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Hu J, Zhong Y, Xu P, Xin L, Zhu X, Jiang X, Gao W, Yang B, Chen Y. β-Thalassemia gene editing therapy: Advancements and difficulties. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e38036. [PMID: 38701251 PMCID: PMC11062644 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000038036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
β-Thalassemia is the world's number 1 single-gene genetic disorder and is characterized by suppressed or impaired production of β-pearl protein chains. This results in intramedullary destruction and premature lysis of red blood cells in peripheral blood. Among them, patients with transfusion-dependent β-thalassemia face the problem of long-term transfusion and iron chelation therapy, which leads to clinical complications and great economic stress. As gene editing technology improves, we are seeing the dawn of a cure for the disease, with its reduction of ineffective erythropoiesis and effective prolongation of survival in critically ill patients. Here, we provide an overview of β-thalassemia distribution and pathophysiology. In addition, we focus on gene therapy and gene editing advances. Nucleic acid endonuclease tools currently available for gene editing fall into 3 categories: zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases, and regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9) nucleases. This paper reviews the exploratory applications and exploration of emerging therapeutic tools based on 3 classes of nucleic acid endonucleases in the treatment of β-thalassemia diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Hu
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yebing Zhong
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Pengxiang Xu
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Liuyan Xin
- Hematology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhu
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xinghui Jiang
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Weifang Gao
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Bin Yang
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yijian Chen
- The First Clinical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, Jiangxi, China
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Wang C, Wang Z, Cai Y, Zhu Z, Yu D, Hong L, Wang Y, Lv W, Zhao Q, Si L, Liu K, Han B. A higher-yield hybrid rice is achieved by assimilating a dominant heterotic gene in inbred parental lines. Plant Biotechnol J 2024. [PMID: 38450899 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
The exploitation of heterosis to integrate parental advantages is one of the fastest and most efficient ways of rice breeding. The genomic architecture of heterosis suggests that the grain yield is strongly correlated with the accumulation of numerous rare superior alleles with positive dominance. However, the improvements in yield of hybrid rice have shown a slowdown or even plateaued due to the limited availability of complementary superior alleles. In this study, we achieved a considerable increase in grain yield of restorer lines by inducing an alternative splicing event in a heterosis gene OsMADS1 through CRISPR-Cas9, which accounted for approximately 34.1%-47.5% of yield advantage over their corresponding inbred rice cultivars. To achieve a higher yield in hybrid rice, we crossed the gene-edited restorer parents harbouring OsMADS1GW3p6 with the sterile lines to develop new rice hybrids. In two-line hybrid rice Guang-liang-you 676 (GLY676), the yield of modified hybrids carrying the homozygous heterosis gene OsMADS1GW3p6 significantly exceeded that of the original hybrids with heterozygous OsMADS1. Similarly, the gene-modified F1 hybrids with heterozygous OsMADS1GW3p6 increased grain yield by over 3.4% compared to the three-line hybrid rice Quan-you-si-miao (QYSM) with the homozygous genotype of OsMADS1. Our study highlighted the great potential in increasing the grain yield of hybrid rice by pyramiding a single heterosis gene via CRISPR-Cas9. Furthermore, these results demonstrated that the incomplete dominance of heterosis genes played a major role in yield-related heterosis and provided a promising strategy for breeding higher-yielding rice varieties above what is currently achievable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changsheng Wang
- National Center for Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqun Wang
- National Center for Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunxiao Cai
- National Center for Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhou Zhu
- National Center for Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Danheng Yu
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, UK
| | - Lei Hong
- National Center for Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Yongchun Wang
- National Center for Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Lv
- National Center for Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhao
- National Center for Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lizhen Si
- National Center for Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Liu
- National Center for Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Han
- National Center for Gene Research, State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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Park ME, Kim HU. PDAT1 genome editing reduces hydroxy fatty acid production in transgenic Arabidopsis. BMB Rep 2024; 57:86-91. [PMID: 38053289 PMCID: PMC10910088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fatty acids content of castor (Ricinus communis L.) seed oil is 80-90% ricinoleic acid, which is a hydroxy fatty acid (HFA). The structures and functional groups of HFAs are different from those of common fatty acids and are useful for various industrial applications. However, castor seeds contain the toxin ricin and an allergenic protein, which limit their cultivation. Accordingly, many researchers are conducting studies to enhance the production of HFAs in Arabidopsis thaliana, a model plant for oil crops. Oleate 12-hydroxylase from castor (RcFAH12), which synthesizes HFA (18:1-OH), was transformed into an Arabidopsis fae1 mutant, resulting in the CL37 line producing a maximum of 17% HFA content. In addition, castor phospholipid:diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1-2 (RcPDAT1-2), which catalyzes the production of triacylglycerol by transferring HFA from phosphatidylcholine to diacylglycerol, was transformed into the CL37 line to develop a P327 line that produces 25% HFA. In this study, we investigated changes in HFA content when endogenous Arabidopsis PDAT1 (AtPDAT1) of the P327 line was edited using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique. The successful mutation resulted in three independent lines with different mutation patterns, which were transmitted until the T4 generation. Fatty acid analysis of the seeds showed that HFA content decreased in all three mutant lines. These findings indicate that AtPDAT1 as well as RcPDAT1-2 in the P327 line are involved in transferring and increasing HFAs to triacylglycerol. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(2): 86-91].
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Affiliation(s)
- Mid-Eum Park
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
- Plant Engineering Research Institute, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Korea
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Kim JH, Yu J, Kim JY, Park YJ, Bae S, Kang KK, Jung YJ. Phenotypic characterization of pre-harvest sprouting resistance mutants generated by the CRISPR/Cas9-geminiviral replicon system in rice. BMB Rep 2024; 57:79-85. [PMID: 38303561 PMCID: PMC10910094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Pre-harvest sprouting is a critical phenomenon involving germination of seeds in the mother plant before harvest under relative humid conditions and reduced dormancy. In this paper, we generated HDR mutant lines with one region SNP (C/T) and an insertion of 6 bp (GGT/GGTGGCGGC) in OsERF1 genes for pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) resistance using CRISPR/Cas9 and a geminiviral replicon system. The incidence of HDR was 2.6% in transformed calli. T1 seeds were harvested from 12 HDR-induced calli and named ERF1-hdr line. Molecular stability, key agronomic properties, physiological properties, and biochemical properties of target genes in the ERF1-hdr line were investigated for three years. The ERF1-hdr line showed significantly enhanced seed dormancy and pre-harvest sprouting resistance. qRT-PCR analysis suggested that enhanced ABA signaling resulted in a stronger phenotype of PHS resistance. These results indicate that efficient HDR can be achieved through SNP/InDel replacement using a single and modular configuration applicable to different rice targets and other crops. This work demonstrates the potential to replace all genes with elite alleles within one generation and greatly expands our ability to improve agriculturally important traits. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(2): 79-85].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hee Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Jihyeon Yu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Yong Jin Park
- Department of Plant Resources, College of Industrial Sciences, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea
| | - Sangsu Bae
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Kwon Kyoo Kang
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Jung
- Division of Horticultural Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
- Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong 17579, Korea
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Kwon DH, Gim GM, Yum SY, Jang G. Current status and future of gene engineering in livestock. BMB Rep 2024; 57:50-59. [PMID: 38053297 PMCID: PMC10828428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of gene engineering in livestock is necessary for various reasons, such as increasing productivity and producing disease resistance and biomedicine models. Overall, gene engineering provides benefits to the agricultural and research aspects, and humans. In particular, productivity can be increased by producing livestock with enhanced growth and improved feed conversion efficiency. In addition, the application of the disease resistance models prevents the spread of infectious diseases, which reduces the need for treatment, such as the use of antibiotics; consequently, it promotes the overall health of the herd and reduces unexpected economic losses. The application of biomedicine could be a valuable tool for understanding specific livestock diseases and improving human welfare through the development and testing of new vaccines, research on human physiology, such as human metabolism or immune response, and research and development of xenotransplantation models. Gene engineering technology has been evolving, from random, time-consuming, and laborious methods to specific, time-saving, convenient, and stable methods. This paper reviews the overall trend of genetic engineering technologies development and their application for efficient production of genetically engineered livestock, and provides examples of technologies approved by the United States (US) Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for application in humans. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(1): 50-59].
