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Bai Y, Zhou P, Ni Z, Iqbal S, Ouma KO, Huang X, Gao F, Ma C, Shi T, Gao Z. AGAMOUS-LIKE24 controls pistil number in Japanese apricot by targeting the KNOTTED1-LIKE gene KNAT2/6-a. Plant Physiol 2024; 195:566-579. [PMID: 38345864 PMCID: PMC11060673 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiae069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The formation of multi-pistil flowers reduces the yield and quality in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume). However, the molecular mechanism underlying the formation of multi-pistil flowers remains unknown. In the current study, overexpression of PmKNAT2/6-a, a class I KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) member, in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) resulted in a multi-pistil phenotype. Analysis of the upstream regulators of PmKNAT2/6-a showed that AGAMOUS-like 24 (PmAGL24) could directly bind to the PmKNAT2/6-a promoter and regulate its expression. PmAGL24 also interacted with Like Heterochromatin Protein 1 (PmLHP1) to recruit lysine trimethylation at position 27 on histone H3 (H3K27me3) to regulate PmKNAT2/6-a expression, which is indirectly involved in multiple pistils formation in Japanese apricot flowers. Our study reveals that the PmAGL24 transcription factor, an upstream regulator of PmKNAT2/6-a, regulates PmKNAT2/6-a expression via direct and indirect pathways and is involved in the formation of multiple pistils in Japanese apricot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Bai
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Pengyu Zhou
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhaojun Ni
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shahid Iqbal
- Horticultural Science Department, North Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Quincy, FL 32351, USA
| | - Kenneth Omondi Ouma
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiao Huang
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chengdong Ma
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ting Shi
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- Laboratory of Fruit Tree Biotechnology, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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Gou N, Chen C, Huang M, Zhang Y, Bai H, Li H, Wang L, Wuyun T. Transcriptome and Metabolome Analyses Reveal Sugar and Acid Accumulation during Apricot Fruit Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16992. [PMID: 38069317 PMCID: PMC10707722 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is a fruit that belongs to the Rosaceae family; it has a unique flavor and is of important economic and nutritional value. The composition and content of soluble sugars and organic acids in fruit are key factors in determining the flavor quality. However, the molecular mechanism of sugar and acid accumulation in apricots remains unclear. We measured sucrose, fructose, glucose, sorbitol, starch, malate, citric acid, titratable acid, and pH, and investigated the transcriptome profiles of three apricots (the high-sugar cultivar 'Shushanggan', common-sugar cultivar 'Sungold', and low-sugar cultivar 'F43') at three distinct developmental phases. The findings indicated that 'Shushanggan' accumulates a greater amount of sucrose, glucose, fructose, and sorbitol, and less citric acid and titratable acid, resulting in a better flavor; 'Sungold' mainly accumulates more sucrose and less citric acid and starch for the second flavor; and 'F43' mainly accumulates more titratable acid, citric acid, and starch for a lesser degree of sweetness. We investigated the DEGs associated with the starch and sucrose metabolism pathways, citrate cycle pathway, glycolysis pathway, and a handful of sugar transporter proteins, which were considered to be important regulators of sugar and acid accumulation. Additionally, an analysis of the co-expression network of weighted genes unveiled a robust correlation between the brown module and sucrose, glucose, and fructose, with VIP being identified as a hub gene that interacted with four sugar transporter proteins (SLC35B3, SLC32A, SLC2A8, and SLC2A13), as well as three structural genes for sugar and acid metabolism (MUR3, E3.2.1.67, and CSLD). Furthermore, we found some lncRNAs and miRNAs that regulate these genes. Our findings provide clues to the functional genes related to sugar metabolism, and lay the foundation for the selection and cultivation of high-sugar apricots in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Chen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Mengzhen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Yujing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Haikun Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Tana Wuyun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China; (N.G.); (C.C.); (M.H.); (Y.Z.); (H.B.); (H.L.); (L.W.)
- Kernel-Apricot Engineering and Technology Research Center of State Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement and Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Zhengzhou 450003, China
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Numaguchi K, Kitamura Y, Kashiwamoto T, Morimoto T, Oe T. Genomic region and origin for selected traits during differentiation of small-fruit cultivars in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume). Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:1365-1375. [PMID: 37632570 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-02062-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The Japanese apricot (Prunus mume) is a popular fruit tree in Japan. However, the genetic factors associated with fruit trait variations are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated nine fruit-associated traits, including harvesting time, fruit diameter, fruit shape, fruit weight, stone (endocarp) weight, ratio of stone weight to fruit weight, and rate of fruit gumming, using 110 Japanese apricot accessions over four years. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed for these traits and strong signals were detected on chromosome 6 for harvesting time and fruit diameters. These peaks were shown to undergo strong artificial selection during the differentiation of small-fruit cultivars. The genomic region defined by the GWAS and XP-nSL analyses harbored several candidate genes associated with plant hormone regulation. Furthermore, the alleles of small-fruit cultivars in this region were shown to have genetic proximity to some Chinese cultivars of P. mume. These results indicate that the small-fruit trait originated in China; after being introduced into Japan, it was preferred and selected by the Japanese people, resulting in the differentiation of small-fruit cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Numaguchi
- Japanese Apricot Laboratory, Wakayama Fruit Tree Experiment Station, 1416-7 Higashi-Honjo, Minabe-cho, Hidaka-gun, Wakayama, 645-0021, Japan.
- Wakayama Fruit Tree Experiment Station, 751-1, Oki, Aridagawa-cho, Arida-gun, Wakayama, 643-0022, Japan.
| | - Yuto Kitamura
- Japanese Apricot Laboratory, Wakayama Fruit Tree Experiment Station, 1416-7 Higashi-Honjo, Minabe-cho, Hidaka-gun, Wakayama, 645-0021, Japan
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, 45-1 Nagaotoge-cho, Hirakata, Osaka, 573-0101, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Kashiwamoto
- Japanese Apricot Laboratory, Wakayama Fruit Tree Experiment Station, 1416-7 Higashi-Honjo, Minabe-cho, Hidaka-gun, Wakayama, 645-0021, Japan
| | - Takuya Morimoto
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 74 Kitainayazuma, Seika-cho, Soraku-gun, Kyoto, 619-0244, Japan
| | - Takaaki Oe
- Japanese Apricot Laboratory, Wakayama Fruit Tree Experiment Station, 1416-7 Higashi-Honjo, Minabe-cho, Hidaka-gun, Wakayama, 645-0021, Japan
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Yi R, Bao W, Ao D, Bai YE, Wang L, Wuyun TN. Sequencing and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Chloroplast Genome of Three Apricot Species. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1959. [PMID: 37895308 PMCID: PMC10606377 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The production and quality of apricots in China is currently limited by the availability of germplasm resource characterizations, including identification at the species and cultivar level. To help address this issue, the complete chloroplast genomes of Prunus armeniaca L., P. sibirica L. and kernel consumption apricot were sequenced, characterized, and phylogenetically analyzed. The three chloroplast (cp) genomes ranged from 157,951 to 158,224 bp, and 131 genes were identified, including 86 protein-coding genes, 37 rRNAs, and 8 tRNAs. The GC content ranged from 36.70% to 36.75%. Of the 170 repetitive sequences detected, 42 were shared by all three species, and 53-57 simple sequence repeats were detected with AT base preferences. Comparative genomic analysis revealed high similarity in overall structure and gene content as well as seven variation hotspot regions, including psbA-trnK-UUU, rpoC1-rpoB, rpl32-trnL-UAG, trnK-rps16, ndhG-ndhI, ccsA-ndhD, and ndhF-trnL. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the three apricot species clustered into one group, and the genetic relationship between P. armeniaca and kernel consumption apricot was the closest. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for further research on the genetic diversity of apricots and the development and utilization of molecular markers for the genetic engineering and breeding of apricots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Yi
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (R.Y.); (W.B.); (D.A.); (Y.-e.B.)
| | - Wenquan Bao
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (R.Y.); (W.B.); (D.A.); (Y.-e.B.)
| | - Dun Ao
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (R.Y.); (W.B.); (D.A.); (Y.-e.B.)
| | - Yu-e Bai
- College of Forestry, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, China; (R.Y.); (W.B.); (D.A.); (Y.-e.B.)
| | - Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China;
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China
| | - Ta-na Wuyun
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China;
- Key Laboratory of Non-Timber Forest Germplasm Enhancement & Utilization of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Non-Timber Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Zhengzhou 450003, China
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Liu H, Zhang X, Li J, Zhang G, Fang H, Li Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of different fruit appearance between apricot (Armeniaca vulgaris Lam.) and its seedling. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:7995-8003. [PMID: 37540452 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08631-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apricot fruit has great economic value. In the process of apricot breeding using traditional breeding methods, we obtained a larger seedling (named Us) from the original variety (named U). And Us fruit is larger than U, taste better. Therefore, revealing its mechanism is very important for Apricot breeding. METHODS In this study, de novo assembly and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) was used to screen the differently expressed genes (DEGs) between U and Us at three development stages, including young fruits stage, mid-ripening stage and mature fruit stage. RESULTS The results showed that there were 6,753 DEGs at different sampling time. "Cellulose synthase (UDP-forming) activity" and "cellulose synthase activity" were the key GO terms enriched in GO, of which CESA and CSL family played a key role. "Photosynthesis-antenna proteins" and "Plant hormone signal transduction" were the candidate pathways and lhca, lhcb, Aux/IAA and SAUR were the main regulators. CONCLUSION The auxin signaling pathway was active in Us, of which Aux/IAAs and SAUR were the key fruit size regulators. The low level of lhca and lhcb in Us could reveal the low demand for exogenous carbon, but they increased at mature stage, which might be due to the role of aux, who was keeping the fruit growing. Aux and photosynthesis maight be the main causes of appearance formation of Us fruits. Interestingly, the higher expression of CESA and CSL proved that Us entered the hardening process earlier than U. The advanced developmental progress might also be due to the role of Aux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Liu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Xiangjun Zhang
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Jianshe Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China
- Ningxia Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Center, Yinchuan, 750021, China
- Technological Innovation Center of Horticulture (Ningxia University), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - Guangdi Zhang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
- Ningxia Facility Horticulture Engineering Technology Center, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
- Technological Innovation Center of Horticulture (Ningxia University), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Haitian Fang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory for Food Microbial-Applications Technology and Safety Control, School of Food Science and Engineering, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, 750021, China.
