1
|
Kuanar SR, Sarkar RK, Panigrahi R, Mohapatra PK. Introgression of SUB1 aggravates the susceptibility of the popular rice cultivars Swarna and Savitri to stagnant flooding. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9032. [PMID: 37270542 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Identification of the Sub1 gene for tolerance to flash flooding and its introgression into high-yielding rice cultivars are major targets in rice breeding for flood-prone rice agro-ecosystems for ensuring yield stability. However, knowledge is scant on the response of the modified genotypes under stagnant flooding (SF) to meet the challenge of finding a superior allele that may confer greater resilience to the plant under a stress-prone environment. In pursuance, we have tested the response of Sub1-introgression in two popular rice varieties, Swarna and Savitri to SF by comparing the biochemical factors in the control of flag leaf senescence and its primary production mechanisms of the parental lines' versus Sub1-introgressed lines. The activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GR), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) increased while various parameters of primary production like total chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance (gs), normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and photosynthetic activity (Pn) decreased progressively with passage of time in the flag leaf of the cultivars during the post-anthesis period and SF-treatment increased the enzyme activity while depressing primary production further. Introgression of Sub1 had no influence on these activities under control conditions but widened the margin of effects under SF. It was concluded that the functional ability of flag leaf in mega rice cultivars like Swarna and Savitri decreased significantly by SF because of an ethylene-mediated promotion of senescence of the flag leaf. The enhancement of antioxidant enzyme activity by SF could not sustain the stability of primary production in the flag leaf. The introgression of the Sub1 gene made the cultivars more vulnerable to SF because the gene induced overexpression of ethylene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Rani Kuanar
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
- Anchal College, Padampur, 768036, India
| | | | - Rashmi Panigrahi
- School of Life Science, Sambalpur University, Jyoti Vihar, Sambalpur, 768019, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chattopadhyay K, Chakraborty K, Samal P, Sarkar RK. Identification of QTLs for stagnant flooding tolerance in rice employing genotyping by sequencing of a RIL population derived from Swarna × Rashpanjor. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2021; 27:2893-2909. [PMID: 35035143 PMCID: PMC8720131 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-021-01107-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In lowland rice ecosystems stagnant flooding or partial submergence has a significant negative impact on important yield attributing traits resulting in substantial grain yield reduction. Genetics of this stress is not yet studied intensively. Rashpanjor (IC 575321), a landrace from India, was identified and used as the tolerant donor for stagnant flooding and was crossed with high yielding variety Swarna to develop the RIL population for the present investigation. Yield and yield attributing traits of 180 F2:8 lines in rainfed non-stressed and stressed (stagnant flooding with 45 ± 5 cm standing water) conditions were recorded in the wet season of 2018 and stress susceptibility and tolerance indices of yield component traits were deduced. Homo-polymorphic high-quality SNPs between two parents derived from genotyping by sequencing were employed and 17 putative QTLs for plant height, shoot elongation, panicle number, grain weight, panicle length in control and stagnant flooding conditions were identified. Tolerance and susceptibility indexes for these traits were detected in chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, 11, and 12 with PVE ranging from 6.53 to 57.89%. Two major QTLs clusters were found for stress susceptibility index of grain and panicle weight on chromosome 1 and plant height in non-stress condition and stress tolerance index of elongation ability on chromosome 3. Putative functional genes present either in associated non-synonymous SNPs or inside the QTL regions were also predicted. Some of them were directly associated with ethylene biosynthesis and encoding auxin responsive factors for better adaptation under stagnant flooding and also coded for different transcription factors viz. NAC domain-binding protein, WRKY gene family, and MYB class known for ROS scavenging and production of metabolites to enhance tolerance to stagnant flooding. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-01107-x.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Koushik Chakraborty
- Division of Crop Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - Prabhudatta Samal
- Crop Improvement Division, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| | - Ramani Kumar Sarkar