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyeok Kwon
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | | | | | - Goo Jang
- Laboratory of Theriogenology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Research Institute for Veterinary Science, BK21 FOUR Future Veterinary Medicine Leading Education & Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- LARTBio Inc., Gwangmyeong 14322, Korea
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit and in young children sensorineural hearing loss is most frequently genetic in etiology. Hearing aids and cochlear implant do not restore normal hearing. There is significant research and commercial interest in directly addressing the root cause of hearing loss through gene therapies. This article provides an overview of major barriers to cochlear gene therapy and recent advances in preclinical development of precision treatments of genetic deafness. RECENT FINDINGS Several investigators have recently described successful gene therapies in many common forms of genetic hearing loss in animal models. Elegant strategies that do not target a specific pathogenic variant, such as mini gene replacement and mutation-agnostic RNA interference (RNAi) with engineered replacement, facilitate translation of these findings to development of human therapeutics. Clinical trials for human gene therapies are in active recruitment. SUMMARY Gene therapies for hearing loss are expected to enter clinical trials in the immediate future. To provide referral for appropriate trials and counseling regarding benefits of genetic hearing loss evaluation, specialists serving children with hearing loss such as pediatricians, geneticists, genetic counselors, and otolaryngologists should be acquainted with ongoing developments in precision therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles J. Klimara
- Molecular Otolaryngology & Renal Research Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Richard J.H. Smith
- Molecular Otolaryngology & Renal Research Laboratories, Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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Li YG, Kishida K, Ogawa-Kishida N, Christie PJ. Ligand-Displaying E. coli Cells and Minicells for Programmable Delivery of Toxic Payloads via Type IV Secretion Systems. bioRxiv 2023:2023.08.11.553016. [PMID: 37609324 PMCID: PMC10441419 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.11.553016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are highly versatile macromolecular translocators and offer great potential for deployment as delivery systems for therapeutic intervention. One major T4SS subfamily, the conjugation machines, are well-adapted for delivery of DNA cargoes of interest to other bacteria or eukaryotic cells, but generally exhibit modest transfer frequencies and lack specificity for target cells. Here, we tested the efficacy of a surface-displayed nanobody/antigen (Nb/Ag) pairing system to enhance the conjugative transfer of IncN (pKM101), IncF (F/pOX38), or IncP (RP4) plasmids, or of mobilizable plasmids including those encoding CRISPR/Cas9 systems (pCrispr), to targeted recipient cells. Escherichia coli donors displaying Nb's transferred plasmids to E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa recipients displaying the cognate Ag's at significantly higher frequencies than to recipients lacking Ag's. Nb/Ag pairing functionally substituted for the surface adhesin activities of F-encoded TraN and pKM101-encoded Pep, although not conjugative pili or VirB5-like adhesins. Nb/Ag pairing further elevated the killing effects accompanying delivery of pCrispr plasmids to E. coli and P. aeruginosa transconjugants bearing CRISPR/Cas9 target sequences. Finally, we determined that anucleate E. coli minicells, which are clinically safer delivery vectors than intact cells, transferred self-transmissible and mobilizable plasmids to E. coli and P. aeruginosa cells. Minicell-mediated mobilization of pCrispr plasmids to E. coli recipients elicited significant killing of transconjugants, although Nb/Ag pairing did not enhance conjugation frequencies or killing. Together, our findings establish the potential for deployment of bacteria or minicells as Programmed Delivery Systems (PDSs) for suppression of targeted bacterial species in infection settings. IMPORTANCE The rapid emergence of drug-resistant bacteria and current low rate of antibiotic discovery emphasize an urgent need for alternative antibacterial strategies. We engineered Escherichia coli to conjugatively transfer plasmids to specific E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa recipient cells through surface display of cognate nanobody/antigen (Nb/Ag) pairs. We further engineered mobilizable plasmids to carry CRISPR/Cas9 systems (pCrispr) for selective killing of recipient cells harboring CRISPR/Cas9 target sequences. In the assembled Programmed Delivery System (PDS), Nb-displaying E. coli donors with different conjugation systems and mobilizable pCrispr plasmids suppressed growth of Ag-displaying recipient cells to significantly greater extents than unpaired recipients. We also showed that anucleate minicells armed with conjugation machines and pCrispr plasmids were highly effective in killing of E. coli recipients. Together, our findings suggest that bacteria or minicells armed with PDSs may prove highly effective as an adjunct or alternative to antibiotics for antimicrobial intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Grace Li
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern School of Medicine, Fannin St, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Kouhei Kishida
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern School of Medicine, Fannin St, Houston, Texas 77030
- Current address: Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Natsumi Ogawa-Kishida
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern School of Medicine, Fannin St, Houston, Texas 77030
- Current address: Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aobaku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Peter J. Christie
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern School of Medicine, Fannin St, Houston, Texas 77030
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Li Y, Wei Y, Huang Y, Qin G, Zhao C, Ren J, Qu X. Lactate-Responsive Gene Editing to Synergistically Enhance Macrophage-Mediated Cancer Immunotherapy. Small 2023; 19:e2301519. [PMID: 37156740 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Combination therapies involving metabolic regulation and immune checkpoint blockade are considered an encouraging new strategy for cancer therapy. However, the effective utilization of combination therapies for activating tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) remains challenging. Herein, a lactate-catalyzed chemodynamic approach to activate the therapeutic genome editing of signal-regulatory protein α (SIRPα) to reprogram TAMs and improve cancer immunotherapy is proposed. This system is constructed by encapsulating lactate oxidase (LOx) and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat-mediated SIRPα genome-editing plasmids in a metal-organic framework (MOF). The genome-editing system is released and activated by acidic pyruvate, which is produced by the LOx-catalyzed oxidation of lactate. The synergy between lactate exhaustion and SIRPα signal blockade can enhance the phagocytic ability of TAMs and promote the repolarization of TAMs to the antitumorigenic M1 phenotype. Lactate exhaustion-induced CD47-SIRPα blockade efficiently improves macrophage antitumor immune responses and effectively reverses the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment to inhibit tumor growth, as demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies. This study provides a facile strategy for engineering TAMs in situ by combining CRISPR-mediated SIRPα knockout with lactate exhaustion for effective immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Li
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Yue Wei
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Ying Huang
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Geng Qin
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chuanqi Zhao
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jinsong Ren
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Xiaogang Qu
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology and State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- School of Applied Chemistry and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
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Burgess JD, Amerna D, Norton ES, Parsons TM, Perkerson RB, Faroqi AH, Wszolek ZK, Cazares HG, Kanekiyo T, Delenclos M, McLean PJ. A Mutant Methionyl-tRNA Synthetase-Based toolkit to assess induced-Mesenchymal Stromal Cell secretome in mixed-culture disease models. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2838195. [PMID: 37205579 PMCID: PMC10187403 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2838195/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have a dynamic secretome that plays a critical role in tissue repair and regeneration. However, studying the MSC secretome in mixed-culture disease models remains challenging. This study aimed to develop a mutant methionyl-tRNA synthetase-based toolkit (MetRS L274G ) to selectively profile secreted proteins from MSCs in mixed-culture systems and demonstrate its potential for investigating MSC responses to pathological stimulation. Methods We used CRISPR/Cas9 homology-directed repair to stably integrate MetRS L274G into cells, enabling the incorporation of the non-canonical amino acid, azidonorleucine (ANL), and facilitating selective protein isolation using click chemistry. MetRS L274G was integrated into both in H4 cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) for a series of proof-of-concept studies. Following iPSC differentiation into induced-MSCs, we validated their identity and co-cultured MetRS L274G -expressing iMSCs with naïve or lipopolysaccharide- (LPS) treated THP-1 cells. We then profiled the iMSC secretome using antibody arrays. Results Our results showed successful integration of MetRS L274G into targeted cells, allowing specific isolation of proteins from mixed-culture environments. We also demonstrated that the secretome of MetRS L274G -expressing iMSCs can be differentiated from that of THP-1 cells in co-culture, and is altered when co-cultured with LPS-treated THP-1 cells compared to naïve THP-1 cells. Conclusions The MetRS L274G -based toolkit we have generated enables selective profiling of the MSC secretome in mixed-culture disease models. This approach has broad applications for examining not only MSC responses to models of pathological conditions, but any other cell type that can be differentiated from iPSCs. This can potentially reveal novel MSC-mediated repair mechanisms and advancing our understanding of tissue regeneration processes.
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Xiong S, Tan X, Wu X, Wan A, Zhang G, Wang C, Liang Y, Zhang Y. Molecular landscape and emerging therapeutic strategies in breast
cancer brain metastasis. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2023; 15:17588359231165976. [PMID: 37034479 PMCID: PMC10074632 DOI: 10.1177/17588359231165976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Advanced BC
with brain metastasis (BM) is a major cause of mortality with no specific or
effective treatment. Therefore, better knowledge of the cellular and molecular
mechanisms underlying breast cancer brain metastasis (BCBM) is crucial for
developing novel therapeutic strategies and improving clinical outcomes. In this
review, we focused on the latest advances and discuss the contribution of the
molecular subtype of BC, the brain microenvironment, exosomes, miRNAs/lncRNAs,
and genetic background in BCBM. The blood–brain barrier and blood–tumor barrier
create challenges to brain drug delivery, and we specifically review novel
approaches to bypass these barriers. Furthermore, we discuss the potential
application of immunotherapies and genetic editing techniques based on
CRISPR/Cas9 technology in treating BCBM. Emerging techniques and research
findings continuously shape our views of BCBM and contribute to improvements in
precision therapies and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyi Xiong
- Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital,
Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuanni Tan
- Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital,
Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiujuan Wu
- Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital,
Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Andi Wan
- Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital,
Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guozhi Zhang
- Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital,
Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital,
Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Southwest Hospital,
Army Medical University, 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba, China Chongqing 400038,
China
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Ganipineni VDP, Gutlapalli SD, Danda S, Garlapati SKP, Fabian D, Okorie I, Paramsothy J. Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) in Cardiovascular Disease: A Comprehensive Clinical Review on Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Cureus 2023; 15:e35774. [PMID: 37025725 PMCID: PMC10071452 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.35774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is one of the most important causes of heart failure in developed and developing countries. Currently, most medical interventions in the treatment of DCM are mainly focused on mitigating the progression of the disease and controlling the symptoms. The vast majority of patients who survive till the late stages of the disease require cardiac transplantation; this is exactly why we need novel therapeutic interventions and hopefully treatments that can reverse the clinical cardiac deterioration in patients with DCM. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) technology is a novel therapeutic intervention with such capacity; it can help us edit the genome of patients with genetic etiology for DCM and potentially cure them permanently. This review provides an overview of studies investigating CRISPR-based gene editing in DCM, including the use of CRISPR in DCM disease models, phenotypic screening, and genotype-specific precision therapies. The review discusses the outcomes of these studies and highlights the potential benefits of CRISPR in developing novel genotype-agnostic therapeutic strategies for the genetic causes of DCM. The databases we used to extract relevant literature include PubMed, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Central. We used the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) strategy for our literature search in PubMed and relevant search keywords for other databases. We screened all the relevant articles from inception till February 22, 2023. We retained 74 research articles after carefully reviewing each of them. We concluded that CRISPR gene editing has shown promise in developing precise and genotype-specific therapeutic strategies for DCM, but there are challenges and limitations, such as delivering CRISPR-Cas9 to human cardiomyocytes and the potential for unintended gene targeting. This study represents a turning point in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying DCM and paves the way for further investigation into the application of genomic editing for identifying novel therapeutic targets. This study can also act as a potential framework for novel therapeutic interventions in other genetic cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Durga Pradeep Ganipineni
