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Fu M, Li F, Zhou S, Guo P, Chen Y, Xie Q, Chen G, Hu Z. Trihelix transcription factor SlGT31 regulates fruit ripening mediated by ethylene in tomato. J Exp Bot 2023; 74:5709-5721. [PMID: 37527459 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Trihelix proteins are plant-specific transcription factors that are classified as GT factors due to their binding specificity for GT elements, and they play crucial roles in development and stress responses. However, their involvement in fruit ripening and transcriptional regulatory mechanisms remains largely unclear. In this study, we cloned SlGT31, encoding a trihelix protein in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and determined that its relative expression was significantly induced by the application of exogenous ethylene whereas it was repressed by the ethylene-inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene. Suppression of SlGT31 expression resulted in delayed fruit ripening, decreased accumulation of total carotenoids, and reduced ethylene content, together with inhibition of expression of genes related to ethylene and fruit ripening. Conversely, SlGT31-overexpression lines showed opposite results. Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase assays indicated that SlGT31 can bind to the promoters of two key ethylene-biosynthesis genes, ACO1 and ACS4. Taken together, our results indicate that SlGT31 might act as a positive modulator during fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Fu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenfen Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengen Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyu Guo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoli Xie
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongli Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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Ding Q, Wang F, Xue J, Yang X, Fan J, Chen H, Li Y, Wu H. Identification and Expression Analysis of Hormone Biosynthetic and Metabolism Genes in the 2OGD Family for Identifying Genes That May Be Involved in Tomato Fruit Ripening. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155344. [PMID: 32731334 PMCID: PMC7432023 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytohormones play important roles in modulating tomato fruit development and ripening. The 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenase (2OGD) superfamily containing several subfamilies involved in hormone biosynthesis and metabolism. In this study, we aimed to identify hormone biosynthesis and metabolism-related to 2OGD proteins in tomato and explored their roles in fruit development and ripening. We identified nine 2OGD protein subfamilies involved in hormone biosynthesis and metabolism, including the gibberellin (GA) biosynthetic protein families GA20ox and GA3ox, GA degradation protein families C19-GA2ox and C20-GA2ox, ethylene biosynthetic protein family ACO, auxin degradation protein family DAO, jasmonate hydroxylation protein family JOX, salicylic acid degradation protein family DMR6, and strigolactone biosynthetic protein family LBO. These genes were differentially expressed in different tomato organs. The GA degradation gene SlGA2ox2, and the auxin degradation gene SlDAO1, showed significantly increased expression from the mature-green to the breaker stage during tomato fruit ripening, accompanied by decreased endogenous GA and auxin, indicating that SlGA2ox2 and SlDAO1 were responsible for the reduced GA and auxin concentrations. Additionally, exogenous gibberellin 3 (GA3) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) treatment of mature-green fruits delayed fruit ripening and increased the expression of SlGA2ox2 and SlDAO1, respectively. Therefore, SlGA2ox2 and SlDAO1 are implicated in the degradation of GAs and auxin during tomato fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.D.); (F.W.); (J.X.); (X.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.D.); (F.W.); (J.X.); (X.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Juan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.D.); (F.W.); (J.X.); (X.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Xinxin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.D.); (F.W.); (J.X.); (X.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Junmiao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.D.); (F.W.); (J.X.); (X.Y.); (J.F.)
| | - Hong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Yi Li
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA;
| | - Han Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China; (Q.D.); (F.W.); (J.X.); (X.Y.); (J.F.)