- Division of Crop Physiology and Biochemistry, ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuanar SR, Molla KA, Chattopadhyay K, Sarkar RK, Mohapatra PK. Introgression of Sub1 (SUB1) QTL in mega rice cultivars increases ethylene production to the detriment of grain- filling under stagnant flooding. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18567. [PMID: 31811177 PMCID: PMC6898156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54908-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent time, Submergence1 (Sub1)QTL, responsible for imparting tolerance to flash flooding, has been introduced in many rice cultivars, but resilience of the QTL to stagnant flooding (SF) is not known. The response of Sub1-introgression has been tested on physiology, molecular biology and yield of two popular rice cultivars (Swarna and Savitri) by comparison of the parental and Sub1-introgression lines (SwarnaSub1 and SavitriSub1) under SF. Compared to control condition SF reduced grain yield and tiller number and increased plant height and Sub1- introgression mostly matched these effects. SF increased ethylene production by over-expression of ACC-synthase and ACC-oxidase enzyme genes of panicle before anthesis in the parental lines. Expression of the genes changed with Sub1-introgression, where some enzyme isoform genes over-expressed after anthesis under SF. Activities of endosperm starch synthesizing enzymes SUS and AGPase declined concomitantly with rise ethylene production in the Sub1-introgressed lines resulting in low starch synthesis and accumulation of soluble carbohydrates in the developing spikelets. In conclusion, Sub1-introgression into the cultivars increased susceptibility to SF. Subjected to SF, the QTL promoted genesis of ethylene in the panicle at anthesis to the detriment of grain yield, while compromising with morphological features like tiller production and stem elongation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Rani Kuanar
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, 753006, India
- Anchal College, Padampur, 768036, India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pradhan B, Chakraborty K, Prusty N, Mukherjee AK, Chattopadhyay K, Sarkar RK. Distinction and characterisation of rice genotypes tolerant to combined stresses of salinity and partial submergence, proved by a high-resolution chlorophyll fluorescence imaging system. Funct Plant Biol 2019; 46:248-261. [PMID: 32172768 DOI: 10.1071/fp18157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll a fluorescence (ChlF) parameters measured with fluorescence imaging techniques were used to investigate the combined effect of salt and partial submergence stress to understand photosynthetic performance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). ChlF parameters such as maximal fluorescence (Fm), variable fluorescence (Fv=Fm -F0), the maximal photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm) and the quantum yield of nonregulated energy dissipation of PSII (Y(NO)) were able to distinguish genotypes precisely based on their sensitivity to stress. Upon analysis, we found the images of F0 were indistinguishable among the genotypes, irrespective of their tolerance to salt and partial submergence stress. On the contrary, the images of Fm and Fv/Fm showed marked differences between the tolerant and susceptible genotypes in terms of tissue greenness and the appearance of dark spots as stress symptoms. The images of effective PSII quantum yield, the coefficient of nonphotochemical quenching (qN) and the coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP) captured under different PAR were able to distinguish the tolerant and susceptible genotypes, and were also quite effective for differentiating the tolerant and moderately tolerant ones. Similarly, the values of electron transport rate, qN, qP and Y(NO) were also able to distinguish the genotypes based on their sensitivity to stress. Overall, this investigation indicates the suitability of chlorophyll fluorescence imaging technique for precise phenotyping of rice based on their sensitivity to the combined effect of salt and partial submergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhubaneswar Pradhan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753 006, India
| | - Koushik Chakraborty
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753 006, India
| | - Nibedita Prusty
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753 006, India
| | - Arup Kumar Mukherjee
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753 006, India
| | - Krishnendu Chattopadhyay
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753 006, India
| | - Ramani Kumar Sarkar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research - National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753 006, India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chattopadhyay K, Nayak AK, Marndi BC, Poonam A, Chakraborty K, Sarkar RK. Novel screening protocol for precise phenotyping of salt-tolerance at reproductive stage in rice. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2018; 24:1047-1058. [PMID: 30425422 PMCID: PMC6214423 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-018-0591-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports an unequivocal and improved protocol for efficient screening of salt tolerance at flowering stage in rice, which can aid phenotyping of population for subsequent identification of QTLs associated with salinity stress, particularly at reproductive stage. To validate the new method, the selection criteria, level and time of imposition of stress; plant growth medium were standardized using three rice genotypes. The setup was established with a piezometer placed in a perforated pot for continuous monitoring of soil EC and pH throughout the period of study. Further, fertilizer enriched soil was partially substituted by gravels for stabilization and maintaining the uniformity of soil EC in pots without hindering its buffering capacity. The protocol including modified medium (Soil:Stone, 4:1) at 8 dS m-1 salinity level was validated using seven different genotypes possessing differential salt sensitivity. Based on the important selection traits such as high stability index for plant yield, harvest index and number of grains/panicle and also high K+ concentration and low Na+- K+ ratio in flag leaf at grain filling stage were validated and employed in the evaluation of a mapping population in the modified screening medium. The method was found significantly efficient for easy maintenance of desired level of soil salinity and identification of genotypes tolerant to salinity at reproductive stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Annie Poonam
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 753006 India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Singh R, Singh Y, Xalaxo S, Verulkar S, Yadav N, Singh S, Singh N, Prasad KSN, Kondayya K, Rao PVR, Rani MG, Anuradha T, Suraynarayana Y, Sharma PC, Krishnamurthy SL, Sharma SK, Dwivedi JL, Singh AK, Singh PK, Singh NK, Kumar R, Chetia SK, Ahmad T, Rai M, Perraju P, Pande A, Singh DN, Mandal NP, Reddy JN, Singh ON, Katara JL, Marandi B, Swain P, Sarkar RK, Singh DP, Mohapatra T, Padmawathi G, Ram T, Kathiresan RM, Paramsivam K, Nadarajan S, Thirumeni S, Nagarajan M, Singh AK, Vikram P, Kumar A, Septiningshih E, Singh US, Ismail AM, Mackill D, Singh NK. From QTL to variety-harnessing the benefits of QTLs for drought, flood and salt tolerance in mega rice varieties of India through a multi-institutional network. Plant Sci 2016; 242:278-287. [PMID: 26566845 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a staple cereal of India cultivated in about 43.5Mha area but with relatively low average productivity. Abiotic factors like drought, flood and salinity affect rice production adversely in more than 50% of this area. Breeding rice varieties with inbuilt tolerance to these stresses offers an economically viable and sustainable option to improve rice productivity. Availability of high quality reference genome sequence of rice, knowledge of exact position of genes/QTLs governing tolerance to abiotic stresses and availability of DNA markers linked to these traits has opened up opportunities for breeders to transfer the favorable alleles into widely grown rice varieties through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB). A large multi-institutional project, "From QTL to variety: marker-assisted breeding of abiotic stress tolerant rice varieties with major QTLs for drought, submergence and salt tolerance" was initiated in 2010 with funding support from Department of Biotechnology, Government of India, in collaboration with International Rice Research Institute, Philippines. The main focus of this project is to improve rice productivity in the fragile ecosystems of eastern, northeastern and southern part of the country, which bear the brunt of one or the other abiotic stresses frequently. Seven consistent QTLs for grain yield under drought, namely, qDTY1.1, qDTY2.1, qDTY2.2, qDTY3.1, qDTY3.2, qDTY9.1 and qDTY12.1 are being transferred into submergence tolerant versions of three high yielding mega rice varieties, Swarna-Sub1, Samba Mahsuri-Sub1 and IR 64-Sub1. To address the problem of complete submergence due to flash floods in the major river basins, the Sub1 gene is being transferred into ten highly popular locally adapted rice varieties namely, ADT 39, ADT 46, Bahadur, HUR 105, MTU 1075, Pooja, Pratikshya, Rajendra Mahsuri, Ranjit, and Sarjoo 52. Further, to address the problem of soil salinity, Saltol, a major QTL for salt tolerance is being transferred into seven popular locally adapted rice varieties, namely, ADT 45, CR 1009, Gayatri, MTU 1010, PR 114, Pusa 44 and Sarjoo 52. Genotypic background selection is being done after BC2F2 stage using an in-house designed 50K SNP chip on a set of twenty lines for each combination, identified with phenotypic similarity in the field to the recipient parent. Near-isogenic lines with more than 90% similarity to the recipient parent are now in advanced generation field trials. These climate smart varieties are expected to improve rice productivity in the adverse ecologies and contribute to the farmer's livelihood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Singh
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Yashi Singh
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Suchit Xalaxo
- Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhatisgarh, India
| | - S Verulkar
- Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur, Chhatisgarh, India
| | - Neera Yadav
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Shweta Singh
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - Nisha Singh
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India
| | - K S N Prasad
- Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Maruteru, AP, India
| | - K Kondayya
- Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Maruteru, AP, India
| | - P V Ramana Rao
- Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Maruteru, AP, India
| | - M Girija Rani
- Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Maruteru, AP, India
