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Mittelberger C, Moser M, Hause B, Janik K. 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' SAP11-Like protein modulates expression of genes involved in energy production, photosynthesis, and defense in Nicotiana occidentalis leaves. BMC Plant Biol 2024; 24:393. [PMID: 38741080 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05087-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali', the causal agent of apple proliferation disease, exerts influence on its host plant through various effector proteins, including SAP11CaPm which interacts with different TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/ CYCLOIDEA/ PROLIFERATING CELL FACTOR 1 and 2 (TCP) transcription factors. This study examines the transcriptional response of the plant upon early expression of SAP11CaPm. For that purpose, leaves of Nicotiana occidentalis H.-M. Wheeler were Agrobacterium-infiltrated to induce transient expression of SAP11CaPm and changes in the transcriptome were recorded until 5 days post infiltration. RESULTS The RNA-seq analysis revealed that presence of SAP11CaPm in leaves leads to downregulation of genes involved in defense response and related to photosynthetic processes, while expression of genes involved in energy production was enhanced. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that early SAP11CaPm expression might be important for the colonization of the host plant since phytoplasmas lack many metabolic genes and are thus dependent on metabolites from their host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mittelberger
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Group of Functional Genomics, Laimburg Research Centre, Pfatten (Vadena), South Tyrol, 39051, Italy
| | - Mirko Moser
- Department of Genomics and Biology of Fruit Crops, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele All'Adige, Trentino, 39098, Italy
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120, Halle (Saale), Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Katrin Janik
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Group of Functional Genomics, Laimburg Research Centre, Pfatten (Vadena), South Tyrol, 39051, Italy.
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Mittelberger C, Hause B, Janik K. The 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' effector protein SAP11CaPm interacts with MdTCP16, a class II CYC/TB1 transcription factor that is highly expressed during phytoplasma infection. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272467. [PMID: 36520844 PMCID: PMC9754288 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali', is a bacterial pathogen associated with the so-called apple proliferation disease in Malus × domestica. The pathogen manipulates its host with a set of effector proteins, among them SAP11CaPm, which shares similarity to SAP11AYWB from 'Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris'. SAP11AYWB interacts and destabilizes the class II CIN transcription factors of Arabidopsis thaliana, namely AtTCP4 and AtTCP13 as well as the class II CYC/TB1 transcription factor AtTCP18, also known as BRANCHED1 being an important factor for shoot branching. It has been shown that SAP11CaPm interacts with the Malus × domestica orthologues of AtTCP4 (MdTCP25) and AtTCP13 (MdTCP24), but an interaction with MdTCP16, the orthologue of AtTCP18, has never been proven. The aim of this study was to investigate this potential interaction and close a knowledge gap regarding the function of SAP11CaPm. A Yeast two-hybrid test and Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation in planta revealed that SAP11CaPm interacts with MdTCP16. MdTCP16 is known to play a role in the control of the seasonal growth of perennial plants and an increase of MdTCP16 gene expression has been detected in apple leaves in autumn. In addition to this, MdTCP16 is highly expressed during phytoplasma infection. Binding of MdTCP16 by SAP11CaPm might lead to the induction of shoot proliferation and early bud break, both of which are characteristic symptoms of apple proliferation disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mittelberger
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Group of Functional Genomics, Research Centre Laimburg, Pfatten (Vadena), South Tyrol, Italy
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Saxony-Anhalt, Germany
| | - Katrin Janik
- Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Group of Functional Genomics, Research Centre Laimburg, Pfatten (Vadena), South Tyrol, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Mittelberger C, Obkircher L, Oberkofler V, Ianeselli A, Kerschbamer C, Gallmetzer A, Reyes-Dominguez Y, Letschka T, Janik K. Development of a universal endogenous qPCR control for eukaryotic DNA samples. Plant Methods 2020; 16:53. [PMID: 32322292 PMCID: PMC7160944 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-020-00597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytoplasma are obligate intracellular plant-pathogenic bacteria that infect a broad range of plant species and are transmitted by different insect species. