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Li M, Zheng Y, Cui D, Du Y, Zhang D, Sun W, Du H, Zhang Z. GIF1 controls ear inflorescence architecture and floral development by regulating key genes in hormone biosynthesis and meristem determinacy in maize. BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:127. [PMID: 35303806 PMCID: PMC8932133 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03517-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflorescence architecture and floral development in flowering plants are determined by genetic control of meristem identity, determinacy, and maintenance. The ear inflorescence meristem in maize (Zea mays) initiates short branch meristems called spikelet pair meristems, thus unlike the tassel inflorescence, the ears lack long branches. Maize growth-regulating factor (GRF)-interacting factor1 (GIF1) regulates branching and size of meristems in the tassel inflorescence by binding to Unbranched3. However, the regulatory pathway of gif1 in ear meristems is relatively unknown. RESULT In this study, we found that loss-of-function gif1 mutants had highly branched ears, and these extra branches repeatedly produce more branches and florets with unfused carpels and an indeterminate floral apex. In addition, GIF1 interacted in vivo with nine GRFs, subunits of the SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling complex, and hormone biosynthesis-related proteins. Furthermore, key meristem-determinacy gene RAMOSA2 (RA2) and CLAVATA signaling-related gene CLV3/ENDOSPERM SURROUNDING REGION (ESR) 4a (CLE4a) were directly bound and regulated by GIF1 in the ear inflorescence. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that GIF1 working together with GRFs recruits SWI/SNF chromatin-remodeling ATPases to influence DNA accessibility in the regions that contain genes involved in hormone biosynthesis, meristem identity and determinacy, thus driving the fate of axillary meristems and floral organ primordia in the ear-inflorescence of maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfei Li
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, People's Republic of China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Du
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Tarim University, Alar, Xinjiang, 843300, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Hewei Du
- College of Life Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zuxin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, People's Republic of China.
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Li M, Wrobel-Marek J, Heidmann I, Horstman A, Chen B, Reis R, Angenent GC, Boutilier K. Auxin biosynthesis maintains embryo identity and growth during BABY BOOM-induced somatic embryogenesis. Plant Physiol 2022; 188:1095-1110. [PMID: 34865162 PMCID: PMC8825264 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is a type of plant cell totipotency where embryos develop from nonreproductive (vegetative) cells without fertilization. Somatic embryogenesis can be induced in vitro by auxins, and by ectopic expression of embryo-expressed transcription factors like the BABY BOOM (BBM) AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR domain protein. These different pathways are thought to converge to promote auxin response and biosynthesis, but the specific roles of the endogenous auxin pathway in somatic embryogenesis induction have not been well-characterized. Here we show that BBM transcriptionally regulates the YUCCA3 (YUC3) and YUC8 auxin biosynthesis genes during BBM-mediated somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. BBM induced local and ectopic YUC3 and YUC8 expression in seedlings, which coincided with increased DR5 auxin response and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis and with ectopic expression of the WOX2 embryo reporter. YUC-driven auxin biosynthesis was required for BBM-mediated somatic embryogenesis, as the number of embryogenic explants was reduced by ca. 50% in yuc3 yuc8 mutants and abolished after chemical inhibition of YUC enzyme activity. However, a detailed YUC inhibitor time-course study revealed that YUC-dependent IAA biosynthesis is not required for the re-initiation of totipotent cell identity in seedlings. Rather, YUC enzymes are required later in somatic embryo development for the maintenance of embryo identity and growth. This study resolves a long-standing question about the role of endogenous auxin biosynthesis in transcription factor-mediated somatic embryogenesis and also provides an experimental framework for understanding the role of endogenous auxin biosynthesis in other in planta and in vitro embryogenesis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Li
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Justyna Wrobel-Marek
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Biology, Biotechnology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, Katowice, 40-032, Poland
| | - Iris Heidmann
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
- Enza Zaden Research and Development B.V, Enkhuizen, 1602 DB, The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Horstman
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Baojian Chen
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Ricardo Reis
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
| | - Gerco C Angenent
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AP, Netherlands
| | - Kim Boutilier
- Bioscience, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, 6700 AA, Netherlands
- Author for communication:
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Fàbregas N, Fernie AR. The reliance of phytohormone biosynthesis on primary metabolite precursors. J Plant Physiol 2022; 268:153589. [PMID: 34896926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
There is some debate as to whether phytohormone metabolites should be classified as primary or secondary metabolites. Phytohormones have profound effects on growth - a typical trait of primary metabolites - yet several of them are formed from secondary metabolite precursors. This is further exacerbated by the blurred distinction between primary and secondary metabolism. What is clearer, however, is that phytohormones display distinctive regulatory mechanisms from other metabolites. Moreover, by contrast to microbial and mammalian systems, the majority of plant metabolite receptors characterized to date are hormone receptors. Here, we provide an overview of the metabolic links between primary metabolism and phytohormone biosynthesis in an attempt to complement recent reviews covering the signaling crosstalk between elements of core metabolism and the phytohormones. In doing so, we cover the biosynthesis of both the classical metabolic phytohormones namely auxins, salicylic acid, jasmonate, ethylene, cytokinins, brassinosteroids, gibberellins and abscisic acid as well as recently described plant growth regulators which have been proposed as novel phytohormones namely strigolactones blumenols, zaxinone and β-cyclocitral as well as melatonin. For each hormone, we describe the primary metabolite precursors which fuel its synthesis, act as conjugates or in the case of 2-oxoglutarate act more directly as a co-substrate in the biosynthesis of gibberellin, auxin and salicylic acid. Furthermore, several amino acids operate as hormone conjugates, such as jasmonate-conjugates. In reviewing the biosynthesis of all the phytohormones simultaneously, the exceptional intricacy of the biochemical interplay that underpins their interaction emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Fàbregas
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
| | - Alisdair R Fernie
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476, Potsdam-Golm, Germany.
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Cai Z, Wang Z, Yue C, Sun A, Shen Y. Efficient expression and purification of soluble Harpin Ea protein by translation initiation region codon optimization. Protein Expr Purif 2021; 188:105970. [PMID: 34500070 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2021.105970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HarpinEa protein can stimulate plants to produce defense responses to resist the attack of pathogens, improve plant immune resistance, and promote plant growth. This has extremely high application value in agriculture. To efficiently express soluble HarpinEa protein, in this study, we expressed HarpinEa protein with a 6× His-tag in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Because of the low level of expression of HarpinEa protein in E. coli, three rounds of synonymous codon optimization were performed on the +53 bp of the translation initiation region (TIR) of HarpinEa. Soluble HarpinEa protein after optimization accounted for 50.3% of the total soluble cellular protein expressed. After purification using a Ni Bestarose Fast Flow column, the purity of HarpinEa protein exceeded 95%, and the yield reached 227.5 mg/L of culture medium. The purified HarpinEa protein was sensitive to proteases and exhibited thermal stability. It triggered visible hypersensitive responses after being injected into tobacco leaves for 48 h. Plants treated with HarpinEa showed obvious growth-promoting and resistance-improving performance. Thus, the use of TIR synonymous codon optimization successfully achieved the economical, efficient, and soluble production of HarpinEa protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengying Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Zhong Wang
- Shandong Shennong Ecological Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Shanghai Branch, Shanghai, 201114, China.
| | - Cheng Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Aiyou Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Yaling Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Newworld Institute of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Zhang ZP, Song SX, Liu YC, Zhu XR, Jiang YF, Shi LT, Jiang JZ, Miao MM. Mixed Transcriptome Analysis Revealed the Possible Interaction Mechanisms between Zizania latifolia and Ustilago esculenta Inducing Jiaobai Stem-Gall Formation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212258. [PMID: 34830140 PMCID: PMC8618054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The smut fungus Ustilago esculenta infects Zizania latifolia and induces stem expansion to form a unique vegetable named Jiaobai. Although previous studies have demonstrated that hormonal control is essential for triggering stem swelling, the role of hormones synthesized by Z. latifolia and U. esculenta and the underlying molecular mechanism are not yet clear. To study the mechanism that triggers swollen stem formation, we analyzed the gene expression pattern of both interacting organisms during the initial trigger of culm gall formation, at which time the infective hyphae also propagated extensively and penetrated host stem cells. Transcriptional analysis indicated that abundant genes involving fungal pathogenicity and plant resistance were reprogrammed to maintain the subtle balance between the parasite and host. In addition, the expression of genes involved in auxin biosynthesis of U. esculenta obviously decreased during stem swelling, while a large number of genes related to the synthesis, metabolism and signal transduction of hormones of the host plant were stimulated and showed specific expression patterns, particularly, the expression of ZlYUCCA9 (a flavin monooxygenase, the key enzyme in indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis pathway) increased significantly. Simultaneously, the content of IAA increased significantly, while the contents of cytokinin and gibberellin showed the opposite trend. We speculated that auxin produced by the host plant, rather than the fungus, triggers stem swelling. Furthermore, from the differently expressed genes, two candidate Cys2-His2 (C2H2) zinc finger proteins, GME3058_g and GME5963_g, were identified from U. esculenta, which may conduct fungus growth and infection at the initial stage of stem-gall formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ping Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.-P.Z.); (S.-X.S.); (Y.-C.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (Y.-F.J.); (L.-T.S.); (J.-Z.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Si-Xiao Song
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.-P.Z.); (S.-X.S.); (Y.-C.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (Y.-F.J.); (L.-T.S.); (J.-Z.J.)
| | - Yan-Cheng Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.-P.Z.); (S.-X.S.); (Y.-C.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (Y.-F.J.); (L.-T.S.); (J.-Z.J.)
| | - Xin-Rui Zhu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.-P.Z.); (S.-X.S.); (Y.-C.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (Y.-F.J.); (L.-T.S.); (J.-Z.J.)
| | - Yi-Feng Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.-P.Z.); (S.-X.S.); (Y.-C.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (Y.-F.J.); (L.-T.S.); (J.-Z.J.)
| | - Ling-Tong Shi
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.-P.Z.); (S.-X.S.); (Y.-C.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (Y.-F.J.); (L.-T.S.); (J.-Z.J.)
| | - Jie-Zeng Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.-P.Z.); (S.-X.S.); (Y.-C.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (Y.-F.J.); (L.-T.S.); (J.-Z.J.)
| | - Min-Min Miao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Z.-P.Z.); (S.-X.S.); (Y.-C.L.); (X.-R.Z.); (Y.-F.J.); (L.-T.S.); (J.-Z.J.)
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Agricultural College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence:
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Abstract
Most known phytohormones regulate moss development. We present a comprehensive view of the synthesis and signaling pathways for the most investigated of these compounds in mosses, focusing on the model Physcomitrium patens. The last 50 years of research have shown that most of the known phytohormones are synthesized by the model moss Physcomitrium patens (formerly Physcomitrella patens) and regulate its development, in interaction with responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Biosynthesis and signaling pathways are best described in P. patens for the three classical hormones auxins, cytokinins and abscisic acid. Furthermore, their roles in almost all steps of development, from early filament growth to gametophore development and sexual reproduction, have been the focus of much research effort over the years. Evidence of hormonal roles exist for ethylene and for CLE signaling peptides, as well as for salicylic acid, although their possible effects on development remain unclear. Production of brassinosteroids by P. patens is still debated, and modes of action for these compounds are even less known. Gibberellin biosynthesis and signaling may have been lost in P. patens, while gibberellin precursors such as ent-kaurene derivatives could be used as signals in a yet to discover pathway. As for jasmonic acid, it is not used per se as a hormone in P. patens, but its precursor OPDA appears to play a corresponding role in defense against abiotic stress. We have tried to gather a comprehensive view of the biosynthesis and signaling pathways for all these compounds in mosses, without forgetting strigolactones, the last class of plant hormones to be reported. Study of the strigolactone response in P. patens points to a novel signaling compound, the KAI2-ligand, which was likely employed as a hormone prior to land plant emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambre Guillory
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France
| | - Sandrine Bonhomme
- INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Université Paris-Saclay, 78000, Versailles, France.
