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Tiwari M, Kumar R, Subramanian S, Doherty CJ, Jagadish SVK. Auxin-cytokinin interplay shapes root functionality under low-temperature stress. Trends Plant Sci 2023; 28:447-459. [PMID: 36599768 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature stress alters root system architecture. In particular, changes in the levels and response to auxin and cytokinin determine the fate of root architecture and function under stress because of their vital roles in regulating root cell division, differentiation, and elongation. An intricate nexus of genes encoding components of auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis, signaling, and transport components operate to counteract stress and facilitate optimum development. We review the role of auxin transport and signaling and its regulation by cytokinin during root development and stem cell maintenance under low-temperature stress. We highlight intricate mechanisms operating in root stem cells to minimize DNA damage by altering phytohormone levels, and discuss a working model for cytokinin in low-temperatures stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Tiwari
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KA 66506, USA.
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KA 66506, USA
| | - Senthil Subramanian
- Department of Agronomy, Horticulture, and Plant Science, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57006, USA
| | - Colleen J Doherty
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - S V Krishna Jagadish
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KA 66506, USA; Department of Plant and Soil Science, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79410, USA.
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2
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Abstract
The extraordinary variety that characterizes the living world in terms of forms and structures is the result of natural selection that allows an organism to be in perfect harmony with its environmental niche. Once a specific shape is acquired, many different factors act together to guarantee phenotypic robustness and developmental stability of the organism. Among these factors, hormones play a key role in the regulation and coordination of growth - they control the activity of a single cell, the progression to tissue organization, the development of specific organs, ending with the development of the entire body. In plants, hormones acquire yet another important role - plants, due to their sessile nature, along with the quest for robust development, rely on plastic development to adapt growth to a changing environment. Plant hormones play a crucial role in sensing and responding to different environmental stimuli, translating these inputs into specific developmental changes that adapt the plant body to the environment. Here, we will focus on cytokinins - a unique class of plant hormones - giving clues on their metabolism, on how they are perceived by cells and how cells change their activity in response to it. Most of the data presented have been derived by studies conducted on Arabidopsis thaliana, a plant used as a model system in plant science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Svolacchia
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Via dei Sardi 70, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabrina Sabatini
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Model Systems, Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin", "La Sapienza" University of Rome, Via dei Sardi 70, Rome, Italy.
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3
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Martínková J, Motyka V, Bitomský M, Adamec L, Dobrev PI, Filartiga A, Filepová R, Gaudinová A, Lacek J, Klimešová J. What determines root-sprouting ability: Injury or phytohormones? Am J Bot 2023; 110:e16102. [PMID: 36371783 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Root-sprouting (RS) is an evolutionarily independent alternative to axillary stem branching for a plant to attain its architecture. Root-sprouting plants are better adapted to disturbance than non-RS plants, and their vigor is frequently boosted by biomass removal. Nevertheless, RS plants are rarer than plants that are not root-sprouters, possibly because they must overcome developmental barriers such as intrinsic phytohormonal balance or because RS ability is conditioned by injury to the plant body. The objective of this study was to identify whether phytohormones or injury enable RS. METHODS In a greenhouse experiment, growth variables, root respiration, and phytohormones were analyzed in two closely related clonal herbs that differ in RS ability (spontaneously RS Inula britannica and rhizomatous non-RS I. salicina) with and without severe biomass removal. RESULTS As previously reported, I. britannica is a root-sprouter, but injury did not boost its RS ability. Root respiration did not differ between the two species and decreased continuously with time irrespectively of injury, but their phytohormone profiles differed significantly. In RS species, the auxins-to-cytokinins ratio was low, and injury further decreased it. CONCLUSIONS This first attempt to test drivers behind different plant growth forms suggests that intrinsic phytohormone regulation, especially the auxins-to-cytokinins ratio, might be behind RS ability. Injury, causing a phytohormonal imbalance, seems to be less important in spontaneously RS species than expected for RS species in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Martínková
- Department of Experimental and Functional Morphology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, CZ-379 82, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Motyka
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Bitomský
- Department of Experimental and Functional Morphology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, CZ-379 82, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 241/27, CZ-783 71, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomír Adamec
- Department of Experimental and Functional Morphology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, CZ-379 82, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Peter I Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Arinawa Filartiga
- Department of Experimental and Functional Morphology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, CZ-379 82, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Roberta Filepová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Gaudinová
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Lacek
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Klimešová
- Department of Experimental and Functional Morphology, Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dukelská 135, CZ-379 82, Třeboň, Czech Republic
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, CZ-128 01 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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Wakamatsu A, Mori IC, Matsuura T, Taniwaki Y, Ishii R, Yoshida R. Possible roles for phytohormones in controlling the stomatal behavior of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum during the salt-induced transition from C 3 to crassulacean acid metabolism. J Plant Physiol 2021; 262:153448. [PMID: 34058643 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2021.153448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The halophyte ice plant (Mesembryanthemum crystallinum) converts its mode of photosynthesis from C3 to crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) during severe water stress. During the transition to CAM, the plant induces CAM-related genes and changes its diurnal stomatal behavior to take up CO2 efficiently at night. However, limited information concerning this signaling exists. Here, we investigated the changes in the diurnal stomatal behavior of M. crystallinum during its shift in photosynthesis using a detached epidermis. M. crystallinum plants grown under C3 conditions opened their stomata during the day and closed them at night. However, CAM-induced plants closed their stomata during the day and opened them at night. Quantitative analysis of endogenous phytohormones revealed that trans-zeatin levels were high in CAM-induced plants. In contrast, the levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and JA-isoleucine were severely reduced in CAM-induced plants, specifically at night. CAM induction did not alter the levels of abscisic acid; however, inhibitors of abscisic acid synthesis suppressed CAM-induced stomatal closure. These results indicate that M. crystallinum regulates the diurnal balance of cytokinin and JA during CAM transition to alter stomatal behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Wakamatsu
- Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Izumi C Mori
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Takakazu Matsuura
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1, Chuo, Kurashiki, 710-0046, Japan
| | - Yuichi Taniwaki
- Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Ryotaro Ishii
- Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan
| | - Riichiro Yoshida
- Laboratory of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, 1-21-24 Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, Kagoshima, 890-0065, Japan.
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5
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Li G, Tan M, Ma J, Cheng F, Li K, Liu X, Zhao C, Zhang D, Xing L, Ren X, Han M, An N. Molecular mechanism of MdWUS2-MdTCP12 interaction in mediating cytokinin signaling to control axillary bud outgrowth. J Exp Bot 2021; 72:4822-4838. [PMID: 34113976 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Shoot branching is an important factor that influences the architecture of apple trees and cytokinin is known to promote axillary bud outgrowth. The cultivar 'Fuji', which is grown on ~75% of the apple-producing area in China, exhibits poor natural branching. The TEOSINTE BRANCHED1/CYCLOIDEA/PCF (TCP) family genes BRANCHED1/2 (BRC1/2) are involved in integrating diverse factors that function locally to inhibit shoot branching; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the cytokinin-mediated promotion of branching that involves the repression of BRC1/2 remains unclear. In this study, we found that apple WUSCHEL2 (MdWUS2), which interacts with the co-repressor TOPLESS-RELATED9 (MdTPR9), is activated by cytokinin and regulates branching by inhibiting the activity of MdTCP12 (a BRC2 homolog). Overexpressing MdWUS2 in Arabidopsis or Nicotiana benthamiana resulted in enhanced branching. Overexpression of MdTCP12 inhibited axillary bud outgrowth in Arabidopsis, indicating that it contributes to the regulation of branching. In addition, we found that MdWUS2 interacted with MdTCP12 in vivo and in vitro and suppressed the ability of MdTCP12 to activate the transcription of its target gene, HOMEOBOX PROTEIN 53b (MdHB53b). Our results therefore suggest that MdWUS2 is involved in the cytokinin-mediated inhibition of MdTCP12 that controls bud outgrowth, and hence provide new insights into the regulation of shoot branching by cytokinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guofang Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Ming Tan
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China
| | - Juanjuan Ma
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fang Cheng
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ke Li
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaojie Liu
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Caiping Zhao
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Libo Xing
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaolin Ren
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Mingyu Han
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Na An
- College of Life Science, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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Cui Q, Xie L, Dong C, Gao L, Shang Q. Stage-specific events in tomato graft formation and the regulatory effects of auxin and cytokinin. Plant Sci 2021; 304:110803. [PMID: 33568302 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2020.110803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Grafting is widely used worldwide because of its obvious advantages, especially in solanaceous vegetable crops. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying graft formation are unknown. In this study, internode tissues from above and below the graft junction were harvested, and we performed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to describe the temporal and spatial transcriptional dynamics that occur during graft formation in tomato. The wounding stress response involved in JA, ETH, and oxylipins mainly occurred at 1 h after grafting (HAG). From 3 to 12 HAG, the biological processes of snRNA and snoRNA modification and the gibberellin-mediated signaling pathway functioned both above and below the graft junction. However, auxin transport and signaling, DNA replication, and xylem and phloem pattern formation were restricted to the scion, whereas the cytokinin-activated signaling pathway and the cellular response to sucrose starvation was restricted to the rootstock. At 24-72 HAG, cell division occurred above the graft junction, and photosynthesis-related pathways were activated below the graft junction. The levels of auxin and cytokinin reached their maxima above and below the graft junction at 12 HAG, respectively. Exogenous application of certain concentrations of IAA and 6-BA will promote xylem and phloem transport capacity. The current work has analyzed the stage-specific events and hub genes during the developmental progression of tomato grafting. We found that auxin and cytokinin levels respond to grafting, above and below the graft junction, respectively, to promote the formation of xylem and phloem patterning. In addition, the accumulation of auxin above the graft junction induced cells to prepare for mitosis and promoted the formation of callus. In short, our work provides an important reference for theoretical research and production application of tomato grafting in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Cui
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lulu Xie
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chunjuan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Lihong Gao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Growth and Developmental Regulation for Protected Vegetable Crops, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingmao Shang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Crop Biology and Germplasm Innovation (Ministry of Agriculture), Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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7