| | - Yu Li
- Technological Innovation Center of Horticulture (Ningxia University), Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, 750021, China
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Chen T, Cao H, Wang M, Qi M, Sun Y, Song Y, Yang Q, Meng D, Lian N. Integrated transcriptome and physiological analysis revealed core transcription factors that promote flavonoid biosynthesis in apricot in response to pathogenic fungal infection. Planta 2023; 258:64. [PMID: 37555984 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Integrated transcriptome and physiological analysis of apricot leaves after Fusarium solani treatment. In addition, we identified core transcription factors and flavonoid-related synthase genes which may function in apricot disease resistance. Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) is an important economic fruit species, whose yield and quality of fruit are limited owing to its susceptibility to diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the response of P. armeniaca to diseases is still unknown. In this study, we used physiology and transcriptome analysis to characterize responses of P. armeniaca subjected to Fusarium solani. The results showed increasing malondialdehyde (MDA) content, enhanced peroxidase (POD) and catalase (CAT) activity during F. solani infestation. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which included 4281 upregulated DEGs and 3305 downregulated DEGs, were detected in P. armeniaca leaves exposed to F. solani infestation. Changes in expression of transcription factors (TFs), including bHLH, AP2/ERF, and WRKY indicated their role in triggering pathogen-responsive genes in P. armeniaca. During the P. armeniaca response to F. solani infestation, the content of total flavonoid was changed, and we identified enzyme genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis. Ectopic overexpression of PabHLH15 and PabHLH102 in Nicotiana benthamiana conferred elevated resistance to Fspa_1. Moreover, PabHLH15 and PabHLH102 positively interact with the promoter of flavonoid biosynthesis-related genes. A regulatory network of TFs regulating enzyme genes related to flavonoid synthesis affecting apricot disease resistance was constructed. These results reveal the potential underlying mechanisms of the F. solani response of P. armeniaca, which would help improve the disease resistance of P. armeniaca and may cultivate high-quality disease-resistant varieties in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, 518000, China
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongyan Cao
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, 518000, China
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Mengying Wang
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, 518000, China
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Meng Qi
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, 518000, China
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | | | - Yangbo Song
- College of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, Qinghai University, Xining, 810016, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, 518000, China
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Dong Meng
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, 518000, China
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Na Lian
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Wang P, Lu S, Jing R, Hyden B, Li L, Zhao X, Zhang L, Han Y, Zhang X, Xu J, Chen H, Cao H. BCH1 expression pattern contributes to the fruit carotenoid diversity between peach and apricot. Plant Physiol Biochem 2023; 197:107647. [PMID: 36940521 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) and apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) are two species of economic importance for fruit production in the genus Prunus. Peach and apricot fruits exhibit significant differences in carotenoid levels and profiles. HPLC-PAD analysis showed that a greater content of β-carotene in mature apricot fruits is primarily responsible for orange color, while peach fruits showed a prominent accumulation of xanthophylls (violaxanthin and cryptoxanthin) with yellow color. There are two β-carotene hydroxylase genes in both peach and apricot genomes. Transcriptional analysis revealed that BCH1 expresses highly in peach but lowly in apricot fruit, showing a correlation with peach and apricot fruit carotenoid profiles. By using a carotenoid engineered bacterial system, it was demonstrated that there was no difference in the BCH1 enzymatic activity between peach and apricot. Comparative analysis about the putative cis-acting regulatory elements between peach and apricot BCH1 promoters provided important information for our understanding of the differences in promoter activity of the BCH1 genes in peach and apricot. Therefore, we investigated the promoter activity of BCH1 gene through a GUS detection system, and confirmed that the difference in the transcription level of the BCH1 gene resulted from the difference of the promoter function. This study provides important perspective to understanding the diversity of carotenoid accumulation in Prunus fruits such as peach and apricot. In particular, BCH1 gene is proposed as a main predictor for β-carotene content in peach and apricot fruits during the ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Wang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Siyuan Lu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Ruyu Jing
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Brennan Hyden
- Horticulture Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Cornell AgriTech, Geneva, NY, USA
| | - Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA; Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Xulei Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Lvwen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Yan Han
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Jizhong Xu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China
| | - Haijiang Chen
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China.
| | - Hongbo Cao
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, 071000, China.
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Noorani MS, Baig MS, Khan JA, Pravej A. Whole genome characterization and diagnostics of prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) infecting apricot in India. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4393. [PMID: 36928763 PMCID: PMC10020458 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) is a pathogen that infects Prunus species worldwide, causing major economic losses. Using one and two-step RT-PCR and multiplex RT-PCR, the whole genome of the PNRSV-infecting apricot was obtained and described in this study. Computational approaches were used to investigate the participation of several regulatory motifs and domains of the Replicase1, Replicase2, MP, and CP. A single degenerated reverse and three forward oligo primers were used to amplify PNRSV's tripartite genome. The size of RNA1 was 3.332 kb, RNA2 was 2.591 kb, and RNA3 was 1.952 kb, according to the sequencing analysis. The Sequence Demarcation Tool analysis determined a percentage pair-wise identity ranging between 91 and 99% for RNA1 and 2, and 87-98% for RNA3. Interestingly, the phylogenetic analysis revealed that closely related RNA1, RNA2, and RNA3 sequences of PNRSV strains from various geographical regions of the world are classified into distinct clades or groups. This is the first report on the characterization of the whole genome of PNRSV from India, which provides the cornerstone for further studies on the molecular evolution of this virus. This study will assist in molecular diagnostics and management of the diseases caused by PNRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Salik Noorani
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard (A Deemed-to-Be University), New Delhi, India.
- Plant Virus Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India.
| | - Mirza Sarwar Baig
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Interdisciplinary Sciences, Jamia Hamdard (A Deemed-to-Be University), New Delhi, India
- Plant Virus Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Jawaid Ahmad Khan
- Plant Virus Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia (A Central University), New Delhi, India
| | - Alam Pravej
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University (PSAU), 11942, Alkharj, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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9
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Liu X, Xu H, Yu D, Bi Q, Yu H, Wang L. Identification of key gene networks related to the freezing resistance of apricot kernel pistils by integrating hormone phenotypes and transcriptome profiles. BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:531. [PMID: 36380302 PMCID: PMC9664786 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apricot kernel, a woody oil tree species, is known for the high oil content of its almond that can be used as an ideal feedstock for biodiesel production. However, apricot kernel is vulnerable to spring frost, resulting in reduced or even no yield. There are no effective countermeasures in production, and the molecular mechanisms underlying freezing resistance are not well understood. RESULTS We used transcriptome and hormone profiles to investigate differentially responsive hormones and their associated co-expression patterns of gene networks in the pistils of two apricot kernel cultivars with different cold resistances under freezing stress. The levels of auxin (IAA and ICA), cytokinin (IP and tZ), salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA and ILE-JA) were regulated differently, especially IAA between two cultivars, and external application of an IAA inhibitor and SA increased the spring frost resistance of the pistils of apricot kernels. We identified one gene network containing 65 hub genes highly correlated with IAA. Among these genes, three genes in auxin signaling pathway and three genes in brassinosteroid biosynthesis were identified. Moreover, some hub genes in this network showed a strong correlation such as protein kinases (PKs)-hormone related genes (HRGs), HRGs-HRGs and PKs-Ca2+ related genes. CONCLUSIONS Ca2+, brassinosteroid and some regulators (such as PKs) may be involved in an auxin-mediated freezing response of apricot kernels. These findings add to our knowledge of the freezing response of apricot kernels and may provide new ideas for frost prevention measures and high cold-resistant apricot breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Huihui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Dan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Quanxin Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Haiyan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 China
| | - Libing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Research Institute of Forestry, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, 100091 China
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Salazar JA, Ruiz D, Zapata P, Martínez-García PJ, Martínez-Gómez P. Whole Transcriptome Analyses of Apricots and Japanese Plum Fruits after 1-MCP (Ethylene-Inhibitor) and Ethrel (Ethylene-Precursor) Treatments Reveal New Insights into the Physiology of the Ripening Process. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911045. [PMID: 36232348 PMCID: PMC9569840 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiology of Prunus fruit ripening is a complex and not completely understood process. To improve this knowledge, postharvest behavior during the shelf-life period at the transcriptomic level has been studied using high-throughput sequencing analysis (RNA-Seq). Monitoring of fruits has been analyzed after different ethylene regulator treatments, including 1-MCP (ethylene-inhibitor) and Ethrel (ethylene-precursor) in two contrasting selected apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and Japanese plum (P. salicina L.) cultivars, ‘Goldrich’ and ‘Santa Rosa’. KEEG and protein–protein interaction network analysis unveiled that the most significant metabolic pathways involved in the ripening process were photosynthesis and plant hormone signal transduction. In addition, previously discovered genes linked to fruit ripening, such as pectinesterase or auxin-responsive protein, have been confirmed as the main genes involved in this process. Genes encoding pectinesterase in the pentose and glucuronate interconversions pathway were the most overexpressed in both species, being upregulated by Ethrel. On the other hand, auxin-responsive protein IAA and aquaporin PIP were both upregulated by 1-MCP in ‘Goldrich’ and ‘Santa Rosa’, respectively. Results also showed the upregulation of chitinase and glutaredoxin 3 after Ethrel treatment in ‘Goldrich’ and ‘Santa Rosa’, respectively, while photosystem I subunit V psaG (photosynthesis) was upregulated after 1-MCP in both species. Furthermore, the overexpression of genes encoding GDP-L-galactose and ferredoxin in the ascorbate and aldarate metabolism and photosynthesis pathways caused by 1-MCP favored antioxidant activity and therefore slowed down the fruit senescence process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Salazar