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is one of the most commonly used techniques for pathogen detection, especially for pathogens that cannot be cultivated outside their host like phytoplasma. PCR analysis requires the purification of total DNA from the sample and subsequent amplification of pathogen DNA with specific primers. The purified DNA contains mainly host DNA and only a marginal proportion is of phytoplasmal origin. Therefore, detection of phytoplasma DNA in a host DNA background must be sensitive, specific and reliable and is highly dependent on the quality and concentration of the purified DNA. DNA quality and concentration and the presence of PCR-inhibitors therefore have a direct impact on pathogen detection. Thus, it is indispensable for PCR-based diagnostic tests to validate the DNA preparation and DNA integrity before interpreting diagnostic results, especially in case that no pathogen DNA is detected. The use of an internal control allows to evaluate DNA integrity and the detection of PCR-inhibiting substances. Internal controls are generally host-specific or limited to a defined group of related species. A control suitable for the broad range of phytoplasma hosts comprising different insect and plant species is still missing. RESULTS We developed a primer and probe combination that allows amplification of a conserved stretch of the eukaryotic 28S rDNA gene. The developed endogenous qPCR control serves as a DNA quality control and allows the analysis of different eukaryotic host species, including plants, insects, fish, fungi, mammals and human with a single primer/probe set in single- or multiplex assays. CONCLUSIONS Quality and performance control is indispensable for pathogen detection by qPCR. Several plant pathogens are transmitted by insects and have a broad range of host species. The newly developed endogenous control can be used with all so far tested eukaryotic species and since multiplexing is possible, the described primer and probe set can be easily combined with other PCR-based pathogen detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mittelberger
- Applied Genomics and Molecular Biology, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Pfatten, Italy
| | - Lisa Obkircher
- Applied Genomics and Molecular Biology, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Pfatten, Italy
| | - Vicky Oberkofler
- Applied Genomics and Molecular Biology, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Pfatten, Italy
| | - Alan Ianeselli
- Applied Genomics and Molecular Biology, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Pfatten, Italy
| | - Christine Kerschbamer
- Applied Genomics and Molecular Biology, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Pfatten, Italy
| | - Andreas Gallmetzer
- Virology and Diagnostics, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Pfatten, Italy
| | - Yazmid Reyes-Dominguez
- Virology and Diagnostics, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Pfatten, Italy
| | - Thomas Letschka
- Applied Genomics and Molecular Biology, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Pfatten, Italy
| | - Katrin Janik
- Applied Genomics and Molecular Biology, Institute for Plant Health, Laimburg Research Centre, Pfatten, Italy
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Mittelberger C, Stellmach H, Hause B, Kerschbamer C, Schlink K, Letschka T, Janik K. A Novel Effector Protein of Apple Proliferation Phytoplasma Disrupts Cell Integrity of Nicotiana spp. Protoplasts. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E4613. [PMID: 31540359 PMCID: PMC6770106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Effector proteins play an important role in the virulence of plant pathogens such as phytoplasma, which are the causative agents of hundreds of different plant diseases. The plant hosts comprise economically relevant crops such as apples (Malus × domestica), which can be infected by 'Candidatus Phytoplasma mali' (P. mali), a highly genetically dynamic plant pathogen. As the result of the genetic and functional analyses in this study, a new putative P. mali effector protein was revealed. The so-called "Protein in Malus Expressed 2" (PME2), which is expressed in apples during P. mali infection but not in the insect vector, shows regional genetic differences. In a heterologous expression assay using Nicotiana benthamiana and Nicotiana occidentalis mesophyll protoplasts, translocation of both PME2 variants in the cell nucleus was observed. Overexpression of the effector protein affected cell integrity in Nicotiana spp. protoplasts, indicating a potential role of this protein in pathogenic virulence. Interestingly, the two genetic variants of PME2 differ regarding their potential to manipulate cell integrity. However, the exact function of PME2 during disease manifestation and symptom development remains to be further elucidated. Aside from the first description of the function of a novel effector of P. mali, the results of this study underline the necessity for a more comprehensive description and understanding of the genetic diversity of P. mali as an indispensable basis for a functional understanding of apple proliferation disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mittelberger
- Applied Genomics and Molecular Biology, Laimburg Research Centre, 39040 Auer/Ora (BZ), Italy.
| | - Hagen Stellmach
- Jasmonate Function & Mycorrhiza, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Bettina Hause
- Jasmonate Function & Mycorrhiza, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, 06120 Halle, Germany.