- Correspondence:
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Gao Y, Wei W, Fan Z, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Jing Y, Zhu B, Zhu H, Shan W, Chen J, Grierson D, Luo Y, Jemrić T, Jiang CZ, Fu DQ. Re-evaluation of the nor mutation and the role of the NAC-NOR transcription factor in tomato fruit ripening. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:3560-3574. [PMID: 32338291 PMCID: PMC7307841 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The tomato non-ripening (nor) mutant generates a truncated 186-amino-acid protein (NOR186) and has been demonstrated previously to be a gain-of-function mutant. Here, we provide more evidence to support this view and answer the open question of whether the NAC-NOR gene is important in fruit ripening. Overexpression of NAC-NOR in the nor mutant did not restore the full ripening phenotype. Further analysis showed that the truncated NOR186 protein is located in the nucleus and binds to but does not activate the promoters of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase2 (SlACS2), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase2 (SlGgpps2), and pectate lyase (SlPL), which are involved in ethylene biosynthesis, carotenoid accumulation, and fruit softening, respectively. The activation of the promoters by the wild-type NOR protein can be inhibited by the mutant NOR186 protein. On the other hand, ethylene synthesis, carotenoid accumulation, and fruit softening were significantly inhibited in CR-NOR (CRISPR/Cas9-edited NAC-NOR) fruit compared with the wild-type, but much less severely affected than in the nor mutant, while they were accelerated in OE-NOR (overexpressed NAC-NOR) fruit. These data further indicated that nor is a gain-of-function mutation and NAC-NOR plays a significant role in ripening of wild-type fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongqi Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Jing
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianye Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Plant Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Yunbo Luo
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tomislav Jemrić
- Department of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Da-Qi Fu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence:
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Ma Y, Zhou L, Wang Z, Chen J, Qu G. Oligogalacturonic acids promote tomato fruit ripening through the regulation of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthesis at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. BMC Plant Biol 2016; 16:13. [PMID: 26748512 PMCID: PMC4706653 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-015-0634-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oligogalacturonic acids (OGs) are oligomers of alpha-1,4-linked galacturonosyl residues that are released from cell walls by the hydrolysis of polygalacturonic acids upon fruit ripening and under abiotic/biotic stress. OGs may induce ethylene production and fruit ripening, however, the mechanism(s) behind these processes is unknown. RESULTS Tomato cultivar 'Ailsa Craig' (AC) and mutant Neverripe, ripening inhibitor, non-ripening, and colorless non-ripening fruits were treated with OGs at different stages. Only AC fruits at mature green stage 1 showed an advanced ripening phenomenon, although transient ethylene production was detected in all of the tomato fruits. Ethylene synthesis genes LeACS2 and LeACO1 were rapidly up-regulated, and the phosphorylated LeACS2 protein was detected after OGs treatment. Protein kinase/phosphatase inhibitors significantly affected the ripening process induced by the OGs. As a potential receptor of OGs, LeWAKL2 was also up-regulated in their presence. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that OGs promoted tomato fruit ripening by inducing ethylene synthesis through the regulation of LeACS2 at transcriptional and post-translational levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxuan Ma
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Leilei Zhou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhichao Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianting Chen
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guiqin Qu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China.
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Ji K, Kai W, Zhao B, Sun Y, Yuan B, Dai S, Li Q, Chen P, Wang Y, Pei Y, Wang H, Guo Y, Leng P. SlNCED1 and SlCYP707A2: key genes involved in ABA metabolism during tomato fruit ripening. J Exp Bot 2014; 65:5243-55. [PMID: 25039074 PMCID: PMC4157709 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) plays an important role in fruit development and ripening. Here, three NCED genes encoding 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED, a key enzyme in the ABA biosynthetic pathway) and three CYP707A genes encoding ABA 8'-hydroxylase (a key enzyme in the oxidative catabolism of ABA) were identified in tomato fruit by tobacco rattle virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS). Quantitative real-time PCR showed that VIGS-treated tomato fruits had significant reductions in target gene transcripts. In SlNCED1-RNAi-treated fruits, ripening slowed down, and the entire fruit turned to orange instead of red as in the control. In comparison, the downregulation of SlCYP707A2 expression in SlCYP707A2-silenced fruit could promote ripening; for example, colouring was quicker than in the control. Silencing SlNCED2/3 or SlCYP707A1/3 made no significant difference to fruit ripening comparing RNAi-treated fruits with control fruits. ABA accumulation and SlNCED1transcript levels in the SlNCED1-RNAi-treated fruit were downregulated to 21% and 19% of those in control fruit, respectively, but upregulated in SlCYP707A2-RNAi-treated fruit. Silencing SlNCED1 or SlCYP707A2 by VIGS significantly altered the transcripts of a set of both ABA-responsive and ripening-related genes, including ABA-signalling genes (PYL1, PP2C1, and SnRK2.2), lycopene-synthesis genes (SlBcyc, SlPSY1 and SlPDS), and cell wall-degrading genes (SlPG1, SlEXP, and SlXET) during ripening. These data indicate that SlNCED1 and SlCYP707A2 are key genes in the regulation of ABA synthesis and catabolism, and are involved in fruit ripening as positive and negative regulators, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Ji