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - David Ruiz
- Department of Plant Breeding, CEBAS-CSIC, Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Patricio Zapata
- Facultad de Medicina Y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago 7510157, Chile
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Huang X, Coulibaly D, Tan W, Ni Z, Shi T, Li H, Hayat F, Gao Z. The analysis of genetic structure and characteristics of the chloroplast genome in different Japanese apricot germplasm populations. BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:354. [PMID: 35864441 PMCID: PMC9306182 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03731-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroplast (cp) genomes are generally considered to be conservative and play an important role in population diversity analysis in plants, but the characteristics and diversity of the different germplasm populations in Japanese apricot are still not clear. RESULTS A total of 146 cp genomes from three groups of wild, domesticated, and bred accessions of Japanese apricot were sequenced in this study. The comparative genome analysis revealed that the 146 cp genomes were divided into 41 types, and ranged in size from 157,886 to 158,167 bp with a similar structure and composition to those of the genus Prunus. However, there were still minor differences in the cp genome that were mainly caused by the contraction and expansion of the IR region, and six types of SSR in which mono-nucleotide repeats were the most dominant type of repeats in the cp genome. The genes rpl33 and psbI, and intergenic regions of start-psbA, rps3-rpl22, and ccsA-ndhD, showed the highest nucleotide polymorphism in the whole cp genome. A total of 325 SNPs were detected in the 146 cp genomes, and more than 70% of the SNPs were in region of large single-copy (LSC). The SNPs and haplotypes in the cp genome indicated that the wild group had higher genetic diversity than the domesticated and bred groups. In addition, among wild populations, Southwest China, including Yunnan, Tibet, and Bijie of Guizhou, had the highest genetic diversity. The genetic relationship of Japanese apricot germplasm resources in different regions showed a degree of correlation with their geographical distribution. CONCLUSION Comparative analysis of chloroplast genomes of 146 Japanese apricot resources was performed to analyze the used to explore the genetic relationship and genetic diversity among Japanese apricot resources with different geographical distributions, providing some reference for the origin and evolution of Japanese apricot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Huang
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Daouda Coulibaly
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Wei Tan
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhaojun Ni
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Ting Shi
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Hantao Li
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Faisal Hayat
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095 Jiangsu China
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12
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Ni X, Ni Z, Ouma KO, Gao Z. Mutations in PmUFGT3 contribute to color variation of fruit skin in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.). BMC Plant Biol 2022; 22:304. [PMID: 35751035 PMCID: PMC9229503 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03693-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) is popular for both ornamental and processing value, fruit color affects the processing quality, and red pigmentation is the most obvious phenotype associated with fruit color variation in Japanese apricot, mutations in structural genes in the anthocyanin pathway can disrupt the red pigmentation, while the formation mechanism of the red color trait in Japanese apricot is still unclear. RESULTS: One SNP marker (PmuSNP_27) located within PmUFGT3 gene coding region was found highly polymorphic among 44 different fruit skin color cultivars and relative to anthocyanin biosynthesis in Japanese apricot. Meantime, critical mutations were identified in two alleles of PmUFGT3 in the green-skinned type is inactivated by seven nonsense mutations in the coding region, which leads to seven amino acid substitution, resulting in an inactive UFGT enzyme. Overexpression of the PmUFGT3 allele from red-skinned Japanese apricot in green-skinned fruit lines resulted in greater anthocyanin accumulation in fruit skin. Expression of same allele in an Arabidopsis T-DNA mutant deficient in anthocyanidin activity the accumulation of anthocyanins. In addition, using site-directed mutagenesis, we created a single-base substitution mutation (G to T) of PmUFGT3 isolated from green-skinned cultivar, which caused an E to D amino acid substitution and restored the function of the inactive allele of PmUFGT3 from a green-skinned individual. CONCLUSION This study confirms the function of PmUFGT3, and provides insight into the mechanism underlying fruit color determination in Japanese apricot, and possible approaches towards genetic engineering of fruit color.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Ni
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zhaojun Ni
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Kenneth Omondi Ouma
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
| | - Zhihong Gao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095 China
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Orlando Marchesano BM, Chiozzotto R, Baccichet I, Bassi D, Cirilli M. Development of an HRMA-Based Marker Assisted Selection (MAS) Approach for Cost-Effective Genotyping of S and M Loci Controlling Self-Compatibility in Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13030548. [PMID: 35328101 PMCID: PMC8954599 DOI: 10.3390/genes13030548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The apricot species is characterized by a gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system. While GSI is one of the most efficient mechanisms to prevent self-fertilization and increase genetic variability, it represents a limiting factor for fruit production in the orchards. Compatibility among apricot cultivars was usually assessed by either field pollination experiments or by histochemical evaluation of in vitro pollen tube growth. In apricots, self-compatibility is controlled by two unlinked loci, S and M, and associated to transposable element insertion within the coding sequence of SFB and ParM-7 genes, respectively. Self-compatibility has become a primary breeding goal in apricot breeding programmes, stimulating the development of a rapid and cost-effective marker assisted selection (MAS) approach to accelerate screening of self-compatible genotypes. In this work, we demonstrated the feasibility of a novel High Resolution Melting Analysis (HRMA) approach for the massive screening of self-compatible and self-incompatible genotypes for both S and M loci. The different genotypes were unambiguously recognized by HRMA, showing clearly distinguishable melting profiles. The assay was developed and tested in a panel of accessions and breeding selections with known self-compatibility reaction, demonstrating the potential usefulness of this approach to optimize and accelerate apricot breeding programmes.
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14
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Sun Y, Dong S, Liu Q, Chen J, Pan J, Zhang J. Selection of a core collection of Prunus sibirica L. germplasm by a stepwise clustering method using simple sequence repeat markers. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0260097. [PMID: 34797843 PMCID: PMC8604298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prunus sibirica is an economically important tree species that occurs in arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. For this species, creation of a core collection is critical for future ecological and evolutionary studies, efficient economic utilization, and development and management of the broader collection of its germplasm resources. In this study, we sampled 158 accessions of P. sibirica from Russia and China using 30 pair of simple sequence repeat molecular markers and 30 different schemes to identify candidate core collections. The 30 schemes were based on combinations of two different sampling strategies, three genetic distances, and five different sample sizes of the complete germplasm resource. We determined the optimal core collection from among the 30 results based on maximization of genetic diversity among groups according to Number of observed alleles (Na), Number of effective alleles (Ne), Shannon's information index (I), Polymorphic information content (PIC), Nei gene diversity (H) and compared to the initial collection of 158 accessions. We found that the optimal core collection resulted from preferred sampling at 25% with Nei & Li genetic distance these ratios of Na, Ne, I, PIC and H to the complete 158 germplasm resources were 73.0%, 113%, 102%, 100% and 103%, respectively, indicating that the core collection comprised a robust representation of genetic diversity in P. sibirica. The proposed core collection will be valuable for future molecular breeding of this species and management of its germplasm resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Sun
- School of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shengjun Dong
- School of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Quangang Liu
- School of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jianhua Chen
- School of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingjing Pan
- School of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
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15
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Zhou J, Xing F, Wang H, Li S. Occurrence, Distribution, and Genomic Characteristics of Plum Pox Virus Isolates from Common Apricot ( Prunus armeniaca) and Japanese Apricot ( Prunus mume) in China. Plant Dis 2021; 105:3474-3480. [PMID: 33858186 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-09-20-1936-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plum pox, or Sharka disease, caused by infection with plum pox virus (PPV), results in enormous economic losses to the stone fruit industry. However, the frequency and distribution of PPV remain unclear in China, the world's largest stone fruit producer. Systemic visual surveys were performed on stone fruit trees in China from 2008 to 2018, and the results suggest that plum pox disease is widely distributed on common apricots (Prunus armeniaca) and Japanese apricots (Prunus mume), with an average symptoms incidence rate >30% in the latter. In samples collected from Beijing, Nanjing, Shanghai, Wuhan, Wuxi, and Yuncheng, PPV was detected in 77% (85 of 110) of collected samples by immunochromatographic (IC) strip tests and reverse transcription PCR, and 96% (67 of 70) of samples showing Sharka symptoms were PPV positive. Transmission electron microscopy revealed filamentous particles of ∼640 × 12.5 nm (n = 19) in size and pinwheel inclusions in symptomatic plants but not in the asymptomatic and PPV-negative plants. Full-length genomes were determined for four isolates (three from Japanese apricot and one from common apricot), and phylogenetic analyses indicated that all four isolates belong to a clade PPV-D, despite slight differences in genome size. These findings not only highlight the widespread occurrence and distribution of PPV in China but also provide detailed information about the genomic characteristics and evolutionary position of PPV isolates in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China
| | - Fei Xing
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongqing Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shifang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
- Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, Hainan, China