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Kaur H, Ozga JA, Reinecke DM. Balancing of hormonal biosynthesis and catabolism pathways, a strategy to ameliorate the negative effects of heat stress on reproductive growth. Plant Cell Environ 2021; 44:1486-1503. [PMID: 32515497 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
In pea (Pisum sativum L.), moderate heat stress during early flowering/fruit set increased seed/ovule abortion, and concomitantly produced fruits with reduced ovary (pericarp) length, and fewer seeds at maturity. Plant hormonal networks coordinate seed and pericarp growth and development. To determine if these hormonal networks are modulated in response to heat stress, we analyzed the gene expression patterns and associated these patterns with precursors, and bioactive and inactive metabolites of the auxin, gibberellin (GA), abscisic acid (ABA), and ethylene biosynthesis/catabolism pathways in young developing seeds and pericarps of non-stressed and 4-day heat-stressed fruits. Our data suggest that within the developing seeds heat stress decreased bioactive GA levels reducing GA growth-related processes, and that increased ethylene levels may have promoted this inhibitory response. In contrast, heat stress increased auxin biosynthesis gene expression and auxin levels in the seeds and pericarps, and seed ABA levels, both effects can increase seed sink strength. We hypothesize that seeds with higher auxin- and ABA-induced sink strength and adequate bioactive GA levels will set and continue to grow, while the seeds with lower sink strength (low auxin, ABA, and GA levels) will become more sensitive to heat stress-induced ethylene leading to ovule/seed abortion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harleen Kaur
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Jocelyn A Ozga
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis M Reinecke
- Plant BioSystems, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Gu D, Yang J, Wu S, Liao Y, Zeng L, Yang Z. Epigenetic Regulation of the Phytohormone Abscisic Acid Accumulation under Dehydration Stress during Postharvest Processing of Tea ( Camellia sinensis). J Agric Food Chem 2021; 69:1039-1048. [PMID: 33464046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) accumulates in tea leaves under dehydration stress during the withering process. However, the mechanism underlying ABA biosynthesis regulation remains largely unclear. In the present study, we found increased expression of ABA biosynthesis genes under dehydration stress during postharvest processing of tea. Furthermore, dehydration stress promoted ABA accumulation by increasing histone acetylation of ABA anabolism genes but by decreasing the levels of histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation and DNA methylation of ABA biosynthesis genes. We screened candidate regulators of histone deacetylation and DNA methylation under dehydration stress. Taken together, our results indicate a role for epigenetic modifications during postharvest processing of tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dachuan Gu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Shuhua Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yinyin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lanting Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ziyin Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany & Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- Center of Economic Botany, Core Botanical Gardens, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510650, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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Sakakibara H. Cytokinin biosynthesis and transport for systemic nitrogen signaling. Plant J 2021; 105:421-430. [PMID: 33015901 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of growth and development in response to environmental changes is one of the essential aspects of plant behavior. Cytokinins play an important role as signaling molecules in the long-distance communication between organs in systemic growth regulation in response to nitrogen. The spatial distribution of the expression sites of cytokinin biosynthesis genes leads to structural differences in the molecular species transported through the xylem and phloem, giving root-borne trans-hydroxylated cytokinins, namely trans-zeatin (tZ) type, a specialized efficacy in regulating shoot growth. Furthermore, root-to-shoot translocation via the xylem, tZ, and its precursor, the tZ riboside, controls different sets of shoot growth traits to fine-tune shoot growth in response to nitrogen availability. In addition to nitrogen, photosynthetically generated sugars positively regulate de novo cytokinin biosynthesis in the roots, and contribute to plant growth under elevated CO2 conditions. In shoot-to-root signaling, cytokinins also play a role in the regulation of nutrient acquisition and root system growth in cooperation with other types of signaling molecules, such as C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE DOWNSTREAMs. As cytokinin is a key regulator for the maintenance of shoot apical meristem, deepening our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of cytokinin biosynthesis and transport in response to nitrogen is important not only for basic comprehension of plant growth, but also to ensure the stability of agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are plant hormones that regulate diverse developmental processes and environmental responses. They are also known to be root-derived chemical signals that regulate symbiotic and parasitic interactions with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and root parasitic plants, respectively. Since the discovery of the hormonal function of SLs in 2008, there has been much progress in the SL research field. In particular, a number of breakthroughs have been achieved in our understanding of SL biosynthesis, transport and perception. The discovery of the hormonal function of SL was quite valuable not only as the identification of a new class of plant hormones, but also as the discovery of the long-sought-after SL biosynthetic and response mutants. These mutants in several plant species provided us the genetic resources to address fundamental questions regarding SL biosynthesis and perception. Such mutants were further characterized later, and biochemical analyses of these genetically identified factors have uncovered the outline of SL biosynthesis and perception so far. Moreover, new genes involved in SL transport have been discovered through reverse genetic analyses. In this review, we summarize recent advances in SL research with a focus on biosynthesis, transport and perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyoshi Mashiguchi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Seto
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Shinjiro Yamaguchi
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, 611-0011, Japan
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Abstract
Gibberellins are produced by all vascular plants and several fungal and bacterial species that associate with plants as pathogens or symbionts. In the 60 years since the first experiments on the biosynthesis of gibberellic acid in the fungus Fusarium fujikuroi, research on gibberellin biosynthesis has advanced to provide detailed information on the pathways, biosynthetic enzymes and their genes in all three kingdoms, in which the production of the hormones evolved independently. Gibberellins function as hormones in plants, affecting growth and differentiation in organs in which their concentration is very tightly regulated. Current research in plants is focused particularly on the regulation of gibberellin biosynthesis and inactivation by developmental and environmental cues, and there is now considerable information on the molecular mechanisms involved in these processes. There have also been recent advances in understanding gibberellin transport and distribution and their relevance to plant development. This review describes our current understanding of gibberellin metabolism and its regulation, highlighting the more recent advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hedden
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Palack� University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Rothamsted Research, West Common, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
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Xu X, Fang L, Li L, Ma G, Wu K, Zeng S. Abscisic Acid Inhibits Asymbiotic Germination of Immature Seeds of Paphiopedilum armeniacum. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9561. [PMID: 33334056 PMCID: PMC7768472 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Paphiopedilum armeniacum is a rare orchid native to China with high ornamental value. The germination of P. armeniacum seeds is difficult, especially for the mature seeds, which is the major limitation for their large-scale reproduction. This study explored the reasons for seed germination inhibition from the aspects of the important plant endogenous hormone-abscisic acid (ABA). The major endogenous hormone contents of seeds were determined at different developmental stages. The ABA content was 5.8 ng/g in 73 days after pollination (DAP) for the immature seeds, peaked at 14.6 ng/g in 129 DAP seeds, and dropped to 2.6 ng/g in the late mature stage of the 150 DAP seeds. The reduction of ABA content in the mature seed suggests a possible contribution to the increased expression of CYP707A, an ABA catabolism gene. The germination rate of the immature seeds was reduced to 9% from 69% when 5 μg/mL ABA was added to the Hyponex N026 germination medium. The result showed that ABA can inhibit the germination of P. armeniacum immature seeds. However, for the heavily lignified mature seeds, reduction in endogenous ABA level does not result in an increase in the germination rate. Lignin accumulation in the seed coat imposes the physical dormancy for P. armeniacum. In summary, the germination of P. armeniacum is regulated by both ABA and lignin accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.X.); (L.F.); (L.L.); (G.M.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.X.); (L.F.); (L.L.); (G.M.)
| | - Lin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.X.); (L.F.); (L.L.); (G.M.)
| | - Guohua Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.X.); (L.F.); (L.L.); (G.M.)
| | - Kunlin Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.X.); (L.F.); (L.L.); (G.M.)
| | - Songjun Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; (X.X.); (L.F.); (L.L.); (G.M.)