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Sakakibara H. Cytokinin biosynthesis and transport for systemic nitrogen signaling. Plant J 2021; 105:421-430. [PMID: 33015901 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The plasticity of growth and development in response to environmental changes is one of the essential aspects of plant behavior. Cytokinins play an important role as signaling molecules in the long-distance communication between organs in systemic growth regulation in response to nitrogen. The spatial distribution of the expression sites of cytokinin biosynthesis genes leads to structural differences in the molecular species transported through the xylem and phloem, giving root-borne trans-hydroxylated cytokinins, namely trans-zeatin (tZ) type, a specialized efficacy in regulating shoot growth. Furthermore, root-to-shoot translocation via the xylem, tZ, and its precursor, the tZ riboside, controls different sets of shoot growth traits to fine-tune shoot growth in response to nitrogen availability. In addition to nitrogen, photosynthetically generated sugars positively regulate de novo cytokinin biosynthesis in the roots, and contribute to plant growth under elevated CO2 conditions. In shoot-to-root signaling, cytokinins also play a role in the regulation of nutrient acquisition and root system growth in cooperation with other types of signaling molecules, such as C-TERMINALLY ENCODED PEPTIDE DOWNSTREAMs. As cytokinin is a key regulator for the maintenance of shoot apical meristem, deepening our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of cytokinin biosynthesis and transport in response to nitrogen is important not only for basic comprehension of plant growth, but also to ensure the stability of agricultural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Sakakibara
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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8
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Fenn MA, Giovannoni JJ. Phytohormones in fruit development and maturation. Plant J 2021; 105:446-458. [PMID: 33274492 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Phytohormones are integral to the regulation of fruit development and maturation. This review expands upon current understanding of the relationship between hormone signaling and fruit development, emphasizing fleshy fruit and highlighting recent work in the model crop tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and additional species. Fruit development comprises fruit set initiation, growth, and maturation and ripening. Fruit set transpires after fertilization and is associated with auxin and gibberellic acid (GA) signaling. Interaction between auxin and GAs, as well as other phytohormones, is mediated by auxin-responsive Aux/IAA and ARF proteins. Fruit growth consists of cell division and expansion, the former shown to be influenced by auxin signaling. While regulation of cell expansion is less thoroughly understood, evidence indicates synergistic regulation via both auxin and GAs, with input from additional hormones. Fruit maturation, a transitional phase that precipitates ripening, occurs when auxin and GA levels subside with a concurrent rise in abscisic acid (ABA) and ethylene. During fruit ripening, ethylene plays a clear role in climacteric fruits, whereas non-climacteric ripening is generally associated with ABA. Recent evidence indicates varying requirements for both hormones within both ripening physiologies, suggesting rebalancing and specification of roles for common regulators rather than reliance upon one. Numerous recent discoveries pertaining to the molecular basis of hormonal activity and crosstalk are discussed, while we also note that many questions remain such as the molecular basis of additional hormonal activities, the role of epigenome changes, and how prior discoveries translate to the plethora of angiosperm species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Fenn
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Section of Plant Breeding and Genetics, School of Integrative Plant Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service and Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Cornell University campus, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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Cattani AM, da Silveira Falavigna V, Silveira CP, Buffon V, Dos Santos Maraschin F, Pasquali G, Revers LF. Type-B cytokinin response regulators link hormonal stimuli and molecular responses during the transition from endo- to ecodormancy in apple buds. Plant Cell Rep 2020; 39:1687-1703. [PMID: 32959122 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02595-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinin together with MdoBRR1, MdoBRR8 and MdoBRR10 genes participate in the downregulation of MdoDAM1, contributing to the transition from endo- to ecodormancy in apple buds. The final step of cytokinin (CK) signaling pathway culminates in the activation of type-B response regulators (BRRs), important transcriptional factors in the modulation of CK-responsive genes. In this study, we performed a genome-wide analysis aiming to identify apple BRR family members and understand their involvement in bud dormancy control. The investigation identified ten MdoBRR protein-coding genes. A higher expression of three MdoBRR (MdoBRR1, MdoBRR9 and MdoBRR10) was observed in dormant buds in comparison to other developmental stages. Interestingly, in ecodormant buds these three MdoBRR genes were upregulated in a CK-dependent manner. Transcription profiles, determined during dormancy cycle under field and artificially controlled conditions, revealed that MdoBRR1 and MdoBRR8 played important roles in the transition from endo- to ecodormancy, probably mediated by endogenous CK stimuli. The expression of MdoBRR7, MdoBRR9, and MdoBRR10 was induced in ecodormant buds exposed to warm temperatures, indicating a putative role in growth resumption after chilling requirement fulfillment. Contrasting expression patternsin vivo between MdoBRRs and MdoDAM1, an essential dormancy establishment regulator, were observed during dormancy cycle and in CK-treated buds. Thereafter, in vivo transactivation assays showed that CK stimuli combined with transient overexpression of MdoBRR1, MdoBRR8, and MdoBRR10 resulted in downregulation of the reporter gene gusA driven by the MdoDAM1 promoter. These pieces of evidences point to the integration of CK-triggered responses through MdoBRRs that are able to downregulate MdoDAM1, contributing to dormancy release in apple.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Malvessi Cattani
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vanessa Buffon
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Giancarlo Pasquali
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luís Fernando Revers
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Center for Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Embrapa Uva e Vinho, Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil.
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Zhu Y, Jiang X, Zhang J, He Y, Zhu X, Zhou X, Gong H, Yin J, Liu Y. Silicon confers cucumber resistance to salinity stress through regulation of proline and cytokinins. Plant Physiol Biochem 2020; 156:209-220. [PMID: 32977177 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress is a continuous threat to global crop production. Here, we studied the alleviation role of exogenous silicon (Si) in NaCl-stressed cucumber, with special emphasis on plant growth, proline (Pro) and hormone metabolisms. The results showed that Si supplementation ameliorated the adverse effects of NaCl on plants growth, biomass, and oxidative stress. Salt stress greatly increased the content of Pro throughout the experiment, while Si regulated Pro content in two distinct ways. Si promoted the salt-induced Pro levels after 3 and 6 days of treatment, but decreased it after 9 and 12 days of treatment. Moreover, P5CS and ProDH activities and P5CS gene play important roles in Si and salt-regulated Pro levels in different stress phase. Under stress condition, Si addition tend to revert the content of ABA, IAA, cytokinin and SA to the control levels in most cases. Further correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between the root cytokinin and Pro content after 3 days of treatment, suggesting the interaction between cytokinin and Pro metabolism. Exogenous application of Pro and ProDH competitive inhibitor D-Lactate confirmed the possible interplay between Pro and cytokinin metabolism. Further study identified several CKX (Csa4G647490 and Csa1G589070) and IPT (Csa7G392940 and Csa3G150100) genes that may be responsible for the regulation of cytokinin accumulation by Si and/or Pro after short-term of treatment. The results suggested that Pro is a key factor in Si-induced salt tolerance, and Si-increased Pro content may participate in the regulation of cytokinin metabolism under short-term of salt stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxing Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
| | - Xinchen Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
| | - Jian Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
| | - Yang He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
| | - Xiongmeng Zhu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
| | - Xiaokang Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
| | - Haijun Gong
- College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Junliang Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
| | - Yiqing Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Waterlogging Disaster and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434000, China.
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11
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Lin J, Frank M, Reid D. No Home without Hormones: How Plant Hormones Control Legume Nodule Organogenesis. Plant Commun 2020; 1:100104. [PMID: 33367261 PMCID: PMC7747975 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2020.100104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of symbiotic nitrogen fixation requires the coordination of both nodule development and infection events. Despite the evolution of a variety of anatomical structures, nodule organs serve a common purpose in establishing a localized area that facilitates efficient nitrogen fixation. As in all plant developmental processes, the establishment of a new nodule organ is regulated by plant hormones. During nodule initiation, regulation of plant hormone signaling is one of the major targets of symbiotic signaling. We review the role of major developmental hormones in the initiation of the nodule organ and argue that the manipulation of plant hormones is a key requirement for engineering nitrogen fixation in non-legumes as the basis for improved food security and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieshun Lin
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Manuel Frank
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Dugald Reid
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Corresponding author
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12
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Hirayama T, Saisho D, Matsuura T, Okada S, Takahagi K, Kanatani A, Ito J, Tsuji H, Ikeda Y, Mochida K. Life-Course Monitoring of Endogenous Phytohormone Levels under Field Conditions Reveals Diversity of Physiological States among Barley Accessions. Plant Cell Physiol 2020; 61:1438-1448. [PMID: 32294217 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcaa046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Agronomically important traits often develop during the later stages of crop growth as consequences of various plant-environment interactions. Therefore, the temporal physiological states that change and accumulate during the crop's life course can significantly affect the eventual phenotypic differences in agronomic traits among crop varieties. Thus, to improve productivity, it is important to elucidate the associations between temporal physiological responses during the growth of different crop varieties and their agronomic traits. However, data representing the dynamics and diversity of physiological states in plants grown under field conditions are sparse. In this study, we quantified the endogenous levels of five phytohormones - auxin, cytokinins (CKs), ABA, jasmonate and salicylic acid - in the leaves of eight diverse barley (Hordeum vulgare) accessions grown under field conditions sampled weekly over their life course to assess the ongoing fluctuations in hormone levels in the different accessions under field growth conditions. Notably, we observed enormous changes over time in the development-related plant hormones, such as auxin and CKs. Using 3' RNA-seq-based transcriptome data from the same samples, we investigated the expression of barley genes orthologous to known hormone-related genes of Arabidopsis throughout the life course. These data illustrated the dynamics and diversity of the physiological states of these field-grown barley accessions. Together, our findings provide new insights into plant-environment interactions, highlighting that there is cultivar diversity in physiological responses during growth under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Hirayama
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046 Japan
| | - Daisuke Saisho
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046 Japan
| | - Takakazu Matsuura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046 Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046 Japan
| | - Kotaro Takahagi
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Asaka Kanatani
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
| | - Jun Ito
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maiokacho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tsuji
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maiokacho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
| | - Yoko Ikeda
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046 Japan
| | - Keiichi Mochida
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, 2-20-1 Chuo, Kurashiki, Okayama, 710-0046 Japan
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22 Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045 Japan
- Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, 641-12 Maiokacho, Totsuka-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 244-0813 Japan
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13