| | - Christine Kerschbamer
- Applied Genomics and Molecular Biology, Laimburg Research Centre, 39040 Auer/Ora (BZ), Italy.
| | - Katja Schlink
- Applied Genomics and Molecular Biology, Laimburg Research Centre, 39040 Auer/Ora (BZ), Italy.
| | - Thomas Letschka
- Applied Genomics and Molecular Biology, Laimburg Research Centre, 39040 Auer/Ora (BZ), Italy.
| | - Katrin Janik
- Applied Genomics and Molecular Biology, Laimburg Research Centre, 39040 Auer/Ora (BZ), Italy.
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Janik K, Stellmach H, Mittelberger C, Hause B. Characterization of Phytoplasmal Effector Protein Interaction with Proteinaceous Plant Host Targets Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (BiFC). Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1875:321-331. [PMID: 30362014 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8837-2_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying plant disease development has become an important aspect of phytoplasma research in the last years. Especially unraveling the function of phytoplasma effector proteins has gained interesting insights into phytoplasma-host interaction at the molecular level. Here, we describe how to analyze and visualize the interaction of a phytoplasma effector with its proteinaceous host partner using bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) in Nicotiana benthamiana mesophyll protoplasts. The protocol comprises a description of how to isolate protoplasts from leaves and how to transform these protoplasts with BiFC expression vectors containing the phytoplasma effector and the host interaction partner, respectively. If an interaction occurs, a fluorescent YFP-complex is reconstituted in the protoplast, which can be visualized using fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Janik
- Functional Genomics, Laimburg Research Centre, Auer/Ora (BZ), Italy.
| | - Hagen Stellmach
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
| | | | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle, Germany
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Erhart T, Mittelberger C, Liu X, Podewitz M, Li C, Scherzer G, Stoll G, Valls J, Robatscher P, Liedl KR, Oberhuber M, Kräutler B. Novel Types of Hypermodified Fluorescent Phyllobilins from Breakdown of Chlorophyll in Senescent Leaves of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Chemistry 2018; 24:17268-17279. [PMID: 30079972 PMCID: PMC6282590 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The tetrapyrrolic chlorophyll catabolites (or phyllobilins, PBs) were analyzed in yellow fall leaves of the grape Chardonnay, a common Vitis vinifera white wine cultivar. The major fractions in leaf extracts of V. vinifera, tentatively assigned to PBs, were isolated and their structures elucidated. The dominant fraction is a dioxobilin-type non-fluorescent Chl-catabolite of a previously observed type. Two less polar fluorescent PBs were characterized as a novel dioxobilin-type fluorescent Chl-catabolite with a bicyclo-1',6'-glycosyl architecture, and its new fluorescent formyloxobilin-type analogue. The discovery of persistent hypermodified fluorescent PBs with the architecture of bicyclo-[17.3.1]-PBs (bcPBs), suggests the activity of an unknown enzyme that forges the 20-membered macroring at the tetrapyrrolic core of a fluorescent PB. bcPBs may play specific physiological roles in grapevine plants and represent endogenous anti-infective agents, as found similarly for other organic bicyclo-[n.3.1]-1',6'-glycosyl derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Erhart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | | | - Xiujun Liu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
- Present address: Research Center of Analysis and TestEast China University of Science & TechnologyMeilong Rd 130200237ShanghaiChina
| | - Maren Podewitz
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry & Centre of, Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Chengjie Li
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
- Present address: Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials & Institute of, Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry & Molecular EngineeringEast China University of Science & TechnologyMeilong Rd 130200237ShanghaiChina
| | - Gerhard Scherzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Gertrud Stoll
- Laimburg Research CentreLaimburg 6-Pfatten (Vadena)39040Auer (Ora), BZItaly
| | - Josep Valls
- Laimburg Research CentreLaimburg 6-Pfatten (Vadena)39040Auer (Ora), BZItaly
- Present address: Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques, Unité de Recherche Enologie EA 4577Université de Bordeaux33882Villenave d'OrnonFrance
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laimburg Research CentreLaimburg 6-Pfatten (Vadena)39040Auer (Ora), BZItaly
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute of General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry & Centre of, Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laimburg Research CentreLaimburg 6-Pfatten (Vadena)39040Auer (Ora), BZItaly
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry & Centre of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/826020InnsbruckAustria