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Gene Improvement, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
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13
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Li Q, Ma C, Tai H, Qiu H, Yang A. Comparative transcriptome analysis of two rice genotypes differing in their tolerance to saline-alkaline stress. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0243112. [PMID: 33259539 PMCID: PMC7707490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Saline-alkaline stress is an abiotic stress that suppresses rice plant growth and reduces yield. However, few studies have investigated the mechanism by which rice plants respond to saline-alkaline stress at a global transcriptional level. Dongdao-4 and Jigeng-88, which differ in their tolerance to saline-alkaline stress, were used to explore gene expression differences under saline-alkaline stress by RNA-seq technology. In seedlings of Dongdao-4 and Jigeng-88, 3523 and 4066 genes with differential levels of expression were detected, respectively. A total of 799 genes were upregulated in the shoots of both Dongdao-4 and Jigeng-88, while 411 genes were upregulated in the roots of both genotypes. Among the downregulated genes in Dongdao-4 and Jigeng-88, a total of 453 and 372 genes were found in shoots and roots, respectively. Gene ontology (GO) analysis showed that upregulated genes were enriched in several GO terms such as response to stress, response to jasmonic acid, organic acid metabolic process, nicotianamine biosynthetic process, and iron homeostasis. The downregulated genes were enriched in several GO terms, such as photosynthesis and response to reactive oxygen species. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis revealed that Dongdao-4 seedlings were specifically enriched in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as diterpenoids and phenylpropanoids. The upregulated genes that were involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis, amino acid biosynthesis, betalain biosynthesis, organic acid metabolic process, and iron homeostasis pathways may be central to saline-alkaline tolerance in both rice genotypes. In contrast, the genes involved in the diterpenoid and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathways may contribute to the greater tolerance to saline-alkaline stress in Dongdao-4 seedlings than in Jigeng-88. These results suggest that Dongdao-4 was equipped with a more efficient mechanism involved in multiple biological processes to adapt to saline-alkaline stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (AY); (QL)
| | - Changkun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulic Engineering in Arid Area, Xi’an University of Technology, Xi’an, China
| | - Huanhuan Tai
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Huan Qiu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - An Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (AY); (QL)
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14
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Nehela Y, Killiny N. Melatonin Is Involved in Citrus Response to the Pathogen Huanglongbing via Modulation of Phytohormonal Biosynthesis. Plant Physiol 2020; 184:2216-2239. [PMID: 32843523 PMCID: PMC7723116 DOI: 10.1104/pp.20.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating citrus disease worldwide that is putatively caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus and transmitted by Diaphorina citri Melatonin is a ubiquitously distributed auxin-like metabolite found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In this study, we used integrative metabolomic and transcriptomic approaches to investigate the potential role of melatonin in citrus response against HLB and to understand the relationships between melatonin and the stress-associated phytohormones at molecular and metabolic levels. Melatonin was detected in the leaves of Valencia sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) after derivatization with N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyltrifluoroacetamide using a targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry running in selective ion monitoring mode-based method. Ca. L. asiaticus infection and D. citri infestation significantly increased endogenous melatonin levels in Valencia sweet orange leaves and upregulated the expression of its biosynthetic genes (CsTDC, CsT5H, CsSNAT, CsASMT, and CsCOMT). However, infection with Ca. L. asiaticus had a greater effect than did infestation with D. citri Melatonin induction was positively correlated with salicylic acid content, but not that of trans-jasmonic acid. Moreover, melatonin supplementation enhanced the endogenous contents of the stress-associated phytohormones (salicylates, auxins, trans-jasmonic acid, and abscisic acid) and the transcript levels of their biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, melatonin supplementation diminished the Ca. L. asiaticus titer within the infected leaves, which suggests that melatonin might play an antibacterial role against this bacterium and gram-negative bacteria in general. These findings provide a better understanding of the melatonin-mediated defensive response against HLB via modulation of multiple hormonal pathways. Understanding the role of melatonin in citrus defense to HLB may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to mitigate the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Nehela
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Faculty of Agriculture, Tanta University, 31512 Tanta, Egypt
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850
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15
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Kidaj D, Krysa M, Susniak K, Matys J, Komaniecka I, Sroka-Bartnicka A. Biological activity of Nod factors. Acta Biochim Pol 2020; 67:435-440. [PMID: 33090749 DOI: 10.18388/abp.2020_5353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Chemically, the Nod factors (NFs) are lipochitooligosaccharides, produced mainly by bacteria of the Rhizobium genus. They are the main signaling molecules involved in the initiation of symbiosis between rhizobia and legume plants. Nod factors affect plant tissues at very low concentrations, even as low as 10-12 mol/L. They induce root hair deformation, cortical cell division, and root nodules' formation in the host plant. At the molecular level, the cytoskeleton is reorganized and expression of genes encoding proteins called nodulins is induced in response to Nod factors in the cell. Action of Nod factors is highly specific because it depends on the structure of a particular Nod factor involved, as well as the plant receptor reacting with it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Kidaj
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Mikolaj Krysa
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Susniak
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Joanna Matys
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Iwona Komaniecka
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Sroka-Bartnicka
- 1Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, Lublin, Poland; 2Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
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16
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Min D, Li Z, Ai W, Li J, Zhou J, Zhang X, Mu D, Li F, Li X, Guo Y. The Co-regulation of Ethylene Biosynthesis and Ascorbate-Glutathione Cycle by Methy Jasmonate Contributes to Aroma Formation of Tomato Fruit during Postharvest Ripening. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:10822-10832. [PMID: 32866003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Currently, many fruits are always harvested at the early ripening stage to reduce postharvest losses followed by 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) or ethephon treatment. However, harvesting at the early ripening stage adversely affects fruit quality, especially for the aroma. Methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatment could induce the biosynthesis of bioactive compounds and maintain postharvest fruit quality. In the present work, the contributions of MeJA to tomato fruit quality during postharvest ripening were studied. The results showed that MeJA treatment significantly promoted the accumulation of volatile organic components (VOCs) by inducing the activities of enzymes related to lipoxygenase pathway and ethylene biosynthesis, whereas 1-MCP treatment largely inhibited the accumulation of VOCs by inhibiting activities of those enzymes. Although the application of ethephon also induced activities of the above enzymes in comparison with control, no significant differences were observed between the VOCs contents of the control and ethephon-treated fruit. Further study revealed that the ethephon treatment resulted in the enhancement of electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde content. Conversely, MeJA treatment inhibited the superoxide anion radical and hydrogen peroxide by regulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and further inhibited the enhancement of electrical conductivity and malondialdehyde content, which might be one of the most important reasons why the VOCs contents in fruit treated with ethephon were lower than those in MeJA-treated fruit. Thus, it is considered that MeJA treatment may be an effective and promising strategy to regulate postharvest tomato fruit quality, especially for the aroma, by regulating the ascorbate-glutathione cycle and ethylene biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dedong Min
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Zilong Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Wen Ai
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jiaozhuo Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Jingxiang Zhou
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xinhua Zhang
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Dan Mu
- Zibo Institute for Food and Drug Control, Zibo, 255049, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Fujun Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoan Li
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong, P.R. China
| | - Yanyin Guo
- School of Agricultural Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, Shandong, P.R. China
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17
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Gadzinowska J, Dziurka M, Ostrowska A, Hura K, Hura T. Phytohormone synthesis pathways in sweet briar rose (Rosa rubiginosa L.) seedlings with high adaptation potential to soil drought. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 154:745-750. [PMID: 32768989 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to determine the phytohormone profile of sweet briar rose (Rosa rubiginosa L.) seedlings and privileged synthesis pathways of individual hormones including gibberellins, cytokinins and auxins in response to long-term soil drought. We detected eight gibberellins, nine auxins and fifteen cytokinins. Abscisic acid (ABA) was also detected as a sensitive indicator of water stress. Thirty days of soil drought induced significant increase of ABA content and species-specific quantitative changes of other phytohormones. We established preferred synthesis pathways for three gibberellins, six auxins and eight cytokinins. Both an increase and decrease in gibberellin and cytokinin levels may modulate sweet briar's response to soil water shortage. In the case of auxins, induction of effective adaptation mechanisms to extremely dry environments is mostly triggered by their rising levels. Under drought stress, sweet briar seedlings increased their gibberellin pool at the expense of reducing the pool of cytokinins and auxins. This may indicate a specific role of gibberellins in adaptation mechanisms to long-term soil water deficit developed by sweet briar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Gadzinowska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Michał Dziurka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ostrowska
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Hura
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Economics, University of Agriculture, Podłużna 3, 30-239, Kraków, Poland
| | - Tomasz Hura
- Polish Academy of Sciences, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Niezapominajek 21, 30-239, Kraków, Poland.
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18
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Li J, Yang Y, Chai M, Ren M, Yuan J, Yang W, Dong Y, Liu B, Jian Q, Wang S, Peng B, Yuan H, Fan H. Gibberellins modulate local auxin biosynthesis and polar auxin transport by negatively affecting flavonoid biosynthesis in the root tips of rice. Plant Sci 2020; 298:110545. [PMID: 32771158 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As critical signalling molecules, both gibberellin (GA) and auxin play essential roles in regulating root elongation, and many studies have been shown that auxin influences GA biosynthesis and signalling. However, the mechanism by which GA affects auxin in root elongation is still unknown. In this study, root elongation and DR5-GUS activity were analyzed in rice seedlings. Paclobutrazol-induced short root phenotypes could be partially reversed by co-treatment with IAA, and the inhibition of root elongation caused by naphthylphthalamic acid could be partially reversed when plants were co-treated with GA. DR5-GUS activity was increased in the presence of GA and was reduced at the root tip of paclobutrazol-treated seedlings, indicating that GA could regulate local auxin biosynthesis and polar auxin transport (PAT) in rice root tips. Our RNA-seq analysis showed that GA was involved in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis. Flavonoid accumulation level in ks1 root tips was significantly increased and negatively correlated with GA content in GA- and PAC-treated seedlings. GA also rescued the decreased DR5-GUS activity induced by quercetin in rice root tips, confirming that flavonoids act as an intermediary in GA-mediated auxin biosynthesis and PAT. Based on RNA-seq and qPCR analyses, we determined that GA regulates local auxin biosynthesis and polar auxin transport by modulating the expression of OsYUCCA6 and PIN. Our findings provide valuable new insights into the interactions between GA and auxin in the root tips of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Li
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China.
| | - Yuna Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Mengmeng Chai
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Mengdi Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Jingjia Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Wenqian Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Yu Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - BinWen Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Qingmei Jian
- College of Bioengineering, Jingchu University of Technology, Jingmen, 448000, China
| | - Shouchuang Wang
- Hainan Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Tropical Bioresource, College of Tropical Crops, Hainan University, Haikou, 572208, China
| | - Bo Peng
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Hongyu Yuan
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- College of Life Sciences, Xinyang Normal University, Xinyang, 464000, China.
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19
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Ma X, Yuan Y, Wu Q, Wang J, Li J, Zhao M. LcEIL2/3 are involved in fruitlet abscission via activating genes related to ethylene biosynthesis and cell wall remodeling in litchi. Plant J 2020; 103:1338-1350. [PMID: 32391616 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fruit crops are subject to precocious fruit abscission, during which the phytohormone ethylene (ET) acts as a major positive regulator. However, the molecular basis of ET-induced fruit abscission remains poorly understood. Here, we show that two ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE 3-like (EIL) homologs in litchi, LcEIL2 and LcEIL3, play a role in ET-activated fruitlet abscission. LcEIL2/3 were significantly upregulated in the fruit abscission zone (AZ) during the ET-induced fruitlet abscission in litchi. The presence of LcEIL2/3 in wild-type Arabidopsis and ein3 eil1 mutants can accelerate the floral organ abscission. Moreover, the electrophoretic mobility shift assay and dual luciferase reporter analysis illustrated that LcEIL2/3 directly interacted with the gene promoters to activate the expression of cell wall remodeling genes LcCEL2/8 and LcPG1/2, and ET biosynthetic genes LcACS1/4/7 and LcACO2/3. Furthermore, we showed that LcPG1/2 were expressed in the floral abscission zone of Arabidopsis, and constitutive expression of LcPG2 in Arabidopsis promoted the floral organ abscission. In conclusion, we propose that LcEIL2/3 are involved in ET-induced fruitlet abscission via controlling expression of genes related to ET biosynthesis and cell wall remodeling in litchi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingshuai Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Qian Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianguo Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Minglei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Litchi Engineering Research Center, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
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20
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Wang L, Xu JY, Jia W, Chen Z, Xu ZC. Chloride salinity in a chloride-sensitive plant: Focusing on photosynthesis, hormone synthesis and transduction in tobacco. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 153:119-130. [PMID: 32498010 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chloride (Cl-) is a micronutrient and a beneficial ion for plant growth, but excess Cl- easily leads to Cl- salinity. As a species sensitive to Cl-, tobacco experiences serious damage when encountering excessive Cl-. However, the molecular mechanism by which excess Cl- delays plant growth and development remain largely unknown. In this study, physiological, biochemical and genetic responses were determined in tobacco plants exposed to 12 h, 24 h and 48 h of Cl- salinity. Compared with the control, Cl- salinity increased the content of Cl- and decreased the relative water content (RWC) in tobacco, which severely limited the photosynthetic capacity and reduced photosynthetic products, resulting in decreased levels of auxin (IAA) and gibberellin (GA3). In addition, tobacco increased the content of starch, total phenol and increased phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity in response to Cl- salinity. Multi-omics results revealed that a total of 15,445 genes and 1983 proteins were differentially abundant in response to Cl- salinity. Two metabolic pathways, phenylalanine metabolism and starch and sucrose metabolism, were specifically enriched in the transcriptomic and proteomic data, respectively. In addition, our conjoint analysis of RNA-Seq and proteomics data revealed that 734 differentially abundant genes/proteins were enriched mainly in plant hormone signal transduction, photosynthesis and photosynthesis-antenna protein pathways. Our work presented here not only provides new insights into the molecular response of tobacco to Cl- salinity but also offers important guidance for the improvement of Cl- sensitive crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Jia-Yang Xu
- Agronomy and Biotechnology College, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.
| | - Wei Jia
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Zheng Chen
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
| | - Zi-Cheng Xu
- College of Tobacco Science, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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21
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Ding Q, Wang F, Xue J, Yang X, Fan J, Chen H, Li Y, Wu H. Identification and Expression Analysis of Hormone Biosynthetic and Metabolism Genes in the 2OGD Family for Identifying Genes That May Be Involved in Tomato Fruit Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155344. [PMID: 32731334 PMCID: PMC7432023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytohormones play important roles in modulating tomato fruit development and ripening. The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2OGD) superfamily containing several subfamilies involved in hormone biosynthesis and metabolism. In this study, we aimed to identify hormone biosynthesis and metabolism-related to 2OGD proteins in tomato and explored their roles in fruit development and ripening. We identified nine 2OGD protein subfamilies involved in hormone biosynthesis and metabolism, including the gibberellin (GA) biosynthetic protein families GA20ox and GA3ox, GA degradation protein families C19-GA2ox and C20-GA2ox, ethylene biosynthetic protein family ACO, auxin degradation protein family DAO, jasmonate hydroxylation protein family JOX, salicylic acid degradation protein family DMR6, and strigolactone biosynthetic protein family LBO. These genes were differentially expressed in different tomato organs. The GA degradation gene SlGA2ox2, and the auxin degradation gene SlDAO1, showed significantly increased expression from the mature-green to the breaker stage during tomato fruit ripening, accompanied by decreased endogenous GA and auxin, indicating that SlGA2ox2 and SlDAO1 were responsible for the reduced GA and auxin concentrations. Additionally, exogenous gibberellin 3 (GA3) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) treatment of mature-green fruits delayed fruit ripening and increased the expression of SlGA2ox2 and SlDAO1, respectively. Therefore, SlGA2ox2 and SlDAO1 are implicated in the degradation of GAs and auxin during tomato fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.D.); (F.W.); (J.X.); (X.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.D.); (F.W.); (J.X.); (X.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Juan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.D.); (F.W.); (J.X.); (X.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Xinxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.D.); (F.W.); (J.X.); (X.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Junmiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.D.); (F.W.); (J.X.); (X.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Hong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Han Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.D.); (F.W.); (J.X.); (X.Y.); (J.F.)
