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Elmas E, Saljoughian N, de Souza Fernandes Pereira M, Tullius BP, Sorathia K, Nakkula RJ, Lee DA, Naeimi Kararoudi M. CRISPR Gene Editing of Human Primary NK and T Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:834002. [PMID: 35449580 PMCID: PMC9016158 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.834002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antitumor activity of immune cells such as T cells and NK cells has made them auspicious therapeutic regimens for adaptive cancer immunotherapy. Enhancing their cytotoxic effects against malignancies and overcoming their suppression in tumor microenvironment (TME) may improve their efficacy to treat cancers. Clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) genome editing has become one of the most popular tools to enhance immune cell antitumor activity. In this review we highlight applications and practicability of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and engineering strategies for cancer immunotherapy. In addition, we have reviewed several approaches to study CRISPR off-target effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Elmas
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Noushin Saljoughian
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- CRISPR/Gene Editing Core, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Marcelo de Souza Fernandes Pereira
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Brian P. Tullius
- Pediatric Cellular Therapy, AdventHealth for Children, Orlando, FL, United States
| | - Kinnari Sorathia
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Robin J. Nakkula
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Dean A. Lee
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Meisam Naeimi Kararoudi
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- CRISPR/Gene Editing Core, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Vasu S, Sharma N, Walker A, Wall SA, Blachly J, Behbehani G, Choe H, Thakkar A, Nakkula RJ, Troy EC, Szuminski N, De Lima M, ODonnell L, Lee DA. A Phase I Clinical Trial Testing the Safety of IL-21-Expanded, Third-Party Donor-Derived Natural Killer Cells for Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Transplant Cell Ther 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-6367(22)00437-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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3
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Khatua S, Cooper LJN, Sandberg DI, Ketonen L, Johnson JM, Rytting ME, Liu DD, Meador H, Trikha P, Nakkula RJ, Behbehani GK, Ragoonanan D, Gupta S, Kotrotsou A, Idris T, Shpall EJ, Rezvani K, Colen R, Zaky W, Lee DA, Gopalakrishnan V. Phase I study of intraventricular infusions of autologous ex vivo expanded NK cells in children with recurrent medulloblastoma and ependymoma. Neuro Oncol 2021; 22:1214-1225. [PMID: 32152626 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noaa047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recurrent pediatric medulloblastoma and ependymoma have a grim prognosis. We report a first-in-human, phase I study of intraventricular infusions of ex vivo expanded autologous natural killer (NK) cells in these tumors, with correlative studies. METHODS Twelve patients were enrolled, 9 received protocol therapy up to 3 infusions weekly, in escalating doses from 3 × 106 to 3 × 108 NK cells/m2/infusion, for up to 3 cycles. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was obtained for cellular profile, persistence, and phenotypic analysis of NK cells. Radiomic characterization on pretreatment MRI scans was performed in 7 patients, to develop a non-invasive imaging-based signature. RESULTS Primary objectives of NK cell harvest, expansion, release, and safety of 112 intraventricular infusions of NK cells were achieved in all 9 patients. There were no dose-limiting toxicities. All patients showed progressive disease (PD), except 1 patient showed stable disease for one month at end of study follow-up. Another patient had transient radiographic response of the intraventricular tumor after 5 infusions of NK cell before progressing to PD. At higher dose levels, NK cells increased in the CSF during treatment with repetitive infusions (mean 11.6-fold). Frequent infusions of NK cells resulted in CSF pleocytosis. Radiomic signatures were profiled in 7 patients, evaluating ability to predict upfront radiographic changes, although they did not attain statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated feasibility of production and safety of intraventricular infusions of autologous NK cells. These findings support further investigation of locoregional NK cell infusions in children with brain malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Khatua
- Department of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | | | - David I Sandberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston.,Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School/University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston
| | - Leena Ketonen
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Jason M Johnson
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | | | - Diane D Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer center
| | - Heather Meador
- Department of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Prashant Trikha