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Bourguiba H, Batnini MA, Naccache C, Zitouna N, Trifi-Farah N, Audergon JM, Krichen L. Chloroplastic and nuclear diversity of endemic Prunus armeniaca L. species in the oasis agroecosystems. Genetica 2021; 149:239-251. [PMID: 34231081 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-021-00127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Tunisia is characterized by the presence of specific seed-propagated apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) material which is found in the oasis agroecosystems. In order to highlight the genetic diversity, population structure, and demographic history of this germplasm, 33 apricot accessions collected from six different oasis regions in southwestern Tunisia were genotyped using 24 microsatellite markers. A total number of 111 alleles was detected with an average of 4.62 alleles per locus. Bayesian model-based clustering analysis indicated four subdivisions within the collection sampled that corresponded mainly to the geographic origin of the material. The analysis of the 33 accessions using chloroplast markers allowed the identification of 32 haplotypes. Overall, the present study highlighted the high Tunisian apricot's diversity in the traditional oasis agroecosystems with low genetic differentiation. Understanding the structure of seed-propagated apricot collection is crucial for managing collections in regard to adaptive traits for Arid and Saharan climates as well as for identifying interesting genotypes that can be integrated into international coordinated actions of breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedia Bourguiba
- Université Tunis El Manar (UTM) - Faculté Des Sciences De Tunis (FST), Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Immunologie et Biotechnologie (LGMIB) (LR99ES12), Campus universitaire Farhat Hached, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Mohamed-Amine Batnini
- Department of Plant Pathology, OARDC/OSU, 120 Selby, 1680 Madison Ave, Wooster, OH, 44691, USA
| | - Chahnez Naccache
- Université Tunis El Manar (UTM) - Faculté Des Sciences De Tunis (FST), Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biotechnology (LR01ES05), Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nadia Zitouna
- LR16IPT05, Laboratoire de Génomique Biomédicale et Oncogénétique, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Neila Trifi-Farah
- Université Tunis El Manar (UTM) - Faculté Des Sciences De Tunis (FST), Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Immunologie et Biotechnologie (LGMIB) (LR99ES12), Campus universitaire Farhat Hached, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jean-Marc Audergon
- INRAe Centre PACA, UR 1052 GAFL, Domaine St Maurice, 67, allée des chênes, CS60094, 84143, Montfavet Cedex, France
| | - Lamia Krichen
- Université Tunis El Manar (UTM) - Faculté Des Sciences De Tunis (FST), Laboratoire de Génétique Moléculaire, Immunologie et Biotechnologie (LGMIB) (LR99ES12), Campus universitaire Farhat Hached, Tunis, Tunisia
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Xu M, Zhou W, Geng W, Zhao S, Pan Y, Fan G, Zhang S, Wang Y, Liao K. Transcriptome analysis insight into ethylene metabolism and pectinase activity of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) development and ripening. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13569. [PMID: 34193901 PMCID: PMC8245559 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92832-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ethylene metabolism is very important for climacteric fruit, and apricots are typical climacteric fruit. The activity of pectinase is closely related to fruit firmness, which further affects fruit quality. To better understand ethylene metabolism, pectinase activity and their molecular regulation mechanisms during the development and ripening of apricot fruit, ethylene metabolism, pectinase activity and the "Luntaibaixing" apricot fruit transcriptome were analyzed at different developmental stages. Ethylene metabolic precursors, enzyme activities and ethylene release increased during fruit development and ripening, with significant differences between the ripening stage and other stages (P < 0.05). Fruit firmness decreased significantly from the S1 to S5 stages, and polygalacturonase, pectin methylesterase, and pectin lyase activities were significantly higher in the S5 stage than in other stages. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis of fruit resulted in the identification of 22,337 unigenes and 6629 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) during development and ripening, of which 20,989 unigenes are annotated in public protein databases. In functional enrichment analysis, DEGs among the three stages were found to be involved in plant hormone signal transduction. Four key genes affecting ethylene metabolism, six key ethylene signal transduction genes and seven genes related to pectinase in apricot fruit were identified by KEGG pathway analysis. By RNA-sequencing, we not only clarified the molecular mechanism of ethylene metabolism during the ripening of "Luntaibaixing" apricot fruit but also provided a theoretical basis for understanding pectin metabolism in apricot fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Research Centre of Characteristic Fruit Tree, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Weiquan Zhou
- Research Centre of Characteristic Fruit Tree, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wenjuan Geng
- Research Centre of Characteristic Fruit Tree, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shirong Zhao
- Research Centre of Characteristic Fruit Tree, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yan Pan
- Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China
| | - Guoquan Fan
- Luntai National Fruit Germplasm Resources Garden of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, 841600, Xinjiang, China
| | - Shikui Zhang
- Luntai National Fruit Germplasm Resources Garden of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, 841600, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yatong Wang
- Luntai National Fruit Germplasm Resources Garden of Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, 841600, Xinjiang, China
| | - Kang Liao
- Research Centre of Characteristic Fruit Tree, College of Horticulture and Forestry, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, 830052, Xinjiang, China.
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Groppi A, Liu S, Cornille A, Decroocq S, Bui QT, Tricon D, Cruaud C, Arribat S, Belser C, Marande W, Salse J, Huneau C, Rodde N, Rhalloussi W, Cauet S, Istace B, Denis E, Carrère S, Audergon JM, Roch G, Lambert P, Zhebentyayeva T, Liu WS, Bouchez O, Lopez-Roques C, Serre RF, Debuchy R, Tran J, Wincker P, Chen X, Pétriacq P, Barre A, Nikolski M, Aury JM, Abbott AG, Giraud T, Decroocq V. Population genomics of apricots unravels domestication history and adaptive events. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3956. [PMID: 34172741 PMCID: PMC8233370 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Among crop fruit trees, the apricot (Prunus armeniaca) provides an excellent model to study divergence and adaptation processes. Here, we obtain nearly 600 Armeniaca apricot genomes and four high-quality assemblies anchored on genetic maps. Chinese and European apricots form two differentiated gene pools with high genetic diversity, resulting from independent domestication events from distinct wild Central Asian populations, and with subsequent gene flow. A relatively low proportion of the genome is affected by selection. Different genomic regions show footprints of selection in European and Chinese cultivated apricots, despite convergent phenotypic traits, with predicted functions in both groups involved in the perennial life cycle, fruit quality and disease resistance. Selection footprints appear more abundant in European apricots, with a hotspot on chromosome 4, while admixture is more pervasive in Chinese cultivated apricots. Our study provides clues to the biology of selected traits and targets for fruit tree research and breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Groppi
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux (CBiB), Bordeaux, 33076, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, 33077, France
| | - Shuo Liu
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Tiedong Street, Xiongyue, Bayuquan District, Yingkou City, 115009, Liaoning, China
| | - Amandine Cornille
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, UMR GQE-Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Stéphane Decroocq
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Quynh Trang Bui
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - David Tricon
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Corinne Cruaud
- Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, 91057, France
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, 91057, France
| | - Sandrine Arribat
- French Plant Genomic Resource Center, INRAE-CNRGV, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Caroline Belser
- Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, 91057, France
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, 91057, France
| | - William Marande
- French Plant Genomic Resource Center, INRAE-CNRGV, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Jérôme Salse
- INRAE/UBP UMR 1095 GDEC Genetique, Diversite et Ecophysiologie des Cereales, Laboratory PaleoEVO Paleogenomics & Evolution, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont Ferrand, 63100, France
| | - Cécile Huneau
- INRAE/UBP UMR 1095 GDEC Genetique, Diversite et Ecophysiologie des Cereales, Laboratory PaleoEVO Paleogenomics & Evolution, 5 Chemin de Beaulieu, Clermont Ferrand, 63100, France
| | - Nathalie Rodde
- French Plant Genomic Resource Center, INRAE-CNRGV, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Wassim Rhalloussi
- French Plant Genomic Resource Center, INRAE-CNRGV, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Stéphane Cauet
- French Plant Genomic Resource Center, INRAE-CNRGV, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Benjamin Istace
- Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, 91057, France
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, 91057, France
| | - Erwan Denis
- Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, 91057, France
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, 91057, France
| | - Sébastien Carrère
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Jean-Marc Audergon
- INRAE UR1052 GAFL, Domaine Saint Maurice, CS60094, Montfavet, 84143, France
| | - Guillaume Roch
- INRAE UR1052 GAFL, Domaine Saint Maurice, CS60094, Montfavet, 84143, France
- CEP INNOVATION, 23 Rue Jean Baldassini, Lyon, 69364, Cedex 07, France
| | - Patrick Lambert
- INRAE UR1052 GAFL, Domaine Saint Maurice, CS60094, Montfavet, 84143, France
| | - Tetyana Zhebentyayeva
- The Schatz Center for Tree Molecular Genetics, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 16802, PA, USA
| | - Wei-Sheng Liu
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Tiedong Street, Xiongyue, Bayuquan District, Yingkou City, 115009, Liaoning, China
| | - Olivier Bouchez
- INRAE, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | | | - Rémy-Félix Serre
- INRAE, US 1426, GeT-PlaGe, Genotoul, Castanet-Tolosan, 31326, France
| | - Robert Debuchy
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Gif-sur-Yvette, 91198, France
| | - Joseph Tran
- EGFV, Bordeaux Sciences Agro, INRAE, Univ. Bordeaux, ISVV, Villenave d'Ornon, 33882, France
| | - Patrick Wincker
- Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, 91057, France
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, 91057, France
| | - Xilong Chen
- Université Paris Saclay, INRAE, CNRS, AgroParisTech, UMR GQE-Le Moulon, Gif-sur-Yvette, 91190, France
| | - Pierre Pétriacq
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France
| | - Aurélien Barre
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux (CBiB), Bordeaux, 33076, France
| | - Macha Nikolski
- Univ. Bordeaux, Centre de Bioinformatique de Bordeaux (CBiB), Bordeaux, 33076, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IBGC, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, 33077, France
| | - Jean-Marc Aury
- Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, 91057, France
- Génomique Métabolique, Genoscope, Institut François Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Evry, 91057, France
| | - Albert Glenn Abbott
- Forest Health Research and Education Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systématique et Evolution, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay AgroParisTech, Orsay, 91400, France.
| | - Véronique Decroocq
- Univ. Bordeaux, INRAE, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, 71 Av. E. Bourlaux, Villenave d'Ornon, 33140, France.