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Chen L, Zhao J, Song J, Jameson PE. Cytokinin dehydrogenase: a genetic target for yield improvement in wheat. Plant Biotechnol J 2020; 18:614-630. [PMID: 31782596 PMCID: PMC7004901 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone group, the cytokinins, is implicated in both qualitative and quantitative components of yield. Cytokinins have opposing actions in shoot and root growth-actions shown to involve cytokinin dehydrogenase (CKX), the enzyme that inactivates cytokinin. We revise and provide unambiguous names for the CKX gene family members in wheat, based on the most recently released wheat genome database, IWGSC RefSeq v1.0 & v2.0. We review expression data of CKX gene family members in wheat, revealing tissue-specific gene family member expression as well as sub-genome-specific expression. Manipulation of CKX in cereals shows clear impacts on yield, root growth and orientation, and Zn nutrition, but this also emphasizes the necessity to unlink promotive effects on grain yield from negative effects of cytokinin on root growth and uptake of mineral nutrients, particularly Zn and Fe. Wheat is the most widely grown cereal crop globally, yet is under-research compared with rice and maize. We highlight gaps in our knowledge of the involvement of CKX for wheat. We also highlight the necessity for accurate analysis of endogenous cytokinins, acknowledging why this is challenging, and provide examples where inadequate analyses of endogenous cytokinins have led to unjustified conclusions. We acknowledge that the allohexaploid nature of bread wheat poses challenges in terms of uncovering useful mutations. However, we predict TILLING followed by whole-exome sequencing will uncover informative mutations and we indicate the potential for stacking mutations within the three genomes to modify yield components. We model a wheat ideotype based on CKX manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | - Jiqiang Zhao
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
| | | | - Paula E. Jameson
- School of Life SciencesYantai UniversityYantaiChina
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of CanterburyChristchurchNew Zealand
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14
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Cheng L, Wang D, Wang Y, Xue H, Zhang F. An integrative overview of physiological and proteomic changes of cytokinin-induced potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) tuber development in vitro. Physiol Plant 2020; 168:675-693. [PMID: 31343748 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Potato tuberization is a complicated biological process regulated by multiple phytohormones, in particular cytokinins (CKs). The information available on the molecular mechanisms regulating tuber development by CKs remains largely unclear. Physiological results initially indicated that low 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentration (3 mg l-1 ) advanced the tuberization beginning time and promoted tuber formation. A comparative proteomics approach was applied to investigate the proteome change of tuber development by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in vitro, subjected to exogenous BAP treatments (0, 3, 6 and 13 mg l-1 ). Quantitative image analysis showed a total of 83 protein spots with significantly altered abundance (>2.5-fold, P < 0.05), and 55 differentially abundant proteins were identified by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Among these proteins, 22 proteins exhibited up-regulation with the increase of exogenous BAP concentration, and 31 proteins were upregulated at 3 mg l-1 BAP whereas being downregulated at higher BAP concentrations. These proteins were involved in metabolism and bioenergy, storage, redox homeostasis, cell defense and rescue, transcription and translation, chaperones, signaling and transport. The favorable effects of low BAP concentrations on tuber development were found in various cellular processes, mainly including the stimulation of starch and storage protein accumulation, the enhancement of the glycolysis pathway and ATP synthesis, the cellular homeostasis maintenance, the activation of pathogen defense, the higher efficiency of transcription and translation, as well as the enhanced metabolite transport. However, higher BAP concentration, especially 13 mg l-1 , showed disadvantageous effects. The proposed hypothetical model would explain the interaction of these proteins associated with CK-induced tuber development in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixiang Cheng
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Dongxia Wang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuping Wang
- College of Horticulture, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hongwei Xue
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, College of Agronomy, Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Improvement and Germplasm Enhancement, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
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15
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Glanz-Idan N, Tarkowski P, Turečková V, Wolf S. Root-shoot communication in tomato plants: cytokinin as a signal molecule modulating leaf photosynthetic activity. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:247-257. [PMID: 31504736 PMCID: PMC6913696 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic activity is affected by exogenous and endogenous inputs, including source-sink balance. Reducing the source to sink ratio by partial defoliation or heavy shading resulted in significant elevation of the photosynthetic rate in the remaining leaf of tomato plants within 3 d. The remaining leaf turned deep green, and its area increased by almost 3-fold within 7 d. Analyses of photosynthetic activity established up-regulation due to increased carbon fixation activity in the remaining leaf, rather than due to altered water balance. Moreover, senescence of the remaining leaf was significantly inhibited. As expected, carbohydrate concentration was lower in the remaining leaf than in the control leaves; however, expression of genes involved in sucrose export was significantly lower. These results suggest that the accumulated fixed carbohydrates were primarily devoted to increasing the size of the remaining leaf. Detailed analyses of the cytokinin content indicated that partial defoliation alters cytokinin biosynthesis in the roots, resulting in a higher concentration of trans-zeatin riboside, the major xylem-translocated molecule, and a higher concentration of total cytokinin in the remaining leaf. Together, our findings suggest that trans-zeatin riboside acts as a signal molecule that traffics from the root to the remaining leaf to alter gene expression and elevate photosynthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noga Glanz-Idan
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Phytochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Turečková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Shmuel Wolf
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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16
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Zhuang L, Ge Y, Wang J, Yu J, Yang Z, Huang B. Gibberellic acid inhibition of tillering in tall fescue involving crosstalks with cytokinins and transcriptional regulation of genes controlling axillary bud outgrowth. Plant Sci 2019; 287:110168. [PMID: 31481214 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.110168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tiller production in grass species is controlled by both axillary bud initiation and bud outgrowth, which may be regulated by plant hormones. However, how gibberellic acid (GA) affects tillering in perennial grass species is still unclear. This study aims to elucidate the roles and the underlying mechanisms of GA in regulating tiller development. Tall fescue seedlings were treated with different concentrations of GA3 by foliar application, dose-dependent inhibitory effects of GA on tiller production were observed. GA3 (25 μM) slowed down the transition from axillary buds to tillers by specifically inhibiting the outgrowth of axillary buds. GA-inhibition of tillering were not related to endogenous content for auxin or strigolactone, but was mainly due to the antagonistic interaction with cytokinins (CK), as shown by the decreased CK content and up-regulation expression of CK degradation genes in GA3-treated plants. Furthermore, GA could act through regulating the expression of FaTB1 specifically expressed in axillary buds to repress bud outgrowth. These results provide insights for the regulatory mechanisms of GA for tiller bud outgrowth through crosstalks with CK and signaling of FaTB1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhuang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Ying Ge
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Jingjin Yu
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Zhimin Yang
- College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Bingru Huang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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17
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Cortleven A, Leuendorf JE, Frank M, Pezzetta D, Bolt S, Schmülling T. Cytokinin action in response to abiotic and biotic stresses in plants. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:998-1018. [PMID: 30488464 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin was originally discovered as a regulator of cell division. Later, it was described to be involved in regulating numerous processes in plant growth and development including meristem activity, tissue patterning, and organ size. More recently, diverse functions for cytokinin in the response to abiotic and biotic stresses have been reported. Cytokinin is required for the defence against high light stress and to protect plants from a novel type of abiotic stress caused by an altered photoperiod. Additionally, cytokinin has a role in the response to temperature, drought, osmotic, salt, and nutrient stress. Similarly, the full response to certain plant pathogens and herbivores requires a functional cytokinin signalling pathway. Conversely, different types of stress impact cytokinin homeostasis. The diverse functions of cytokinin in responses to stress and crosstalk with other hormones are described. Its emerging roles as a priming agent and as a regulator of growth-defence trade-offs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Cortleven
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan Erik Leuendorf
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Frank
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Pezzetta
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia Bolt
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
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18
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Feng Y, Liu J, Zhai L, Gan Z, Zhang G, Yang S, Wang Y, Wu T, Zhang X, Xu X, Han Z. Natural variation in cytokinin maintenance improves salt tolerance in apple rootstocks. Plant Cell Environ 2019; 42:424-436. [PMID: 29989184 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants experiencing salt-induced stress often reduce cytokinin levels during the early phases of stress-response. Interestingly, we found that the cytokinin content in the apple rootstock "robusta" was maintained at a high level under salt stress. Through screening genes involved in cytokinin biosynthesis and catabolism, we found that the high expression levels of IPT5b in robusta roots were involved in maintaining the high cytokinin content. We identified a 42 bp deletion in the promoter region of IPT5b, which elevated IPT5b expression levels, and this deletion was linked to salt tolerance in robusta×M.9 segregating population. The 42 bp deletion resulted in the deletion of a Proline Response Element (ProRE), and our results suggest that ProRE negatively regulates IPT5b expression in response to proline. Under salt stress, the robusta cultivar maintains high cytokinin levels as IPT5b expression cannot be inhibited by proline due to the deletion of ProRE, leading to improve salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Feng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Longmei Zhai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zengyu Gan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guifen Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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19
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Kuluev B, Avalbaev A, Nikonorov Y, Ermoshin A, Yuldashev R, Akhiarova G, Shakirova F, Chemeris A. Effect of constitutive expression of Arabidopsis CLAVATA3 on cell growth and possible role of cytokinins in leaf size control in transgenic tobacco plants. J Plant Physiol 2018; 231:244-250. [PMID: 30317073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We generated transgenic tobacco plants (Nicotiana tabacum L.) with overexpression of the Arabidopsis thaliana CLAVATA3 (CLV3) gene which is known to be a negative regulator of cell division. Surprisingly, most of the 35S::CLV3 transgenic plants showed no phenotypic differences with the wild type plants. However, there were considerable changes in the morphological parameters between 35S::CLV3 overexpressors and wild type plants. As expected, the number of meristematic cells in the shoot apical meristem was reduced in 35S::CLV3 plants as compared to the wild type plants. Moreover, overexpression of CLV3 exerted morphological changes not only to shoot apical meristem but also to leaves and flowers. Thus, transgenic plants were characterized by reduced number of epidermal and mesophyll cells as well as stomatal pores in mature leaves. However, there was a compensatory increase in leaf cell size of 35S::CLV3 plants that contributed to maintenance of organ size within the normal range. We observed that expression of cell expansion-promoted genes, expansin NtEXPA4 and endo-xyloglucan transferase NtEXGT, were elevated in mature leaves. In contrast, there was a decrease in the transcript level of the cell division-related AINTEGUMENTA-like (NtANTL) gene in 35S::CLV3 transgenic plants. In addition, we detected an increase in cytokinin level without any changes in the contents of IAA and ABA in 35S::CLV3 overexpressors. Interestingly, cytokinin treatment was shown to stimulate the expression of NtEXPA4 and NtEXGT genes in 35S::CLV3 transgenic plants. We propose that observed compensatory cell expansion in leaves of 35S::CLV3 transgenic plants may be due, at least in part, to a possible link between cytokinin signalling and cell expansion-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bulat Kuluev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia.