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Mittelberger C, Yalcinkaya H, Pichler C, Gasser J, Scherzer G, Erhart T, Schumacher S, Holzner B, Janik K, Robatscher P, Müller T, Kräutler B, Oberhuber M. Pathogen-Induced Leaf Chlorosis: Products of Chlorophyll Breakdown Found in Degreened Leaves of Phytoplasma-Infected Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) and Apricot (Prunus armeniaca L.) Trees Relate to the Pheophorbide a Oxygenase/Phyllobilin Pathway. J Agric Food Chem 2017; 65:2651-2660. [PMID: 28267924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b05501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Phytoplasmoses such as apple proliferation (AP) and European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) cause severe economic losses in fruit production. A common symptom of both phytoplasma diseases is early yellowing or leaf chlorosis. Even though chlorosis is a well-studied symptom of biotic and abiotic stresses, its biochemical pathways are hardly known. In particular, in this context, a potential role of the senescence-related pheophorbide a oxygenase/phyllobilin (PaO/PB) pathway is elusive, which degrades chlorophyll (Chl) to phyllobilins (PBs), most notably to colorless nonfluorescent Chl catabolites (NCCs). In this work, we identified the Chl catabolites in extracts of healthy senescent apple and apricot leaves. In extracts of apple tree leaves, a total of 12 Chl catabolites were detected, and in extracts of leaves of the apricot tree 16 Chl catabolites were found. The seven major NCC fractions in the leaves of both fruit tree species were identical and displayed known structures. All of the major Chl catabolites were also found in leaf extracts from AP- or ESFY-infected trees, providing the first evidence that the PaO/PB pathway is relevant also for pathogen-induced chlorosis. This work supports the hypothesis that Chl breakdown in senescence and phytoplasma infection proceeds via a common pathway in some members of the Rosaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Mittelberger
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Hacer Yalcinkaya
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Christa Pichler
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Johanna Gasser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gerhard Scherzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Theresia Erhart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Sandra Schumacher
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Barbara Holzner
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Katrin Janik
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular Biosciences, University of Innsbruck , Innrain 80/82, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laimburg Research Center , Laimburg 6 - Pfatten (Vadena), 39040 Auer (Ora), BZ, Italy
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Erhart T, Mittelberger C, Vergeiner C, Scherzer G, Holzner B, Robatscher P, Oberhuber M, Kräutler B. Chlorophyll Catabolites in Senescent Leaves of the Plum Tree (Prunus domestica). Chem Biodivers 2016; 13:1441-1453. [PMID: 27533340 PMCID: PMC5123584 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201600181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In cold extracts of senescent leaves of the plum tree (Prunus domestica ssp. domestica), six colorless non-fluorescent chlorophyll catabolites (NCCs) were characterized, named Pd-NCCs. In addition, several minor NCC fractions were tentatively classified. The structure of the most polar one of the NCCs, named Pd-NCC-32, featured an unprecedented twofold glycosidation pattern. Three of the NCCs are also functionalized at their 32 -position by a glucopyranosyl group. In addition, two of these glycosidated NCCs carry a dihydroxyethyl group at their 18-position. In the polar Pd-NCC-32, the latter group is further glycosidated at the terminal 182 -position. Four other major Pd-NCCs and one minor Pd-NCC were identified with five NCCs from higher plants known to belong to the 'epi'-series. In addition, tentative structures were derived for two minor fractions, classified as yellow chlorophyll catabolites, which represented (formal) oxidation products of two of the observed Pd-NCCs. The chlorophyll catabolites in leaves of plum feature the same basic structural pattern as those found in leaves of apple and pear trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresia Erhart
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
| | - Cecilia Mittelberger
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Clemens Vergeiner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
| | - Gerhard Scherzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
| | - Barbara Holzner
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Peter Robatscher
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Michael Oberhuber
- Laimburg Research Centre for Agriculture and ForestryLaimburg 6 – Pfatten (Vadena)IT‐39040Auer (Ora)BZ
| | - Bernhard Kräutler
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center of Molecular BiosciencesUniversity of InnsbruckInnrain 80/82AT‐6020Innsbruck
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