- Department of Internal Medicine, SRM Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Chennai, IND
- Department of General Medicine, Andhra Medical College/King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam, IND
| | - Sai Dheeraj Gutlapalli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
- Internal Medicine and Clinical Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sumanth Danda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Katuri Medical College & Hospital, Guntur, IND
| | | | - Daniel Fabian
- Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
| | - Ikpechukwu Okorie
- Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
| | - Jananthan Paramsothy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
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12
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Nguyen VP, Song J, Prieskorn D, Zou J, Li Y, Dolan D, Xu J, Zhang J, Jayasundera KT, Yang J, Raphael Y, Khan N, Iannuzzi M, Bisgaier C, Chen YE, Paulus YM, Yang D. USH2A Gene Mutations in Rabbits Lead to Progressive Retinal Degeneration and Hearing Loss. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2023; 12:26. [PMID: 36795064 PMCID: PMC9940772 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.12.2.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mutations in USH2A gene are responsible for the greatest proportion of the Usher Syndrome (USH) population, among which more than 30% are frameshift mutations on exon 13. A clinically relevant animal model has been absent for USH2A-related vision loss. Here we sought to establish a rabbit model carrying USH2A frameshift mutation on exon 12 (human exon 13 equivalent). Methods CRISPR/Cas9 reagents targeting the rabbit USH2A exon 12 were delivered into rabbit embryos to produce an USH2A mutant rabbit line. The USH2A knockout animals were subjected to a series of functional and morphological analyses, including acoustic auditory brainstem responses, electroretinography, optical coherence tomography, fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, histology, and immunohistochemistry. Results The USH2A mutant rabbits exhibit hyper-autofluorescent signals on fundus autofluorescence and hyper-reflective signals on optical coherence tomography images as early as 4 months of age, which indicate retinal pigment epithelium damage. Auditory brainstem response measurement in these rabbits showed moderate to severe hearing loss. Electroretinography signals of both rod and cone function were decreased in the USH2A mutant rabbits starting from 7 months of age and further decreased at 15 to 22 months of age, indicating progressive photoreceptor degeneration, which is confirmed by histopathological examination. Conclusions Disruption of USH2A gene in rabbits is sufficient to induce hearing loss and progressive photoreceptor degeneration, mimicking the USH2A clinical disease. Translational Relevance To our knowledge, this study presents the first mammalian model of USH2 showing the phenotype of retinitis pigmentosa. This study supports the use of rabbits as a clinically relevant large animal model to understand the pathogenesis and to develop novel therapeutics for Usher syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Phuc Nguyen
- W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun Song
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Diane Prieskorn
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Junhuang Zou
- John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah Medical School, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yanxiu Li
- W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - David Dolan
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jie Xu
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K. Thiran Jayasundera
- W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jun Yang
- John A. Moran Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Utah Medical School, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Yehoash Raphael
- Kresge Hearing Research Institute, Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Naheed Khan
- W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Y. Eugene Chen
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Yannis M. Paulus
- W.K. Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dongshan Yang
- Center for Advanced Models for Translational Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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13
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Bhat AA, Nisar S, Mukherjee S, Saha N, Yarravarapu N, Lone SN, Masoodi T, Chauhan R, Maacha S, Bagga P, Dhawan P, Akil AA, El-rifai W, Uddin S, Reddy R, Singh M, Macha MA, Haris M. Integration of CRISPR/Cas9 with artificial intelligence for improved cancer therapeutics. J Transl Med 2022; 20:534. [PMID: 36401282 PMCID: PMC9673220 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03765-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene editing has great potential in treating diseases caused by well-characterized molecular alterations. The introduction of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated protein 9 (Cas9)–based gene-editing tools has substantially improved the precision and efficiency of gene editing. The CRISPR/Cas9 system offers several advantages over the existing gene-editing approaches, such as its ability to target practically any genomic sequence, enabling the rapid development and deployment of novel CRISPR-mediated knock-out/knock-in methods. CRISPR/Cas9 has been widely used to develop cancer models, validate essential genes as druggable targets, study drug-resistance mechanisms, explore gene non-coding areas, and develop biomarkers. CRISPR gene editing can create more-effective chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells that are durable, cost-effective, and more readily available. However, further research is needed to define the CRISPR/Cas9 system’s pros and cons, establish best practices, and determine social and ethical implications. This review summarizes recent CRISPR/Cas9 developments, particularly in cancer research and immunotherapy, and the potential of CRISPR/Cas9-based screening in developing cancer precision medicine and engineering models for targeted cancer therapy, highlighting the existing challenges and future directions. Lastly, we highlight the role of artificial intelligence in refining the CRISPR system's on-target and off-target effects, a critical factor for the broader application in cancer therapeutics.
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14
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Cronk JM, Dziewulska KH, Puchalski P, Crittenden RB, Hammarskjöld ML, Brown MG. Altered-Self MHC Class I Sensing via Functionally Disparate Paired NK Cell Receptors Counters Murine Cytomegalovirus gp34-Mediated Immune Evasion. J Immunol 2022; 209:1545-1554. [PMID: 36165178 PMCID: PMC9529956 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2200441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The murine CMV (MCMV) immunoevasin m04/gp34 escorts MHC class I (MHC I) molecules to the surface of infected cells where these complexes bind Ly49 inhibitory receptors (IRs) and prevent NK cell attack. Nonetheless, certain self-MHC I-binding Ly49 activating and inhibitory receptors are able to promote robust NK cell expansion and antiviral immunity during MCMV infection. A basis for MHC I-dependent NK cell sensing of MCMV-infected targets and control of MCMV infection however remains unclear. In this study, we discovered that the Ly49R activation receptor is selectively triggered during MCMV infection on antiviral NK cells licensed by the Ly49G2 IR. Ly49R activating receptor recognition of MCMV-infected targets is dependent on MHC I Dk and MCMV gp34 expression. Remarkably, although Ly49R is critical for Ly49G2-dependent antiviral immunity, blockade of the activation receptor in Ly49G2-deficient mice has no impact on virus control, suggesting that paired Ly49G2 MCMV sensing might enable Ly49R+ NK cells to better engage viral targets. Indeed, MCMV gp34 facilitates Ly49G2 binding to infected cells, and the IR is required to counter gp34-mediated immune evasion. A specific requirement for Ly49G2 in antiviral immunity is further explained by its capacity to license cytokine receptor signaling pathways and enhance Ly49R+ NK cell proliferation during infection. These findings advance our understanding of the molecular basis for functionally disparate self-receptor enhancement of antiviral NK cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Cronk
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Karolina H Dziewulska
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Patryk Puchalski
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and
| | - Rowena B Crittenden
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and
| | - Marie-Louise Hammarskjöld
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
| | - Michael G Brown
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA;
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA; and
- Center for Immunity, Inflammation, and Regenerative Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA
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15
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Cai W, Nguyen MQ, Wilski NA, Purwin TJ, Vernon M, Tiago M, Aplin AE. A Genome-Wide Screen Identifies PDPK1 as a Target to Enhance the Efficacy of MEK1/2 Inhibitors in NRAS Mutant Melanoma. Cancer Res 2022; 82:2625-2639. [PMID: 35657206 PMCID: PMC9298960 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-3217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Melanomas frequently harbor activating NRAS mutations. However, limited advance has been made in developing targeted therapy options for patients with NRAS mutant melanoma. MEK inhibitors (MEKi) show modest efficacy in the clinic and their actions need to be optimized. In this study, we performed a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9-based screen and demonstrated that loss of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDPK1) enhances the efficacy of MEKi. The synergistic effects of PDPK1 loss and MEKi was validated in NRAS mutant melanoma cell lines using pharmacologic and molecular approaches. Combined PDPK1 inhibitors (PDPK1i) with MEKi suppressed NRAS mutant xenograft growth and induced gasdermin E-associated pyroptosis. In an immune-competent allograft model, PDPK1i+MEKi increased the ratio of intratumoral CD8+ T cells, delayed tumor growth, and prolonged survival; the combination treatment was less effective against tumors in immune-deficient mice. These data suggest PDPK1i+MEKi as an efficient immunostimulatory strategy against NRAS mutant melanoma. SIGNIFICANCE Targeting PDPK1 stimulates antitumor immunity and sensitizes NRAS mutant melanoma to MEK inhibition, providing rationale for the clinical development of a combinatorial approach for treating patients with melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijia Cai
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Mai Q. Nguyen
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Nicole A. Wilski
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Timothy J. Purwin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Megane Vernon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Manoela Tiago
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Andrew E. Aplin
- Department of Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
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16
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Christian ML, Dapp MJ, Scharffenberger SC, Jones H, Song C, Frenkel LM, Krumm A, Mullins JI, Rawlings DJ. CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Insertion of HIV Long Terminal Repeat within BACH2 Promotes Expansion of T Regulatory-like Cells. J Immunol 2022; 208:1700-1710. [PMID: 35264460 PMCID: PMC8976747 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
One key barrier to curative therapies for HIV is the limited understanding of HIV persistence. HIV provirus integration sites (ISs) within BACH2 are common, and almost all sites mapped to date are located upstream of the start codon in the same transcriptional orientation as the gene. These unique features suggest the possibility of insertional mutagenesis at this location. Using CRISPR/Cas9-based homology-directed repair in primary human CD4+ T cells, we directly modeled the effects of HIV integration within BACH2 Integration of the HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) and major splice donor increased BACH2 mRNA and protein levels, altered gene expression, and promoted selective outgrowth of an activated, proliferative, and T regulatory-like cell population. In contrast, introduction of the HIV-LTR alone or an HIV-LTR-major splice donor construct into STAT5B, a second common HIV IS, had no functional impact. Thus, HIV LTR-driven BACH2 expression modulates T cell programming and leads to cellular outgrowth and unique phenotypic changes, findings that support a direct role for IS-dependent HIV-1 persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael J Dapp
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Hank Jones
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Chaozhong Song
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Lisa M Frenkel
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Anthony Krumm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - James I Mullins
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA;
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA; and
| | - David J Rawlings
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA;
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
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17
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Abstract
Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are an increasing focus of investigation due to their implications in diverse biological processes and disease. Nevertheless, the majority of lncRNAs are low in abundance and poorly conserved, posing challenges to functional studies. The CRISPR/Cas system, an innovative technology that has emerged over the last decade, can be utilized to further understand lncRNA function. The system targets specific DNA and/or RNA sequences via a guide RNA (gRNA) and Cas nuclease complex. We and others have utilized this technology in various applications such as lncRNA knockout, knockdown, overexpression, and imaging. In this review, we summarize how the CRISPR/Cas technology provides new tools to investigate the roles and therapeutic implications of lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meira S. Zibitt
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Corrine Corrina R. Hartford
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashish Lal
- Regulatory RNAs and Cancer Section, Genetics Branch, Center for Cancer Research (CCR), National Cancer Institute (NCI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
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18