| | - T Anuradha
- Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Maruteru, AP, India
| | - Y Suraynarayana
- Acharya N.G. Ranga Agricultural University, Maruteru, AP, India
| | - P C Sharma
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - S L Krishnamurthy
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - S K Sharma
- ICAR-Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - J L Dwivedi
- Acharya Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad, UP, India
| | - A K Singh
- Acharya Narendra Dev University of Agriculture and Technology, Faizabad, UP, India
| | - P K Singh
- Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, UP, India
| | - N K Singh
- Rajendra Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Rajendra Agricultural University, Samastipur, Bihar, India
| | - S K Chetia
- Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - T Ahmad
- Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, India
| | - M Rai
- Central Agricultural University, Umiam, Meghalaya, India
| | - P Perraju
- Jawahar Lal Nehru Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Reewa, MP, India
| | - Anita Pande
- Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - D N Singh
- Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - N P Mandal
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - J N Reddy
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - O N Singh
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - J L Katara
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - B Marandi
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - P Swain
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - R K Sarkar
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - D P Singh
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - T Mohapatra
- ICAR-Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - G Padmawathi
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India
| | - T Ram
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - K Paramsivam
- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture & Research Institute, Karikal, Puducherry, India
| | - S Nadarajan
- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture & Research Institute, Karikal, Puducherry, India
| | - S Thirumeni
- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture & Research Institute, Karikal, Puducherry, India
| | - M Nagarajan
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Aduthurai, TN, India
| | - A K Singh
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant Vikram
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - Arvind Kumar
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - E Septiningshih
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - U S Singh
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - A M Ismail
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - D Mackill
- International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Philippines
| | - Nagendra K Singh
- National Research Centre on Plant Biotechnology, New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Singh DP, Sarkar RK. Distinction and characterisation of salinity tolerant and sensitive rice cultivars as probed by the chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics and growth parameters. Funct Plant Biol 2014; 41:727-736. [PMID: 32481027 DOI: 10.1071/fp13229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress that limits rice productivity worldwide. The problem is intense - particularly in areas with extremely dry and hot climatic conditions. Designing an effective phenotyping strategy requires thorough understanding of plant survival under stress. The investigation was conducted using 12 rice cultivars differing in salinity tolerance. Among these cultivars, seedling survival on day 10 of salt treatment (12dSm-1) was above 85% during wet season and 75% during dry season in FL478, AC39416, Pokkali and Kamini. Highly salt-tolerant cultivars maintained greater proportion of green leaf and chlorophyll content under salt stress. Unlike sensitive cultivars, tolerant cultivars taken up less Na+ and more K+, resulting in lower Na+:K+ ratio in leaf and sheath. Normalised chlorophyll a fluorescence data revealed that the Fv/Fm and PIABS values decreased on days 3 and 7, respectively, of salt stress in susceptible rice cultivar. Salinity factor index (SFI) calculated by giving different weights to relative PIABS values after variable days of salinity stress clearly distinguished the level of tolerance among rice cultivars. The SFI can be used for grouping of moderately to highly salt-tolerant cultivars based on their tolerance level. We conclude that maintenance of greater proportion of green leaf, and restricted transport of Na+ to sheath and leaf helps the plant to counteract adverse effects of salinity on rice growth.