| | - Azamat Avalbaev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia.
| | - Yuri Nikonorov
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Alexander Ermoshin
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Ural Federal University, 620002, Yekaterinburg, Russia
| | - Ruslan Yuldashev
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Guzel Akhiarova
- Ufa Institute of Biology - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054, Ufa, Russia
| | - Farida Shakirova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
| | - Aleksey Chemeris
- Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics - Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 450054 Ufa, Russia
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20
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Gelová Z, Ten Hoopen P, Novák O, Motyka V, Pernisová M, Dabravolski S, Didi V, Tillack I, Okleštková J, Strnad M, Hause B, Haruštiaková D, Conrad U, Janda L, Hejátko J. Antibody-mediated modulation of cytokinins in tobacco: organ-specific changes in cytokinin homeostasis. J Exp Bot 2018; 69:441-454. [PMID: 29294075 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins comprise a group of phytohormones with an organ-specific mode of action. Although the mechanisms controlling the complex networks of cytokinin metabolism are partially known, the role of individual cytokinin types in the maintenance of cytokinin homeostasis remains unclear. Utilizing the overproduction of single-chain Fv antibodies selected for their ability to bind trans-zeatin riboside and targeted to the endoplasmic reticulum, we post-synthetically modulated cytokinin ribosides, the proposed transport forms of cytokinins. We observed asymmetric activity of cytokinin biosynthetic genes and cytokinin distribution in wild-type tobacco seedlings with higher cytokinin abundance in the root than in the shoot. Antibody-mediated modulation of cytokinin ribosides further enhanced the relative cytokinin abundance in the roots and induced cytokinin-related phenotypes in an organ-specific manner. The activity of cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase in the roots was strongly up-regulated in response to antibody-mediated formation of the cytokinin pool in the endoplasmic reticulum. However, we only detected a slight decrease in the root cytokinin levels. In contrast, a significant decrease of cytokinins occurred in the shoot. We suggest the roots as the main site of cytokinin biosynthesis in tobacco seedlings. Conversely, cytokinin levels in the shoot seem to depend largely on long-range transport of cytokinin ribosides from the root and their subsequent metabolic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Gelová
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Ten Hoopen
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ondrej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Václav Motyka
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Markéta Pernisová
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Siarhei Dabravolski
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtech Didi
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Isolde Tillack
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Jana Okleštková
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Bettina Hause
- Department of Cell and Metabolic Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Danka Haruštiaková
- Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Udo Conrad
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Lubomír Janda
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Hejátko
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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21
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Dowd CD, Chronis D, Radakovic ZS, Siddique S, Schmülling T, Werner T, Kakimoto T, Grundler FMW, Mitchum MG. Divergent expression of cytokinin biosynthesis, signaling and catabolism genes underlying differences in feeding sites induced by cyst and root-knot nematodes. Plant J 2017; 92:211-228. [PMID: 28746737 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cyst and root-knot nematodes are obligate parasites of economic importance with a remarkable ability to reprogram root cells into unique metabolically active feeding sites. Previous studies have suggested a role for cytokinin in feeding site formation induced by these two types of nematodes, but the mechanistic details have not yet been described. Using Arabidopsis as a host plant species, we conducted a comparative analysis of cytokinin genes in response to the beet cyst nematode (BCN), Heterodera schachtii, and the root-knot nematode (RKN), Meloidogyne incognita. We identified distinct differences in the expression of cytokinin biosynthesis, catabolism and signaling genes in response to infection by BCN and RKN, suggesting differential manipulation of the cytokinin pathway by these two nematode species. Furthermore, we evaluated Arabidopsis histidine kinase receptor mutant lines ahk2/3, ahk2/4 and ahk3/4 in response to RKN infection. Similar to our previous studies with BCN, these lines were significantly less susceptible to RKN without compromising nematode penetration, suggesting a requirement of cytokinin signaling in RKN feeding site formation. Moreover, an analysis of ahk double mutants using CycB1;1:GUS/ahk introgressed lines revealed contrasting differences in the cytokinin receptors mediating cell cycle activation in feeding sites induced by BCN and RKN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carola D Dowd
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Demosthenis Chronis
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
| | - Zoran S Radakovic
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Shahid Siddique
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Schmülling
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomáš Werner
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, D-14195, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Department of Plant Physiology, University of Graz, Schubertstraße 51, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Tatsuo Kakimoto
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-0043, Japan
| | - Florian M W Grundler
- Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-University of Bonn, INRES - Molecular Phytomedicine, Karlrobert-Kreiten-Straße 13, D-53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Melissa G Mitchum
- Division of Plant Sciences and Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, 65211, USA
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22
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Gamas P, Brault M, Jardinaud MF, Frugier F. Cytokinins in Symbiotic Nodulation: When, Where, What For? Trends Plant Sci 2017; 22:792-802. [PMID: 28739135 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in the understanding of early stages of the symbiotic interaction between legume plants and rhizobium bacteria. Those include the specific recognition of symbiotic partners, the initiation of bacterial infection in root hair cells, and the inception of a specific organ in the root cortex, the nodule. Increasingly complex regulatory networks have been uncovered in which cytokinin (CK) phytohormones play essential roles in different aspects of early symbiotic stages. Intriguingly, these roles can be either positive or negative, cell autonomous or non-cell autonomous, and vary, depending on time, root tissues, and possibly legume species. Recent developments on CK symbiotic functions and interconnections with other signaling pathways during nodule initiation are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Gamas
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Mathias Brault
- IPS2 (Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Françoise Jardinaud
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France; INPT-Université de Toulouse, ENSAT, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Florian Frugier
- IPS2 (Institute of Plant Sciences - Paris Saclay), CNRS, INRA, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Diderot, Université d'Evry, Université Paris-Saclay, Bâtiment 630, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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23
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Spallek T, Melnyk CW, Wakatake T, Zhang J, Sakamoto Y, Kiba T, Yoshida S, Matsunaga S, Sakakibara H, Shirasu K. Interspecies hormonal control of host root morphology by parasitic plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5283-5288. [PMID: 28461500 PMCID: PMC5441792 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619078114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic plants share a common anatomical feature, the haustorium. Haustoria enable both infection and nutrient transfer, which often leads to growth penalties for host plants and yield reduction in crop species. Haustoria also reciprocally transfer substances, such as RNA and proteins, from parasite to host, but the biological relevance for such movement remains unknown. Here, we studied such interspecies transport by using the hemiparasitic plant Phtheirospermum japonicum during infection of Arabidopsis thaliana Tracer experiments revealed a rapid and efficient transfer of carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA) from host to parasite upon formation of vascular connections. In addition, Phtheirospermum induced hypertrophy in host roots at the site of infection, a form of enhanced secondary growth that is commonly observed during various parasitic plant-host interactions. The plant hormone cytokinin is important for secondary growth, and we observed increases in cytokinin and its response during infection in both host and parasite. Phtheirospermum-induced host hypertrophy required cytokinin signaling genes (AHK3,4) but not cytokinin biosynthesis genes (IPT1,3,5,7) in the host. Furthermore, expression of a cytokinin-degrading enzyme in Phtheirospermum prevented host hypertrophy. Wild-type hosts with hypertrophy were smaller than ahk3,4 mutant hosts resistant to hypertrophy, suggesting hypertrophy improves the efficiency of parasitism. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the interspecies movement of a parasite-derived hormone modified both host root morphology and fitness. Several microbial and animal plant pathogens use cytokinins during infections, highlighting the central role of this growth hormone during the establishment of plant diseases and revealing a common strategy for parasite infections of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Spallek
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;
| | - Charles W Melnyk
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Takanori Wakatake
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Jing Zhang
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, United Kingdom
| | - Yuki Sakamoto
- Imaging Frontier Center, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kiba
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Satoko Yoshida
- Institute for Research Initiatives, Division for Research Strategy, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Imaging Frontier Center, Organization for Research Advancement, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | | | - Ken Shirasu
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan;
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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24
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Miller RNG, Costa Alves GS, Van Sluys MA. Plant immunity: unravelling the complexity of plant responses to biotic stresses. Ann Bot 2017; 119:681-687. [PMID: 28375427 PMCID: PMC5378191 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcw284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants are constantly exposed to evolving pathogens and pests, with crop losses representing a considerable threat to global food security. As pathogen evolution can overcome disease resistance that is conferred by individual plant resistance genes, an enhanced understanding of the plant immune system is necessary for the long-term development of effective disease management strategies. Current research is rapidly advancing our understanding of the plant innate immune system, with this multidisciplinary subject area reflected in the content of the 18 papers in this Special Issue. SCOPE Advances in specific areas of plant innate immunity are highlighted in this issue, with focus on molecular interactions occurring between plant hosts and viruses, bacteria, phytoplasmas, oomycetes, fungi, nematodes and insect pests. We provide a focus on research across multiple areas related to pathogen sensing and plant immune response. Topics covered are categorized as follows: binding proteins in plant immunity; cytokinin phytohormones in plant growth and immunity; plant-virus interactions; plant-phytoplasma interactions; plant-fungus interactions; plant-nematode interactions; plant immunity in Citrus; plant peptides and volatiles; and assimilate dynamics in source/sink metabolism. CONCLUSIONS Although knowledge of the plant immune system remains incomplete, the considerable ongoing scientific progress into pathogen sensing and plant immune response mechanisms suggests far reaching implications for the development of durable disease resistance against pathogens and pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Neil Gerard Miller
- Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, 70910-900, Brasilia, DF, Brazil
- For correspondence. Email
| | | | - Marie-Anne Van Sluys
- Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto de Biociências, 05508-090, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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25
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Mellor N, Adibi M, El-Showk S, De Rybel B, King J, Mähönen AP, Weijers D, Bishopp A. Theoretical approaches to understanding root vascular patterning: a consensus between recent models. J Exp Bot 2017; 68:5-16. [PMID: 27837006 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The root vascular tissues provide an excellent system for studying organ patterning, as the specification of these tissues signals a transition from radial symmetry to bisymmetric patterns. The patterning process is controlled by the combined action of hormonal signaling/transport pathways, transcription factors, and miRNA that operate through a series of non-linear pathways to drive pattern formation collectively. With the discovery of multiple components and feedback loops controlling patterning, it has become increasingly difficult to understand how these interactions act in unison to determine pattern formation in multicellular tissues. Three independent mathematical models of root vascular patterning have been formulated in the last few years, providing an excellent example of how theoretical approaches can complement experimental studies to provide new insights into complex systems. In many aspects these models support each other; however, each study also provides its own novel findings and unique viewpoints. Here we reconcile these models by identifying the commonalities and exploring the differences between them by testing how transferable findings are between models. New simulations herein support the hypothesis that an asymmetry in auxin input can direct the formation of vascular pattern. We show that the xylem axis can act as a sole source of cytokinin and specify the correct pattern, but also that broader patterns of cytokinin production are also able to pattern the root. By comparing the three modeling approaches, we gain further insight into vascular patterning and identify several key areas for experimental investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan Mellor