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Zhou Q, Wang K, Qiu J, Zhu D, Tian T, Zhang Y, Qin X. Comparative transcriptome analysis and CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing reveal that E4BP4 mediates lithium upregulation of Per2 expression. Open Biol 2021; 11:210140. [PMID: 34905700 PMCID: PMC8670960 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BPD) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by alternate episodes of mania and depression. Disruption of normal circadian clock and abnormal sleep cycles are common symptoms of BPD patients. Lithium salt is currently an effective clinical therapeutic drug for BPD. Animal and cellular studies have found that lithium salt can upregulate the expression of the clock gene Per2, but the mechanism is unknown. We aim to understand the mechanism underlying the Per2 upregulation by lithium treatment. By taking approaches of both comparative transcriptome analysis and comparative qPCR analysis between human and murine cells, Lumicycle assay, luciferase assay and RT-qPCR assay showed that lithium could significantly upregulate the expression of Per2 in both mouse and human cells, and significantly inhibit the expression of E4bp4, which encodes a transcriptional inhibitor of Per2. After knocking out the cis-element upstream on the Per2 promoter that responds to E4BP4, the upregulation effect on Per2 by lithium disappeared. When E4bp4 gene was knocked out, the upregulation effect on Per2 by lithium salt disappeared. This study has found that lithium upregulates Per2 expression by reducing the expression of transcription factor E4BP4, but the mechanism of lithium salt downregulation of E4BP4 remains to be further studied. Our study provides a new therapeutic target and approaches for treating BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhou
- Department of Health Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Kankan Wang
- Department of Health Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiameng Qiu
- Department of Health Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Zhu
- Department of Health Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Tian
- Department of Health Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- Modern Experiment Technology Center, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, People's Republic of China
| | - Ximing Qin
- Department of Health Sciences, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230601, People's Republic of China
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19
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Chien JCY, Badr CE, Lai CP. Multiplexed bioluminescence-mediated tracking of DNA double-strand break repairs in vitro and in vivo. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:3933-3953. [PMID: 34163064 PMCID: PMC9124064 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00564-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The dynamics of DNA double-strand break (DSB) repairs including homology-directed repair and nonhomologous end joining play an important role in diseases and therapies. However, investigating DSB repair is typically a low-throughput and cross-sectional process, requiring disruption of cells and organisms for subsequent nuclease-, sequencing- or reporter-based assays. In this protocol, we provide instructions for establishing a bioluminescent repair reporter system using engineered Gaussia and Vargula luciferases for noninvasive tracking of homology-directed repair and nonhomologous end joining, respectively, induced by SceI meganuclease, SpCas9 or SpCas9 D10A nickase-mediated editing. We also describe complementation with orthogonal DSB repair assays and omics analyses to validate the reporter readouts. The bioluminescent repair reporter system provides longitudinal and rapid readout (~seconds per sample) to accurately and efficiently measure the efficacy of genome-editing tools and small-molecule modulators on DSB repair. This protocol takes ~2-4 weeks to establish, and as little as 2 h to complete the assay. The entire bioluminescent repair reporter procedure can be performed by one person with standard molecular biology expertise and equipment. However, orthogonal DNA repair assays would require a specialized facility that performs Sanger sequencing or next-generation sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian E. Badr
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, United States,Neuroscience Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, United States,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Christian E. Badr, Tel: 1-617-643-3485; Fax: 1-617-724-1537; ; Charles P. Lai, Tel: 886-2-2366-8204; Fax: 886-2-2362-0200; . C.E.B and C.P.L contributed equally to this work
| | - Charles P. Lai
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Christian E. Badr, Tel: 1-617-643-3485; Fax: 1-617-724-1537; ; Charles P. Lai, Tel: 886-2-2366-8204; Fax: 886-2-2362-0200; . C.E.B and C.P.L contributed equally to this work
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20
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Zhao Z, Tian D, McBride CS. Development of a pan-neuronal genetic driver in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Cell Rep Methods 2021; 1:100042. [PMID: 34590074 PMCID: PMC8478256 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2021.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The recent development of neurogenetic tools in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes is beginning to shed light on the neural basis of behaviors that make this species a major vector of human disease. However, we still lack a pan-neuronal expression driver-a key tool that provides genetic access to all neurons. Here, we describe our efforts to fill this gap via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knock-in of reporters to broadly expressed neural genes and report on the generation of two strains, a Syt1:GCaMP6s strain that expresses synaptically localized GCaMP and a brp-T2A-QF2w driver strain that can be used to drive and amplify expression of any effector via the Q binary system. Both manipulations broadly and uniformly label the nervous system with only modest effects on behavior. We expect these strains to facilitate neurobiological research in Ae. aegypti mosquitoes and document both successful and failed manipulations as a roadmap for similar tool development in other non-model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Zhao
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - David Tian
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Carolyn S. McBride
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
- Department of Ecology & Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
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21
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Liu S, Fang SY, An YF. [Gene editing for the treatment of primary immunodeficiency disease]. Zhongguo Dang Dai Er Ke Za Zhi 2021; 23:743-748. [PMID: 34266535 PMCID: PMC8292649 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2103150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gene editing is an advanced technique based on artificial nucleases and can precisely modify genome sequences. It has shown great application prospects in the field of medicine and has provided a new precision therapy for diseases. Primary immunodeficiency disease is a group of diseases caused by single gene mutation and characterized by recurrent and refractory infections, with an extremely high mortality rate. The application of gene editing has brought hope for curing these diseases. This article reviews the development of gene editing technology and briefly introduces the research and application of gene editing technology in primary immunodeficiency disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Shu-Yu Fang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yun-Fei An
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University/National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders/Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders/Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Chongqing 400014, China
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22
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Gama-Brambila R, Chen J, Dabiri Y, Tascher G, Němec V, Münch C, Song G, Knapp S, Cheng X. A Chemical Toolbox for Labeling and Degrading Engineered Cas Proteins. JACS Au 2021; 1:777-785. [PMID: 34467332 PMCID: PMC8395650 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and their associated proteins (Cas) has revolutionized the field of genome and epigenome editing. A number of new methods have been developed to precisely control the function and activity of Cas proteins, including fusion proteins and small-molecule modulators. Proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) represent a new concept using the ubiquitin-proteasome system to degrade a protein of interest, highlighting the significance of chemically induced protein-E3 ligase interaction in drug discovery. Here, we engineered Cas proteins (Cas9, dCas9, Cas12, and Cas13) by inserting a Phe-Cys-Pro-Phe (FCPF) amino acid sequence (known as the π-clamp system) and demonstrate that the modified CasFCPF proteins can be (1) labeled in live cells by perfluoroaromatics carrying the fluorescein or (2) degraded by a perfluoroaromatics-functionalized PROTAC (PROTAC-FCPF). A proteome-wide analysis of PROTAC-FCPF-mediated Cas9FCPF protein degradation revealed a high target specificity, suggesting a wide range of applications of perfluoroaromatics-induced proximity in the regulation of stability, activity, and functionality of any FCPF-tagging protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo
A. Gama-Brambila
- Buchmann
Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15. R. 3.652, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jie Chen
- Buchmann
Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15. R. 3.652, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Yasamin Dabiri
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georg Tascher
- Institute
of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Václav Němec
- Buchmann
Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15. R. 3.652, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Münch
- Institute
of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, D-60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Guangqi Song
- Department
of Gastroenterology, Zhongshan Hospital
of Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Xuhui District, 200032 Shanghai, China
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Buchmann
Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15. R. 3.652, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Xinlai Cheng
- Buchmann
Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Max-von-Laue-Strasse 15. R. 3.652, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute
of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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23
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Lo YH, Kolahi KS, Du Y, Chang CY, Krokhotin A, Nair A, Sobba WD, Karlsson K, Jones SJ, Longacre TA, Mah AT, Tercan B, Sockell A, Xu H, Seoane JA, Chen J, Shmulevich I, Weissman JS, Curtis C, Califano A, Fu H, Crabtree GR, Kuo CJ. A CRISPR/Cas9-Engineered ARID1A-Deficient Human Gastric Cancer Organoid Model Reveals Essential and Nonessential Modes of Oncogenic Transformation. Cancer Discov 2021; 11:1562-1581. [PMID: 33451982 PMCID: PMC8346515 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-20-1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in ARID1A rank among the most common molecular aberrations in human cancer. However, oncogenic consequences of ARID1A mutation in human cells remain poorly defined due to lack of forward genetic models. Here, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated ARID1A knockout (KO) in primary TP53-/- human gastric organoids induced morphologic dysplasia, tumorigenicity, and mucinous differentiation. Genetic WNT/β-catenin activation rescued mucinous differentiation, but not hyperproliferation, suggesting alternative pathways of ARID1A KO-mediated transformation. ARID1A mutation induced transcriptional regulatory modules characteristic of microsatellite instability and Epstein-Barr virus-associated subtype human gastric cancer, including FOXM1-associated mitotic genes and BIRC5/survivin. Convergently, high-throughput compound screening indicated selective vulnerability of ARID1A-deficient organoids to inhibition of BIRC5/survivin, functionally implicating this pathway as an essential mediator of ARID1A KO-dependent early-stage gastric tumorigenesis. Overall, we define distinct pathways downstream of oncogenic ARID1A mutation, with nonessential WNT-inhibited mucinous differentiation in parallel with essential transcriptional FOXM1/BIRC5-stimulated proliferation, illustrating the general utility of organoid-based forward genetic cancer analysis in human cells. SIGNIFICANCE: We establish the first human forward genetic modeling of a commonly mutated tumor suppressor gene, ARID1A. Our study integrates diverse modalities including CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing, organoid culture, systems biology, and small-molecule screening to derive novel insights into early transformation mechanisms of ARID1A-deficient gastric cancers.See related commentary by Zafra and Dow, p. 1327.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1307.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Hung Lo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kevin S Kolahi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yuhong Du
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Chiung-Ying Chang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Andrey Krokhotin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Ajay Nair
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Walter D Sobba
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Kasper Karlsson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Sunny J Jones
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Teri A Longacre
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Amanda T Mah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Bahar Tercan
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington
| | - Alexandra Sockell
- Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Hang Xu
- Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jose A Seoane
- Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jin Chen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California
- Department of Pharmacology and Cecil H. and Ida Green Center for Reproductive Biology Sciences, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | | | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Christina Curtis
- Division of Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Andrea Califano
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Haian Fu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology and Emory Chemical Biology Discovery Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Gerald R Crabtree
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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24
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Kim S, Hupperetz C, Lim S, Kim CH. Genome editing of immune cells using CRISPR/Cas9. BMB Rep 2021; 54:59-69. [PMID: 33298251 PMCID: PMC7851445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 03/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The ability to read, write, and edit genomic information in living organisms can have a profound impact on research, health, economic, and environmental issues. The CRISPR/Cas system, recently discovered as an adaptive immune system in prokaryotes, has revolutionized the ease and throughput of genome editing in mammalian cells and has proved itself indispensable to the engineering of immune cells and identification of novel immune mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the CRISPR/ Cas9 system and the history of its discovery and optimization. We then focus on engineering T cells and other types of immune cells, with emphasis on therapeutic applications. Last, we describe the different modifications of Cas9 and their recent applications in the genome-wide screening of immune cells. [BMB Reports 2021; 54(1): 59-69].