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Canton M, Forestan C, Bonghi C, Varotto S. Meta-analysis of RNA-Seq studies reveals genes with dominant functions during flower bud endo- to eco-dormancy transition in Prunus species. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13173. [PMID: 34162991 PMCID: PMC8222350 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92600-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In deciduous fruit trees, entrance into dormancy occurs in later summer/fall, concomitantly with the shortening of day length and decrease in temperature. Dormancy can be divided into endodormancy, ecodormancy and paradormancy. In Prunus species flower buds, entrance into the dormant stage occurs when the apical meristem is partially differentiated; during dormancy, flower verticils continue their growth and differentiation. Each species and/or cultivar requires exposure to low winter temperature followed by warm temperatures, quantified as chilling and heat requirements, to remove the physiological blocks that inhibit budburst. A comprehensive meta-analysis of transcriptomic studies on flower buds of sweet cherry, apricot and peach was conducted, by investigating the gene expression profiles during bud endo- to ecodormancy transition in genotypes differing in chilling requirements. Conserved and distinctive expression patterns were observed, allowing the identification of gene specifically associated with endodormancy or ecodormancy. In addition to the MADS-box transcription factor family, hormone-related genes, chromatin modifiers, macro- and micro-gametogenesis related genes and environmental integrators, were identified as novel biomarker candidates for flower bud development during winter in stone fruits. In parallel, flower bud differentiation processes were associated to dormancy progression and termination and to environmental factors triggering dormancy phase-specific gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Canton
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Cristian Forestan
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences (DISTAL), University of Bologna, Viale Fanin 44, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Bonghi
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
| | - Serena Varotto
- Department of Agriculture, Food, Natural resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padua, Agripolis, Viale dell'Università, 16, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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20
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Lénárt J, Gere A, Causon T, Hann S, Dernovics M, Németh O, Hegedűs A, Halász J. LC-MS based metabolic fingerprinting of apricot pistils after self-compatible and self-incompatible pollinations. Plant Mol Biol 2021; 105:435-447. [PMID: 33296063 PMCID: PMC7892686 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01098-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE LC-MS based metabolomics approach revealed that putative metabolites other than flavonoids may significantly contribute to the sexual compatibility reactions in Prunus armeniaca. Possible mechanisms on related microtubule-stabilizing effects are provided. Identification of metabolites playing crucial roles in sexual incompatibility reactions in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) was the aim of the study. Metabolic fingerprints of self-compatible and self-incompatible apricot pistils were created using liquid chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry followed by untargeted compound search. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed 15 significant differential compounds among the total of 4006 and 1005 aligned metabolites in positive and negative ion modes, respectively. Total explained variance of 89.55% in principal component analysis (PCA) indicated high quality of differential expression analysis. The statistical analysis showed significant differences between genotypes and pollination time as well, which demonstrated high performance of the metabolic fingerprinting and revealed the presence of metabolites with significant influence on the self-incompatibility reactions. Finally, polyketide-based macrolides similar to peloruside A and a hydroxy sphingosine derivative are suggested to be significant differential metabolites in the experiment. These results indicate a strategy of pollen tubes to protect microtubules and avoid growth arrest involved in sexual incompatibility reactions of apricot.
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Affiliation(s)
- József Lénárt
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Villányi út 29-43, Budapest, 1118, Hungary
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, Ménesi út 44, Budapest, 1118, Hungary
| | - Attila Gere
- Department of Postharvest Sciences and Sensory Evaluation, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Villányi út 29-43, 1118, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tim Causon
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephan Hann
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mihály Dernovics
- Department of Plant Physiology, Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Brunszvik u. 2, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
| | - Olga Németh
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science, Szent István University, Villányi út 29-43, Budapest, 1118, Hungary
| | - Attila Hegedűs
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, Ménesi út 44, Budapest, 1118, Hungary
| | - Júlia Halász
- Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Horticultural Science, Szent István University, Ménesi út 44, Budapest, 1118, Hungary.
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21
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Numaguchi K, Akagi T, Kitamura Y, Ishikawa R, Ishii T. Interspecific introgression and natural selection in the evolution of Japanese apricot (Prunus mume). Plant J 2020; 104:1551-1567. [PMID: 33048374 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Domestication and population differentiation in crops involve considerable phenotypic changes. The logs of these evolutionary paths, including natural/artificial selection, can be found in the genomes of the current populations. However, these profiles have been little studied in tree crops, which have specific characters, such as long generation time and clonal propagation, maintaining high levels of heterozygosity. We conducted exon-targeted resequencing of 129 genomes in the genus Prunus, mainly Japanese apricot (Prunus mume), and apricot (Prunus armeniaca), plum (Prunus salicina), and peach (Prunus persica). Based on their genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms merged with published resequencing data of 79 Chinese P. mume cultivars, we inferred complete and ongoing population differentiation in P. mume. Sliding window characterization of the indexes for genetic differentiation identified interspecific fragment introgressions between P. mume and related species (plum and apricot). These regions often exhibited strong selective sweeps formed in the paths of establishment or formation of substructures of P. mume, suggesting that P. mume has frequently imported advantageous genes from other species in the subgenus Prunus as adaptive evolution. These findings shed light on the complicated nature of adaptive evolution in a tree crop that has undergone interspecific exchange of genome fragments with natural/artificial selections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Numaguchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Rokkodai 1-1, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
- Japanese Apricot Laboratory, Wakayama Fruit Tree Experiment Station, Minabe, Higashi-honjo 1416-7, Wakayama, 645-0021, Japan
| | - Takashi Akagi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Kita-ku, Tsushima-naka 1-1-1, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan
| | - Yuto Kitamura
- Japanese Apricot Laboratory, Wakayama Fruit Tree Experiment Station, Minabe, Higashi-honjo 1416-7, Wakayama, 645-0021, Japan
| | - Ryo Ishikawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Rokkodai 1-1, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takashige Ishii
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kobe University, Nada-ku, Rokkodai 1-1, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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22
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Mészáros M, Guédon Y, Krška B, Costes E. Modelling the bearing and branching behaviors of 1-year-old shoots in apricot genotypes. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235347. [PMID: 32645033 PMCID: PMC7347096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In most temperate fruit trees, fruits are located on one-year old shoots. In Prunus species, flowers and fruits are born in axillary position along those shoots. The axillary bud fate and branching patterns are thus key components of the cultivar potential fruit production. The objective of this study was to analyze the branching and bearing behaviors of 1-year-old shoots of apricot cultivars and clones genetically closely related. Shoot structures were analyzed in terms of axillary bud fates using hidden semi-Markov chains and compared depending on the genotype, year and shoot length. The shoots were composed of three successive zones containing latent buds (basal zone), central flower buds (median zone) and vegetative buds (distal zone), respectively. The last two zones contained few associated flower buds. The zones length (in number of metamers) and occurrence strongly depended on shoot development in the two successive years. With decrease in the number of metamers per shoot, the last two zones become shorter or may not develop. While the number of metamers of the basal and distal zones and the number of associated flower buds correlated to the number of metamers of the shoot, the number of metamers of the median zone and the transition probability from the median to the distal zone were cultivar specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Mészáros
- Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology Holovousy Ltd., Hořice, Czech Republic
| | - Yann Guédon
- UMR AGAP, CIRAD, CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Boris Krška
- Department of Fruit Growing, Faculty of Horticulture, Mendel University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Evelyne Costes
- UMR AGAP, INRA, CIRAD-INRA-Montpellier SupAgro, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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23
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Liu J, Deng JL, Tian Y. Transcriptome sequencing of the apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) and identification of differentially expressed genes involved in drought stress. Phytochemistry 2020; 171:112226. [PMID: 31923721 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2019.112226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is an important fruit crop that is widely planted throughout the world. But drought affects both yield and quality of apricot. In order to study the effects of long-term drought on the molecular and physiological mechanisms of apricot, we used transcriptome sequencing and measured physiological indices. First, 322 million high-quality clean reads were obtained, and 74,892 unigenes were generated for the transcriptome. Among the assembled unigenes, 18,671 simple sequence repeats (SSRs) and 5581 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of the DEGs revealed that starch and sucrose metabolism, plant-pathogen interaction and plant hormone signal transduction pathways are enriched. Additionally, we used quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) to confirm the RNA-seq results with 11 drought-related DEGs. Second, through the physiological analysis of apricot leaves under constant drought stress, and the results show the internal microstructure of apricot leaves changed to withstand drought stress. At the same time, plants exposed to long-term drought stress showed higher degree of membrane damage, which reduced photosynthesis in the damaged leaves. Our findings enrich the genome resources for apricot and refine our understanding of the molecular and physiological mechanisms of drought response in this fruit crop, providing insights into drought adaptation of the apricot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, PR China; Southwestern Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, PR China
| | - Jia Lin Deng
- Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, PR China; Southwestern Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, PR China.
