered in our study. The in vitro antifungal results showed that echinocandins and TBF were the most potent drugs, the azoles showed variable results, AMB was poorly active, and 5FC was the less active.
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Gmoser R, Ferreira JA, Lennartsson PR, Taherzadeh MJ. Filamentous ascomycetes fungi as a source of natural pigments. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2017; 4:4. [PMID: 28955473 PMCID: PMC5611665 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-017-0033-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi, including the ascomycetes Monascus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Neurospora, are being explored as novel sources of natural pigments with biological functionality for food, feed and cosmetic applications. Such edible fungi can be used in biorefineries for the production of ethanol, animal feed and pigments from waste sources. The present review gathers insights on fungal pigment production covering biosynthetic pathways and stimulatory factors (oxidative stress, light, pH, nitrogen and carbon sources, temperature, co-factors, surfactants, oxygen, tricarboxylic acid intermediates and morphology) in addition to pigment extraction, analysis and identification methods. Pigmentation is commonly regarded as the output of secondary protective mechanisms against oxidative stress and light. Although several studies have examined pigmentation in Monascus spp., research gaps exist in the investigation of interactions among factors as well as process development on larger scales under submerged and solid-state fermentation. Currently, research on pigmentation in Neurospora spp. is at its infancy, but the increasing interest for biorefineries shows potential for booming research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Gmoser
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden.,University of Borås, Allégatan 1, 503 32 Borås, Sweden
| | - Jorge A Ferreira
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, 501 90 Borås, Sweden
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Schiebold JMI, Bidartondo MI, Karasch P, Gravendeel B, Gebauer G. You are what you get from your fungi: nitrogen stable isotope patterns in Epipactis species. Ann Bot 2017; 119:1085-1095. [PMID: 28334113 PMCID: PMC5604585 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Partially mycoheterotrophic plants are enriched in 13 C and 15 N compared to autotrophic plants. Here, it is hypothesized that the type of mycorrhizal fungi found in orchid roots is responsible for variation in 15 N enrichment of leaf tissue in partially mycoheterotrophic orchids. Methods The genus Epipactis was used as a case study and carbon and nitrogen isotope abundances of eight Epipactis species, fungal sporocarps of four Tuber species and autotrophic references were measured. Mycorrhizal fungi were identified using molecular methods. Stable isotope data of six additional Epipactis taxa and ectomycorrhizal and saprotrophic basidiomycetes were compiled from the literature. Key Results The 15 N enrichment of Epipactis species varied between 3·2 ± 0·8 ‰ ( E. gigantea ; rhizoctonia-associated) and 24·6 ± 1·6 ‰ ( E. neglecta ; associated with ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes). Sporocarps of ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes (10·7 ± 2·2 ‰) were significantly more enriched in 15 N than ectomycorrhizal (5·2 ± 4·0 ‰) and saprotrophic basidiomycetes (3·3 ± 2·1 ‰). Conclusions As hypothesized, it is suggested that the observed gradient in 15 N enrichment of Epipactis species is strongly driven by 15 N abundance of their mycorrhizal fungi; i.e. ɛ 15 N in Epipactis spp. associated with rhizoctonias < ɛ 15 N in Epipactis spp. with ectomycorrhizal basidiomycetes < ɛ 15 N in Epipactis spp. with ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes and basidiomycetes < ɛ 15 N in Epipactis spp. with ectomycorrhizal ascomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julienne M.-I. Schiebold
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Martin I. Bidartondo
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, UK
| | - Peter Karasch
- Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mykologie (German Mycological Society), Kirchl 78, 94545 Hohenau, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Gebauer
- Laboratory of Isotope Biogeochemistry, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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Pampaloni F, Knuppertz L, Hamann A, Osiewacz HD, Stelzer EHK. Three-Dimensional Live Imaging of Filamentous Fungi with Light Sheet-Based Fluorescence Microscopy (LSFM). Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1563:19-31. [PMID: 28324599 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6810-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method for the three-dimensional live imaging of filamentous fungi with light sheet-based fluorescence microscopy (LSFM). LSFM provides completely new opportunities to investigate the biology of fungal cells and other microorganisms with high spatial and temporal resolution. As an example, we study the established aging model Podospora anserina. The protocol explains the mounting of the live fungi for the light sheet imaging, the imaging procedure and illustrates basic image processing of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Pampaloni
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Laura Knuppertz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes, Department of Biosciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrea Hamann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes, Department of Biosciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Heinz D Osiewacz
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences and Cluster of Excellence Frankfurt Macromolecular Complexes, Department of Biosciences, Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ernst H K Stelzer
- Physical Biology Group, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (BMLS), Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Nair RB, Taherzadeh MJ. Valorization of sugar-to-ethanol process waste vinasse: A novel biorefinery approach using edible ascomycetes filamentous fungi. Bioresour Technol 2016; 221:469-476. [PMID: 27668880 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.09.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to study the integration of edible ascomycetes filamentous fungi into the existing sugar- or molasses-to-ethanol processes, to grow on vinasse or stillage and produce ethanol and protein-rich fungal biomass. Two fungal strains, Neurospora intermedia and Aspergillus oryzae were examined in shake flasks and airlift-bioreactors, resulting in reduction of vinasse COD by 34% and viscosity by 21%. Utilization of glycerol and sugars were observed, yielding 202.4 or 222.8g dry fungal biomass of N. intermedia or A. oryzae respectively, per liter of vinasse. Integration of the current process at an existing ethanol facility producing about 100,000m3 of ethanol per year could produce around 200,000-250,000tons of dry fungal biomass (40-45% protein) together with about 8800-12,600m3 extra ethanol (8.8-12.6% of production-rate improvement).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkumar B Nair
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, SE 50190 Borås, Sweden.