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Affiliation(s)
- Segi Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Cedric Hupperetz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seongjoon Lim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Chan Hyuk Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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25
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Dodd RD, Scherer A, Huang W, McGivney GR, Gutierrez WR, Laverty EA, Ashcraft KA, Stephens VR, Yousefpour P, Saha S, Knepper-Adrian V, Floyd W, Chen M, Ma Y, Mastria EM, Cardona DM, Eward WC, Chilkoti A, Kirsch DG. Tumor Subtype Determines Therapeutic Response to Chimeric Polypeptide Nanoparticle-based Chemotherapy in Pten-deleted Mouse Models of Sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 2020; 26:5036-5047. [PMID: 32718998 PMCID: PMC7641033 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-2597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Nanoparticle-encapsulated drug formulations can improve responses to conventional chemotherapy by increasing drug retention within the tumor and by promoting a more effective antitumor immune response than free drug. New drug delivery modalities are needed in sarcomas because they are often chemoresistant cancers, but the rarity of sarcomas and the complexity of diverse subtypes makes it challenging to investigate novel drug formulations. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN New drug formulations can be tested in animal models of sarcomas where the therapeutic response of different formulations can be compared using mice with identical tumor-initiating mutations. Here, using Cre/loxP and CRISPR/Cas9 techniques, we generated two distinct mouse models of Pten-deleted soft-tissue sarcoma: malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) and undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS). We used these models to test the efficacy of chimeric polypeptide doxorubicin (CP-Dox), a nanoscale micelle formulation, in comparison with free doxorubicin. RESULTS The CP-Dox formulation was superior to free doxorubicin in MPNST models. However, in UPS tumors, CP-Dox did not improve survival in comparison with free doxorubicin. While CP-Dox treatment resulted in elevated intratumoral doxorubicin concentrations in MPNSTs, this increase was absent in UPS tumors. In addition, elevation of CD8+ T cells was observed exclusively in CP-Dox-treated MPNSTs, although these cells were not required for full efficacy of the CP nanoparticle-based chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS These results have important implications for treating sarcomas with nanoparticle-encapsulated chemotherapy by highlighting the tumor subtype-dependent nature of therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca D Dodd
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
| | - Amanda Scherer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Wesley Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Gavin R McGivney
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Wade R Gutierrez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Emily A Laverty
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Kathleen A Ashcraft
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Parisa Yousefpour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Soumen Saha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Warren Floyd
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Mark Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Yan Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eric M Mastria
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Diana M Cardona
- Department of Pathology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - William C Eward
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - David G Kirsch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina.
- Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
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26
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Moghadam F, LeGraw R, Velazquez JJ, Yeo NC, Xu C, Park J, Chavez A, Ebrahimkhani MR, Kiani S. Synthetic immunomodulation with a CRISPR super-repressor in vivo. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:1143-1154. [PMID: 32884147 PMCID: PMC7480217 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0563-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transient modulation of the genes involved in immunity, without exerting a permanent change in the DNA code, can be an effective strategy to modulate the course of many inflammatory conditions. CRISPR-Cas9 technology represents a promising platform for achieving this goal. Truncation of guide RNA (gRNA) from the 5' end enables the application of a nuclease competent Cas9 protein for transcriptional modulation of genes, allowing multifunctionality of CRISPR. Here, we introduce an enhanced CRISPR-based transcriptional repressor to reprogram immune homeostasis in vivo. In this repressor system, two transcriptional repressors-heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1a) and Krüppel-associated box (KRAB)-are fused to the MS2 coat protein and subsequently recruited by gRNA aptamer binding to a nuclease competent CRISPR complex containing truncated gRNAs. With the enhanced repressor, we demonstrate transcriptional repression of the Myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (Myd88) gene in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that this strategy can efficiently downregulate Myd88 expression in lung, blood and bone marrow of Cas9 transgenic mice that receive systemic injection of adeno-associated virus (AAV)2/1-carrying truncated gRNAs targeting Myd88 and the MS2-HP1a-KRAB cassette. This downregulation is accompanied by changes in downstream signalling elements such as TNF-α and ICAM-1. Myd88 repression leads to a decrease in immunoglobulin G (IgG) production against AAV2/1 and AAV2/9 and this strategy modulates the IgG response against AAV cargos. It improves the efficiency of a subsequent AAV9/CRISPR treatment for repression of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9), a gene that, when repressed, can lower blood cholesterol levels. We also demonstrate that CRISPR-mediated Myd88 repression can act as a prophylactic measure against septicaemia in both Cas9 transgenic and C57BL/6J mice. When delivered by nanoparticles, this repressor can serve as a therapeutic modality to influence the course of septicaemia. Collectively, we report that CRISPR-mediated repression of endogenous Myd88 can effectively modulate the host immune response against AAV-mediated gene therapy and influence the course of septicaemia. The ability to control Myd88 transcript levels using a CRISPR-based synthetic repressor can be an effective strategy for AAV-based CRISPR therapies, as this pathway serves as a key node in the induction of humoral immunity against AAV serotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Moghadam
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ryan LeGraw
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jeremy J Velazquez
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nan Cher Yeo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
- Precision Medicine Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Chenxi Xu
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jin Park
- Center for Personalized Diagnostics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alejandro Chavez
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mo R Ebrahimkhani
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Samira Kiani
- Pittsburgh Liver Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- Division of Experimental Pathology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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27
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Wei T, Cheng Q, Farbiak L, Anderson DG, Langer R, Siegwart DJ. Delivery of Tissue-Targeted Scalpels: Opportunities and Challenges for In Vivo CRISPR/Cas-Based Genome Editing. ACS Nano 2020; 14:9243-9262. [PMID: 32697075 PMCID: PMC7996671 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c04707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing has quickly emerged as a powerful breakthrough technology for use in diverse settings across biomedical research and therapeutic development. Recent efforts toward understanding gene modification methods in vitro have led to substantial improvements in ex vivo genome editing efficiency. Because disease targets for genomic correction are often localized in specific organs, realization of the full potential of genomic medicines will require delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 systems targeting specific tissues and cells directly in vivo. In this Perspective, we focus on progress toward in vivo delivery of CRISPR/Cas components. Viral and nonviral delivery systems are both promising for gene editing in diverse tissues via local injection and systemic injection. We describe the various viral vectors and synthetic nonviral materials used for in vivo gene editing and applications to research and therapeutic models, and summarize opportunities and progress to date for both methods. We also discuss challenges for viral delivery, including overcoming limited packaging capacity, immunogenicity associated with multiple dosing, and the potential for off-target effects, and nonviral delivery, including efforts to increase efficacy and to expand utility of nonviral carriers for use in extrahepatic tissues and cancer. Looking ahead, additional advances in the safety and efficiency of viral and nonviral delivery systems for tissue- and cell-type-specific gene editing will be required to enable broad clinical translation. We provide a summary of current delivery systems used for in vivo genome editing, organized with respect to route of administration, and highlight immediate opportunities for biomedical research and applications. Furthermore, we discuss current challenges for in vivo delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 systems to guide the development of future therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Wei
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Qiang Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Lukas Farbiak
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Daniel G. Anderson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robert Langer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Daniel J. Siegwart
- Department of Biochemistry, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
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28
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Gao Y, Wei W, Fan Z, Zhao X, Zhang Y, Jing Y, Zhu B, Zhu H, Shan W, Chen J, Grierson D, Luo Y, Jemrić T, Jiang CZ, Fu DQ. Re-evaluation of the nor mutation and the role of the NAC-NOR transcription factor in tomato fruit ripening. J Exp Bot 2020; 71:3560-3574. [PMID: 32338291 PMCID: PMC7307841 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The tomato non-ripening (nor) mutant generates a truncated 186-amino-acid protein (NOR186) and has been demonstrated previously to be a gain-of-function mutant. Here, we provide more evidence to support this view and answer the open question of whether the NAC-NOR gene is important in fruit ripening. Overexpression of NAC-NOR in the nor mutant did not restore the full ripening phenotype. Further analysis showed that the truncated NOR186 protein is located in the nucleus and binds to but does not activate the promoters of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase2 (SlACS2), geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase2 (SlGgpps2), and pectate lyase (SlPL), which are involved in ethylene biosynthesis, carotenoid accumulation, and fruit softening, respectively. The activation of the promoters by the wild-type NOR protein can be inhibited by the mutant NOR186 protein. On the other hand, ethylene synthesis, carotenoid accumulation, and fruit softening were significantly inhibited in CR-NOR (CRISPR/Cas9-edited NAC-NOR) fruit compared with the wild-type, but much less severely affected than in the nor mutant, while they were accelerated in OE-NOR (overexpressed NAC-NOR) fruit. These data further indicated that nor is a gain-of-function mutation and NAC-NOR plays a significant role in ripening of wild-type fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Gao
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wei
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongqi Fan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodan Zhao
- School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Yiping Zhang
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Jing
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Benzhong Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianye Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-bioresources/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Postharvest Science of Fruits and Vegetables, College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Donald Grierson
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- Plant Sciences Division, School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, UK
| | - Yunbo Luo
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Tomislav Jemrić
- Department of Pomology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Cai-Zhong Jiang
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Crops Pathology and Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Da-Qi Fu
- Laboratory of Fruit Biology, College of Food Science & Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Correspondence:
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29
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Thomas JD, Polaski JT, Feng Q, De Neef EJ, Hoppe ER, McSharry MV, Pangallo J, Gabel AM, Belleville AE, Watson J, Nkinsi NT, Berger AH, Bradley RK. RNA isoform screens uncover the essentiality and tumor-suppressor activity of ultraconserved poison exons. Nat Genet 2020; 52:84-94. [PMID: 31911676 PMCID: PMC6962552 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-019-0555-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
While RNA-seq has enabled comprehensive quantification of alternative splicing, no correspondingly high-throughput assay exists for functionally interrogating individual isoforms. We describe pgFARM (paired guide RNAs for alternative exon removal), a CRISPR-Cas9-based method to manipulate isoforms independent of gene inactivation. This approach enabled rapid suppression of exon recognition in polyclonal settings to identify functional roles for individual exons, such as an SMNDC1 cassette exon that regulates pan-cancer intron retention. We generalized this method to a pooled screen to measure the functional relevance of 'poison' cassette exons, which disrupt their host genes' reading frames yet are frequently ultraconserved. Many poison exons were essential for the growth of both cultured cells and lung adenocarcinoma xenografts, while a subset had clinically relevant tumor-suppressor activity. The essentiality and cancer relevance of poison exons are likely to contribute to their unusually high conservation and contrast with the dispensability of other ultraconserved elements for viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Thomas
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacob T Polaski
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Qing Feng
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emma J De Neef
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Emma R Hoppe
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Maria V McSharry
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joseph Pangallo
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Austin M Gabel
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrea E Belleville
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jacqueline Watson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Naomi T Nkinsi
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alice H Berger
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Human Biology Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Robert K Bradley
- Computational Biology Program, Public Health Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Marina V Kubekina, Vladislav A Kalmykov, Pavel A Kusov, Yulya Y Silaeva, Alexei V Deikin. 223 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome: from patient to mouse model. J Anim Sci 2019; 97. [ DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz258.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction. HPRT1 is a Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) coding gene, mutations of which cause, among other diseases, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. LNS is a severe X-linked recessive neurological disorder. Alignment shows 98.6% homology of human and murine protein sequences. Objectives. We assume that murine model of this human disease should be developed. So, our purpose is to create a transgenic mouse model of Lesch-Nyhan syndrome by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system. Methods. The BLAST was used to find homologous mutation in murine HPRT1 gene comparing to Human one. X-ray crystallographic structural model of the HPRT1 was used as template for M4T Raptor algorithm to generate predicted structure of mutated protein. Models were visualized in PyMol (Schrodinger, Portland, OR). Lack of enzymatic activity of the HGPRT could be caused via troubled homodimerization. Absence of the aliphatic Valine could be the reason of the hindered monomers interaction. Genetic construction based on the px330 plasmid was brought using microinjection method in mouse fertilized ovum for producing primary transgenic organisms. Results. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was specifically designed to carry out mutations in HPRT. The resulting genetic construct was introduced into the fertilized mouse ovum to obtain primary transgenic organisms. This mouse was obtained at the Institute of Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Conclusion. Homologous mutation in human and murine HPRT1 gene resulting into comparable conformational change in the protein model structure was revealed, so murine personalized model of the Lesch-Nyhan syndrome could be developed. Structural changes can be further studied to provide treatment strategy for people suffering from Lesch-Nyhan syndrome. This study was supported by Russian Science Foundation (Grant #17-75-20249).