- Correspondence:
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22
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Upadhyay RK, Fatima T, Handa AK, Mattoo AK. Polyamines and Their Biosynthesis/Catabolism Genes Are Differentially Modulated in Response to Heat Versus Cold Stress in Tomato Leaves ( Solanum lycopersicum L.). Cells 2020; 9:cells9081749. [PMID: 32707844 PMCID: PMC7465501 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyamines (PAs) regulate growth in plants and modulate the whole plant life cycle. They have been associated with different abiotic and biotic stresses, but little is known about the molecular regulation involved. We quantified gene expression of PA anabolic and catabolic pathway enzymes in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Ailsa Craig) leaves under heat versus cold stress. These include arginase1 and 2, arginine decarboxylase 1 and 2, agmatine iminohydrolase/deiminase 1, N-carbamoyl putrescine amidase, two ornithine decarboxylases, three S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylases, two spermidine synthases; spermine synthase; flavin-dependent polyamine oxidases (SlPAO4-like and SlPAO2) and copper dependent amine oxidases (SlCuAO and SlCuAO-like). The spatiotemporal transcript abundances using qRT-PCR revealed presence of their transcripts in all tissues examined, with higher transcript levels observed for SAMDC1, SAMDC2 and ADC2 in most tissues. Cellular levels of free and conjugated forms of putrescine and spermidine were found to decline during heat stress while they increased in response to cold stress, revealing their differential responses. Transcript levels of ARG2, SPDS2, and PAO4-like increased in response to both heat and cold stresses. However, transcript levels of ARG1/2, AIH1, CPA, SPDS1 and CuAO4 increased in response to heat while those of ARG2, ADC1,2, ODC1, SAMDC1,2,3, PAO2 and CuPAO4-like increased in response to cold stress, respectively. Transcripts of ADC1,2, ODC1,2, and SPMS declined in response to heat stress while ODC2 transcripts declined under cold stress. These results show differential expression of PA metabolism genes under heat and cold stresses with more impairment clearly seen under heat stress. We interpret these results to indicate a more pronounced role of PAs in cold stress acclimation compared to that under heat stress in tomato leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh K. Upadhyay
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA;
- Center of Plant Biology, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (T.F.); (A.K.H.)
| | - Tahira Fatima
- Center of Plant Biology, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (T.F.); (A.K.H.)
| | - Avtar K. Handa
- Center of Plant Biology, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (T.F.); (A.K.H.)
| | - Autar K. Mattoo
- Sustainable Agricultural Systems Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-301-504-6622
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23
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Uc-Chuc MA, Pérez-Hernández C, Galaz-Ávalos RM, Brito-Argaez L, Aguilar-Hernández V, Loyola-Vargas VM. YUCCA-Mediated Biosynthesis of the Auxin IAA Is Required during the Somatic Embryogenic Induction Process in Coffea canephora. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4751. [PMID: 32635392 PMCID: PMC7369726 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of considerable research on somatic embryogenesis (SE), the molecular mechanism that regulates the biosynthesis of auxins during the SE induction process remains unknown. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is an auxin that is synthesized in plants through five pathways. The biosynthetic pathway most frequently used in this synthesis is the conversion of tryptophan to indol-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) by tryptophan aminotransferase of Arabidopsis (TAA) followed by the conversion of IPA to IAA by enzymes encoded by YUCCA (YUC) genes of the flavin monooxygenase family; however, it is unclear whether YUC-mediated IAA biosynthesis is involved in SE induction. In this study, we report that the increase of IAA observed during SE pre-treatment (plants in MS medium supplemented with 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) 0.54 µM and kinetin (Kin) 2.32 µM for 14 days) was due to its de novo biosynthesis. By qRT-PCR, we demonstrated that YUC gene expression was consistent with the free IAA signal found in the explants during the induction of SE. In addition, the use of yucasin to inhibit the activity of YUC enzymes reduced the signal of free IAA in the leaf explants and dramatically decreased the induction of SE. The exogenous addition of IAA restored the SE process in explants treated with yucasin. Our findings suggest that the biosynthesis and localization of IAA play an essential role during the induction process of SE in Coffea canephora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Uc-Chuc
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 × 32 y 344 Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Mexico; (M.A.U.-C.); (C.P.-H.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (L.B.-A.)
| | - Cleyre Pérez-Hernández
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 × 32 y 344 Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Mexico; (M.A.U.-C.); (C.P.-H.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (L.B.-A.)
| | - Rosa M. Galaz-Ávalos
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 × 32 y 344 Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Mexico; (M.A.U.-C.); (C.P.-H.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (L.B.-A.)
| | - Ligia Brito-Argaez
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 × 32 y 344 Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Mexico; (M.A.U.-C.); (C.P.-H.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (L.B.-A.)
| | - Víctor Aguilar-Hernández
- Catedrático CONACYT, Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, Mérida C.P. 97205, Mexico;
| | - Víctor M. Loyola-Vargas
- Unidad de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular de Plantas, Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A.C. Calle 43 No. 130 × 32 y 344 Col. Chuburná de Hidalgo, Mérida C.P. 97205, Mexico; (M.A.U.-C.); (C.P.-H.); (R.M.G.-Á.); (L.B.-A.)
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Wang X, Zhao Z, Guo N, Wang H, Zhao J, Xing H. Comparative Proteomics Analysis Reveals That Lignin Biosynthesis Contributes to Brassinosteroid-Mediated Response to Phytophthora sojae in Soybeans. J Agric Food Chem 2020; 68:5496-5506. [PMID: 32302119 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a group of steroid plant hormones regulating normal growth, development, and stress response in plants. However, the mechanisms by which BRs interfere with the resistance of soybean to Phytophthora sojae (P. sojae) remain largely unknown. The present study analyzed the role of BRs in soybean response against P. sojae by comparative proteomic approaches. A total of 52,381 peptides were obtained by trypsin digestion of 9,680 proteins, among which 6,640 proteins were quantified, and 402 proteins were identified as differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Further analysis revealed that DEPs were significantly involved in the lignin biosynthesis pathway. The expression of the majority of key enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis was upregulated by BR-pretreatment and P. sojae infection, and lignin accumulation was faster in BR-pretreated soybeans than in untreated controls. Additionally, accumulation of lignin was consistent with these enzyme expressions levels and resistance phenotype. These findings advance the understanding of the role of BRs in the interaction between soybeans and P. sojae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinfang Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zisu Zhao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Na Guo
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haitang Wang
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jinming Zhao
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Han Xing
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetics and Breeding for Soybean, Ministry of Agriculture, State Key Laboratory for Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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25
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Ma X, Zhang X, Traore SM, Xin Z, Ning L, Li K, Zhao K, Li Z, He G, Yin D. Genome-wide identification and analysis of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) during seed development in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). BMC Plant Biol 2020; 20:192. [PMID: 32375650 PMCID: PMC7203998 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02405-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have several known functions involving various biological regulatory processes in plant. However, the possible roles of lncRNAs during peanut seed development have not been fully explored. RESULTS In this study, two peanut recombinant inbred lines (RIL8) that differ in seed size were used to investigate comprehensive lncRNA profiles derived from the seed development at 15 and 35 days after flowering (DAF). We identified a total of 9388 known and 4037 novel lncRNAs, from which 1437 were differentially expressed lncRNAs. Interestingly, the expression patterns of a number of lncRNAs can be very different between two closely related inbred lines and these lncRNAs were expressed predominantly in only one RIL at 35 DAF. Some differentially expressed lncRNAs were found related to putative cis-acting target genes and predicted to be involved in transcription, transport, cell division, and plant hormone biosynthesis. The expression patterns of several representative lncRNAs and 12 protein-coding genes were validated by qPCR. Same expression pattern was observed between most lncRNAs and their target genes. 11 lncRNAs, XR_001593099.1, MSTRG.18462.1, MSTRG.34915.1, MSTRG.41848.1, MSTRG.22884.1, MSTRG.12404.1, MSTRG.26719.1, MSTRG.35761.1, MSTRG.20033.1, MSTRG.13500.1, and MSTRG.9304.1 and their cis-acting target genes may play key roles in peanut seed development. CONCLUSIONS These results provided new information on lncRNA-mediated regulatory roles in peanut seed development, contributing to the comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in peanut seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingli Ma
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xingguo Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Sy Mamadou Traore
- College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, 36088, AL, USA
| | - Zeyu Xin
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Longlong Ning
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Ke Li
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Kunkun Zhao
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Zhongfeng Li
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Guohao He
- College of Agriculture, Environment and Nutrition Sciences, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, 36088, AL, USA
| | - Dongmei Yin
- College of Agronomy, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.