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Milad Adibi
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, 50829 Cologne, Germany
| | - Sedeer El-Showk
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Bert De Rybel
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - John King
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
- Synthetic Biology Research Centre, The University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Ari Pekka Mähönen
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
- Department of Biosciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-00014, Finland
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony Bishopp
- Centre for Plant Integrative Biology, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough LE12 5RD, UK
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26
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Zhang S, Huang L, Yan A, Liu Y, Liu B, Yu C, Zhang A, Schiefelbein J, Gan Y. Multiple phytohormones promote root hair elongation by regulating a similar set of genes in the root epidermis in Arabidopsis. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:6363-6372. [PMID: 27799284 PMCID: PMC5181580 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiple phytohormones, including auxin, ethylene, and cytokinin, play vital roles in regulating cell development in the root epidermis. However, their interactions in specific root hair cell developmental stages are largely unexplored. To bridge this gap, we employed genetic and pharmacological approaches as well as transcriptional analysis in order to dissect their distinct and overlapping roles in root hair initiation and elongation in Arabidopsis thaliana Our results show that among auxin, ethylene, and cytokinin, only ethylene induces ectopic root hair cells in wild-type plants, implying a special role of ethylene in the hair initiation stage. In the subsequent elongation stage, however, auxin, ethylene, and cytokinin enhance root hair tip growth equally. Our data also suggest that the effect of cytokinin is independent from auxin and ethylene in this process. Exogenous cytokinin restores root hair elongation when the auxin and ethylene signal is defective, whereas auxin and ethylene also sustain elongation in the absence of the cytokinin signal. Notably, transcriptional analyses demonstrated that auxin, ethylene, and cytokinin regulate a similar set of root hair-specific genes. Together these analyses provide important clues regarding the mechanism of hormonal interactions and regulation in the formation of single-cell structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Linli Huang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - An Yan
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yihua Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bohan Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunyan Yu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Aidong Zhang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yinbo Gan
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm, Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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27
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Sánchez-López ÁM, Baslam M, De Diego N, Muñoz FJ, Bahaji A, Almagro G, Ricarte-Bermejo A, García-Gómez P, Li J, Humplík JF, Novák O, Spíchal L, Doležal K, Baroja-Fernández E, Pozueta-Romero J. Volatile compounds emitted by diverse phytopathogenic microorganisms promote plant growth and flowering through cytokinin action. Plant Cell Environ 2016; 39:2592-2608. [PMID: 27092473 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
It is known that volatile emissions from some beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms promote plant growth. Here we show that volatile compounds (VCs) emitted by phylogenetically diverse rhizosphere and non-rhizhosphere bacteria and fungi (including plant pathogens and microbes that do not normally interact mutualistically with plants) promote growth and flowering of various plant species, including crops. In Arabidopsis plants exposed to VCs emitted by the phytopathogen Alternaria alternata, changes included enhancement of photosynthesis and accumulation of high levels of cytokinins (CKs) and sugars. Evidence obtained using transgenic Arabidopsis plants with altered CK status show that CKs play essential roles in this phenomenon, because growth and flowering responses to the VCs were reduced in mutants with CK-deficiency (35S:AtCKX1) or low receptor sensitivity (ahk2/3). Further, we demonstrate that the plant responses to fungal VCs are light-dependent. Transcriptomic analyses of Arabidopsis leaves exposed to A. alternata VCs revealed changes in the expression of light- and CK-responsive genes involved in photosynthesis, growth and flowering. Notably, many genes differentially expressed in plants treated with fungal VCs were also differentially expressed in plants exposed to VCs emitted by the plant growth promoting rhizobacterium Bacillus subtilis GB03, suggesting that plants react to microbial VCs through highly conserved regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela María Sánchez-López
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Marouane Baslam
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Nuria De Diego
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Francisco José Muñoz
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Abdellatif Bahaji
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Goizeder Almagro
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Pablo García-Gómez
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Jun Li
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
- College of Agronomy and Plant Protection, Qingdao Agricultural University, 266109, Qingdao, China
| | - Jan F Humplík
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Spíchal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Doležal
- Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University and Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, CZ-78371, Czech Republic
| | - Edurne Baroja-Fernández
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
| | - Javier Pozueta-Romero
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología (CSIC/UPNA/Gobierno de Navarra), Iruñako etorbidea 123, 31192, Mutiloabeti, Nafarroa, Spain
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28
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Abstract
Previous studies on cytokinin (CK) and drought have suggested that the hormone has positive and negative effects on plant adaptation to restrictive conditions. This study examined the effect of CK on transpiration, stomatal activity, and response to drought in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants. Transgenic tomato plants overexpressing the Arabidopsis thaliana CK-degrading enzyme CK oxidase/dehydrogenase 3 (CKX3) maintained higher leaf water status under drought conditions due to reduced whole-plant transpiration. The reduced transpiration could be attributed to smaller leaf area and reduced stomatal density. CKX3-overexpressing plants contained fewer and larger pavement cells and fewer stomata per leaf area than wild-type plants. In addition, wild-type leaves treated with CK exhibited enhanced transpiration and had more pavement cells and increased numbers of stomata per leaf area than untreated leaves. Manipulation of CK levels did not affect stomatal movement or abscisic acid-induced stomatal closure. Moreover, we found no correlation between stomatal aperture and the activity of the CK-induced promoter Two-Component Signaling Sensor (TCS) in guard cells. Previous studies have shown that drought reduces CK levels, and we propose this to be a mechanism of adaptation to water deficiency: the reduced CK levels suppress growth and reduce stomatal density, both of which reduce transpiration, thereby increasing tolerance to prolonged drought conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Farber
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Ziv Attia
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - David Weiss
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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29
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Abstract
Leaf development serves as a model for plant developmental flexibility. Flexible balancing of morphogenesis and differentiation during leaf development results in a large diversity of leaf forms, both between different species and within the same species. This diversity is particularly evident in compound leaves. Hormones are prominent regulators of leaf development. Here we discuss some of the roles of plant hormones and the cross-talk between different hormones in tomato compound-leaf development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ido Shwartz
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Matan Levy
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Naomi Ori
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Maya Bar
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture and The Otto Warburg Minerva Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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30
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Chang Z, Liu Y, Dong H, Teng K, Han L, Zhang X. Effects of Cytokinin and Nitrogen on Drought Tolerance of Creeping Bentgrass. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154005. [PMID: 27099963 PMCID: PMC4839601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokinin (CK) is a vital plant hormone that controls many aspects of growth and development in plants. Nitrogen (N) is the indispensable macronutrient needed in plants and also one of the most important limiting factors for plant growth. This study was designed to investigate the simultaneous effects of CK and N on the visual turf quality and antioxidant metabolism of drought-stressed creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). 'PennA-4' creeping bentgrass treated with trans-zeatin riboside at three rates of CK concentrations of 0, 10 and 100 μM (designated by CK0, 10, and 100) and two nitrogen rates with 2.5 and 7.5 kg N·ha-1 every 15 days (designated by low and high N) in a complete factorial arrangement was grown under two soil moisture regimes: well-watered and drought stress. Exogenous CK improved turf quality and delayed leaf wilting under drought stress, especially under high N. The grasses treated with CK10 and CK100 had lower O2- production and H2O2 concentration than those without CK treatment. The CK100 treatment enhanced the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), and guaiacol peroxidase (POD) by 25%, 22%, 17% and 24%, respectively, relative to CK0. Moreover, the activity changes of the antioxidant enzyme isoforms were more significant under high N condition relative to low N condition. Our results demonstrated the beneficial impacts of CK and N on physiological reactions, especially antioxidant metabolism, and foliar application of CK at 10 or 100 μM plus 7.5 kg ha-1 N biweekly may improve drought stress resistance of creeping bentgrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihui Chang
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Hui Dong
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Ke Teng
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Liebao Han
- College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, P.R. China
| | - Xunzhong Zhang
- Department of Crop and Soil Environmental Sciences, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, 24061, United States of America
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Skalák J, Černý M, Jedelský P, Dobrá J, Ge E, Novák J, Hronková M, Dobrev P, Vanková R, Brzobohatý B. Stimulation of ipt overexpression as a tool to elucidate the role of cytokinins in high temperature responses of Arabidopsis thaliana. J Exp Bot 2016; 67:2861-73. [PMID: 27049021 PMCID: PMC4861028 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Cytokinins (CKs) are phytohormones regulating plant growth and development as well as response to the environment. In order to evaluate their function in heat stress (HS) responses, the effect of CK elevation was determined during three types of HS - targeted to shoots, targeted to roots and applied to the whole plant. The early (30min) and longer term (3h) responses were followed at the hormonal, transcriptomic and proteomic levels in Arabidopsis transformants with dexamethasone-inducible expression of the CK biosynthetic gene isopentenyltransferase (ipt) and the corresponding wild-type (Col-0). Combination of hormonal and phenotypic analyses showed transient up-regulation of the CK/abscisic acid ratio, which controls stomatal aperture, to be more pronounced in the transformant. HS responses of the root proteome and Rubisco-immunodepleted leaf proteome were followed using 2-D gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF/TOF. More than 100 HS-responsive proteins were detected, most of them being modulated by CK increase. Proteome and transcriptome analyses demonstrated that CKs have longer term positive effects on the stress-related proteins and transcripts, as well as on the photosynthesis-related ones. Transient accumulation of CKs and stimulation of their signal transduction in tissue(s) not exposed to HS indicate that they are involved in plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Skalák
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and Mendel University in Brno, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Černý
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and Mendel University in Brno, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jedelský
- Laboratory of MS, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 7, CZ-128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Dobrá
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Ge
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Novák
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and Mendel University in Brno, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marie Hronková
- Institute of Plant Molecular Biology, Biology Centre AS CR, Branišovská 31/1160, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Radomira Vanková
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany AS CR, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Praha, Czech Republic
| | - Břetislav Brzobohatý
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Biology, Institute of Biophysics AS CR, v.v.i. and Mendel University in Brno, CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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32