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Murray CW, Brady JJ, Tsai MK, Li C, Winters IP, Tang R, Andrejka L, Ma RK, Kunder CA, Chu P, Winslow MM. An LKB1-SIK Axis Suppresses Lung Tumor Growth and Controls Differentiation. Cancer Discov 2019; 9:1590-1605. [PMID: 31350327 PMCID: PMC6825558 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-18-1237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The kinase LKB1 is a critical tumor suppressor in sporadic and familial human cancers, yet the mechanisms by which it suppresses tumor growth remain poorly understood. To investigate the tumor-suppressive capacity of four canonical families of LKB1 substrates in vivo, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated combinatorial genome editing in a mouse model of oncogenic KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma. We demonstrate that members of the SIK family are critical for constraining tumor development. Histologic and gene-expression similarities between LKB1- and SIK-deficient tumors suggest that SIKs and LKB1 operate within the same axis. Furthermore, a gene-expression signature reflecting SIK deficiency is enriched in LKB1-mutant human lung adenocarcinomas and is regulated by LKB1 in human cancer cell lines. Together, these findings reveal a key LKB1-SIK tumor-suppressive axis and underscore the need to redirect efforts to elucidate the mechanisms through which LKB1 mediates tumor suppression. SIGNIFICANCE: Uncovering the effectors of frequently altered tumor suppressor genes is critical for understanding the fundamental driving forces of cancer growth. Our identification of the SIK family of kinases as effectors of LKB1-mediated tumor suppression will refocus future mechanistic studies and may lead to new avenues for genotype-specific therapeutic interventions.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1469.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Murray
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Jennifer J Brady
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Min K Tsai
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Chuan Li
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Ian P Winters
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Rui Tang
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Laura Andrejka
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Rosanna K Ma
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Christian A Kunder
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Pauline Chu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Monte M Winslow
- Cancer Biology Program, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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Sano S, Wang Y, Evans MA, Yura Y, Sano M, Ogawa H, Horitani K, Doviak H, Walsh K. Lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing for the Study of Hematopoietic Cells in Disease Models. J Vis Exp 2019:10.3791/59977. [PMID: 31633690 PMCID: PMC7249700 DOI: 10.3791/59977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Manipulating genes in hematopoietic stem cells using conventional transgenesis approaches can be time-consuming, expensive, and challenging. Benefiting from advances in genome editing technology and lentivirus-mediated transgene delivery systems, an efficient and economical method is described here that establishes mice in which genes are manipulated specifically in hematopoietic stem cells. Lentiviruses are used to transduce Cas9-expressing lineage-negative bone marrow cells with a guide RNA (gRNA) targeting specific genes and a red fluorescence reporter gene (RFP), then these cells are transplanted into lethally-irradiated C57BL/6 mice. Mice transplanted with lentivirus expressing non-targeting gRNA are used as controls. Engraftment of transduced hematopoietic stem cells are evaluated by flow cytometric analysis of RFP-positive leukocytes of peripheral blood. Using this method, ~90% transduction of myeloid cells and ~70% of lymphoid cells at 4 weeks after transplantation can be achieved. Genomic DNA is isolated from RFP-positive blood cells, and portions of the targeted site DNA are amplified by PCR to validate the genome editing. This protocol provides a high-throughput evaluation of hematopoiesis-regulatory genes and can be extended to a variety of mouse disease models with hematopoietic cell involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soichi Sano
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine
| | - Ying Wang
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine
| | - Megan A Evans
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine
| | - Yoshimitsu Yura
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine
| | - Miho Sano
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine
| | - Hayato Ogawa
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine
| | - Keita Horitani
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine
| | - Heather Doviak
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine
| | - Kenneth Walsh
- Hematovascular Biology Center, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine;
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Posttransplantation infections are common. It is anticipated that infection will be no less common in xenotransplantation recipients. Prolonged xenograft survivals have resulted from advances in immunosuppressive strategies and development of swine that decrease host immune responses via genetic manipulation, notably CRISPR/cas9 manipulation. As prospects for clinical trials improve, consideration of the unique infectious risks posed by xenotransplantation reemerge. RECENT FINDINGS Organisms likely to cause infection in human recipients of porcine xenografts are unknown in advance of clinical trials. Microbiological screening of swine intended as xenograft donors can be more intensive than is currently feasible for human allograft donors. Monitoring infection in recipients will also be more intensive. Key opportunities in infectious diseases of xenotransplantation include major technological advances in evaluation of the microbiome by unbiased metagenomic sequencing, assessments of some risks posed by porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) including antiretroviral susceptibilities, availability of swine with deletion of genomic PERVs, and recognition of the rapidly changing epidemiology of infection in swine worldwide. SUMMARY Unknown infectious risks in xenotransplantation requires application of advanced microbiological techniques to discern and prevent infection in graft recipients. Clinical trials will provide an opportunity to advance the safety of all of organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay A Fishman
- Transplantation Infectious Disease and Compromised Host Program, Infectious Disease Division and MGH Transplant Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose is to review recent progress in applying the CRISPR/Cas9 system to lipid metabolism and therapeutics. RECENT FINDINGS The CRISPR/Cas9 system has been used to generate knockout animals for lipid genes in multiple species. Somatic genome editing with CRISPR/Cas9 can efficiently disrupt genes in adult animals, including a new strategy for generating atherosclerosis. Refinements to the CRISPR/Cas9 system including epigenetic modulators and base editors offer new avenues to manipulate gene expression. The recent report of germline genome editing in humans highlights the promise as well as perils of this technology. SUMMARY CRISPR/Cas9 is a transformative technology that will help advance on our understanding of lipid metabolism and physiology. Somatic genome editing is a particularly promising approach for editing genes in tissues of live organisms, and represents a new means of addressing unmet therapeutic challenges in humans. Educational outreach, public debate, and consideration of ethics and safety must guide the use of genome editing in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Furgurson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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Luo H, Sobh A, Vulpe CD, Brewer E, Dovat S, Qiu Y, Huang S. HOX Loci Focused CRISPR/sgRNA Library Screening Identifying Critical CTCF Boundaries. J Vis Exp 2019:10.3791/59382. [PMID: 30985763 PMCID: PMC7607627 DOI: 10.3791/59382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF)-mediated stable topologically associating domains (TADs) play a critical role in constraining interactions of DNA elements that are located in neighboring TADs. CTCF plays an important role in regulating the spatial and temporal expression of HOX genes that control embryonic development, body patterning, hematopoiesis, and leukemogenesis. However, it remains largely unknown whether and how HOX loci associated CTCF boundaries regulate chromatin organization and HOX gene expression. In the current protocol, a specific sgRNA pooled library targeting all CTCF binding sites in the HOXA/B/C/D loci has been generated to examine the effects of disrupting CTCF-associated chromatin boundaries on TAD formation and HOX gene expression. Through CRISPR-Cas9 genetic screening, the CTCF binding site located between HOXA7/HOXA9 genes (CBS7/9) has been identified as a critical regulator of oncogenic chromatin domain, as well as being important for maintaining ectopic HOX gene expression patterns in MLL-rearranged acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Thus, this sgRNA library screening approach provides novel insights into CTCF mediated genome organization in specific gene loci and also provides a basis for the functional characterization of the annotated genetic regulatory elements, both coding and noncoding, during normal biological processes in the post-human genome project era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huacheng Luo
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine;
| | - Amin Sobh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida
| | | | - Edmond Brewer
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Sinisa Dovat
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine
| | - Yi Qiu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Florida
| | - Suming Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine;
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Abstract
This article comments on the following paper: Martín-Pizarro C, Triviño JC, Posé D. 2019. Functional analysis of the TM6 MADS-box gene in the octoploid strawberry by CRISPR/Cas9-directed mutagenesis. Journal of Experimental Botany 70, 885–895.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Botella
- Plant Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD, Australia
- Correspondence:
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Martín-Pizarro C, Triviño JC, Posé D. Functional analysis of the TM6 MADS-box gene in the octoploid strawberry by CRISPR/Cas9-directed mutagenesis. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:885-895. [PMID: 30428077 PMCID: PMC6363087 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The B-class of MADS-box transcription factors has been studied in many plant species, but remains functionally uncharacterized in Rosaceae. APETALA3 (AP3), a member of this class, controls petal and stamen identities in Arabidopsis. In this study, we identified two members of the AP3 lineage in cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, namely FaAP3 and FaTM6. FaTM6, and not FaAP3, showed an expression pattern equivalent to that of AP3 in Arabidopsis. We used the CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing system for the first time in an octoploid species to characterize the function of TM6 in strawberry flower development. An analysis by high-throughput sequencing of the FaTM6 locus spanning the target sites showed highly efficient genome editing already present in the T0 generation. Phenotypic characterization of the mutant lines indicated that FaTM6 plays a key role in anther development in strawberry. Our results validate the use of the CRISPR/Cas9 system for gene functional analysis in F. × ananassa as an octoploid species, and offer new opportunities for engineering strawberry to improve traits of interest in breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Martín-Pizarro
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
| | | | - David Posé
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología Vegetal, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea (IHSM), Universidad de Málaga-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, UMA, Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Zhong Y, Blennow A, Kofoed-Enevoldsen O, Jiang D, Hebelstrup KH. Protein Targeting to Starch 1 is essential for starchy endosperm development in barley. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:485-496. [PMID: 30407538 PMCID: PMC6322578 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant starch is the main energy contributor to the human diet. Its biosynthesis is catalyzed and regulated by co-ordinated actions of several enzymes. Recently, a factor termed Protein Targeting to Starch 1 (PTST1) was identified as being required for correct granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) localization and demonstrated to be crucial for amylose synthesis in Arabidopsis. However, the function of its homologous protein in storage tissues (e.g. endosperm) is unknown. We identified a PTST1 homolog in barley and it was found to contain a crucial coiled-coil domain and carbohydrate-binding module. We demonstrated the interaction between PTST1 and GBSS1 by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) in barley endosperm. By tagging PTST1 with the fluorophore mCherry, we observed that it is localized in the stroma of barley endosperm amyloplasts. PTST1 overexpression in endosperm increased endogenous gbss1a gene expression and amylose content. Gbss1a and ptst1 mutants were generated using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-related protein 9 (Cas9)-based targeted mutagenesis. Homozygous gbss1a mutants showed a waxy phenotype. Grains of ptst1 mutants did not accumulate any starch. These grains dried out during the desiccation stage and were unable to germinate, suggesting that PTST1 is essential for development of starchy endosperm and viable grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Zhong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej, Slagelse, Denmark