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26
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Malovichko YV, Shtark OY, Vasileva EN, Nizhnikov AA, Antonets KS. Transcriptomic Insights into Mechanisms of Early Seed Maturation in the Garden Pea ( Pisum sativum L.). Cells 2020; 9:E779. [PMID: 32210065 PMCID: PMC7140803 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The garden pea (Pisum sativum L.) is a legume crop of immense economic value. Extensive breeding has led to the emergence of numerous pea varieties, of which some are distinguished by accelerated development in various stages of ontogenesis. One such trait is rapid seed maturation, which, despite novel insights into the genetic control of seed development in legumes, remains poorly studied. This article presents an attempt to dissect mechanisms of early maturation in the pea line Sprint-2 by means of whole transcriptome RNA sequencing in two developmental stages. By using a de novo assembly approach, we have obtained a reference transcriptome of 25,756 non-redundant entries expressed in pea seeds at either 10 or 20 days after pollination. Differential expression in Sprint-2 seeds has affected 13,056 transcripts. A comparison of the two pea lines with a common maturation rate demonstrates that while at 10 days after pollination, Sprint-2 seeds show development retardation linked to intensive photosynthesis, morphogenesis, and cell division, and those at 20 days show a rapid onset of desiccation marked by the cessation of translation and cell anabolism and accumulation of dehydration-protective and -storage moieties. Further inspection of certain transcript functional categories, including the chromatin constituent, transcription regulation, protein turnover, and hormonal regulation, has revealed transcriptomic trends unique to specific stages and cultivars. Among other remarkable features, Sprint-2 demonstrated an enhanced expression of transposable element-associated open reading frames and an altered expression of major maturation regulators and DNA methyltransferase genes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first comparative transcriptomic study in which the issue of the seed maturation rate is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury V. Malovichko
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Podbelskogo sh., 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Oksana Y. Shtark
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Podbelskogo sh., 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Ekaterina N. Vasileva
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Department of Biotechnology, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Podbelskogo sh., 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Anton A. Nizhnikov
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Podbelskogo sh., 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Kirill S. Antonets
- Laboratory for Proteomics of Supra-Organismal Systems, All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology (ARRIAM), Podbelskogo sh., 3, Pushkin, 196608 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Faculty of Biology, St. Petersburg State University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
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27
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Kim SW, Goossens A, Libert C, Van Immerseel F, Staal J, Beyaert R. Phytohormones: Multifunctional nutraceuticals against metabolic syndrome and comorbid diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 175:113866. [PMID: 32088261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is characterized by the co-occurrence of diverse symptoms initiating the development of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and a variety of comorbid diseases. The complex constellation of numerous comorbidities makes it difficult to develop common therapeutic approaches that ameliorate these pathological features simultaneously. The plant hormones abscisic acid, salicylic acid, auxin, and cytokinins, have shown promising anti-inflammatory and pro-metabolic effects that could mitigate several disorders relevant to metabolic syndrome. Intriguingly, besides plants, human cells and gut microbes also endogenously produce these molecules, indicating a role in the complex interplay between inflammatory responses associated with metabolic syndrome, the gut microbiome, and nutrition. Here, we introduce how bioactive phytohormones can be generated endogenously and through the gut microbiome. These molecules subsequently influence immune responses and metabolism. We also elaborate on how phytohormones can beneficially modulate metabolic syndrome comorbidities, and propose them as nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Woo Kim
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- VIB-UGent Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Claude Libert
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Filip Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jens Staal
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Rudi Beyaert
- VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, VIB, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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28
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Malheiros RSP, Gonçalves FCM, Brito FAL, Zsögön A, Ribeiro DM. Selenomethionine induces oxidative stress and modifies growth in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings through effects on hormone biosynthesis and primary metabolism. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2020; 189:109942. [PMID: 31757514 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Although the chemical characteristics of selenomethionine (SeMet) are similar to those of methionine (Met), the physiological activity of SeMet apparently differs in its ability to stimulate ethylene production in plant tissues. Since selenium alters root architecture of rice seedlings by modifying ethylene production, the investigation of the effect of SeMet and Met on rice growth would be a step forward towards unraveling factors that underlie selenium toxicity. Here, we report that SeMet increased concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting auxin and increasing ethylene production in rice seedlings. The effect of SeMet on seedlings was mediated by the inhibition of the abundance of transcripts encoding auxin transport and cell expansion proteins. Moreover, SeMet led to increased seedling respiration, which was positively correlated with organic acids consumption, but negatively with sugars consumption, thereby decreasing seedling growth. In contrast with SeMet treatment, Met did not affect ROS production, hormone biosynthesis and seedling growth, indicating an exclusive selenium effect. The singlet oxygen scavenger, 1,4-diazabicyclooctane, overrode the repressive effect of SeMet in seedling growth. Our results demonstrate a phytotoxic effect of SeMet for rice seedlings and reveal a relationship between reactive oxygen species, hormone homeostasis and carbon availability, which regulates growth responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael S P Malheiros
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fabrício C M Gonçalves
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fred A L Brito
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Agustín Zsögön
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Dimas M Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-900, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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29
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Zhou Y, Zhao D, Shuang L, Xiao D, Xuan Y, Duan Y, Chen L, Wang Y, Liu X, Fan H, Zhu X. Transcriptome Analysis of Rice Roots in Response to Root-Knot Nematode Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030848. [PMID: 32013011 PMCID: PMC7037758 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Meloidogyne incognita and Meloidogyne graminicola are root-knot nematodes (RKNs) infecting rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots and severely decreasing yield, whose mechanisms of action remain unclear. We investigated RKN invasion and development in rice roots through RNA-seq transcriptome analysis. The results showed that 952 and 647 genes were differently expressed after 6 (invasion stage) and 18 (development stage) days post inoculation, respectively. Gene annotation showed that the differentially expressed genes were classified into diverse metabolic and stress response categories. Furthermore, phytohormone, transcription factor, redox signaling, and defense response pathways were enriched upon RKN infection. RNA-seq validation using qRT-PCR confirmed that CBL-interacting protein kinase (CIPK) genes (CIPK5, 8, 9, 11, 14, 23, 24, and 31) as well as brassinosteroid (BR)-related genes (OsBAK1, OsBRI1, D2, and D11) were altered by RKN infection. Analysis of the CIPK9 mutant and overexpressor indicated that the RKN populations were smaller in cipk9 and larger in CIPK9 OX, while more galls were produced in CIPK9 OX plant roots than the in wild-type roots. Significantly fewer numbers of second-stage infective juveniles (J2s) were observed in the plants expressing the BR biosynthesis gene D2 mutant and the BR receptor BRI1 activation-tagged mutant (bri1-D), and fewer galls were observed in bri1-D roots than in wild-type roots. The roots of plants expressing the regulator of ethylene signaling ERS1 (ethylene response sensor 1) mutant contained higher numbers of J2s and developed more galls compared with wild-type roots, suggesting that these signals function in RKN invasion or development. Our findings broaden our understanding of rice responses to RKN invasion and provide useful information for further research on RKN defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (D.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (H.F.)
| | - Di Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (D.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (H.F.)
| | - Li Shuang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chinese Jujube, College of Life Science, Yan’an University, Yan’an, Shaanxi 716000, China;
| | - Dongxue Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (D.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (H.F.)
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (D.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (H.F.)
| | - Yuxi Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (D.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (H.F.)
| | - Lijie Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (D.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (H.F.)
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (D.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (H.F.)
| | - Xiaoyu Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (D.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (H.F.)
| | - Haiyan Fan
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (D.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (H.F.)
| | - Xiaofeng Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Nematology Institute of Northern China, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (Y.Z.); (D.Z.); (D.X.); (Y.X.); (Y.D.); (L.C.); (Y.W.); (X.L.); (H.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-135-1603-9056
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Kuanar SR, Molla KA, Chattopadhyay K, Sarkar RK, Mohapatra PK. Introgression of Sub1 (SUB1) QTL in mega rice cultivars increases ethylene production to the detriment of grain- filling under stagnant flooding. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18567. [PMID: 31811177 PMCID: PMC6898156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent time, Submergence1 (Sub1)QTL, responsible for imparting tolerance to flash flooding, has been introduced in many rice cultivars, but resilience of the QTL to stagnant flooding (SF) is not known. The response of Sub1-introgression has been tested on physiology, molecular biology and yield of two popular rice cultivars (Swarna and Savitri) by comparison of the parental and Sub1-introgression lines (SwarnaSub1 and SavitriSub1) under SF. Compared to control condition SF reduced grain yield and tiller number and increased plant height and Sub1- introgression mostly matched these effects. SF increased ethylene production by over-expression of ACC-synthase and ACC-oxidase enzyme genes of panicle before anthesis in the parental lines. Expression of the genes changed with Sub1-introgression, where some enzyme isoform genes over-expressed after anthesis under SF. Activities of endosperm starch synthesizing enzymes SUS and AGPase declined concomitantly with rise ethylene production in the Sub1-introgressed lines resulting in low starch synthesis and accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in the developing spikelets. In conclusion, Sub1-introgression into the cultivars increased susceptibility to SF. Subjected to SF, the QTL promoted genesis of ethylene in the panicle at anthesis to the detriment of grain yield, while compromising with morphological features like tiller production and stem elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Rani Kuanar
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
- Anchal College, Padampur, 768036, India
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Rozhon W, Akter S, Fernandez A, Poppenberger B. Inhibitors of Brassinosteroid Biosynthesis and Signal Transduction. Molecules 2019; 24:E4372. [PMID: 31795392 PMCID: PMC6930552 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical inhibitors are invaluable tools for investigating protein function in reverse genetic approaches. Their application bears many advantages over mutant generation and characterization. Inhibitors can overcome functional redundancy, their application is not limited to species for which tools of molecular genetics are available and they can be applied to specific tissues or developmental stages, making them highly convenient for addressing biological questions. The use of inhibitors has helped to elucidate hormone biosynthesis and signaling pathways and here we review compounds that were developed for the plant hormones brassinosteroids (BRs). BRs are steroids that have strong growth-promoting capacities, are crucial for all stages of plant development and participate in adaptive growth processes and stress response reactions. In the last two decades, impressive progress has been made in BR inhibitor development and application, which has been instrumental for studying BR modes of activity and identifying and characterizing key players. Both, inhibitors that target biosynthesis, such as brassinazole, and inhibitors that target signaling, such as bikinin, exist and in a comprehensive overview we summarize knowledge and methodology that enabled their design and key findings of their use. In addition, the potential of BR inhibitors for commercial application in plant production is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfried Rozhon
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | | | | | - Brigitte Poppenberger
- Biotechnology of Horticultural Crops, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Liesel-Beckmann-Straße 1, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Otto M, Teixeira PG, Vizcaino MI, David F, Siewers V. Integration of a multi-step heterologous pathway in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for the production of abscisic acid. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:205. [PMID: 31767000 PMCID: PMC6876084 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1257-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sesquiterpenoid abscisic acid (ABA) is mostly known for regulating developmental processes and abiotic stress responses in higher plants. Recent studies show that ABA also exhibits a variety of pharmacological activities. Affordable and sustainable production will be required to utilize the compound in agriculture and as a potential pharmaceutical. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an established workhorse for the biotechnological production of chemicals. In this study, we constructed and characterised an ABA-producing S. cerevisiae strain using the ABA biosynthetic pathway from Botrytis cinerea. RESULTS Expression of the B. cinerea genes bcaba1, bcaba2, bcaba3 and bcaba4 was sufficient to establish ABA production in the heterologous host. We characterised the ABA-producing strain further by monitoring ABA production over time and, since the pathway contains two cytochrome P450 enzymes, by investigating the effects of overexpressing the native S. cerevisiae or the B. cinerea cytochrome P450 reductase. Both, overexpression of the native or heterologous cytochrome P450 reductase, led to increased ABA titres. We were able to show that ABA production was not affected by precursor or NADPH supply, which suggested that the heterologous enzymes were limiting the flux towards the product. The B. cinerea cytochrome P450 monooxygenases BcABA1 and BcABA2 were identified as pathway bottlenecks and balancing the expression levels of the pathway enzymes resulted in 4.1-fold increased ABA titres while reducing by-product formation. CONCLUSION This work represents the first step towards a heterologous ABA cell factory for the commercially relevant sesquiterpenoid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Otto
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paulo Gonçalves Teixeira
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Isabel Vizcaino
- Chalmers Mass Spectrometry Infrastructure, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Florian David
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Verena Siewers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Song L, Chen W, Yao Q, Guo B, Valliyodan B, Wang Z, Nguyen HT. Genome-wide transcriptional profiling for elucidating the effects of brassinosteroids on Glycine max during early vegetative development. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16085. [PMID: 31695113 PMCID: PMC6834599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Soybean is a widely grown grain legume and one of the most important economic crop species. Brassinosteroids play a crucial role in plant vegetative growth and reproductive development. However, it remains unclear how BRs regulate the developmental processes in soybean, and the molecular mechanism underlying soybean early development is largely unexplored. In this study, we first characterized how soybean early vegetative growth was specifically regulated by the BR biosynthesis inhibitor propiconazole; this characterization included shortened root and shoot lengths, reduced leaf area, and decreased chlorophyll content. In addition, the growth inhibition induced by Pcz could be rescued by exogenous brassinolide application. The RNA-seq technique was employed to investigate the BR regulatory networks during soybean early vegetative development. Identification and analysis of differentially expressed genes indicated that BRs orchestrate a wide range of cellular activities and biological processes in soybean under various BR concentrations. The regulatory networks between BRs and multiple hormones or stress-related pathways were investigated. The results provide a comprehensive view of the physiological functions of BRs and new insights into the molecular mechanisms at the transcriptional level of BR regulation of soybean early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Song
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Wei Chen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Qiuming Yao
- Department of Computer Science, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Binhui Guo
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Babu Valliyodan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institution for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Henry T Nguyen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA.