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Roy A, Sahoo D, Tripathy BC. Light-hormone interaction in the red-light-induced suppression of photomorphogenesis in rice seedlings. Protoplasma 2016; 253:393-402. [PMID: 25902895 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Red light perceived by the shoot bottom suppresses photomorphogenesis in rice seedlings mediated by phytochrome A. Shoots of these seedlings grown in red light having their shoot bottom exposed were deficient in chlorophyll and accumulated high concentration of trans-zeatin riboside. However, reduced presence of isopentynyl adenosine, dihydrozeatin riboside was observed in shoots of red-light-grown non-green seedlings in comparison to green seedling. The message abundance of cytokinin receptor (OsHK5), transporters (OsENT1, OsENT2), and response regulators (OsRR4, OsRR10) was downregulated in these red-light-grown non-green seedlings. Attenuation of greening process was reversed by application of exogenous cytokinin analogue, benzyladenine, or supplementing red light with blue light. In the same vein, the suppression of gene expression of cytokinin receptor, transporters, and type-A response regulators was reversed in red-light-grown seedlings treated with benzyladenine suggesting that the disarrayed cytokinin (CK) signaling cascade is responsible for non-greening of seedlings grown in red light. The reversal of red-light-induced suppression of photomorphogenesis by blue light and benzyladenine demonstrates the interaction of light and cytokinin signaling cascades in the regulation of photomorphogenesis. Partial reversal of greening process by exogenous application of benzyladenine suggests, apart from CKs perception, transportation and responsiveness, other factors are also involved in modulation of suppression of photomorphogenesis by red light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ansuman Roy
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | | | - Baishnab C Tripathy
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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33
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Morrison EN, Emery RJN, Saville BJ. Phytohormone Involvement in the Ustilago maydis- Zea mays Pathosystem: Relationships between Abscisic Acid and Cytokinin Levels and Strain Virulence in Infected Cob Tissue. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130945. [PMID: 26107181 PMCID: PMC4479884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is the causative agent of common smut of corn. Early studies noted its ability to synthesize phytohormones and, more recently these growth promoting substances were confirmed as cytokinins (CKs). Cytokinins comprise a group of phytohormones commonly associated with actively dividing tissues. Lab analyses identified variation in virulence between U. maydis dikaryon and solopathogen infections of corn cob tissue. Samples from infected cob tissue were taken at sequential time points post infection and biochemical profiling was performed using high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI MS/MS). This hormone profiling revealed that there were altered levels of ABA and major CKs, with a marked reduction in CK glucosides, increases in methylthiol CKs and a particularly dramatic increase in cisZ CK forms, in U. maydis infected tissue. These changes were more pronounced in the more virulent dikaryon relative to the solopathogenic strain suggesting a role for cytokinins in moderating virulence during biotrophic infection. These findings highlight the fact that U. maydis does not simply mimic a fertilized seed but instead reprograms the host tissue. Results underscore the suitability of the Ustilago maydis- Zea mays model as a basis for investigating the control of phytohormone dynamics during biotrophic infection of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N. Morrison
- Environmental and Life Sciences Graduate Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - R. J. Neil Emery
- Biology Department, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
| | - Barry J. Saville
- Forensic Science Program, Trent University, Peterborough, Ontario, Canada
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Trivellini A, Cocetta G, Vernieri P, Mensuali-Sodi A, Ferrante A. Effect of cytokinins on delaying petunia flower senescence: a transcriptome study approach. Plant Mol Biol 2015; 87:169-80. [PMID: 25425166 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flower senescence is a fascinating natural process that represents the final developmental stage in the life of a flower. Plant hormones play an important role in regulating the timing of flower senescence. Ethylene is a trigger and usually accelerates the senescence rate, while cytokinins are known to delay it. The aim of this work was to study the effect of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) on petal senescence by transcript profile comparison after 3 or 6 h using a cross-species method by hybridizing petunia samples to a 4 × 44 K Agilent tomato array. The relative content of ethylene, abscisic acid, anthocyanins, total carotenoids and total phenols that determine the physiological behaviours of the petal tissue were measured. BA treatment prolonged the flower life and increased the concentrations of phenols and anthocyanins, while total carotenoids did not increase and were lower than the control. The ethylene biosynthetic and perception gene expressions were studied immediately after treatment until 24 h and all genes were repressed, while ethylene production was strongly induced after 4 days. The microarray analyses highlighted that BA strongly affected gene regulation after 3 h, but only 14% of genes remained differentially expressed after 6 h. The most affected pathways and genes were those related to stress, such as heat shock proteins, abscisic acid (ABA) catabolism and its signalling pathway, lipid metabolism and antioxidant defence systems. A gene annotation enrichment analysis using DAVID showed that the most important gene clusters were involved in energy generation and conservation processes. In addition to the ethylene pathway, cytokinins seem to be strongly involved the regulation of the ABA response in flower tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Trivellini
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Università degli Studi di Pisa, Pisa, Italy,
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35
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Suzaki T, Kawaguchi M. Root nodulation: a developmental program involving cell fate conversion triggered by symbiotic bacterial infection. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2014; 21:16-22. [PMID: 24996031 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Root nodulation is a unique developmental process that predominantly occurs in leguminous plants. In this process, signaling initiated by symbiotic bacterial infection alters the fate of differentiated cortical cells and causes formation of new organs. Two qualitatively different regulatory events, namely bacterial infection and nodule organogenesis, need to be coordinated in the epidermis and cortical cells to establish proper nodule formation. Recent studies have determined the tissue-specific requirements of known symbiotic genes and also detailed a direct molecular link between the two regulatory pathways. Additionally, the detailed function of cytokinin signaling has been identified and the downstream genes have been isolated, providing greater understanding of the genetic mechanisms underlying nodule organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Suzaki
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan.
| | - Masayoshi Kawaguchi
- National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan; School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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36
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Schaller GE, Street IH, Kieber JJ. Cytokinin and the cell cycle. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2014; 21:7-15. [PMID: 24994531 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The phytohormone cytokinin influences many aspects of plant growth and development, including a prominent role in the regulation of cell proliferation. How the cytokinin response pathway integrates into the machinery regulating progression through the cell cycle is only beginning to be appreciated. Cytokinin is generally considered to promote mitotic cell division in the shoot, but differentiation and transition to the endocycle in the root. Here we consider recent data on the inputs by which cytokinins positively and negatively regulate transitions through the cell cycle. Cytokinin positively regulates cell division and also serves a key role in establishing organization within shoot stem cell centers. Both auxin-dependent and auxin-independent mechanisms have been uncovered by which cytokinin stimulates the endocycle in roots. We conclude with a model that reconciles the opposing effects of cytokinin on shoot and root cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eric Schaller
- Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Sciences, Hanover, NH 03755, USA.
| | - Ian H Street
- Dartmouth College, Department of Biological Sciences, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Joseph J Kieber
- University of North Carolina, Biology Department, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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37
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Akagi A, Fukushima S, Okada K, Jiang CJ, Yoshida R, Nakayama A, Shimono M, Sugano S, Yamane H, Takatsuji H. WRKY45-dependent priming of diterpenoid phytoalexin biosynthesis in rice and the role of cytokinin in triggering the reaction. Plant Mol Biol 2014; 86:171-83. [PMID: 25033935 PMCID: PMC4133022 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-014-0221-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant activators such as benzothiadiazole (BTH) protect plants against diseases by priming the salicylic acid (SA) signaling pathway. In rice, the transcription factor WRKY45 plays a central role in this process. To investigate the mechanism involved in defense-priming by BTH and the role of WRKY45 in this process, we analyzed the transcripts of biosynthetic genes for diterpenoid phytoalexins (DPs) during the rice-Magnaporthe oryzae interaction. The DP biosynthetic genes were barely upregulated in BTH-treated rice plants, but were induced rapidly after M. oryzae infection in a WRKY45-dependent manner. These results indicate that the DP biosynthetic genes were primed by BTH through WRKY45. Rapid induction of the DP biosynthetic genes was also observed after M. oryzae infection to WRKY45-overexpressing (WRKY45-ox) plants. The changes in gene transcription resulted in accumulation of DPs in WRKY45-ox and BTH-pretreated rice after M. oryzae infection. Previously, we reported that cytokinins (CKs), especially isopentenyladenines, accumulated in M. oryzae-infected rice. Here, we show that DP biosynthetic genes are regulated by the SA/CK synergism in a WRKY45-dependent manner. Together, we propose that CK plays a role in mediating the signal of M. oryzae infection to trigger the induction of DP biosynthetic genes in BTH-primed plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Akagi
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602 Japan
- Present Address: Bayer CropScience, Tokyo, 100-8262 Japan
| | - Setsuko Fukushima
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602 Japan
| | - Kazunori Okada
- Biotechnology Research Center, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657 Japan
| | - Chang-Jie Jiang
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602 Japan
| | - Riichiro Yoshida
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602 Japan
- Present Address: Faculty of Agriculture, Kagoshima University, Kohrimoto, Kagoshima, 890-0065 Japan
| | - Akira Nakayama
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602 Japan
- Present Address: Maebashi Institute of Technology, Maebashi, 371-0816 Japan
| | - Masaki Shimono
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602 Japan
- Present Address: Department of Plant Pathology, Michigan State University, 104 Center for Integrated Plant Systems, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA
| | - Shoji Sugano
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602 Japan
| | - Hisakazu Yamane
- Present Address: Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, Toyosatodai 1-1, Utsunomiya, Tochigi 320-8551 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takatsuji
- Disease Resistant Crops Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8602 Japan
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Naito T, Kiba T, Koizumi N, Yamashino T, Mizuno T. Characterization of a Unique GATA Family Gene That Responds to Both Light and Cytokinin inArabidopsis thaliana. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:1557-60. [PMID: 17587690 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.60692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
For higher plants, light is an important external signal, whereas cytokinin acts as an internal hormonal signal, and both are crucial for almost all aspects of development and physiological states. Here we identified and characterized a unique gene, CGA1, encoding a GATA factor, whose expression was rapidly induced by both the light and cytokinin signals in Arabidopsis thaliana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Naito
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, School of Agriculture, Nagoya University, Japan
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Qin Y, Huang Y, Fang Y, Qi J, Tang C. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of the small GTPase ROP members expressed in laticifers of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). Plant Physiol Biochem 2014; 74:193-204. [PMID: 24308989 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ROP (Rho of plants) proteins are plant-specific Rho-type small GTPases which play important roles in cellular processes and stress responses. This study explores the characteristics and possible functions of ROPs that are expressed primarily in laticifers of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). The work serves as a preliminary step to determining their involvement in latex flow and regeneration, laticifers formation and tapping panel dryness (TPD, a physiological disorder in rubber trees that result in the stoppage of latex flow). In this connection, we (i) identified five HbROPs (HbROP1-HbROP5) by searching latex transcripts database and the genome databases, (ii) characterized molecular and phylogenic aspects of the HbROPs and examined the cis-regulatory elements in their promoter regions; (iii) analyzed by Real-time Quantitative PCR (QPCR) the tissue specificity of the HbROPs and their expression patterns in response to tapping, bark wounding and growth regulator treatments. All five HbROP genes were strongly expressed in the latex, with HbROP1, 3, 4 and 5 showing the highest expression among the six Hevea tissues examined, viz. latex, bud, mature leaf, bark, male flower and seed. When tapping was initiated on previously untapped trees, HbROP3 transcription was substantially down-regulated whereas HbROP5 expression was markedly up-regulated. Transcripts of HbROP3 rose gradually with the development of TPD. Except for the cytokinin 6-benzyl aminopurine that induced a rise in HbROP5 transcripts by more than 2-fold, the other growth regulators tested had little effect on HbROPs expression. The roles of HbROPs in rubber tree are discussed in relation to the diverse functions of ROP homologs reported in other plant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Qin
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
| | - Yacheng Huang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China; College of Agronomy, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Yongjun Fang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
| | - Jiyan Qi
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China
| | - Chaorong Tang
- Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Resources of Rubber Tree, Ministry of Agriculture, Danzhou, Hainan 571737, China.