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio and Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robin J Nakkula
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio and Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Gregory K Behbehani
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio and Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Sumit Gupta
- Department of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | | | - Tagwa Idris
- Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School
| | - Elizabeth J Shpall
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Katy Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Rivka Colen
- Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Radiology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wafik Zaky
- Department of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - Dean A Lee
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio and Department of Hematology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Vasu S, Bhatnagar B, Blachly J, Behbehani G, Nakkula RJ, Trikha P, Szuminski N, ODonnell L, Lee DA. A Phase I Clinical Trial Testing the Safety of IL-21-Expanded, Off-the-Shelf, Natural Killer Cells for Relapsed/Refractory Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Myelodysplastic Syndrome. Transplant Cell Ther 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-6367(21)00437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Auletta JJ, Sánchez PJ, Meyer EK, O'Donnell LC, Cassady KA, Ouellette CP, Hecht S, Diaz A, Pavlek LR, Salamon DP, Gallagher CL, Bradbury H, Welfley SL, Magers J, Armbruster DL, Lamb MG, Nakkula RJ, Bosse K, Lee DA. Adjuvant haploidentical virus-specific T lymphocytes for treatment of disseminated adenovirus infection in a premature infant. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 144:594-597.e4. [PMID: 31026470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery J Auletta
- Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Host Defense Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.
| | - Pablo J Sánchez
- Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Center for Perinatal Research and Neonatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Erin K Meyer
- Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Lynn C O'Donnell
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Cell Therapy Laboratory, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kevin A Cassady
- Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher P Ouellette
- Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Host Defense Program, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Shaina Hecht
- Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Alejandro Diaz
- Infectious Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Leeann R Pavlek
- Center for Perinatal Research and Neonatology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Douglas P Salamon
- Laboratory of Microbiology/Immunoserology, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Hillary Bradbury
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sarah L Welfley
- Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | - Margaret G Lamb
- Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Robin J Nakkula
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Kevin Bosse
- Drug and Device Development Services, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Dean A Lee
- Hematology/Oncology/BMT, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Diseases, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio; Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
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Naeimi Kararoudi M, Dolatshad H, Trikha P, Hussain SRA, Elmas E, Foltz JA, Moseman JE, Thakkar A, Nakkula RJ, Lamb M, Chakravarti N, McLaughlin KJ, Lee DA. Generation of Knock-out Primary and Expanded Human NK Cells Using Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins. J Vis Exp 2018:58237. [PMID: 29985369 PMCID: PMC6101749 DOI: 10.3791/58237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 technology is accelerating genome engineering in many cell types, but so far, gene delivery and stable gene modification have been challenging in primary NK cells. For example, transgene delivery using lentiviral or retroviral transduction resulted in a limited yield of genetically-engineered NK cells due to substantial procedure-associated NK cell apoptosis. We describe here a DNA-free method for genome editing of human primary and expanded NK cells using Cas9 ribonucleoprotein complexes (Cas9/RNPs). This method allowed efficient knockout of the TGFBR2 and HPRT1 genes in NK cells. RT-PCR data showed a significant decrease in gene expression level, and a cytotoxicity assay of a representative cell product suggested that the RNP-modified NK cells became less sensitive to TGFβ. Genetically modified cells could be expanded post-electroporation by stimulation with irradiated mbIL21-expressing feeder cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamid Dolatshad
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford
| | - Prashant Trikha
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Syed-Rehan A Hussain
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute
| | - Ezgi Elmas
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Jennifer A Foltz
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Jena E Moseman
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Aarohi Thakkar