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Chen W, Cheng Z, Liu L, Wang M, You X, Wang J, Zhang F, Zhou C, Zhang Z, Zhang H, You S, Wang Y, Luo S, Zhang J, Wang J, Wang J, Zhao Z, Guo X, Lei C, Zhang X, Lin Q, Ren Y, Zhu S, Wan J. Small Grain and Dwarf 2, encoding an HD-Zip II family transcription factor, regulates plant development by modulating gibberellin biosynthesis in rice. Plant Sci 2019; 288:110208. [PMID: 31521223 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-Zip) proteins are transcription factors that regulate plant development. Bioactive gibberellin (GA) is a key endogenous hormone that participates in plant growth. However, the relationship between HD-Zip genes and modulation of GA biosynthesis in rice remains elusive. Here, we identified a rice mutant, designated as small grain and dwarf 2 (sgd2), which had reduced height and grain size compared with the wild type. Cytological observations indicated that the defective phenotype was mainly due to decreased cell length. Map-based cloning and complementation tests demonstrated that a 9 bp deletion in a homeodomain leucine zipper (HD-Zip) II family transcription factor was responsible for the sgd2 mutant phenotype. Expression of SGD2 was pronounced in developing panicles, and its protein was localized in nucleus. Luciferase reporter system and transactivation assays in yeast suggested that SGD2 functioned as a transcriptional repressor. High performance liquid chromatography assays showed that the endogenous GA1 level in the sgd2 mutant was dramatically decreased, and exogenous GA3 recovered the second leaf sheath to normal length. Results of qRT-PCR showed that the expression levels of genes positively regulating GA-biosynthesis were mostly down-regulated in the mutant. Our data identified the role of an HD-Zip transcription factor that affects rice plant development by modulating gibberellin biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Zhijun Cheng
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Linglong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Min Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Xiaoman You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Jian Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Feng Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Chunlei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Huan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Shimin You
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China
| | - Yupeng Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Sheng Luo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Jinhui Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Jiulin Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Zhichao Zhao
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Xiuping Guo
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Cailin Lei
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Xin Zhang
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Qibing Lin
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Yulong Ren
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Shanshan Zhu
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Wan
- National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Jiangsu Plant Gene Engineering Research Center, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, PR China.
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Zhou GF, Zhang LP, Li BX, Sheng O, Wei QJ, Yao FX, Guan G, Liu GD. Genome-Wide Identification of Long Non-coding RNA in Trifoliate Orange ( Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf) Leaves in Response to Boron Deficiency. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215419. [PMID: 31683503 PMCID: PMC6862649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in plant growth and stress responses. As a dominant abiotic stress factor in soil, boron (B) deficiency stress has impacted the growth and development of citrus in the red soil region of southern China. In the present work, we performed a genome-wide identification and characterization of lncRNAs in response to B deficiency stress in the leaves of trifoliate orange (Poncirus trifoliata), an important rootstock of citrus. A total of 2101 unique lncRNAs and 24,534 mRNAs were predicted. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) experiments were performed for a total of 16 random mRNAs and lncRNAs to validate their existence and expression patterns. Expression profiling of the leaves of trifoliate orange under B deficiency stress identified 729 up-regulated and 721 down-regulated lncRNAs, and 8419 up-regulated and 8395 down-regulated mRNAs. Further analysis showed that a total of 84 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs) were up-regulated and 31 were down-regulated, where the number of up-regulated DELs was 2.71-fold that of down-regulated. A similar trend was also observed in differentially expressed mRNAs (DEMs, 4.21-fold). Functional annotation of these DEMs was performed using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, and the results demonstrated an enrichment of the categories of the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites (including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis/lignin biosynthesis), plant hormone signal transduction and the calcium signaling pathway. LncRNA target gene enrichment identified several target genes that were involved in plant hormones, and the expression of lncRNAs and their target genes was significantly influenced. Therefore, our results suggest that lncRNAs can regulate the metabolism and signal transduction of plant hormones, which play an important role in the responses of citrus plants to B deficiency stress. Co-expression network analysis indicated that 468 significantly differentially expressed genes may be potential targets of 90 lncRNAs, and a total of 838 matched lncRNA-mRNA pairs were identified. In summary, our data provides a rich resource of candidate lncRNAs and mRNAs, as well as their related pathways, thereby improving our understanding of the role of lncRNAs in response to B deficiency stress, and in symptom formation caused by B deficiency in the leaves of trifoliate orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Feng Zhou
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Li-Ping Zhang
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Bi-Xian Li
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Ou Sheng
- Institute of Fruit Tree Research, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Qing-Jiang Wei
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China.
| | - Feng-Xian Yao
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Guan Guan
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
| | - Gui-Dong Liu
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, College of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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Blakeslee JJ, Spatola Rossi T, Kriechbaumer V. Auxin biosynthesis: spatial regulation and adaptation to stress. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:5041-5049. [PMID: 31198972 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin is essential for plant growth and development, controlling both organ development and overall plant architecture. Auxin homeostasis is regulated by coordination of biosynthesis, transport, conjugation, sequestration/storage, and catabolism to optimize concentration-dependent growth responses and adaptive responses to temperature, water stress, herbivory, and pathogens. At present, the best defined pathway of auxin biosynthesis is the TAA/YUC route, in which the tryptophan aminotransferases TAA and TAR and YUCCA flavin-dependent monooxygenases produce the auxin indole-3-acetic acid from tryptophan. This review highlights recent advances in our knowledge of TAA/YUC-dependent auxin biosynthesis focusing on membrane localization of auxin biosynthetic enzymes, differential regulation in root and shoot tissue, and auxin biosynthesis during abiotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Blakeslee
- Department of Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Tatiana Spatola Rossi
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Verena Kriechbaumer
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
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Fu L, Ding Z, Sun X, Zhang J. Physiological and Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Distorted Ion Homeostasis and Responses in the Freshwater Plant Spirodela polyrhiza L. under Salt Stress. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10100743. [PMID: 31554307 PMCID: PMC6826491 DOI: 10.3390/genes10100743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Duckweeds are a family of freshwater angiosperms with morphology reduced to fronds and propagation by vegetative budding. Unlike other angiosperm plants such as Arabidopsis and rice that have physical barriers between their photosynthetic organs and soils, the photosynthetic organs of duckweeds face directly to their nutrient suppliers (waters), therefore, their responses to salinity may be distinct. In this research, we found that the duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza L. accumulated high content of sodium and reduced potassium and calcium contents in large amounts under salt stress. Fresh weight, Rubisco and AGPase activities, and starch content were significantly decreaseded in the first day but recovered gradually in the following days and accumulated more starch than control from Day 3 to Day 5 when treated with 100 mM and 150 mM NaCl. A total of 2156 differentially expressed genes were identified. Overall, the genes related to ethylene metabolism, major CHO degradation, lipid degradation, N-metabolism, secondary metabolism of flavonoids, and abiotic stress were significantly increased, while those involved in cell cycle and organization, cell wall, mitochondrial electron transport of ATP synthesis, light reaction of photosynthesis, auxin metabolism, and tetrapyrrole synthesis were greatly inhibited. Moreover, salt stress also significantly influenced the expression of transcription factors that are mainly involved in abiotic stress and cell differentiation. However, most of the osmosensing calcium antiporters (OSCA) and the potassium inward channels were downregulated, Na+/H+ antiporters (SOS1 and NHX) and a Na+/Ca2+ exchanger were slightly upregulated, but most of them did not respond significantly to salt stress. These results indicated that the ion homeostasis was strongly disturbed. Finally, the shared and distinct regulatory networks of salt stress responses between duckweeds and other plants were intensively discussed. Taken together, these findings provide novel insights into the underlying mechanisms of salt stress response in duckweeds, and can be served as a useful foundation for salt tolerance improvement of duckweeds for the application in salinity conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Fu
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Hainan Bioenergy Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Zehong Ding
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Hainan Bioenergy Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Xuepiao Sun
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Hainan Bioenergy Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China.
| | - Jiaming Zhang
- Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, MOA Key Laboratory of Tropical Crops Biology and Genetic Resources, Hainan Academy of Tropical Agricultural Resource, Hainan Bioenergy Center, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Xueyuan Road 4, Haikou 571101, China.
