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Acuff JC, Wu J, Marik C, Waterman K, Gallagher D, Huang H, Williams RC, Ponder MA. Thermal inactivation of Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, and a surrogate (Pediococcus acidilactici) on raisins, apricot halves, and macadamia nuts using vacuum-steam pasteurization. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 333:108814. [PMID: 32805576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella, Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC), and Listeria monocytogenes have been isolated from low water activity foods (LWAF), where they may survive for extended periods. The ready-to-eat nature of many LWAF, such as dried fruits and nuts, warrants effective post-harvest thermal treatment for the reduction of pathogens such as low-temperature, saturated steam, also known as vacuum-assisted steam pasteurization. The objective of this study was to determine reductions of Salmonella, STEC, L. monocytogenes, and a possible surrogate (Pediococcus acidilactici) on dried apricot halves, whole macadamia nuts, and raisins after treatment with vacuum-assisted steam at three temperatures (62 °C, 72 °C, or 82 °C) and multiple time intervals. Bacterial inactivation was variable between commodities, with higher temperatures and longer times necessary to achieve comparable reductions of pathogens on apricot halves and macadamia nuts compared to raisins. Reductions of the tested pathogens were comparable; therefore, one species was not more resistant than the others. Pathogens were reduced by 5-log CFU/g on apricot halves after 20 min at 72 °C and after 5 min at 82 °C. Longer treatment times were necessary to achieve reductions of each pathogen on macadamia nuts. Pathogens were reduced by nearly 5 log CFU/g on macadamia nuts after 38 min at 72 °C (4.6-6.5 log CFU/g) and after 12 min at 82 °C (4.9-5.7 log CFU/g). Reductions of pathogens on raisins were achieved at lower temperatures than necessary for the other foods. A 5-log reduction for each of the pathogens (CFU/g) on raisins occurred after 20 min at 62 °C and after 5 min at 72 °C. Overall, the reductions of the pathogens exceeded those of P. acidilactici on both the dried fruits and macadamia nuts. Statistically significant differences, indicating greater confidence as a conservative surrogate, were observed at lower treatment temperatures. Inactivation kinetics were modeled for each pathogen on each food type and temperature. Bacterial survival was best described by the Weibull model for raisins and macadamia nuts, while the Gompertz model best described reductions on apricot halves according to Akaike information criterion (AIC) and root-mean-square error (RMSE) evaluations. Water activity and moisture content were increased due to the treatments, which could be addressed through implementation of drying steps. Thermal inactivation kinetic models and 5-log reduction parameters can help food processors design and evaluate similar vacuum-assisted steam interventions to comply with FSMA regulations and preventive control plans. However, results or model predictions should not be extrapolated to assume the safety of other types of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Acuff
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jian Wu
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Claire Marik
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Kim Waterman
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Daniel Gallagher
- Virginia Tech, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, 409 Durham Hall, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Haibo Huang
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Robert C Williams
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Monica A Ponder
- Virginia Tech, Food Science and Technology, 1230 Washington St., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Yin LF, Du SF, Chaisiri C, Cheewangkoon R, Luo CX. Phylogenetic Analysis and Fungicide Baseline Sensitivities of Monilia mumecola in China. Plant Dis 2019; 103:2231-2236. [PMID: 31241409 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-18-1953-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Monilia mumecola is one of the causal agents of peach brown rot in China. In this study, M. mumecola isolates from different locations and hosts were used to analyze the genetic diversity and to assay the sensitivity to four generally used fungicides: carbendazim, tebuconazole, azoxystrobin, and boscalid. Results showed that isolates from different locations tended to be separated. Interestingly, isolates from different hosts (e.g., peach and apricot) at the same locations generally clustered together, indicating that the M. mumecola isolates may infect different hosts in the same areas. The fungicide sensitivity assay of 93 M. mumecola isolates showed that the average effective concentration for 50% mycelial growth inhibition values for carbendazim, tebuconazole, azoxystrobin, and boscalid were 0.103, 0.034, 0.325, and 0.419 µg/ml, respectively. The sensitivity distributions of the tested isolates to the four fungicides showed continuous unimodal curves, indicating no qualitative shift of resistance. No significant difference of sensitivity to tested fungicides was observed among isolates from either different locations or different hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Yin
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, and Experimental Teaching Center of Crop Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - S F Du
- College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - C Chaisiri