| | - Yun Tian
- Horticulture Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, PR China; Southwestern Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crops Biology and Germplasm Enhancement, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610066, PR China
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24
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Xi W, Feng J, Liu Y, Zhang S, Zhao G. The R2R3-MYB transcription factor PaMYB10 is involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis in apricots and determines red blushed skin. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:287. [PMID: 31262258 PMCID: PMC6604168 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) cultivars display orange or yellow background skin, whereas some cultivars are particularly preferred by consumers because of their red blushed skin on the background. RESULTS In this study, two blushed ('Jianali' and 'Hongyu') and two nonblushed ('Baixing' and 'Luntaixiaobaixing') cultivars were used to investigate the formation mechanism of blushed skin in apricots. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis showed that the blushed cultivars accumulated higher cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and peonidin-3-O-rutinoside levels during fruit ripening than the nonblushed cultivars. Based on coexpression network analysis (WGCNA), a putative anthocyanin-related R2R3-MYB, PaMYB10, and seven structural genes were identified from transcriptome data. The phylogenetic analysis indicated that PaMYB10 clustered in the anthocyanin-related MYB clade. Sequence alignments revealed that PaMYB10 contained a bHLH-interaction motif ([DE]Lx2[RK]x3Lx6Lx3R) and an ANDV motif. Subcellular localization analysis showed that PaMYB10 was a nuclear protein. Real-time qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated that the transcript levels of PaMYB10 and seven genes responsible for anthocyanin synthesis were significantly higher in blushed than in nonblushed apricots, which was consistent with the accumulation of anthocyanin. In addition, bagging significantly inhibited the transcript levels of PaMYB10 and the structural genes in 'Jianali' and blocked the red coloration and anthocyanin accumulation. Transient PaMYB10 overexpression in 'Luntaixiaobaixing' fruits resulted in the red blushed skin at the maturation stage. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data reveal that three anthocyanins are responsible for the blushed skin of apricots, identify PaMYB10 as a positive regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis in apricots, and demonstrate that blush formation depends on light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanpeng Xi
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Jing Feng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716, China
| | - Shikui Zhang
- Agriculture National Fruit Tree Germplasm Repository, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, Xinjiang, 841600, China
| | - Guohua Zhao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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25
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Irisarri P, Zhebentyayeva T, Errea P, Pina A. Inheritance of self- and graft-incompatibility traits in an F1 apricot progeny. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216371. [PMID: 31071130 PMCID: PMC6508642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Floral self-incompatibility affecting yearly yield in a weather-dependent manner and graft incompatibility affecting longevity of mature trees are two important traits for apricot production. However, genetic control of graft compatibility and relationship between these traits are unknown. Here, we analyzed its inheritance in an F1 apricot progeny from a cross between self- and graft- incompatible and self- and graft-compatible cultivars. Hybrid individuals were genotyped for establishing self-incompatibility status and grafted on the plum rootstock ‘Marianna 2624’. Phenotyping of graft incompatibility was done at two time points, one month and one year after grafting. Anatomical (necrotic layer, bark and wood discontinuity for two consecutive years) and cytomorphological (cell proliferation, cell arrangement and cell shape one month after grafting) characteristics related to graft compatibility displayed continuous variation within the progeny, suggesting a polygenic inheritance. Using the Pearson correlation test, strong and significant correlations were detected between anatomical and cytomorphological traits that may reduce the number of characters for screening genotypes or progenies for graft compatibility in segregating crosses. Furthermore, no correlation existed between self- and graft incompatibility traits suggesting that they are independent inheritance traits. Hence, screening an extended hybrid population is required for pyramiding these traits in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Irisarri
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Tatyana Zhebentyayeva
- The Schatz Center for Tree Molecular Genetics, Department of Ecosystem Sciences and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Pilar Errea
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ana Pina
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón—IA2 (CITA-Universidad de Zaragoza), Zaragoza, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Zhang Q, Feng C, Li W, Qu Z, Zeng M, Xi W. Transcriptional regulatory networks controlling taste and aroma quality of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit during ripening. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:45. [PMID: 30646841 PMCID: PMC6332858 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Taste and aroma, which are important organoleptic qualities of apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) fruit, undergo rapid and substantial changes during ripening. However, the associated molecular mechanisms remain unclear. The goal of this study was to identify candidate genes for flavor compound metabolism and to construct a regulatory transcriptional network. RESULTS We characterized the transcriptome of the 'Jianali' apricot cultivar, which exhibits substantial changes in flavor during ripening, at 50 (turning), 73 (commercial maturation) and 91 (full ripe) days post anthesis (DPA) using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq). A weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that four of 19 modules correlated highly with flavor compound metabolism (P < 0.001). From them, we identified 1237 differentially expressed genes, with 16 intramodular hubs. A proposed pathway model for flavor compound biosynthesis is presented based on these genes. Two SUS1 genes, as well as SPS2 and INV1 were correlated with sugar biosynthesis, while NADP-ME4, two PK-like and mitochondrial energy metabolism exerted a noticeable effect on organic acid metabolism. CCD1 and FAD2 were identified as being involved in apocarotenoid aroma volatiles and lactone biosynthesis, respectively. Five sugar transporters (Sweet10, STP13, EDR6, STP5.1, STP5.2), one aluminum-activated malate transporter (ALMT9) and one ABCG transporter (ABCG11) were associated with the transport of sugars, organic acids and volatiles, respectively. Sixteen transcription factors were also highlighted that may also play regulatory roles in flavor quality development. CONCLUSIONS Apricot RNA-Seq data were obtained and used to generate an annotated set of predicted expressed genes, providing a platform for functional genomic research. Using network analysis and pathway mapping, putative molecular mechanisms for changes in apricot fruit taste and aroma during ripening were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyun Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources Conservation and Sustainable Utilization, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Li
- Agriculture National Fruit Tree Germplasm Repository, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Luntai, Xinjiang, 841600 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zehui Qu
- College of Computer and Information Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Zeng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wanpeng Xi
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400716 People’s Republic of China
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Zuriaga E, Romero C, Blanca JM, Badenes ML. Resistance to Plum Pox Virus (PPV) in apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) is associated with down-regulation of two MATHd genes. BMC Plant Biol 2018; 18:25. [PMID: 29374454 PMCID: PMC5787289 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1237-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plum pox virus (PPV), causing Sharka disease, is one of the main limiting factors for Prunus production worldwide. In apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) the major PPV resistance locus (PPVres), comprising ~ 196 kb, has been mapped to the upper part of linkage group 1. Within the PPVres, 68 genomic variants linked in coupling to PPV resistance were identified within 23 predicted transcripts according to peach genome annotation. Taking into account the predicted functions inferred from sequence homology, some members of a cluster of meprin and TRAF-C homology domain (MATHd)-containing genes were pointed as PPV resistance candidate genes. RESULTS Here, we have characterized the global apricot transcriptome response to PPV-D infection identifying six PPVres locus genes (ParP-1 to ParP-6) differentially expressed in resistant/susceptible cultivars. Two of them (ParP-3 and ParP-4), that encode MATHd proteins, appear clearly down-regulated in resistant cultivars, as confirmed by qRT-PCR. Concurrently, variant calling was performed using whole-genome sequencing data of 24 apricot cultivars (10 PPV-resistant and 14 PPV-susceptible) and 2 wild relatives (PPV-susceptible). ParP-3 and ParP-4, named as Prunus armeniaca PPVres MATHd-containing genes (ParPMC), are the only 2 genes having allelic variants linked in coupling to PPV resistance. ParPMC1 has 1 nsSNP, while ParPMC2 has 15 variants, including a 5-bp deletion within the second exon that produces a frameshift mutation. ParPMC1 and ParPMC2 are adjacent and highly homologous (87.5% identity) suggesting they are paralogs originated from a tandem duplication. Cultivars carrying the ParPMC2 resistant (mutated) allele show lack of expression in both ParPMC2 and especially ParPMC1. CONCLUSIONS Accordingly, we hypothesize that ParPMC2 is a pseudogene that mediates down-regulation of its functional paralog ParPMC1 by silencing. As a whole, results strongly support ParPMC1 and/or ParPMC2 as host susceptibility genes required for PPV infection which silencing may confer PPV resistance trait. This finding may facilitate resistance breeding by marker-assisted selection and pave the way for gene edition approaches in Prunus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Zuriaga
- Citriculture and Plant Production Center, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), CV-315, Km. 10.7, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Romero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Blanca
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrodiversidad Valenciana (COMAV), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, Ingeniero Fausto Elio, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Luisa Badenes
- Citriculture and Plant Production Center, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), CV-315, Km. 10.7, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
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Muñoz-Sanz JV, Zuriaga E, Badenes ML, Romero C. A disulfide bond A-like oxidoreductase is a strong candidate gene for self-incompatibility in apricot (Prunus armeniaca) pollen. J Exp Bot 2017; 68:5069-5078. [PMID: 29036710 PMCID: PMC5853662 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