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40
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Ramireddy E, Chang L, Schmülling T. Cytokinin as a mediator for regulating root system architecture in response to environmental cues. Plant Signal Behav 2014; 9:e27771. [PMID: 24509549 PMCID: PMC4091237 DOI: 10.4161/psb.27771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Root system architecture (RSA) is developmentally controlled by genetic pathways and their interaction with various environmental cues, in particular soil conditions. One important player in shaping RSA is the hormone cytokinin, which acts as a negative regulator of root elongation and branching. The redundant roles of cytokinin metabolism and signaling genes of Arabidopsis thaliana in regulating early stages of lateral root formation has recently been shown and it has been proposed that this redundancy reflects a role in mediating different environmental cues. Here we report that the transcript levels of cytokinin genes in the root responds to changes in nutrient availability in distinct ways. IPT3, IPT5, CYP735A2, LOG5, and CKX4 are particularly responsive cytokinin metabolism genes, genes encoding different type-A response regulators and the transcriptions factor genes ARR10 and CRF6 are among the most responsive signaling genes. This finding supports the hypothesis that environmental cues operate through fine-tuned transcriptional regulation of cytokinin genes to modulate root development.
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41
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Abstract
The senescence delaying effect of cytokinin is well known, however, the details behind how this process occurs remain unclear. Efforts to improve understanding of this phenomenon have led to the identification in Arabidopsis of specific cytokinin signaling components through which senescence signal responses are regulated. These include the cytokinin receptor (AHK3), the type-B response regulator (ARR2) and the recently identified cytokinin response factor (CRF6). At the mechanistic end of this process, it was found that increased cell-wall invertase activity which occurs in response to cytokinin is both necessary and sufficient for the inhibition of senescence. Yet, a direct link between the signaling and mechanistic steps of a cytokinin regulated senescence process has yet to be demonstrated. This may be in part because the relationship between senescence and primary metabolism implied by the key role of cell-wall invertase is the subject of two apparently opposing bodies of evidence. Here we briefly summarize and propose a model in which cytokinin mediated changes in sink/source relationships leads to delayed senescence which is consistent with existing evidence both for and against sugars as a trigger for developmental senescence.
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42
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Benítez M, Hejátko J. Dynamics of cell-fate determination and patterning in the vascular bundles of Arabidopsis thaliana. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63108. [PMID: 23723973 PMCID: PMC3664626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant vascular meristems are sets of pluripotent cells that enable radial growth by giving rise to vascular tissues and are therefore crucial to plant development. However, the overall dynamics of cellular determination and patterning in and around vascular meristems is still unexplored. We study this process in the shoot vascular tissue of Arabidopsis thaliana, which is organized in vascular bundles that contain three basic cell types (procambium, xylem and phloem). A set of molecules involved in this process has now been identified and partially characterized, but it is not yet clear how the regulatory interactions among them, in conjunction with cellular communication processes, give rise to the steady patterns that accompany cell-fate determination and arrangement within vascular bundles. We put forward a dynamic model factoring in the interactions between molecules (genes, peptides, mRNA and hormones) that have been reported to be central in this process, as well as the relevant communication mechanisms. When a few proposed interactions (unverified, but based on related data) are postulated, the model reproduces the hormonal and molecular patterns expected for the three regions within vascular bundles. In order to test the model, we simulated mutant and hormone-depleted systems and compared the results with experimentally reported phenotypes. The proposed model provides a formal framework integrating a set of growing experimental data and renders a dynamic account of how the collective action of hormones, genes, and other molecules may result in the specification of the three main cell types within shoot vascular bundles. It also offers a tool to test the necessity and sufficiency of particular interactions and conditions for vascular patterning and yields novel predictions that may be experimentally tested. Finally, this model provides a reference for further studies comparing the overall dynamics of tissue organization and formation by meristems in other plant organs and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Benítez
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
- Departamento de Ecología de la Biodiversidad, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, Mexico
- Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad C3, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF, Mexico
| | - Jan Hejátko
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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43
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van Doorn WG, Çelikel FG, Pak C, Harkema H. Delay of iris flower senescence by cytokinins and jasmonates. Physiol Plant 2013; 148:105-20. [PMID: 22974423 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01690.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
It is not known whether tepal senescence in Iris flowers is regulated by hormones. We applied hormones and hormone inhibitors to cut flowers and isolated tepals of Iris × hollandica cv. Blue Magic. Treatments with ethylene or ethylene antagonists indicated lack of ethylene involvement. Auxins or auxin inhibitors also did not change the time to senescence. Abscisic acid (ABA) hastened senescence, but an inhibitor of ABA synthesis (norflurazon) had no effect. Gibberellic acid (GA3 ) slightly delayed senescence in some experiments, but in other experiments it was without effect, and gibberellin inhibitors [ancymidol or 4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyltrimethyl ammonium chloride-1-piperidine carboxylate (AMO-1618)] were ineffective as well. Salicylic acid (SA) also had no effect. Ethylene, auxins, GA3 and SA affected flower opening, therefore did reach the flower cells. Jasmonates delayed senescence by about 2.0 days. Similarly, cytokinins delayed senescence by about 1.5-2.0 days. Antagonists of the phosphatidylinositol signal transduction pathway (lithium), calcium channels (niguldipine and verapamil), calmodulin action [fluphenazine, trifluoroperazine, phenoxybenzamide and N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphtalenesulfonamide hydrochloride (W-7)] or protein kinase activity [1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine hydrochloride (H-7), N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide hydrochloride (H-8) and N-(2-aminoethyl)-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride (H-9)] had no effect on senescence, indicating no role of a few common signal transduction pathways relating to hormone effects on senescence. The results indicate that tepal senescence in Iris cv. Blue Magic is not regulated by endogenous ethylene, auxin, gibberellins or SA. A role of ABA can at present not be excluded. The data suggest the hypothesis that cytokinins and jasmonates are among the natural regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter G van Doorn
- Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group (AFSG), Wageningen University Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Pii Y, Molesini B, Masiero S, Pandolfini T. The non-specific lipid transfer protein N5 of Medicago truncatula is implicated in epidermal stages of rhizobium-host interaction. BMC Plant Biol 2012; 12:233. [PMID: 23217154 PMCID: PMC3564872 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The symbiotic interaction between leguminous plants and rhizobia involves two processes: bacterial infection, resulting in the penetration of bacteria in epidermal and cortical cells, and root nodule organogenesis. Root nodule symbiosis is activated by rhizobial signalling molecules, called Nodulation factors (NFs). NF perception induces the expression of several genes called early nodulins. The early nodulin N5 of Medicago truncatula is a lipid transfer protein that has been shown to positively regulate nodulation although it displays in vitro inhibitory activity against Sinorhizobium meliloti. The purpose of this work was to investigate the role of MtN5 by studying its spatial and temporal pattern of expression during the symbiotic interaction, also in relation to known components of the symbiotic signalling pathway, and by analysing the phenotypic alterations displayed by rhizobia-inoculated MtN5-silenced roots. RESULTS We show here that MtN5 is a NF-responsive gene expressed at a very early phase of symbiosis in epidermal cells and root hairs. MtN5 expression is induced in vitro by rhizobial effector molecules and by auxin and cytokinin, phytohormones involved in nodule organogenesis. Furthermore, lipid signaling is implicated in the response of MtN5 to rhizobia, since the activity of phospholipase D is required for MtN5 induction in S. meliloti-inoculated roots. MtN5-silenced roots inoculated with rhizobia display an increased root hair curling and a reduced number of invaded primordia compared to that in wild type roots, but with no impairment to nodule primordia formation. This phenotype is associated with the stimulation of ENOD11 expression, an early marker of infection, and with the down-regulation of Flotillin 4 (FLOT4), a protein involved in rhizobial entry. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that MtN5 acts downstream of NF perception and upstream of FLOT4 in regulating pre-infection events. The positive effect of MtN5 on nodule primordia invasion is linked to the restriction of bacterial spread at the epidermal level. Furthermore, MtN5 seems to be dispensable for nodule primordia formation. These findings provide new information about the complex mechanism that controls the competence of root epidermal cells for rhizobial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youry Pii
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Barbara Molesini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
| | - Simona Masiero
- Department of Biology, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, Milan, 20133, Italy
| | - Tiziana Pandolfini
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, Verona, 37134, Italy
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Bielach A, Podlešáková K, Marhavý P, Duclercq J, Cuesta C, Müller B, Grunewald W, Tarkowski P, Benková E. Spatiotemporal regulation of lateral root organogenesis in Arabidopsis by cytokinin. Plant Cell 2012; 24:3967-81. [PMID: 23054471 PMCID: PMC3517230 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.103044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of a plant's root system, established postembryonically, results from both coordinated root growth and lateral root branching. The plant hormones auxin and cytokinin are central endogenous signaling molecules that regulate lateral root organogenesis positively and negatively, respectively. Tight control and mutual balance of their antagonistic activities are particularly important during the early phases of lateral root organogenesis to ensure continuous lateral root initiation (LRI) and proper development of lateral root primordia (LRP). Here, we show that the early phases of lateral root organogenesis, including priming and initiation, take place in root zones with a repressed cytokinin response. Accordingly, ectopic overproduction of cytokinin in the root basal meristem most efficiently inhibits LRI. Enhanced cytokinin responses in pericycle cells between existing LRP might restrict LRI near existing LRP and, when compromised, ectopic LRI occurs. Furthermore, our results demonstrate that young LRP are more sensitive to perturbations in the cytokinin activity than are developmentally more advanced primordia. We hypothesize that the effect of cytokinin on the development of primordia possibly depends on the robustness and stability of the auxin gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Bielach