- College of Plant Science and Technology and the Key Lab of Crop Disease Monitoring & Safety Control in Hubei Province, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - R Cheewangkoon
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - C X Luo
- Key Lab of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, and College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Omrani M, Roth M, Roch G, Blanc A, Morris CE, Audergon JM. Genome-wide association multi-locus and multi-variate linear mixed models reveal two linked loci with major effects on partial resistance of apricot to bacterial canker. BMC Plant Biol 2019; 19:31. [PMID: 30665361 PMCID: PMC6341767 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-019-1631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diseases caused by Pseudomonas syringae (Ps) are recognized as the most damaging factors in fruit trees with a significant economic and sanitary impact on crops. Among them, bacterial canker of apricot is exceedingly difficult to control due to a lack of efficient prophylactic measures. Several sources of partial resistance have been identified among genetic resources but the underlying genetic pattern has not been elucidated thus far. In this study, we phenotyped bacterial canker susceptibility in an apricot core-collection of 73 accessions over 4 years by measuring canker and superficial browning lengths issued from artificial inoculations in the orchard. In order to investigate the genetic architecture of partial resistance, we performed a genome-wide association study using best linear unbiased predictors on genetic (G) and genetic x year (G × Y) interaction effects extracted from linear mixed models. Using a set of 63,236 single-nucleotide polymorphism markers genotyped in the germplasm over the whole genome, multi-locus and multi-variate mixed models aimed at mapping the resistance while controlling for relatedness between individuals. RESULTS We detected 11 significant associations over 7 candidate loci linked to disease resistance under the two most severe years. Colocalizations between G and G × Y terms indicated a modulation on allelic effect depending on environmental conditions. Among the candidate loci, two loci on chromosomes 5 and 6 had a high impact on both canker length and superficial browning, explaining 41 and 26% of the total phenotypic variance, respectively. We found unexpected long-range linkage disequilibrium (LD) between these two markers revealing an inter-chromosomal LD block linking the two underlying genes. This result supports the hypothesis of a co-adaptation effect due to selection through population demography. Candidate genes annotations suggest a functional pathway involving abscisic acid, a hormone mainly known for mediating abiotic stress responses but also reported as a potential factor in plant-pathogen interactions. CONCLUSIONS Our study contributed to the first detailed characterization of the genetic determinants of partial resistance to bacterial canker in a Rosaceae species. It provided tools for fruit tree breeding by identifying progenitors with favorable haplotypes and by providing major-effect markers for a marker-assisted selection strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariem Omrani
- INRA, UR1052 Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Recherche PACA, Montfavet, France
- INRA, UR407 Pathologie Végétale, Centre de Recherche PACA, Montfavet, France
- ENGREF, AgroParisTech, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Roth
- INRA, UR1052 Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Recherche PACA, Montfavet, France
- Present Address: Agroscope, Research Division Plant Breeding, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Roch
- INRA, UR1052 Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Recherche PACA, Montfavet, France
- CEP Innovation, Lyon, France
| | - Alain Blanc
- INRA, UR1052 Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Recherche PACA, Montfavet, France
| | - Cindy E. Morris
- INRA, UR407 Pathologie Végétale, Centre de Recherche PACA, Montfavet, France
| | - Jean-Marc Audergon
- INRA, UR1052 Génétique et Amélioration des Fruits et Légumes, Centre de Recherche PACA, Montfavet, France
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Wu J, Sabag-Daigle A, Metz TO, Deatherage Kaiser BL, Gopalan V, Behrman EJ, Wysocki VH, Ahmer BMM. Measurement of Fructose-Asparagine Concentrations in Human and Animal Foods. J Agric Food Chem 2018; 66:212-217. [PMID: 29232127 PMCID: PMC6191295 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The food-borne bacterial pathogen, Salmonella enterica, can utilize fructose-asparagine (F-Asn) as its sole carbon and nitrogen source. F-Asn is the product of an Amadori rearrangement following the nonenzymatic condensation of glucose and asparagine. Heating converts F-Asn via complex Maillard reactions to a variety of molecules that contribute to the color, taste, and aroma of heated foods. Among these end derivatives is acrylamide, which is present in some foods, especially in fried potatoes. The F-Asn utilization pathway in Salmonella, specifically FraB, is a potential drug target because inhibition of this enzyme would lead to intoxication of Salmonella in the presence of F-Asn. However, F-Asn would need to be packaged with the FraB inhibitor or available in human foods. To determine if there are foods that have sufficient F-Asn, we measured F-Asn concentrations in a variety of human and animal foods. The 400 pmol/mg F-Asn found in mouse chow is sufficient to intoxicate a Salmonella fraB mutant in mouse models of salmonellosis, and several human foods were found to have F-Asn at this level or higher (fresh apricots, lettuce, asparagus, and canned peaches). Much higher concentrations (11 000-35 000 pmol/mg dry weight) were found in heat-dried apricots, apples, and asparagus. This report reveals possible origins of F-Asn as a nutrient source for Salmonella and identifies foods that could be used together with a FraB inhibitor as a therapeutic agent for Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jikang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Anice Sabag-Daigle