S-RNase based gametophytic self-incompatibility (SI) is a widespread prezygotic reproductive barrier in flowering plants. In the Solanaceae, Plantaginaceae and Rosaceae gametophytic SI is controlled by the pistil-specific S-RNases and the pollen S-locus F-box proteins but non-S-specific factors, namely modifiers, are also required. In apricot, Prunus armeniaca (Rosaceae), we previously mapped two pollen-part mutations that confer self-compatibility in cultivars Canino and Katy at the distal end of chromosome 3 (M-locus) unlinked to the S-locus. Here, we used high-resolution mapping to identify the M-locus with an ~134 kb segment containing ParM-1-16 genes. Gene expression analysis identified four genes preferentially expressed in anthers as modifier gene candidates, ParM-6, -7, -9 and -14. Variant calling of WGS Illumina data from Canino, Katy, and 10 self-incompatible cultivars detected a 358 bp miniature inverted-repeat transposable element (MITE) insertion in ParM-7 shared only by self-compatible apricots, supporting ParM-7 as strong candidate gene required for SI. ParM-7 encodes a disulfide bond A-like oxidoreductase protein, which we named ParMDO. The MITE insertion truncates the ParMDO ORF and produces a loss of SI function, suggesting that pollen rejection in Prunus is dependent on redox regulation. Based on phylogentic analyses we also suggest that ParMDO may have originated from a tandem duplication followed by subfunctionalization and pollen-specific expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Vicente Muñoz-Sanz
- Fruit Tree Breeding Department. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA). CV-315, Km. 10, Moncada (Valencia), Spain
| | - Elena Zuriaga
- Fruit Tree Breeding Department. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA). CV-315, Km. 10, Moncada (Valencia), Spain
| | - María L Badenes
- Fruit Tree Breeding Department. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA). CV-315, Km. 10, Moncada (Valencia), Spain
| | - Carlos Romero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. C/Ingeniero Fausto Elio s/n, Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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29
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Alburquerque N, Faize L, Burgos L. Silencing of Agrobacterium tumefaciens oncogenes ipt and iaaM induces resistance to crown gall disease in plum but not in apricot. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:2163-2173. [PMID: 28449201 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, two vectors with short-length chimeric transgenes were used to produce Prunus rootstocks resistant to crown gall disease through RNA-interference-mediated gene silencing of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens oncogenes ipt and iaaM. RESULTS Transgenic plum and apricot lines were produced with efficiencies of up to 7.7 and 1.1% respectively. An in vitro evaluation method allowed identification of susceptible lines and reduction in the number of lines to be evaluated in the greenhouse. Five transgenic plum lines, expressing transgene-derived small interfering RNA (siRNA) and low levels of transgene hairpin RNA (hpRNA), showed a significant reduction in the development of the disease after infection with Agrobacterium strains C58 and A281 under greenhouse conditions. However, unexpectedly, all transgenic apricot lines were gall susceptible. The infection of apricot plants with a binary vector containing only the 6b oncogene demonstrated that the expression of this gene is involved in the induction of tumours in the apricot species. CONCLUSION RNAi-mediated gene silencing can be used for inducing crown gall resistance in plum rootstocks. These could be used to graft non-genetically modified commercial fruit cultivars reducing, or eliminating, the disease symptoms. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Alburquerque
- Grupo de Biotecnología de Frutales, Departamento de Mejora Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lydia Faize
- Grupo de Biotecnología de Frutales, Departamento de Mejora Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Burgos
- Grupo de Biotecnología de Frutales, Departamento de Mejora Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
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30
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Derardja AE, Pretzler M, Kampatsikas I, Barkat M, Rompel A. Purification and Characterization of Latent Polyphenol Oxidase from Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:8203-8212. [PMID: 28812349 PMCID: PMC5609118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenol oxidase from apricot (Prunus armeniaca) (PaPPO) was purified in its latent form (L-PaPPO), and the molecular weight was determined to be 63 kDa by SDS-PAGE. L-PaPPO was activated in the presence of substrate at low pH. The activity was enhanced by CuSO4 and low concentrations (≤ 2 mM) of SDS. PaPPO has its pH and temperature optimum at pH 4.5 and 45 °C for catechol as substrate. It showed diphenolase activity and highest affinity toward 4-methylcatechol (KM = 2.0 mM) and chlorogenic acid (KM = 2.7 mM). L-PaPPO was found to be spontaneously activated during storage at 4 °C, creating a new band at 38 kDa representing the activated form (A-PaPPO). The mass of A-PaPPO was determined by mass spectrometry as 37 455.6 Da (Asp102 → Leu429). Both L-PaPPO and A-PaPPO were identified as polyphenol oxidase corresponding to the known PaPPO sequence (UniProt O81103 ) by means of peptide mass fingerprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ala eddine Derardja
- Universität
Wien, Fakultät für Chemie,
Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
- Laboratoire
Bioqual, INATAA, Université des Frères
Mentouri, Constantine
1, Route de Ain El-Bey, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Matthias Pretzler
- Universität
Wien, Fakultät für Chemie,
Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Ioannis Kampatsikas
- Universität
Wien, Fakultät für Chemie,
Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
| | - Malika Barkat
- Laboratoire
Bioqual, INATAA, Université des Frères
Mentouri, Constantine
1, Route de Ain El-Bey, 25000 Constantine, Algeria
| | - Annette Rompel
- Universität
Wien, Fakultät für Chemie,
Institut für Biophysikalische Chemie, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Wien, Austria
- Fax: +43-1-4277-852502. Tel: +43-1-4277-52502. E-mail:
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Muñoz-Sanz JV, Zuriaga E, López I, Badenes ML, Romero C. Self-(in)compatibility in apricot germplasm is controlled by two major loci, S and M. BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:82. [PMID: 28441955 PMCID: PMC5405505 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1027-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) exhibits a gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system and it is mostly considered as a self-incompatible species though numerous self-compatible exceptions occur. These are mainly linked to the mutated S C-haplotype carrying an insertion in the S-locus F-box gene that leads to a truncated protein. However, two S-locus unlinked pollen-part mutations (PPMs) termed m and m' have also been reported to confer self-compatibility (SC) in the apricot cultivars 'Canino' and 'Katy', respectively. This work was aimed to explore whether other additional mutations might explain SC in apricot as well. RESULTS A set of 67 cultivars/accessions with different geographic origins were analyzed by PCR-screening of the S- and M-loci genotypes, contrasting results with the available phenotype data. Up to 20 S-alleles, including 3 new ones, were detected and sequence analysis revealed interesting synonymies and homonymies in particular with S-alleles found in Chinese cultivars. Haplotype analysis performed by genotyping and determining linkage-phases of 7 SSR markers, showed that the m and m' PPMs are linked to the same m 0-haplotype. Results indicate that m 0-haplotype is tightly associated with SC in apricot germplasm being quite frequent in Europe and North-America. However, its prevalence is lower than that for S C in terms of frequency and geographic distribution. Structures of 34 additional M-haplotypes were inferred and analyzed to depict phylogenetic relationships and M 1-2 was found to be the closest haplotype to m 0. Genotyping results showed that four cultivars classified as self-compatible do not have neither the S C- nor the m 0-haplotype. CONCLUSIONS According to apricot germplasm S-genotyping, a loss of genetic diversity affecting the S-locus has been produced probably due to crop dissemination. Genotyping and phenotyping data support that self-(in)compatibility in apricot relies mainly on the S- but also on the M-locus. Regarding this latter, we have shown that the m 0-haplotype associated with SC is shared by 'Canino', 'Katy' and many other cultivars. Its origin is still unknown but phylogenetic analysis supports that m 0 arose later in time than S C from a widely distributed M-haplotype. Lastly, other mutants putatively carrying new mutations conferring SC have also been identified deserving future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Vicente Muñoz-Sanz
- Fruit Tree Breeding Department, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), CV-315, Km. 10,7., 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Missouri, 117 Schweitzer Hall, 65211 Columbia , MO USA
| | - Elena Zuriaga
- Fruit Tree Breeding Department, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), CV-315, Km. 10,7., 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Inmaculada López
- Fruit Tree Breeding Department, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), CV-315, Km. 10,7., 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - María L. Badenes
- Fruit Tree Breeding Department, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA), CV-315, Km. 10,7., 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Carlos Romero
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas (IBMCP), Universidad Politécnica de Valencia-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Camino de Vera, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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Zhang X, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Xu J, Liu W, Dong W. Comparative transcriptome profiling and morphology provide insights into endocarp cleaving of apricot cultivar (Prunus armeniaca L.). BMC Plant Biol 2017; 17:72. [PMID: 28399812 PMCID: PMC5387262 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A complete and hardened endocarp is a typical trait of drupe fruits. However, the 'Liehe' (LE) apricot cultivar has a thin, soft, cleavable endocarp that represents 60.39% and 63.76% of the thickness and lignin content, respectively, of the 'Jinxihong' (JG) apricot (with normal hardened-endocarp). To understand the molecular mechanisms behind the LE apricot phenotype, comparative transcriptomes of Prunus armeniaca L. were sequenced using Illumina HiSeq™ 2500. RESULTS In this study, we identified 63,170 unigenes including 15,469 genes >1000 bp and 25,356 genes with Gene Function annotation. Pathway enrichment and expression patterns were used to characterize differentially expression genes. The DEGs encoding key enzymes involved in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were significantly down-regulated in LE apricot. For example, CAD gene expression levels, encoding cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, were only 1.3%, 0.7%, 0.2% and 2.7% in LE apricot compared with JG cultivar at 15, 21, 30, 49 days after full bloom (DAFB). Furthermore, transcription factors regulating secondary wall and lignin biosynthesis were identified. Especially for SECONDARY WALL THICKENING PROMOTING FACTOR 1 (NST 1), its expression levels in LE apricot were merely 2.8% and 9.3% compared with JG cultivar at 15 and 21 DAFB, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our comparative transcriptome analysis was used to understand the molecular mechanisms underlie the endocarp-cleaving phenotype in LE apricot. This new apricot genomic resource and the candidate genes provide a useful reference for further investigating the lignification during development of apricot endocarp. Transcription factors such as NST1 may regulate genes involved in phenylpropanoid pathway and affect development and lignification of the endocarp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou, 115009 China