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Robin J Nakkula
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Margaret Lamb
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - Nitin Chakravarti
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital
| | - K John McLaughlin
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute
| | - Dean A Lee
- Center for Childhood Cancer and Blood Disease, Nationwide Children's Hospital;
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Barth RF, Wu G, Meisen WH, Nakkula RJ, Yang W, Huo T, Kellough DA, Kaumaya P, Turro C, Agius LM, Kaur B. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of cisplatin-containing EGFR targeting bioconjugates as potential therapeutic agents for brain tumors. Onco Targets Ther 2016; 9:2769-81. [PMID: 27274273 PMCID: PMC4869632 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s99242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate four different platinated bioconjugates containing a cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum [cis-DDP]) fragment and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting moieties as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of brain tumors using a human EGFR-expressing transfectant of the F98 rat glioma (F98EGFR) to assess their efficacy. The first two bioconjugates employed the monoclonal antibody cetuximab (C225 or Erbitux®) as the targeting moiety, and the second two used genetically engineered EGF peptides. C225-G5-Pt was produced by reacting cis-DDP with a fifth-generation polyamidoamine dendrimer (G5) and then linking it to C225 by means of two heterobifunctional reagents. The second bioconjugate (C225-PG-Pt) employed the same methodology except that polyglutamic acid was used as the carrier. The third and fourth bioconjugates used two different EGF peptides, PEP382 and PEP455, with direct coordination to the Pt center of the cis-DDP fragment. In vivo studies with C225-G5-Pt failed to demonstrate therapeutic activity following intracerebral (ic) convection-enhanced delivery (CED) to F98EGFR glioma-bearing rats. The second bioconjugate, C225-PG-Pt, failed to show in vitro cytotoxicity. Furthermore, because of its high molecular weight, we decided that lower molecular weight peptides might provide better targeting and microdistribution within the tumor. Both PEP382-Pt and PEP455-Pt bioconjugates were cytotoxic in vitro and, based on this, a pilot study was initiated using PEP455-Pt. The end point for this study was tumor size at 6 weeks following tumor cell implantation and 4 weeks following ic CED of PEP455-Pt to F98 glioma-bearing rats. Neuropathologic examination revealed that five of seven rats were either tumor-free or only had microscopic tumors at 42 days following tumor implantation compared to a mean survival time of 20.5 and 26.3 days for untreated controls. In conclusion, we have succeeded in reformatting the toxicity profile of cis-DDP and demonstrated the therapeutic efficacy of the PEP455-Pt bioconjugate in F98 glioma-bearing rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf F Barth
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Gong Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - W Hans Meisen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robin J Nakkula
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Weilian Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tianyao Huo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - David A Kellough
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Pravin Kaumaya
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA; Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lawrence M Agius
- Department of Pathology, Mater Dei Hospital, University of Malta Medical School, Msida, Malta
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Agarwal HK, Khalil A, Ishita K, Yang W, Nakkula RJ, Wu LC, Ali T, Tiwari R, Byun Y, Barth RF, Tjarks W. Synthesis and evaluation of thymidine kinase 1-targeting carboranyl pyrimidine nucleoside analogs for boron neutron capture therapy of cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 100:197-209. [PMID: 26087030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A library of sixteen 2nd generation amino- and amido-substituted carboranyl pyrimidine nucleoside analogs, designed as substrates and inhibitors of thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) for potential use in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of cancer, was synthesized and evaluated in enzyme kinetic-, enzyme inhibition-, metabolomic-, and biodistribution studies. One of these 2nd generation carboranyl pyrimidine nucleoside analogs (YB18A [3]), having an amino group directly attached to a meta-carborane cage tethered via ethylene spacer to the 3-position of thymidine, was approximately 3-4 times superior as a substrate and inhibitor of hTK1 than N5-2OH (2), a 1st generation carboranyl pyrimidine nucleoside analog. Both 2 and 3 appeared to be 5'-monophosphorylated in TK1(+) RG2 cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Biodistribution studies in rats bearing intracerebral RG2 glioma resulted in selective tumor uptake of 3 with an intratumoral concentration that was approximately 4 times higher than that of 2. The obtained results significantly advance the understanding of the binding interactions between TK1 and carboranyl pyrimidine nucleoside analogs and will profoundly impact future design strategies for these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh K Agarwal