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Thomas O. Metz
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland 99352, Washington, United States
| | - Brooke L. Deatherage Kaiser
- Signature Sciences and Technology Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland 99352, Washington, United States
| | - Venkat Gopalan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Edward J. Behrman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Vicki H. Wysocki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Corresponding Authors:; Phone: 614-292-8687. ; Phone: 614-292-1919
| | - Brian M. M. Ahmer
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
- Corresponding Authors:; Phone: 614-292-8687. ; Phone: 614-292-1919
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Alburquerque N, Faize L, Burgos L. Silencing of Agrobacterium tumefaciens oncogenes ipt and iaaM induces resistance to crown gall disease in plum but not in apricot. Pest Manag Sci 2017; 73:2163-2173. [PMID: 28449201 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, two vectors with short-length chimeric transgenes were used to produce Prunus rootstocks resistant to crown gall disease through RNA-interference-mediated gene silencing of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens oncogenes ipt and iaaM. RESULTS Transgenic plum and apricot lines were produced with efficiencies of up to 7.7 and 1.1% respectively. An in vitro evaluation method allowed identification of susceptible lines and reduction in the number of lines to be evaluated in the greenhouse. Five transgenic plum lines, expressing transgene-derived small interfering RNA (siRNA) and low levels of transgene hairpin RNA (hpRNA), showed a significant reduction in the development of the disease after infection with Agrobacterium strains C58 and A281 under greenhouse conditions. However, unexpectedly, all transgenic apricot lines were gall susceptible. The infection of apricot plants with a binary vector containing only the 6b oncogene demonstrated that the expression of this gene is involved in the induction of tumours in the apricot species. CONCLUSION RNAi-mediated gene silencing can be used for inducing crown gall resistance in plum rootstocks. These could be used to graft non-genetically modified commercial fruit cultivars reducing, or eliminating, the disease symptoms. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Alburquerque
- Grupo de Biotecnología de Frutales, Departamento de Mejora Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lydia Faize
- Grupo de Biotecnología de Frutales, Departamento de Mejora Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Burgos
- Grupo de Biotecnología de Frutales, Departamento de Mejora Vegetal, CEBAS-CSIC, Murcia, Spain
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Mittelberger C, Yalcinkaya H, Pichler C, Gasser J, Scherzer G, Erhart T, Schumacher S, Holzner B, Janik K, Robatscher P, Müller T, Kräutler B, Oberhuber M. Pathogen-Induced Leaf Chlorosis: Products of Chlorophyll Breakdown Found in Degreened Leaves of Phytoplasma-Infected Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Trees Relate to the Pheophorbide a Oxygenase/Phyllobilin Pathway. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:2651-2660. [PMID: 28267924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmoses such as apple proliferation (AP) and European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) cause severe economic losses in fruit production. A common symptom of both phytoplasma diseases is early yellowing or leaf chlorosis. Even though chlorosis is a well-studied symptom of biotic and abiotic stresses, its biochemical pathways are hardly known. In particular, in this context, a potential role of the senescence-related pheophorbide a oxygenase/phyllobilin (PaO/PB) pathway is elusive, which degrades chlorophyll (Chl) to phyllobilins (PBs), most notably to colorless nonfluorescent Chl catabolites (NCCs). In this work, we identified the Chl catabolites in extracts of healthy senescent apple and apricot leaves. In extracts of apple tree leaves, a total of 12 Chl catabolites were detected, and in extracts of leaves of the apricot tree 16 Chl catabolites were found. The seven major NCC fractions in the leaves of both fruit tree species were identical and displayed known structures. All of the major Chl catabolites were also found in leaf extracts from AP- or ESFY-infected trees, providing the first evidence that the PaO/PB pathway is relevant also for pathogen-induced chlorosis. This work supports the hypothesis that Chl breakdown in senescence and phytoplasma infection proceeds via a common pathway in some members of the Rosaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mittelberger
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Hacer Yalcinkaya
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christa Pichler
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Johanna Gasser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Scherzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Theresia Erhart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandra Schumacher
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Barbara Holzner
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Katrin Janik
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
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