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering and technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen University, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Dong Jiang
- National Technique Innovation Center for Regional Wheat Production/Key Laboratory of Crop Physiology and Ecology in Southern China, Ministry of Agriculture/National Engineering and technology Center for Information Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, PR China
- Correspondence: or
| | - Kim Henrik Hebelstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Flakkebjerg, Forsøgsvej, Slagelse, Denmark
- Correspondence: or
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Feng J, Dai C, Luo H, Han Y, Liu Z, Kang C. Reporter gene expression reveals precise auxin synthesis sites during fruit and root development in wild strawberry. J Exp Bot 2019; 70:563-574. [PMID: 30371880 PMCID: PMC6322568 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The critical role of auxin in strawberry fruit set and receptacle enlargement was demonstrated previously. While fertilization is known to trigger auxin biosynthesis, the specific tissue source of fertilization-induced auxin is not well understood. Here, the auxin reporter DR5ver2::GUS was introduced into wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca) to reveal auxin distribution in the seed and fruit receptacle pre- and post-fertilization as well as in the root. In addition, the expression of TAR and YUCCA genes coding for enzymes catalysing the two-step auxin biosynthesis pathway was investigated using their respective promoters fused to the β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter. Two FveTARs and four FveYUCs were shown to be expressed primarily in the endosperm and embryo inside the achenes as well as in root tips and lateral root primordia. Expression of these reporters in dissected tissues provided more detailed and precise spatial (cell and tissue) and temporal (pre- and post-fertilization) information on where auxin is synthesized and accumulates than previous studies in strawberry. Moreover, we generated CRISPR-mediated knock-out mutants of FveYUC10, the most abundant YUC in seeds; the mutants had a lower free auxin level in young fruit, but displayed no obvious morphological phenotypes. However, overexpression of FveYUC10 resulted in elongated hypocotyls in Arabidopsis caused by elevated auxin level. Overall, the study revealed auxin accumulation in the chalazal seed coat, embryo, receptacle vasculature, root tip, and lateral root primordia and highlighted the endosperm as the main auxin biosynthesis site for fruit set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Feng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Dai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huifeng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yafan Han
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
- Correspondence: or
| | - Chunying Kang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Sciences, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Correspondence: or
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Mans R, Wijsman M, Daran-Lapujade P, Daran JM. A protocol for introduction of multiple genetic modifications in Saccharomyces cerevisiae using CRISPR/Cas9. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:5026622. [PMID: 29860374 PMCID: PMC6074844 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, two methods are described for efficient genetic modification of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using CRISPR/Cas9. The first method enables the modification of a single genetic locus using in vivo assembly of a guide RNA (gRNA) expression plasmid without the need for prior cloning. A second method using in vitro assembled plasmids that could contain up to two gRNAs was used to simultaneously introduce up to six genetic modifications (e.g. six gene deletions) in a single transformation step by transforming up to three gRNA expression plasmids simultaneously. The method is not only suitable for gene deletion but is also applicable for in vivo site-directed mutagenesis and integration of multiple DNA fragments in a single locus. In all cases, the strain transformed with the gRNA expression plasmids was equipped with a genomic integration of Spcas9, leading to strong and constitutive expression of SpCas9. The protocols detailed here have been streamlined to be executed by virtually any yeast molecular geneticist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mans
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Melanie Wijsman
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Pascale Daran-Lapujade
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Marc Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Binary transcription systems are powerful genetic tools widely used for visualizing and manipulating cell fate and gene expression in specific groups of cells or tissues in model organisms. These systems contain two components as separate transgenic lines. A driver line expresses a transcriptional activator under the control of tissue-specific promoters/enhancers, and a reporter/effector line harbors a target gene placed downstream to the binding site of the transcription activator. Animals harboring both components induce tissue-specific transactivation of a target gene expression. Precise spatiotemporal expression of the gene in targeted tissues is critical for unbiased interpretation of cell/gene activity. Therefore, developing a method for generating exclusive cell/tissue-specific driver lines is essential. Here we present a method to generate highly tissue-specific targeted expression system by employing a "Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeat/CRISPR-associated" (CRISPR/Cas)-based genome editing technique. In this method, the endonuclease Cas9 is targeted by two chimeric guide RNAs (gRNA) to specific sites in the first coding exon of a gene in the Drosophila genome to create double-strand breaks (DSB). Subsequently, using an exogenous donor plasmid containing the transactivator sequence, the cell-autonomous repair machinery enables homology-directed repair (HDR) of the DSB, resulting in precise deletion and replacement of the exon with the transactivator sequence. The knocked-in transactivator is expressed exclusively in cells where the cis-regulatory elements of the replaced gene are functional. The detailed step-by-step protocol presented here for generating a binary transcriptional driver expressed in Drosophila fgf/branchless-producing epithelial/neuronal cells can be adopted for any gene- or tissue-specific expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Du
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland
| | - Amy Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland
| | - Alex Sohr
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland
| | - Sougata Roy
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland;
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Ibrahim SH, Robertson KD. Use of the CRISPR/Cas9-based epigenetic gene activation system In Vivo: A new potential therapeutic modality. Hepatology 2018; 68:1191-1193. [PMID: 29489018 PMCID: PMC6113124 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samar H. Ibrahim
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota,Corresponding Author: Samar H. Ibrahim, M.B., Ch.B., Assistant Professor, Pediatric Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905 Phone: 507 284 0686; Fax: 507 284 0762,
| | - Keith D. Robertson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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Naeimi Kararoudi M, Dolatshad H, Trikha P, Hussain SRA, Elmas E, Foltz JA, Moseman JE, Thakkar A, Nakkula RJ, Lamb M, Chakravarti N, McLaughlin KJ, Lee DA. Generation of Knock-out Primary and Expanded Human NK Cells Using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins. J Vis Exp 2018:58237. [PMID: 29985369 PMCID: PMC6101749 DOI: 10.3791/58237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 technology is accelerating genome engineering in many cell types, but so far, gene delivery and stable gene modification have been challenging in primary NK cells. For example, transgene delivery using lentiviral or retroviral transduction resulted in a limited yield of genetically-engineered NK cells due to substantial procedure-associated NK cell apoptosis. We describe here a DNA-free method for genome editing of human primary and expanded NK cells using Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes (Cas9/RNPs). This method allowed efficient knockout of the TGFBR2 and HPRT1 genes in NK cells. RT-PCR data showed a significant decrease in gene expression level, and a cytotoxicity assay of a representative cell product suggested that the RNP-modified NK cells became less sensitive to TGFβ. Genetically modified cells could be expanded post-electroporation by stimulation with irradiated mbIL21-expressing feeder cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamid Dolatshad
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford
| | - Prashant Trikha
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Syed-Rehan A Hussain
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute
| | - Ezgi Elmas
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Jennifer A Foltz
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Jena E Moseman
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Aarohi Thakkar
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Robin J Nakkula
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Margaret Lamb
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Nitin Chakravarti
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - K John McLaughlin
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute
| | - Dean A Lee
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital;
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Juergens H, Varela JA, Gorter de Vries AR, Perli T, Gast VJM, Gyurchev NY, Rajkumar AS, Mans R, Pronk JT, Morrissey JP, Daran JMG. Genome editing in Kluyveromyces and Ogataea yeasts using a broad-host-range Cas9/gRNA co-expression plasmid. FEMS Yeast Res 2018; 18:4847887. [PMID: 29438517 PMCID: PMC6018904 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foy012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While CRISPR-Cas9-mediated genome editing has transformed yeast research, current plasmids and cassettes for Cas9 and guide-RNA expression are species specific. CRISPR tools that function in multiple yeast species could contribute to the intensifying research on non-conventional yeasts. A plasmid carrying a pangenomic origin of replication and two constitutive expression cassettes for Cas9 and ribozyme-flanked gRNAs was constructed. Its functionality was tested by analyzing inactivation of the ADE2 gene in four yeast species. In two Kluyveromyces species, near-perfect targeting (≥96%) and homologous repair (HR) were observed in at least 24% of transformants. In two Ogataea species, Ade- mutants were not observed directly after transformation, but prolonged incubation of transformed cells resulted in targeting efficiencies of 9% to 63% mediated by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ). In an Ogataea parapolymorpha ku80 mutant, deletion of OpADE2 mediated by HR was achieved, albeit at low efficiencies (<1%). Furthermore the expression of a dual polycistronic gRNA array enabled simultaneous interruption of OpADE2 and OpYNR1 demonstrating flexibility of ribozyme-flanked gRNA design for multiplexing. While prevalence of NHEJ prevented HR-mediated editing in Ogataea, such targeted editing was possible in Kluyveromyces. This broad-host-range CRISPR/gRNA system may contribute to exploration of Cas9-mediated genome editing in other Saccharomycotina yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Juergens
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Javier A Varela
- School of Microbiology/Centre for Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology/Environmental Research Institute/APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Arthur R Gorter de Vries
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Perli
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Veronica J M Gast
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nikola Y Gyurchev