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kateřina Podlešáková
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Marhavý
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jérôme Duclercq
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Candela Cuesta
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Müller
- Institute of Plant Biology and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wim Grunewald
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Benková
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Functional Genomics and Proteomics, Faculty of Science and Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, CZ-62500 Brno, Czech Republic
- Address correspondence to
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Murray JA, Jones A, Godin C, Traas J. Systems analysis of shoot apical meristem growth and development: integrating hormonal and mechanical signaling. Plant Cell 2012; 24:3907-19. [PMID: 23110895 PMCID: PMC3517227 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.102194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The shoot apical meristem (SAM) is a small population of stem cells that continuously generates organs and tissues. This review covers our current understanding of organ initiation by the SAM in Arabidopsis thaliana. Meristem function and maintenance involves two major hormones, cytokinins and auxins. Cytokinins appear to play a major role in meristem maintenance and in controlling meristematic properties, such as cell proliferation. Self-organizing transport processes, which are still only partially understood, lead to the patterned accumulation of auxin at particular positions, where organs will grow out. A major downstream target of auxin-mediated growth regulation is the cell wall, which is a determinant for both growth rates and growth distribution, but feedbacks with metabolism and the synthetic capacity of the cytoplasm are crucial as well. Recent work has also pointed at a potential role of mechanical signals in growth coordination, but the precise mechanisms at work remain to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A.H. Murray
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Angharad Jones
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Christophe Godin
- Virtual Plants, Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développment, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Institut National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique, Université Montpellier 2, 34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Jan Traas
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, École Normale Superieur de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon I, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
- Address correspondence to
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Radchuk V, Radchuk R, Pirko Y, Vankova R, Gaudinova A, Korkhovoy V, Yemets A, Weber H, Weschke W, Blume YB. A somaclonal line SE7 of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) exhibits modified cytokinin homeostasis and increased grain yield. J Exp Bot 2012; 63:5497-506. [PMID: 22888132 PMCID: PMC3444265 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The SE7 somaclonal line of finger millet (Eleusine coracana) achieved increased grain yield in field trials that apparently resulted from a higher number of inflorescences and seeds per plant, compared with the wild type. Levels of endogenous cytokinins, especially those of highly physiologically active iso-pentenyl adenine, were increased during early inflorescence development in SE7 plants. Transcript levels of cytokinin-degrading enzymes but not of a cytokinin-synthesizing enzyme were also decreased in young leaves, seedlings, and initiating inflorescences of SE7. These data suggest that attenuated degradation of cytokinins in SE7 inflorescences leads to higher cytokinin levels that stimulate meristem activity and result in production of more inflorescences. Gene expression was compared between SE7 and wild-type young inflorescences using the barley 12K cDNA array. The largest fraction of up-regulated genes in SE7 was related to transcription, translation, and cell proliferation, cell wall assembly/biosynthesis, and to growth regulation of young and meristematic tissues including floral formation. Other up-regulated genes were associated with protein and lipid degradation and mitochondrial energy production. Down-regulated genes were related to pathogen defence and stress response, primary metabolism, glycolysis, and the C:N balance. The results indicate a prolonged proliferation phase in SE7 young inflorescences characterized by up-regulated protein synthesis, cytokinesis, floral formation, and energy production. In contrast, wild-type inflorescences are similar to a more differentiated status characterized by regulated protein degradation, cell elongation, and defence/stress responses. It is concluded that attenuated degradation of cytokinins in SE7 inflorescences leads to higher cytokinin levels, which stimulate meristem activity, inflorescence formation, and seed set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Radchuk
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), Corrensstrasse 3, D-06466 Gatersleben, Germany.
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Das PK, Shin DH, Choi SB, Yoo SD, Choi G, Park YII. Cytokinins enhance sugar-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. Mol Cells 2012; 34:93-101. [PMID: 22699753 PMCID: PMC3887782 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-012-0114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In higher plants, the regulation of anthocyanin synthesis by various factors including light, sugars and hormones is mediated by numerous regulatory factors acting at the transcriptional level. Here, the association between sucrose and the plant hormone, cytokinin, in the presence of light was investigated to elucidate cytokinin signaling cascades leading to the transcriptional activation of anthocyanin biosynthesis genes in Arabidopsis seedlings. We showed that cytokinin enhances anthocyanin content and transcript levels of sugar inducible structural gene UDPglucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyl transferase (UF3GT) and regulatory gene PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT 1 (PAP1). Genetic analysis showed that cytokinin signaling modulates sugar-induced anthocyanin biosynthesis through a two-component signaling cascade involving the type-B response regulators ARR1, ARR10 and ARR12 in a redundant manner. Genetic, physiological and molecular biological approaches demonstrated that cytokinin enhancement is partially dependent on phytochrome and cryptochrome downstream component HY5, but mainly on photosynthetic electron transport. Taken together, we suggest that cytokinin acts down-stream of the photosynthetic electron transport chain in which the plastoquinone redox poise is modulated by sugars in a photoreceptor independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prasanta Kumar Das
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
| | - Dong Ho Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
| | - Sang-Bong Choi
- Division of Biosciences and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 449-728,
Korea
| | - Sang-Dong Yoo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-764,
Korea
| | - Giltsu Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701,
Korea
| | - Youn-II Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764,
Korea
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Abstract
The discovery of cytokinin receptors of Arabidopsis thaliana ten years ago was a milestone in plant hormone research. Since then, research has yielded insights into the biochemical properties and functions of these sensor histidine kinases. Their affinities to both trans-zeatin and isopentenyladenine are in the low nM range. Cytokinin ribosides, cis-zeatin and thidiazuron were established as compounds with genuine cytokinin activity and the first cytokinin antagonists were identified. Numerous functions of cytokinin receptors in plant development, as well as in the plant's responses to the environment, have been elucidated and are summarized. Finally, we address the question how the receptors have evolved during plant evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Heyl
- Institute of Biology/Applied Genetics, Dahlem Centre of Plant Sciences, Freie Universität Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Nishiyama R, Le DT, Watanabe Y, Matsui A, Tanaka M, Seki M, Yamaguchi-Shinozaki K, Shinozaki K, Tran LSP. Transcriptome analyses of a salt-tolerant cytokinin-deficient mutant reveal differential regulation of salt stress response by cytokinin deficiency. PLoS One 2012; 7:e32124. [PMID: 22355415 PMCID: PMC3280229 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0032124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Soil destruction by abiotic environmental conditions, such as high salinity, has resulted in dramatic losses of arable land, giving rise to the need of studying mechanisms of plant adaptation to salt stress aimed at creating salt-tolerant plants. Recently, it has been reported that cytokinins (CKs) regulate plant environmental stress responses through two-component systems. A decrease in endogenous CK levels could enhance salt and drought stress tolerance. Here, we have investigated the global transcriptional change caused by a reduction in endogenous CK content under both normal and salt stress conditions. Ten-day-old Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type (WT) and CK-deficient ipt1,3,5,7 plants were transferred to agar plates containing either 0 mM (control) or 200 mM NaCl and maintained at normal growth conditions for 24 h. Our experimental design allowed us to compare transcriptome changes under four conditions: WT-200 mM vs. WT-0 mM, ipt1,3,5,7-0 mM vs. WT-0 mM, ipt1,3,5,7-200 mM vs. ipt1,3,5,7-0 mM and ipt1,3,5,7-200 mM vs. WT-200 mM NaCl. Our results indicated that the expression of more than 10% of all of the annotated Arabidopsis genes was altered by CK deficiency under either normal or salt stress conditions when compared to WT. We found that upregulated expression of many genes encoding either regulatory proteins, such as NAC, DREB and ZFHD transcription factors and the calcium sensor SOS3, or functional proteins, such as late embryogenesis-abundant proteins, xyloglucan endo-transglycosylases, glycosyltransferases, glycoside hydrolases, defensins and glyoxalase I family proteins, may contribute to improved salt tolerance of CK-deficient plants. We also demonstrated that the downregulation of photosynthesis-related genes and the upregulation of several NAC genes may cause the altered morphological phenotype of CK-deficient plants. This study highlights the impact of CK regulation on the well-known stress-responsive signaling pathways, which regulate plant adaptation to high salinity as well as other environmental stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Nishiyama
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Dung Tien Le
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Agricultural Genetics Institute, Vietnamese Academy of Agricultural Science, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Yasuko Watanabe
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akihiro Matsui
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Maho Tanaka
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Motoaki Seki
- Plant Genomic Network Research Team, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | - Kazuo Shinozaki
- Gene Discovery Research Group, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Lam-Son Phan Tran
- Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Plant Science Center, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- * E-mail:
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