| | - Lijie Zhang
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou, 115009 China
| | - Jiayu Xu
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
| | - Weisheng Liu
- Liaoning Institute of Pomology, Yingkou, 115009 China
| | - Wenxuan Dong
- College of Horticulture, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, 110866 China
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Schelm S, Haase I, Fischer C, Fischer M. Development of a Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Determination of Apricot in Marzipan Using the Plexor System. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:516-522. [PMID: 27943676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b04457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Marzipan is a confectionary which is mostly offered in form of filled chocolate, pralines, or pure. According to the German guidelines for oil seeds only almonds, sugar and water are admitted ingredients of marzipan. A product very similar in taste is persipan which is used in the confectionary industry because of its stronger flavor. For persipan production almonds are replaced by debittered apricot or peach kernels. To guarantee high quality products for consumers, German raw paste producers have agreed a limit of apricot kernels in marzipan raw paste of 0.5%. Different DNA-based methods for quantitation of persipan contaminations in marzipan are already published. To increase the detection specificity compared to published intercalation dye-based assays, the present work demonstrate the utilization of a multiplex real-time PCR based on the Plexor technology. Thus, the present work enables the detection of at least 0.1% apricot DNA in almond DNA or less. By analyzing DNA mixtures, the theoretical limit of quantification of the duplex PCR for the quantitation of persipan raw paste DNA in marzipan raw paste DNA was determined as 0.05%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schelm
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ilka Haase
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christin Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Fischer
- Hamburg School of Food Science, Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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Gürcan K, Teber S, Ercisli S, Yilmaz KU. Genotyping by Sequencing (GBS) in Apricots and Genetic Diversity Assessment with GBS-Derived Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). Biochem Genet 2016; 54:854-885. [PMID: 27465591 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-016-9762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Genotyping by sequencing (GBS), which is a highly promising technique for molecular breeding, has been implemented in apricots, including Turkish, European, and Plum Pox Virus-resistant accessions. DNA samples were digested with the ApeKI restriction enzyme to construct a genome-complexity-reduced 90-plex GBS library. After filtering the raw sequences, approximately 28 G of clean data were generated, and 17,842 high-quality single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were discovered. A total of 561 SNP loci with 0 or 1 missing reads for the 90 accessions produced 1162 markers that were used for the cluster and population structure analysis of the same collection. The results of the SNP analysis indicated that the relation of the European accessions with the western Turkish apricots was accurately positioned. The resistant accessions from different sources were clustered together, confirming the previous finding that SEO/Harlayne-type resistance probably originated from the same source. The Malatya accessions produce most of the world's dried apricots and are likely to be a genetically distinct group. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) and self-incompatibly (SI) locus characterization of the accessions was also included. SI genotyping supported the SNP findings, demonstrating both the reliability of SNP genotyping and the usefulness of SI genotyping for understanding the history of apricot breeding. The SSR genotyping revealed a characterization similar to that of SNP genotyping with a slightly lower resolution in the dendrogram. In conclusion, the GBS approach was validated in apricots, with the discovery of a large number of SNPs, and was demonstrated to be reliable by fingerprinting the accessions in a more informative manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kahraman Gürcan
- Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Saffet Teber
- Genome and Stem Cell Research Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Sezai Ercisli
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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Mariette S, Wong Jun Tai F, Roch G, Barre A, Chague A, Decroocq S, Groppi A, Laizet Y, Lambert P, Tricon D, Nikolski M, Audergon JM, Abbott AG, Decroocq V. Genome-wide association links candidate genes to resistance to Plum Pox Virus in apricot (Prunus armeniaca). New Phytol 2016; 209:773-84. [PMID: 26356603 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In fruit tree species, many important traits have been characterized genetically by using single-family descent mapping in progenies segregating for the traits. However, most mapped loci have not been sufficiently resolved to the individual genes due to insufficient progeny sizes for high resolution mapping and the previous lack of whole-genome sequence resources of the study species. To address this problem for Plum Pox Virus (PPV) candidate resistance gene identification in Prunus species, we implemented a genome-wide association (GWA) approach in apricot. This study exploited the broad genetic diversity of the apricot (Prunus armeniaca) germplasm containing resistance to PPV, next-generation sequence-based genotyping, and the high-quality peach (Prunus persica) genome reference sequence for single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) identification. The results of this GWA study validated previously reported PPV resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) intervals, highlighted other potential resistance loci, and resolved each to a limited set of candidate genes for further study. This work substantiates the association genetics approach for resolution of QTL to candidate genes in apricot and suggests that this approach could simplify identification of other candidate genes for other marked trait intervals in this germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Mariette
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Equipe de Virologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, CS20032, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- UMR 1202 BIOGECO, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France
- UMR 1202 BIOGECO, Université de Bordeaux, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Fabienne Wong Jun Tai
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Equipe de Virologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, CS20032, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center CBiB, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Guillaume Roch
- UR1052 GAFL, Domaine Saint Maurice, INRA, CS60094, F-84143, Montfavet, France
- CEP INNOVATION, INRA, 23 rue Jean Baldassini, F-69364, LYON Cedex 7, France
| | - Aurélien Barre
- Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center CBiB, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Aurélie Chague
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Equipe de Virologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, CS20032, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Stéphane Decroocq
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Equipe de Virologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, CS20032, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Alexis Groppi
- Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center CBiB, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Yec'han Laizet
- UMR 1202 BIOGECO, INRA, F-33610, Cestas, France
- UMR 1202 BIOGECO, Université de Bordeaux, F-33400, Talence, France
| | - Patrick Lambert
- UR1052 GAFL, Domaine Saint Maurice, INRA, CS60094, F-84143, Montfavet, France
| | - David Tricon
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Equipe de Virologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, CS20032, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Macha Nikolski
- Bordeaux Bioinformatics Center CBiB, Université de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Jean-Marc Audergon
- UR1052 GAFL, Domaine Saint Maurice, INRA, CS60094, F-84143, Montfavet, France
| | - Albert G Abbott
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Equipe de Virologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, CS20032, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
- University of Kentucky, 106 T. P. Cooper Hall, Lexington, KY, 40546-0073, USA
| | - Véronique Decroocq
- UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, Equipe de Virologie, INRA, Université de Bordeaux, CS20032, F-33882, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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Rubio M, Ballester AR, Olivares PM, Castro de Moura M, Dicenta F, Martínez-Gómez P. Gene Expression Analysis of Plum pox virus (Sharka) Susceptibility/Resistance in Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144670. [PMID: 26658051 PMCID: PMC4684361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-Seq has proven to be a very powerful tool in the analysis of the Plum pox virus (PPV, sharka disease)/Prunus interaction. This technique is an important complementary tool to other means of studying genomics. In this work an analysis of gene expression of resistance/susceptibility to PPV in apricot is performed. RNA-Seq has been applied to analyse the gene expression changes induced by PPV infection in leaves from two full-sib apricot genotypes, “Rojo Pasión” and “Z506-7”, resistant and susceptible to PPV, respectively. Transcriptomic analyses revealed the existence of more than 2,000 genes related to the pathogen response and resistance to PPV in apricot. These results showed that the response to infection by the virus in the susceptible genotype is associated with an induction of genes involved in pathogen resistance such as the allene oxide synthase, S-adenosylmethionine synthetase 2 and the major MLP-like protein 423. Over-expression of the Dicer protein 2a may indicate the suppression of a gene silencing mechanism of the plant by PPV HCPro and P1 PPV proteins. On the other hand, there were 164 genes involved in resistance mechanisms that have been identified in apricot, 49 of which are located in the PPVres region (scaffold 1 positions from 8,050,804 to 8,244,925), which is responsible for PPV resistance in apricot. Among these genes in apricot there are several MATH domain-containing genes, although other genes inside (Pleiotropic drug resistance 9 gene) or outside (CAP, Cysteine-rich secretory proteins, Antigen 5 and Pathogenesis-related 1 protein; and LEA, Late embryogenesis abundant protein) PPVres region could also be involved in the resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rubio
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), PO Box 164, E-30100 Espinardo (Murcia) Spain
| | - Ana Rosa Ballester
- Department of Food Science, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna (Valencia) Spain
| | - Pedro Manuel Olivares
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), PO Box 164, E-30100 Espinardo (Murcia) Spain
| | - Manuel Castro de Moura
- aScidea Computational Biology Solutions, S.L. Parc de Reserca UAB, Edifici Eureka. 08193 Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallés), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Dicenta
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), PO Box 164, E-30100 Espinardo (Murcia) Spain
| | - Pedro Martínez-Gómez
- Department of Plant Breeding, Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CEBAS-CSIC), PO Box 164, E-30100 Espinardo (Murcia) Spain
- * E-mail:
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