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Arun S Rajkumar
- School of Microbiology/Centre for Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology/Environmental Research Institute/APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Robert Mans
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jack T Pronk
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - John P Morrissey
- School of Microbiology/Centre for Synthetic Biology and Biotechnology/Environmental Research Institute/APC Microbiome Institute, University College Cork, Cork T12 YN60, Ireland
| | - Jean-Marc G Daran
- Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629HZ Delft, The Netherlands
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45
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Jamison BV, Thairu MW, Hansen AK. Efficacy of In Vivo Electroporation on the Delivery of Molecular Agents into Aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) Ovarioles. J Insect Sci 2018; 18:4989948. [PMID: 29718443 PMCID: PMC5925429 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iey041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
While the wealth of genomic data presently available is increasing rapidly, the advancement of functional genomics technologies for the large majority of these organisms has lagged behind. The Clustered Regularly Interspaced Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system is an emerging gene-editing technology derived from a bacterial adaptive immune system that has proven highly effective in multiple model systems. Here, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was delivered into the ovarioles of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) (Hemiptera, Aphididae), with a new delivery method utilizing in vivo electroporation. To validate gene-editing, a target sequence within the marker tor pigment gene was chosen, and gene-editing was predicted to result in white pigmentation in the offspring of treated adult aphids. Adult aphids (10-d old) were injected with the tor single guide RNA and Cas9 complex and subsequently subjected to electroporation. Adult aphids were given 4 d to produce viviparous offspring. After offspring developed for 6 d, DNA was extracted and sequenced to validate if CRISPR/Cas9-directed gene editing occurred. A survival rate over 70% was found in treated adult aphids. A distinct white pigmentation was found in 2.5% of aphids; however, gene-editing within the target sequence was not found in any of the individuals screened. Presence of white aphids without gene-editing suggests other mechanisms may have influenced pigmentation. High survival rates in experimental treatments demonstrate the robustness of this new technique, and further refinement of this technique may prove it as an effective functional genomics tool for viviparous insects and/or gene editing at a somatic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan V Jamison
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL
| | - Margaret W Thairu
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Allison K Hansen
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA
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46
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Zhang J, Zhao J, Zheng X, Cai K, Mao Q, Xia H. Establishment of a novel hepatic steatosis cell model by Cas9/sgRNA-mediated DGKθ gene knockout. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:2169-2176. [PMID: 29207074 PMCID: PMC5783457 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.8140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of diacylglycerol kinase θ (DGKθ) in lipid metabolism and insulin resistance, the present study generated an in vitro hepatic steatosis cell model by knockout of the DGKθ gene in liver cancer cell line HepG2 using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The cell line was characterized by Oil Red O staining and shown to exhibit increased intracellular lipid accumulation, compared with that in wild‑type liver cancer cell line HepG2. The gene expression levels of signaling proteins in pathways involved in lipid metabolism, insulin resistance and gluconeogenesis were also examined. The DGKθ‑knockout HepG2 cells showed increased mRNA and protein expression levels of lipid synthesis‑related genes, fatty acid synthase, peroxisome proliferator‑activated receptor‑γ and sterol regulatory element‑binding protein‑1c, and decreased expression levels of the lipolysis‑related gene, carnitine palmitoyltransferase1A. These changes may account for the increased intracellular lipid content of this cell line. The DGKθ‑knockout HepG2 cells also exhibited an increased phosphorylation level of protein kinase Cε and decreased phosphorylation levels of insulin receptor substrate 1, mechanistic target of rapamycin and protein kinase B (also known as Akt). These changes have been reported to mediate insulin resistance. Taken together, an in vitro hepatic steatosis cell model was established in the present study, providing a valuable tool for understanding the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and associated insulin resistance, and for developing treatment strategies for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
| | - Junli Zhao
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
| | - Kai Cai
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
| | - Qinwen Mao
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Haibin Xia
- Laboratory of Gene Therapy, Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710062, P.R. China
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Abstract
The creation of mutant lines by genome editing is accelerating genetic analysis in many organisms. CRISPR/Cas9 methods have been adapted for use in the African clawed frog, Xenopus, a longstanding model organism for biomedical research. Traditional breeding schemes for creating homozygous mutant lines with CRISPR/Cas9-targeted mutagenesis have several time-consuming and laborious steps. To facilitate the creation of mutant embryos, particularly to overcome the obstacles associated with knocking out genes that are essential for embryogenesis, a new method called leapfrogging was developed. This technique leverages the robustness of Xenopus embryos to "cut and paste" embryological methods. Leapfrogging utilizes the transfer of primordial germ cells (PGCs) from efficiently-mutagenized donor embryos into PGC-ablated wildtype siblings. This method allows for the efficient mutation of essential genes by creating chimeric animals with wildtype somatic cells that carry a mutant germline. When two F0 animals carrying "leapfrog transplants" (i.e., mutant germ cells) are intercrossed, they produce homozygous, or compound heterozygous, null F1 embryos, thus saving a full generation time to obtain phenotypic data. Leapfrogging also provides a new approach for analyzing maternal effect genes, which are refractory to F0 phenotypic analysis following CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. This manuscript details the method of leapfrogging, with special emphasis on how to successfully perform PGC transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ira L Blitz
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine;
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48
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Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9-based genome editing can easily generate knockout mouse models by disrupting the gene sequence, but its efficiency for creating models that require either insertion of exogenous DNA (knock-in) or replacement of genomic segments is very poor. The majority of mouse models used in research involve knock-in (reporters or recombinases) or gene replacement (e.g., conditional knockout alleles containing exons flanked by LoxP sites). A few methods for creating such models have been reported that use double-stranded DNA as donors, but their efficiency is typically 1-10% and therefore not suitable for routine use. We recently demonstrated that long single-stranded DNAs (ssDNAs) serve as very efficient donors, both for insertion and for gene replacement. We call this method efficient additions with ssDNA inserts-CRISPR (Easi-CRISPR) because it is a highly efficient technology (efficiency is typically 30-60% and reaches as high as 100% in some cases). The protocol takes ∼2 months to generate the founder mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Miura
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, School of
Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1193,
Japan
| | - Rolen M. Quadros
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Channabasavaiah B. Gurumurthy
- Mouse Genome Engineering Core Facility, Vice Chancellor for Research Office, University of Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, NE, USA
- Developmental Neuroscience, Munroe Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska
Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Masato Ohtsuka
- Department of Molecular Life Science, Division of Basic Medical Science and Molecular Medicine, School of
Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
- Center for Matrix Biology and Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1193,
Japan
- The Institute of Medical Sciences, Tokai University, Kanagawa 259-1193, Japan
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49
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王 成, 康 巧, 丁 聪, 李 雅, 梁 桃, 张 成, 王 文, 王 婷. [Construction of a stable 4.1R gene knockout cell model in RAW264.7 cells using CRISPR/Cas9 technique]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2017; 37:1609-1614. [PMID: 29292253 PMCID: PMC6744011 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-4254.2017.12.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a cell model of 4.1R gene knockout in murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 using CRISPR/Cas9 technique. METHODS Three high?grade small?guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that could specifically identify 4.1R gene were synthesized and inserted into lentiCRISPRv2 plasmid. RAW264.7 cells were infected with sgRNA?Cas9 lentivirus from 293T cells transfected with the recombinant sgRNA?lentiCRISPRv2 plasmid, and the positive cells were screened using puromycin and the monoclonal cells were obtained. The expression of 4.1R protein in the monoclonal cells was measured by Western blotting, and the mutation site was confirmed by sequence analysis. Result A 4.1R gene knockout RAW264.7 cell line was obtained, which showed a 19?bp deletion mutation in the 4.1R gene sequence and obviously enhanced proliferation. CONCLUSION We successfully constructed a 4.1R gene knockout macrophage cell line using CRISPR/Cas9 technique, which may facilitate further investigation of the function of 4.1R in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- 成博 王
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - 巧珍 康
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - 聪 丁
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - 雅雯 李
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - 桃桃 梁
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - 成龙 张
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - 文 王
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - 婷 王
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
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50
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王 成, 康 巧, 丁 聪, 李 雅, 梁 桃, 张 成, 王 文, 王 婷. [Construction of a stable 4.1R gene knockout cell model in RAW264.7 cells using CRISPR/Cas9 technique]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao 2017; 37:1609-1614. [PMID: 29292253 PMCID: PMC6744011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct a cell model of 4.1R gene knockout in murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7 using CRISPR/Cas9 technique. METHODS Three high?grade small?guide RNAs (sgRNAs) that could specifically identify 4.1R gene were synthesized and inserted into lentiCRISPRv2 plasmid. RAW264.7 cells were infected with sgRNA?Cas9 lentivirus from 293T cells transfected with the recombinant sgRNA?lentiCRISPRv2 plasmid, and the positive cells were screened using puromycin and the monoclonal cells were obtained. The expression of 4.1R protein in the monoclonal cells was measured by Western blotting, and the mutation site was confirmed by sequence analysis. Result A 4.1R gene knockout RAW264.7 cell line was obtained, which showed a 19?bp deletion mutation in the 4.1R gene sequence and obviously enhanced proliferation. CONCLUSION We successfully constructed a 4.1R gene knockout macrophage cell line using CRISPR/Cas9 technique, which may facilitate further investigation of the function of 4.1R in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- 成博 王
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - 巧珍 康
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - 聪 丁
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - 雅雯 李
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - 桃桃 梁
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - 成龙 张
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - 文 王
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
| | - 婷 王
- />郑州大学生命科学学院,河南 郑州 450000School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 45000, China
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