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Wenbin Kai
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Bo Zhao
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yufei Sun
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Bing Yuan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University BouleVard, Tucson, USA
| | - Shengjie Dai
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Pei Chen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Ya Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yuelin Pei
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Hongqing Wang
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Yangdong Guo
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
| | - Ping Leng
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, PR China
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M J, McDonnell L, Regan S. Plant encoded 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase activity implicated in different aspects of plant development. Plant Signal Behav 2009; 4:1186-9. [PMID: 20514243 PMCID: PMC2819453 DOI: 10.4161/psb.4.12.10060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Proper plant development is dependent on the coordination and tight control of a wide variety of different signals. In the study of the plant hormone ethylene, control of the immediate biosynthetic precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is of interest as the level of ethylene can either help or hinder plant growth during times of stress. It is known that ACC can be reversibly removed from the biosynthesis pathway through conjugation into other compounds. We recently reported that plants can also irreversibly remove ACC from ethylene production through the activity of a plant encoded ACC deaminase. Heretofore only found in bacteria, we showed that there was ACC deaminase activity in both Arabidopsis and in developing wood of poplar. Here we extend this original work and show that there is also ACC deaminase activity in tomato plants, and that this activity is regulated during tomato fruit development. Further, using an antisense construct of AtACD1 in Arabidopsis, we investigate the role of ACC deamination during salt stress. Together these studies shed light on a new level of control during ethylene production in a wide variety of plant species and during different plant developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M
- Department of Biology; Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
| | - Lisa McDonnell
- Biology Department; Carleton University, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Sharon Regan
- Department of Biology; Queen’s University, Kingston, ON Canada
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Neelam A, Cassol T, Mehta RA, Abdul-Baki AA, Sobolev AP, Goyal RK, Abbott J, Segre AL, Handa AK, Mattoo AK. A field-grown transgenic tomato line expressing higher levels of polyamines reveals legume cover crop mulch-specific perturbations in fruit phenotype at the levels of metabolite profiles, gene expression, and agronomic characteristics. J Exp Bot 2008; 59:2337-46. [PMID: 18469323 PMCID: PMC2423649 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ern100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Genetic modification of crop plants to introduce desirable traits such as nutritional enhancement, disease and pest resistance, and enhanced crop productivity is increasingly seen as a promising technology for sustainable agriculture and boosting food production in the world. Independently, cultural practices that utilize alternative agriculture strategies including organic cultivation subscribe to sustainable agriculture by limiting chemical usage and reduced tillage. How the two together affect fruit metabolism or plant growth in the field or whether they are compatible has not yet been tested. Fruit-specific yeast S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (ySAMdc) line 579HO, and a control line 556AZ were grown in leguminous hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) (HV) mulch and conventional black polyethylene (BP) mulch, and their fruit analysed. Significant genotypexmulch-dependent interactions on fruit phenotype were exemplified by differential profiles of 20 fruit metabolites such as amino acids, sugars, and organic acids. Expression patterns of the ySAMdc transgene, and tomato SAMdc, E8, PEPC, and ICDHc genes were compared between the two lines as a function of growth on either BP or HV mulch. HV mulch significantly stimulated the accumulation of asparagine, glutamate, glutamine, choline, and citrate concomitant with a decrease in glucose in the 556AZ fruits during ripening as compared to BP. It enables a metabolic system in tomato somewhat akin to the one in higher polyamine-accumulating transgenic fruit that have higher phytonutrient content. Finally, synergism was found between HV mulch and transgenic tomato in up-regulating N:C indicator genes PEPC and ICDHc in the fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Neelam
- USDA-ARS, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Tatiana Cassol
- USDA-ARS, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Roshni A. Mehta
- USDA-ARS, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Aref A. Abdul-Baki
- USDA-ARS, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Anatoli P. Sobolev
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies, CNR, Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy
| | - Ravinder K. Goyal
- USDA-ARS, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Judith Abbott
- USDA-ARS, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
| | - Anna L. Segre
- Institute of Chemical Methodologies, CNR, Monterotondo Stazione, Rome, Italy
| | - Avtar K. Handa
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Autar K. Mattoo
- USDA-ARS, Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Building 001, Beltsville, MD 20705-2350, USA
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