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Villaécija-Aguilar JA, Hamon-Josse M, Carbonnel S, Kretschmar A, Schmidt C, Dawid C, Bennett T, Gutjahr C. SMAX1/SMXL2 regulate root and root hair development downstream of KAI2-mediated signalling in Arabidopsis. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008327. [PMID: 31465451 PMCID: PMC6738646 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Karrikins are smoke-derived compounds presumed to mimic endogenous signalling molecules (KAI2-ligand, KL), whose signalling pathway is closely related to that of strigolactones (SLs), important regulators of plant development. Both karrikins/KLs and SLs are perceived by closely related α/β hydrolase receptors (KAI2 and D14 respectively), and signalling through both receptors requires the F-box protein MAX2. Furthermore, both pathways trigger proteasome-mediated degradation of related SMAX1-LIKE (SMXL) proteins, to influence development. It has previously been suggested in multiple studies that SLs are important regulators of root and root hair development in Arabidopsis, but these conclusions are based on phenotypes observed in the non-specific max2 mutants and by use of racemic-GR24, a mixture of stereoisomers that activates both D14 and KAI2 signalling pathways. Here, we demonstrate that the majority of the effects on Arabidopsis root development previously attributed to SL signalling are actually mediated by the KAI2 signalling pathway. Using mutants defective in SL or KL synthesis and/or perception, we show that KAI2-mediated signalling alone regulates root hair density and root hair length as well as root skewing, straightness and diameter, while both KAI2 and D14 pathways regulate lateral root density and epidermal cell length. We test the key hypothesis that KAI2 signals by a non-canonical receptor-target mechanism in the context of root development. Our results provide no evidence for this, and we instead show that all effects of KAI2 in the root can be explained by canonical SMAX1/SMXL2 activity. However, we do find evidence for non-canonical GR24 ligand-receptor interactions in D14/KAI2-mediated root hair development. Overall, our results demonstrate that the KAI2 signalling pathway is an important new regulator of root hair and root development in Arabidopsis and lay an important basis for research into a molecular understanding of how very similar and partially overlapping hormone signalling pathways regulate different phenotypic outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Antonio Villaécija-Aguilar
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Martinsried, Germany
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Maxime Hamon-Josse
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Samy Carbonnel
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Martinsried, Germany
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Annika Kretschmar
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Corinna Dawid
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
| | - Tom Bennett
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (TB); (CG)
| | - Caroline Gutjahr
- Faculty of Biology, Genetics, LMU Munich, Biocenter Martinsried, Martinsried, Germany
- Plant Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Freising, Germany
- * E-mail: (TB); (CG)
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Pan C, Zhang H, Ma Q, Fan F, Fu R, Ahammed GJ, Yu J, Shi K. Role of ethylene biosynthesis and signaling in elevated CO 2-induced heat stress response in tomato. Planta 2019; 250:563-572. [PMID: 31123806 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03192-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This article unveiled that ethylene biosynthesis and signaling play a critical role in heat stress response of tomato plants under elevated CO2. Plant responses to elevated CO2 and heat stress are tightly regulated by an intricate network of phytohormones. Plants accumulate ethylene (ET), the smallest hormone, in response to heat stress; however, the role of ET and its signaling in elevated CO2-induced heat stress response remains largely unknown. In this study, we found that transcript levels of multiple genes relating to ET synthesis, signaling, and heat shock proteins (HSPs) were induced by elevated CO2 (800 μmol mol-1) compared to ambient CO2 (400 μmol mol-1) in tomato leaves under controlled temperature conditions (25 °C). Elevated CO2-induced responses to heat stress (42 °C) were closely associated with increased ET production and HSP70 expression at both transcript and protein levels. Pretreatment with an antagonist of ET, 1-methylcyclopropene that inhibits ET-dependent responses, abolished elevated CO2-induced stress response without affecting the ET production rate. In addition, silencing of ethylene response factor 1 (ERF1) compromised elevated CO2-induced responses to heat stress, which was associated with the concomitant reduction in the transcript of heat shock factor A2, HSP70 and HSP90, indicating that ERF1 is required for elevated CO2-induced responses to heat. All these results provide convincing evidence on the importance of ET biosynthesis and signaling in elevated CO2-induced heat stress response in tomato plants. Thus, the study advances our understanding of the mechanisms of elevated CO2-induced stress response and may potentially be useful for breeding heat-tolerant tomatoes in the era of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caizhe Pan
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaomei Ma
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Feijun Fan
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Lishui Crop Research Station, 827 Liyang Street, Lishui, 323000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruishuang Fu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Golam Jalal Ahammed
- College of Forestry, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Xu W, Zheng B, Bai Q, Wu L, Liu Y, Wu G. Functional study of the brassinosteroid biosynthetic genes from Selagnella moellendorfii in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220038. [PMID: 31344072 PMCID: PMC6658078 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs) are essential hormones for plant growth and development. Enzymes DET2 and CYP90 family are responsible for BR biosynthesis in seed plants. Yet, their roles in non-seed plants are unknown. Here, we report the first functional study of DET2 and all 4 CYP90 genes isolated from Selaginella moellendorfii. Sm89026 (SmCPD) belonged to a clade with CYP90A1 (CPD) and CYP90B1 (DWF4) while Sm182839, Sm233379 and Sm157387 formed a distinct clade with CYP90C1 (ROT3) and CYP90D1. SmDET2, SmCPD and Sm157387 were highly expressed in both leaves and strobili while Sm233379 was only highly expressed in the leaves but not strobili, implying their differential functions in a tissue-specific manner in S. moellendorfii. We showed that only SmDET2 and SmCPD completely rescued Arabidopsis det2 and cpd mutant phenotypes, respectively, suggestive of their conserved BR biosynthetic functions. However, neither SmCPD nor other CYP90 genes rescued any other cyp90 mutants. Yet overexpression of Sm233379 altered plant fertility and BR response, which means that Sm233379 is not an ortholog of any CYP90 genes in Arabidopsis but appears to have a BR function in the S. moellendorfii leaves. This function is likely turned off during the development of the strobili. Our results suggest a dramatic functional divergence of CYP90 family in the non-seed plants. While some of them are functionally similar to that of seed plants, the others may be functionally distinct from that of seed plants, shedding light for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijun Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- School of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Xi’an University, Xi’an, China
| | - Bowen Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Qunwei Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Lei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Yuping Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
| | - Guang Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, China
- * E-mail:
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Kawada K, Takahashi I, Arai M, Sasaki Y, Asami T, Yajima S, Ito S. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Triazole Derivatives as Strigolactone Biosynthesis Inhibitors. J Agric Food Chem 2019; 67:6143-6149. [PMID: 31083983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are one of the plant hormones that control several important agronomic traits, such as shoot branching, leaf senescence, and stress tolerance. Manipulation of the SL biosynthesis can increase the crop yield. We previously reported that a triazole derivative, TIS108, inhibits SL biosynthesis. In this study, we synthesized a number of novel TIS108 derivatives. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that 4-(2-phenoxyethoxy)-1-phenyl-2-(1 H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl)butan-1-one (KK5) inhibits the level of 4-deoxyorobanchol in roots more strongly than TIS108. We further found that KK5-treated Arabidopsis showed increased branching phenotype with the upregulated gene expression of AtMAX3 and AtMAX4. These results indicate that KK5 is a specific SL biosynthesis inhibitor in rice and Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kojiro Kawada
- Department of Bioscience , Tokyo University of Agriculture , 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka , Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502 , Japan
| | - Ikuo Takahashi
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry , The University of Tokyo , 1-1-1 Yayoi , Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657 , Japan
| | - Minori Arai
- Department of Bioscience , Tokyo University of Agriculture , 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka , Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502 , Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sasaki
- Department of Bioscience , Tokyo University of Agriculture , 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka , Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502 , Japan
| | - Tadao Asami
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry , The University of Tokyo , 1-1-1 Yayoi , Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657 , Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST) , Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) , 4-1-8 Honcho , Kawaguchi , Saitama 332-0012 , Japan
- Department of Biochemistry , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Shunsuke Yajima
- Department of Bioscience , Tokyo University of Agriculture , 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka , Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502 , Japan
| | - Shinsaku Ito
- Department of Bioscience , Tokyo University of Agriculture , 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka , Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8502 , Japan
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Gao-Takai M, Katayama-Ikegami A, Matsuda K, Shindo H, Uemae S, Oyaizu M. A low temperature promotes anthocyanin biosynthesis but does not accelerate endogenous abscisic acid accumulation in red-skinned grapes. Plant Sci 2019; 283:165-176. [PMID: 31128686 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of temperature on the concentrations of anthocyanins and endogenous plant hormones [abscisic acid (ABA), auxin, and cytokinin] were investigated using the detached berries of two related red-skinned cultivars cv. 'Aki Queen' and 'Ruby Roman' of the table grape Vitis labrusca L. × Vitis vinifera L. The total anthocyanin concentration of both cultivars was lower when exposed to high rather than low temperatures after véraison (the onset of ripening). However, the responses to temperature differed between the two cultivars, and anthocyanin accumulation could occur in 'Ruby Roman' at a higher temperature than in 'Aki Queen'. High temperatures increased the expression of VlMybA1-2 and VlMybA1-3, which encode myeloblastosis (MYB)-related transcription factors; however, the expression of the anthocyanin biosynthesis-related structural genes uridine diphosphate-d-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase, flavonoid 3'5' hydroxylase, and flavonoid O-methyltransferase at different temperatures did not correspond with that of the expression of MybAs. The concentration of ABA and its derivatives increased under high temperatures, but that of auxin and cytokinin decreased. The observation that high temperatures induced the accumulation of ABA and expression of VlMybA1s but not the expression of anthocyanin biosynthesis-related structural genes implied the operation of a mechanism different from up-regulation of anthocyanin synthesis by VlMybA1s in the temperature response of grape berries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Gao-Takai
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan.
| | - Ayako Katayama-Ikegami
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Kenichi Matsuda
- Ishikawa Agriculture and Forestry Research Center, Agricultural Experiment Station, Sand Hill Place Agriculture Research Center, Kahoku 929-1126, Japan
| | - Hibiki Shindo
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Shintaro Uemae
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
| | - Miku Oyaizu
- Faculty of Bioresources and Environmental Sciences, Ishikawa Prefectural University, 1-308 Suematsu, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8836, Japan
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Marchica A, Lorenzini G, Papini R, Bernardi R, Nali C, Pellegrini E. Signalling molecules responsive to ozone-induced oxidative stress in Salvia officinalis. Sci Total Environ 2019; 657:568-576. [PMID: 30550919 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tropospheric ozone (O3) is the most important gaseous pollutant and induces a mass of negative impacts on vegetation at functional and genic levels. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of reactive oxygen species and signalling molecules in sage plants exposed to O3 (200 ppb, 5 h). Ozone exposure induced only a transient oxidative burst, as confirmed by the rapid peak of anion superoxide during the first hours of exposure (+16% compared to controls). The spontaneous reaction of O3 with membrane fatty acids stimulates peroxidative processes, as demonstrated by the rise of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration starting after 1 h of exposure (+25%). The formation of lipid-based signalling molecules (e.g. jasmonic acid) may be regarded as a sort of O3-perception. The concomitant accumulation of salicylic acid suggests that sage responds early to O3 by inducing cellular antioxidants mechanisms in order to minimize O3-oxidative burst. The transient increase of abscisic acid (+25% at the end of the treatment) twinned with the maximal ethylene emission (about two-fold higher than controls) could be interpreted as a first attempt by plants to regulate the signalling responses induced by O3. In order to investigate the involvement of transcription factors in managing oxidative protection, BLASTX analysis against the Salvia miltiorrhiza sequence genome was carried out using Arabidopsis thaliana WRKY sequences as queries. Six gene sequences were identified for sage WRKYs and their relative gene expression analyses were characterized. WRKY4, WRKY5, WRKY11 and WRKY46 were up-regulated by O3 at 2 and 5 h of exposure and they showed similarity with AtWRKY48, AtWRKY22 and AtWRKY53 in A. thaliana. These results suggest that WRKYs could play a pivotal role in the signalling mechanisms during the responses of plants to O3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Marchica
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Romina Papini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Bernardi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climatic Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa 56124, Italy; Nutrafood Research Center, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Matthes MS, Best NB, Robil JM, Malcomber S, Gallavotti A, McSteen P. Auxin EvoDevo: Conservation and Diversification of Genes Regulating Auxin Biosynthesis, Transport, and Signaling. Mol Plant 2019; 12:298-320. [PMID: 30590136 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2018.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone auxin has been shown to be of pivotal importance in growth and development of land plants. The underlying molecular players involved in auxin biosynthesis, transport, and signaling are quite well understood in Arabidopsis. However, functional characterizations of auxin-related genes in economically important crops, specifically maize and rice, are still limited. In this article, we comprehensively review recent functional studies on auxin-related genes in both maize and rice, compared with what is known in Arabidopsis, and highlight conservation and diversification of their functions. Our analysis is illustrated by phylogenetic analysis and publicly available gene expression data for each gene family, which will aid in the identification of auxin-related genes for future research. Current challenges and future directions for auxin research in maize and rice are discussed. Developments in gene editing techniques provide powerful tools for overcoming the issue of redundancy in these gene families and will undoubtedly advance auxin research in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Sylvia Matthes