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bhattacharyya P, Roy KS, Neogi S, Dash PK, Nayak AK, Mohanty S, Baig MJ, Sarkar RK, Rao KS. Impact of elevated CO2 and temperature on soil C and N dynamics in relation to CH4 and N2O emissions from tropical flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.). Sci Total Environ 2013; 461-462:601-611. [PMID: 23764672 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A field experiment was carried out to investigate the impact of elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) (CEC, 550 μmol mol(-1)) and elevated CO2+elevated air temperature (CECT, 550 μmol mol(-1) and 2°C more than control chamber (CC)) on soil labile carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools, microbial populations and enzymatic activities in relation to emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in a flooded alluvial soil planted with rice cv. Naveen in open top chambers (OTCs). The labile soil C pools, namely microbial biomass C, readily mineralizable C, water soluble carbohydrate C and potassium permanganate oxidizable C were increased by 27, 23, 38 and 37% respectively under CEC than CC (ambient CO2, 394 μmol mol(-1)). The total organic carbon (TOC) in root exudates was 28.9% higher under CEC than CC. The labile N fractions were also increased significantly (29%) in CEC than CC. Methanogens and denitrifier populations in rhizosphere were higher under CEC and CECT. As a result, CH4 and N2O-N emissions were enhanced by 26 and 24.6% respectively, under CEC in comparison to open field (UC, ambient CO2, 394 μmol mol(-1)) on seasonal basis. The global warming potential (GWP) was increased by 25% under CEC than CC. However, emissions per unit of grain yield under elevated CO2 and temperature were similar to those observed at ambient CO2. The stimulatory effect on CH4 and N2O emissions under CEC was linked with the increased amount of soil labile C, C rich root exudates, lowered Eh, higher Fe(+2) concentration and increased activities of methanogens and extracellular enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Bhattacharyya
- Division of Crop Production, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753006, Odisha, India.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Panda D, Sarkar RK. Natural leaf senescence: probed by chlorophyll fluorescence, CO2 photosynthetic rate and antioxidant enzyme activities during grain filling in different rice cultivars. Physiol Mol Biol Plants 2013; 19:43-51. [PMID: 24381436 PMCID: PMC3550679 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-012-0142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Natural leaf senescence was investigated in four rainfed lowland rice cultivars, FR 13A (tolerant to submergence), Sabita and Sarala (adapted to medium depth, 0-50 cm stagnant flooding) and Dengi (conventional farmers' cultivar). Changes in the levels of pigment content, CO2 photosynthetic rate, photosystem II photochemistry and anti-oxidant enzyme activities of flag leaves during grain-filling stage were investigated. Chlorophyll content, photochemical efficiency of photosystem II and CO2 photosynthetic rate decreased significantly with the progress of grain-filling. Likely, the activities of antioxidant enzymes namely, superoxide dismutase, catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase decreased with progress of grain-filling. A substantial difference was observed among the four cultivars for the sustainability index (SI) of different photosynthetic parameters and antioxidant enzyme activities; SIs of those parameters, in general, were lower in low yielding cultivar FR 13A compared to the other three cultivars. Among the four cultivars Sabita gave maximum grain yield. Yet, SI of Pn was greater in Sarala and Dengi compared to the Sabita. SIs of electron transport (ETo/CS), maximal photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), area above Fo and Fm, catalase and ascorbate peroxidase were also greater in Sarala and Dengi. The data showed that among the different Chl a fluorescence parameters, PI could be used with greater accuracy to distinguish slow and fast senescence rice cultivars during grain-filling period. It was concluded that maintaining the vitality of rice plants during grain-filling gave guarantee to synthesize carbohydrate, however greater yield could be realized provided superior yield attributing parameters are present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Panda
- />Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation of Natural Resources, Central University of Orissa, Koraput, 764020 India
| | - Ramani Kumar Sarkar
- />Division of Biochemistry, Plant Physiology and Environmental Sciences, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, 753 006 Orissa India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sarkar RK, Bhattacharjee B. Rice Genotypes with SUB1 QTL Differ in Submergence Tolerance, Elongation
Ability during Submergence and Re-generation Growth at Re-emergence. Rice (N Y) 2011; 5:7. [PMCID: PMC5520825 DOI: 10.1007/s12284-011-9065-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Submergence tolerance is an important trait where short term flash flooding
damages rice. Tolerant landraces that withstand submergence for 1–2 weeks were
identified. Due to the heterogeneity in flood-prone ecosystem many different types
of traditional rice cultivars are being grown by the farmers. The local landraces
adapted to extremes in water availability could be the sources of genetic variation
are to be used to improve the adaptability of rice to excess water stress. Greater
genotypic variability was observed for plant height, elongation and survival %,
absolute growth rate, non-structural carbohydrate retention capacity, chlorophyll
content, different chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (FPs) characteristics, and
re-generation growth at re-emergence. Twenty days submergence caused greater damage
even in Submergence 1 (SUB1) introgressed cultivars compared to the 14 days of submergence.