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Abstract
Species belonging to Aspergillus section Cervini are characterised by radiate or short columnar, fawn coloured, uniseriate conidial heads. The morphology of the taxa in this section is very similar and isolates assigned to these species are frequently misidentified. In this study, a polyphasic approach was applied using morphological characters, extrolite data, temperature profiles and partial BenA, CaM and RPB2 sequences to examine the relationships within this section. Based on this taxonomic approach the section Cervini is resolved in ten species including six new species: A. acidohumus, A. christenseniae, A. novoguineensis, A. subnutans, A. transcarpathicus and A. wisconsinensis. A dichotomous key for the identification is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, PR China; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J Varga
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52, H-6726 Szeged, Hungary
| | - J C Frisvad
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - X Z Jiang
- R&D Centre, Novozymes China, No. 14, Xinxi Road, Shangdi Zone, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, PR China
| | - R A Samson
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Chen AJ, Frisvad JC, Sun BD, Varga J, Kocsubé S, Dijksterhuis J, Kim DH, Hong SB, Houbraken J, Samson RA. Aspergillus section Nidulantes (formerly Emericella): Polyphasic taxonomy, chemistry and biology. Stud Mycol 2016; 84:1-118. [PMID: 28050053 PMCID: PMC5198626 DOI: 10.1016/j.simyco.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus section Nidulantes includes species with striking morphological characters, such as biseriate conidiophores with brown-pigmented stipes, and if present, the production of ascomata embedded in masses of Hülle cells with often reddish brown ascospores. The majority of species in this section have a sexual state, which were named Emericella in the dual name nomenclature system. In the present study, strains belonging to subgenus Nidulantes were subjected to multilocus molecular phylogenetic analyses using internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), partial β-tubulin (BenA), calmodulin (CaM) and RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2) sequences. Nine sections are accepted in subgenus Nidulantes including the new section Cavernicolus. A polyphasic approach using morphological characters, extrolites, physiological characters and phylogeny was applied to investigate the taxonomy of section Nidulantes. Based on this approach, section Nidulantes is subdivided in seven clades and 65 species, and 10 species are described here as new. Morphological characters including colour, shape, size, and ornamentation of ascospores, shape and size of conidia and vesicles, growth temperatures are important for identifying species. Many species of section Nidulantes produce the carcinogenic mycotoxin sterigmatocystin. The most important mycotoxins in Aspergillus section Nidulantes are aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, emestrin, fumitremorgins, asteltoxins, and paxillin while other extrolites are useful drugs or drug lead candidates such as echinocandins, mulundocandins, calbistrins, varitriols, variecolins and terrain. Aflatoxin B1 is produced by four species: A. astellatus, A. miraensis, A. olivicola, and A. venezuelensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China; CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - J C Frisvad
- Department of Systems Biology, Søltofts Plads B. 221, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - B D Sun
- China General Microbiological Culture Collection Centre, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beichen West Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - J Varga
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - S Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, H-6726, Szeged, Hungary
| | - J Dijksterhuis
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - D H Kim
- Division of Forest Environment Protection, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - S-B Hong
- Korean Agricultural Culture Collection, National Institute of Agricultural Science, 166, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Iseo-myeon, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - J Houbraken
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R A Samson
- CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584 CT, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Fleischhacker A, Grube M, Frisch A, Obermayer W, Hafellner J. Arthonia parietinaria - A common but frequently misunderstood lichenicolous fungus on species of the Xanthoria parietina-group. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1341-1353. [PMID: 27742093 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Arthonia parietinaria is described as new to science. Host of the type and at the same time the only confirmed host species is the foliose macrolichen Xanthoria parietina. Sequence data of nucLSU rRNA genes reveal a close relationship to Arthonia molendoi. A. parietinaria is recorded for many countries in Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Fleischhacker
- Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, NaWi Graz, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Grube
- Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, NaWi Graz, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Andreas Frisch
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7044, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Walter Obermayer
- Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, NaWi Graz, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Josef Hafellner
- Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, NaWi Graz, Karl-Franzens-Universität, Holteigasse 6, 8010 Graz, Austria
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Ferreira JA, Mahboubi A, Lennartsson PR, Taherzadeh MJ. Waste biorefineries using filamentous ascomycetes fungi: Present status and future prospects. Bioresour Technol 2016; 215:334-345. [PMID: 26996263 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous ascomycetes fungi have had important roles in natural cycles, and are already used industrially for e.g. supplying of citric, gluconic and itaconic acids as well as many enzymes. Faster human activities result in higher consumption of our resources and producing more wastes. Therefore, these fungi can be explored to use their capabilities to convert back wastes to resources. The present paper reviews the capabilities of these fungi in growing on various residuals, producing lignocellulose-degrading enzymes and production of organic acids, ethanol, pigments, etc. Particular attention has been on Aspergillus, Fusarium, Neurospora and Monascus genera. Since various species are used for production of human food, their biomass can be considered for feed applications and so biomass compositional characteristics as well as aspects related to culture in bioreactor are also provided. The review has been further complemented with future research avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Ferreira
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, SE 50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Amir Mahboubi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, SE 50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Patrik R Lennartsson
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, SE 50190 Borås, Sweden
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