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, 301 Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Norman Bradley Best
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, 301 Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Janlo M Robil
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, 301 Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Simon Malcomber
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Long Beach, CA 90840, USA
| | - Andrea Gallavotti
- Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA; Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Paula McSteen
- Division of Biological Sciences, Interdisciplinary Plant Group and Missouri Maize Center, University of Missouri-Columbia, 301 Christopher Bond Life Sciences Center, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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Wan W, Zhang L, Pruitt R, Zaidem M, Brugman R, Ma X, Krol E, Perraki A, Kilian J, Grossmann G, Stahl M, Shan L, Zipfel C, van Kan JAL, Hedrich R, Weigel D, Gust AA, Nürnberger T. Comparing Arabidopsis receptor kinase and receptor protein-mediated immune signaling reveals BIK1-dependent differences. New Phytol 2019; 221:2080-2095. [PMID: 30252144 PMCID: PMC6367016 DOI: 10.1111/nph.15497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) sense microbial patterns and activate innate immunity against attempted microbial invasions. The leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RK) FLS2 and EFR, and the LRR receptor protein (LRR-RP) receptors RLP23 and RLP42, respectively, represent prototypical members of these two prominent and closely related PRR families. We conducted a survey of Arabidopsis thaliana immune signaling mediated by these receptors to address the question of commonalities and differences between LRR-RK and LRR-RP signaling. Quantitative differences in timing and amplitude were observed for several early immune responses, with RP-mediated responses typically being slower and more prolonged than those mediated by RKs. Activation of RLP23, but not FLS2, induced the production of camalexin. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that RLP23-regulated genes represent only a fraction of those genes differentially expressed upon FLS2 activation. Several positive and negative regulators of FLS2-signaling play similar roles in RLP23 signaling. Intriguingly, the cytoplasmic receptor kinase BIK1, a positive regulator of RK signaling, acts as a negative regulator of RP-type immune receptors in a manner dependent on BIK1 kinase activity. Our study unveiled unexpected differences in two closely related receptor systems and reports a new negative role of BIK1 in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Lin Wan
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Lisha Zhang
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Rory Pruitt
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Maricris Zaidem
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax‐Planck‐Institute for Developmental BiologyMax‐Planck‐Str. 5D‐72076TübingenGermany
- Center for Genomics & Systems BiologyNew York University12 Waverly PlaceNew YorkNY10003USA
| | - Rik Brugman
- Centre for Organismal Studies & Excellence Cluster Cell NetworksHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 23069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Xiyu Ma
- Institute for Plant Genomics & BiotechnologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Elzbieta Krol
- Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius Maximilians University WürzburgJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 297082WürzburgGermany
- Department of BiophysicsInstitute of BiologyMaria Curie‐Skłodowska UniversityAkademicka 1920‐033LublinPoland
| | - Artemis Perraki
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeCB2 3EAUK
| | - Joachim Kilian
- Analytics UnitCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Guido Grossmann
- Centre for Organismal Studies & Excellence Cluster Cell NetworksHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 23069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Mark Stahl
- Analytics UnitCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Libo Shan
- Institute for Plant Genomics & BiotechnologyTexas A&M UniversityCollege StationTX77843USA
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - Jan A. L. van Kan
- Laboratory of PhytopathologyWageningen University6708 PBWageningenthe Netherlands
| | - Rainer Hedrich
- Plant Physiology and BiophysicsJulius Maximilians University WürzburgJulius‐von‐Sachs‐Platz 297082WürzburgGermany
| | - Detlef Weigel
- Department of Molecular BiologyMax‐Planck‐Institute for Developmental BiologyMax‐Planck‐Str. 5D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Andrea A. Gust
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
| | - Thorsten Nürnberger
- Department of Plant BiochemistryCentre for Plant Molecular BiologyEberhard Karls University TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 32D‐72076TübingenGermany
- Department of BiochemistryUniversity of JohannesburgAuckland ParkSouth Africa
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Chai P, Dong S, Chai L, Chen S, Flaishman M, Ma H. Cytokinin-induced parthenocarpy of San Pedro type fig (Ficus carica L.) main crop: explained by phytohormone assay and transcriptomic network comparison. Plant Mol Biol 2019; 99:329-346. [PMID: 30656555 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-019-00820-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
CPPU-induced San Pedro type fig main crop parthenocarpy exhibited constantly increasing IAA content and more significantly enriched KEGG pathways in the receptacle than in female flowers. N-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N-phenylurea (CPPU) was applied to San Pedro fig (Ficus carica L.) main crop to induce parthenocarpy; the optimal effect was obtained with 25 mg L-1 application to syconia when female flowers were at anthesis. To elucidate the key expression changes in parthenocarpy conversion, significant changes in phytohormone level and transcriptome of fig female flowers and receptacles were monitored. HPLC-MS revealed increased IAA content in female flowers and receptacle 2, 4 and 10 days after treatment (DAT), decreased zeatin level in the receptacle 2, 4 and 10 DAT, decreased GA3 content 2 and 4 DAT, and increased GA3 content 10 DAT. ABA level increased 2 and 4 DAT, and decreased 10 DAT. CPPU-treated syconia released more ethylene than the control except 2 DAT. RNA-Seq and bioinformatics analysis revealed notably more differentially expressed KEGG pathways in the receptacle than in female flowers. In the phytohormone gene network, GA-biosynthesis genes GA20ox and GA3ox were upregulated, along with GA signal-transduction genes GID1 and GID2, and IAA-signaling genes AUX/IAA and GH3. ABA-biosynthesis gene NCED and signaling genes PP2C and ABF were downregulated 10 DAT. One ACO gene showed consistent upregulation in both female flowers and receptacle after CPPU treatment, and more than a dozen of ERFs demonstrated opposing changes in expression. Our results revealed early-stage spatiotemporal phytohormone and transcriptomic responses in CPPU-induced San Pedro fig main crop parthenocarpy, which could be valuable for further understanding the nature of the parthenocarpy of different fig types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sujuan Dong
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Chai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Moshe Flaishman
- Department of Fruit Tree Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet-Dagan, Israel
| | - Huiqin Ma
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Xu X, Fang P, Zhang H, Chi C, Song L, Xia X, Shi K, Zhou Y, Zhou J, Yu J. Strigolactones positively regulate defense against root-knot nematodes in tomato. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:1325-1337. [PMID: 30576511 PMCID: PMC6382333 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) are carotenoid-derived phytohormones that are known to influence various aspects of plant growth and development. As root-derived signals, SLs can enhance symbiosis between plants and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). However, little is known about the roles of SLs in plant defense against soil-borne pathogens. Here, we determined that infection with root-knot nematodes (RKNs; Meloidogyne incognita) induced SL biosynthesis in roots of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). Silencing of SL biosynthesis genes compromised plant defense against RKNs, whilst application of the SL analog racGR24 enhanced it. Accumulation of endogenous jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) in the roots in response to RKN infection was enhanced by silencing of SL biosynthetic genes and was suppressed by application of racGR24. Genetic evidence showed that JA was a positive regulator of defense against RKNs while ABA was a negative regulator. In addition, racGR24 enhanced the defense against nematode in a JA-deficient mutant but not in an ABA-deficient mutant. Silencing of SL biosynthetic genes resulted in up-regulation of MYC2, which negatively regulated defense against RKNs. Our results demonstrate that SLs play a positive role in nematode defense in tomato and that MYC2 negatively regulates this defense, potentially by mediating hormone crosstalk among SLs, ABA and JA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechen Xu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Fang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Chi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Liuxia Song
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojian Xia
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Kai Shi
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jingquan Yu
- Department of Horticulture, Zijingang Campus, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou, P.R. China
- Correspondence:
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Zhang Q, Feng C, Li W, Qu Z, Zeng M, Xi W. Transcriptional regulatory networks controlling taste and aroma quality of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit during ripening. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:45. [PMID: 30646841 PMCID: PMC6332858 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taste and aroma, which are important organoleptic qualities of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit, undergo rapid and substantial changes during ripening. However, the associated molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The goal of this study was to identify candidate genes for flavor compound metabolism and to construct a regulatory transcriptional network. RESULTS We characterized the transcriptome of the 'Jianali' apricot cultivar, which exhibits substantial changes in flavor during ripening, at 50 (turning), 73 (commercial maturation) and 91 (full ripe) days post anthesis (DPA) using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that four of 19 modules correlated highly with flavor compound metabolism (P < 0.001). From them, we identified 1237 differentially expressed genes, with 16 intramodular hubs. A proposed pathway model for flavor compound biosynthesis is presented based on these genes. Two SUS1 genes, as well as SPS2 and INV1 were correlated with sugar biosynthesis, while NADP-ME4, two PK-like and mitochondrial energy metabolism exerted a noticeable effect on organic acid metabolism. CCD1 and FAD2 were identified as being involved in apocarotenoid aroma volatiles and lactone biosynthesis, respectively. Five sugar transporters (Sweet10, STP13, EDR6, STP5.1, STP5.2), one aluminum-activated malate transporter (ALMT9) and one ABCG transporter (ABCG11) were associated with the transport of sugars, organic acids and volatiles, respectively. Sixteen transcription factors were also highlighted that may also play regulatory roles in flavor quality development. CONCLUSIONS Apricot RNA-Seq data were obtained and used to generate an annotated set of predicted expressed genes, providing a platform for functional genomic research. Using network analysis and pathway mapping, putative molecular mechanisms for changes in apricot fruit taste and aroma during ripening were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Agriculture National Fruit Tree Germplasm Repository, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, Xinjiang, 841600 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zehui Qu
- College of Computer and Information Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Zeng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanpeng Xi
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
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Jiang H, Jia Z, Liu S, Zhao B, Li W, Jin B, Wang L. Identification and characterization of long non-coding RNAs involved in embryo development of Ginkgo biloba. Plant Signal Behav 2019; 14:1674606. [PMID: 31595821 PMCID: PMC6866700 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2019.1674606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are important regulatory factors for plant growth and development. Despite this, little is known about the regulatory interactions of lncRNAs with mRNA during embryo development. Here, we used a bioinformatics genome-wide approach to identify lncRNAs involved in embryo development of Ginkgo biloba, based on RNA sequencing datasets from G. biloba embryos during early, middle, late developmental stages. In total, 2326 lncRNAs were identified in the G. biloba embryos, of which 1307 and 1019 could be classified as long intergenic non-coding RNAs and antisense lncRNAs, respectively. Among them, a total of 657 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified in the different developmental stages of the G. biloba embryos. Based on the functional annotation of potential target genes of lncRNAs, 50, 33, and 76 lncRNAs were predicted to target genes involved in plant hormone signal transduction, plant hormone biosynthesis, and circadian rhythm regulation, respectively. A lncRNA (17)-miRNA (25)-PCgene (52) network was constructed for the G. biloba embryo. Three lncRNAs (lnc000823, lnc002072, lnc000866) were predicted as target mimics of miR159, which targeted two transcription factors with variety of functions, Gb_11536 (MYB33) and Gb_23921 (MYB101). The data generated in this study provide a better understanding of the roles of lncRNAs in embryo development of G. biloba and plants in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhichao Jia
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Sian Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Beibei Zhao
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weixing Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- CONTACT Li Wang College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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50
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Lv B, Yan Z, Tian H, Zhang X, Ding Z. Local Auxin Biosynthesis Mediates Plant Growth and Development. Trends Plant Sci 2019; 24:6-9. [PMID: 30448230 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is one of the most important plant hormones controlling various aspects of plant growth and development. Here, we highlight three recent papers that shed light on how local auxin biosynthesis contributes to plant growth and development in response to endogenous developmental signals and exogenous environmental cues, such as shade and aluminum stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingsheng Lv
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Zhenwei Yan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Huiyu Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiansheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, Shandong, China.
| | - Zhaojun Ding
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Development and Environmental Adaptation Biology, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, Shandong, China.
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