The FPs, carbohydrate content and dry weight at the end of submergence showed
positive and highly significant association with re-generation growth. The presence
of SUB1 associated primers, either SC3 or ART5,
was noticed even in greater elongating types of rice genotypes. These genotypes
possess one or more of the adaptive traits required for the flood-prone ecosystem,
which range from temporary submergence of 1–2 weeks to long period of stagnant water
tolerance.
Collapse
|
11
|
Sarkar RK, Panda D. Distinction and characterisation of submergence tolerant and sensitive rice cultivars, probed by the fluorescence OJIP rise kinetics. Funct Plant Biol 2009; 36:222-233. [PMID: 32688641 DOI: 10.1071/fp08218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/11/2008] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants experience multiple abiotic stresses when they are submerged. In addition to the effects of submergence on gas exchange, water also creates shading of submerged plants. It is believed that responses to submergence are actually responses to low light stress, although during complete submergence in addition to low light other environmental factors like reduce movement of gases affect the plant growth, and therefore, the consequences of submergence are not always alike to shade. We monitored the extent to which shade and submergence change the plant height, chlorophyll a fluorescence characteristics and CO2 photosynthetic rate in three Indica rice cultivars, namely Sarala, Kalaputia and Khoda, which differed in submergence tolerance. There were both similarities and dissimilarities between the consequence of shade and submergence on rice plants. Under shade conditions, elongation growth was greater in submergence tolerant cultivars than the sensitive cultivar, whereas elongation growth was greater under submergence in sensitive cultivar. The reduction in chlorophyll content, damage to PSII, and decrease in CO2 photosynthetic rate was more notable under submergence than the shade conditions. Our results show that several JIP-test parameters clearly distinguish between submergence tolerant and sensitive cultivars, and responses to submergence among different rice cultivars differ depending on their sensitivity to submergence. There were different interactions between cultivar and shade (~low light) and cultivar and submergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ramani Kumar Sarkar
- Division of Biochemistry, Plant Physiology and Environmental Sciences, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack-753 006, India
| | - Debabrata Panda
- Division of Biochemistry, Plant Physiology and Environmental Sciences, Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack-753 006, India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Sarkar RK, Das S. Yield of rainfed lowland rice with medium water depth under anaerobic direct seeding and transplanting. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/ts.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
|
13
|
Sarkar RK, Kyriakos M. A polycarbonate thin film technique for cytologic preparation of fluid specimens. Acta Cytol 1995; 39:85-92. [PMID: 7847015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The use of polycarbonate membrane filters for the routine cytologic analysis of fluid specimens is well established. These filters are also currently used as integral components in some commercially available fully automated machines for the formation of monolayer cell spreads of cytologic specimens. We describe a simple manual polycarbonate filter technique for the production of similar preparations, utilizing commonly available laboratory materials, for all types of cytologic fluid specimens. The method is rapid, eliminates the cumbersome processing of whole filters, provides excellent morphologic detail and obviates the need for automated or cytocentrifugation instruments. The method is thus well suited to laboratories in which the number of fluid specimens is not large enough to justify the financial resources needed for these relatively expensive machines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R K Sarkar
- Laboratory of Cytology, Barnes Hospital, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sen Gupta PG, Nair GB, Mondal S, Gupta DN, Sen D, Sikdar SN, Das P, Sarkar RK, Ghosh S, Saha NC. Epidemiology of campylobacteriosis in a cohort of rural population near Calcutta. Epidemiol Infect 1991; 106:507-12. [PMID: 2050205 PMCID: PMC2271864 DOI: 10.1017/s095026880006756x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Over a 2-year period, 25 families comprising of 181 individuals of all ages were longitudinally observed for the excretion of Campylobacter species. Faecal samples were taken from all persons with diarrhoea. Specimens were also taken from apparently healthy individuals and from domestic animals living within the confines of the study families at monthly intervals. The overall diarrhoea attack rate was 19 episodes per 100 person-years with peak incidence in the 1- to 4-year-old age group (76/100 person-years). Eight (11.5%) of the total episodes were campylobacter-associated and the overall rate of campylobacter positive diarrhoeal episodes were 2.2 per 100 person-years. Of the 1002 stool samples from healthy individuals 32 (3.2/100 samples) were positive for campylobacter. The organism was most frequently isolated from children under 1 year of age both during diarrhoeal episodes (11.5 per 100 person-years) and non-diarrhoeal (11.1 per 100 samples). Multiple infections in a family were rare. In 19.4% of the occasions one or more animals were campylobacter positive. However, only in 7.7% of these occasions was a human infection recorded within 1 month after the animal was found to be positive. The study showed that the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis in this community was distinct compared to that observed in developed countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P G Sen Gupta
- National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Calcutta, India
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Biggs PJ, Sarkar RK. Cytologic examination of bronchoscopic biopsy supernates. Acta Cytol 1987; 31:83. [PMID: 3468723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
16
|
Sarkar RK, Banerjee A, Mukherji S. Acceleration of peroxidase and catalase activities in leaves of wild dicotyledonous plants, as an indication of automobile exhaust pollution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0143-1471(86)90013-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
17
|
Abstract
Campylobacter jejuni, a recently recognised human enteric pathogen, was recovered from the faeces of 21.7 per cent of domestic dogs with diarrhoea as compared with only 3.1 per cent of normal healthy dogs. The recovery rate from non-diarrhoeic, but unhealthy, domestic dogs was 6.7 per cent. The differences in the incidence of C jejuni between breeds was not statistically significant. The majority of isolations were from puppies between birth and six months old. The incidence of C jejuni in domestic dogs did not appear to be sex specific. Domestic canine infections with C jejuni could possibly be an important source of human infection, especially to those in close contact.
Collapse
|
18
|
Sarkar RK, Chowdhury S, Nair GB, Pal SC. Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni in an abattoir. Indian J Med Res 1984; 80:417-20. [PMID: 6532951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
19
|
Sarkar RK, Mallik RK, Dutta SR, Mitra S. Possible relationship between antibody responsive capacity of the host and growth of transplantable tumour. Indian J Med Res 1979; 69:482-8. [PMID: 447387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
|
20
|
Sarkar RK, Mallik RK, Dutta SR, Mitra S. Immune response in neonatally splenectomized mice: effect of cyclophosphamide. Indian J Med Res 1978; 68:450-8. [PMID: 744633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
|
21
|
Chakraborti RN, Sarkar RK, Patra G. Evolution of cell-mediated immunity in mice bearing solid sarcoma 180. Indian J Cancer 1977; 14:75-80. [PMID: 885572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
22
|
Sarkar JK, Chakravarty T, Roy KM, Chakravarty NN, Poddar G, Sarkar RK. Investigation of an outbreak of paralytic disease near Patipukur in Dum Dum municipality, West Bengal. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1973; 21:22-3. [PMID: 4807408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Sarkar JK, Chakravorty SK, Sarkar RK. Sporadic cases of haemorrhagic fever during dengue epidemics. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1972; 20:2-4. [PMID: 4657471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
25
|
Chakravarty MS, Sarkar RK, Sarkar JK. Serological evidence of infection by Hongkong variant of Asian influenza in Assam. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1970; 18:100-1. [PMID: 5527135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|
26
|
Chakravarty SK, Banerjee D, Sarkar JK, Chatterjee SN, Sarkar RK. Virological and serological study of an epidemic of fever at Burnpur--a preliminary report. Bull Calcutta Sch Trop Med 1970; 18:78-9. [PMID: 5525725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
|