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ahmed Khalil
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Keisuke Ishita
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Weilian Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robin J Nakkula
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lai-Chu Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Tehane Ali
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Rohit Tiwari
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Youngjoo Byun
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Rolf F Barth
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Werner Tjarks
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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Lim SN, Pradhan AK, Barth RF, Nahar SN, Nakkula RJ, Yang W, Palmer AM, Turro C, Weldon M, Bell EH, Mo X. Tumoricidal activity of low-energy 160-KV versus 6-MV X-rays against platinum-sensitized F98 glioma cells. J Radiat Res 2015; 56:77-89. [PMID: 25266332 PMCID: PMC4572599 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rru084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The purposes of this study were (i) to investigate the differences in effects between 160-kV low-energy and 6-MV high-energy X-rays, both by computational analysis and in vitro studies; (ii) to determine the effects of each on platinum-sensitized F98 rat glioma and murine B16 melanoma cells; and (iii) to describe the in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo toxicity of a Pt(II) terpyridine platinum (Typ-Pt) complex. Simulations were performed using the Monte Carlo code Geant4 to determine enhancement in absorption of low- versus high-energy X-rays by Pt and to determine dose enhancement factors (DEFs) for a Pt-sensitized tumor phantom. In vitro studies were carried out using Typ-Pt and again with carboplatin due to the unexpected in vivo toxicity of Typ-Pt. Cell survival was determined using clonogenic assays. In agreement with computations and simulations, in vitro data showed up to one log unit reduction in surviving fractions (SFs) of cells treated with 1-4 µg/ml of Typ-Pt and irradiated with 160-kV versus 6-MV X-rays. DEFs showed radiosensitization in the 50-200 keV range, which fell to approximate unity at higher energies, suggesting marginal interactions at MeV energies. Cells sensitized with 1-5 or 7 µg/ml of carboplatin and then irradiated also showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in SFs. However, it was unlikely this was due to increased interactions. Theoretical and in vitro studies presented here demonstrated that the tumoricidal activity of low-energy X-rays was greater than that of high-energy X-rays against Pt-sensitized tumor cells. Determining whether radiosensitization is a function of increased interactions will require additional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara N Lim
- Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 113 Biological Sciences Building, 484 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anil K Pradhan
- Biophysics Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, 113 Biological Sciences Building, 484 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 4055 McPherson Laboratory, 140 W 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Rolf F Barth
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, 4132 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Sultana N Nahar
- Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University, 4055 McPherson Laboratory, 140 W 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Robin J Nakkula
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, 4132 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Weilian Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, 4132 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Alycia M Palmer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Newman & Wolfrom Laboratory, 100 W 18th Avenue, OH 43210, USA
| | - Claudia Turro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Newman & Wolfrom Laboratory, 100 W 18th Avenue, OH 43210, USA
| | - Michael Weldon
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, 300 W 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Erica Hlavin Bell
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University, 300 W 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Xiaokui Mo
- Center for Biostatistics, The Ohio State University, 2012 Kenny Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Yang W, Barth RF, Huo T, Nakkula RJ, Weldon M, Gupta N, Agius L, Grecula JC. Radiation therapy combined with intracerebral administration of carboplatin for the treatment of brain tumors. Radiat Oncol 2014; 9:25. [PMID: 24422671 PMCID: PMC3898032 DOI: 10.1186/1748-717x-9-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study we determined if treatment combining radiation therapy (RT) with intracerebral (i.c.) administration of carboplatin to F98 glioma bearing rats could improve survival over that previously reported by us with a 15 Gy dose (5 Gy × 3) of 6 MV photons. METHODS First, in order to reduce tumor interstitial pressure, a biodistribution study was carried out to determine if pretreatment with dexamethasone alone or in combination with mannitol and furosemide (DMF) would increase carboplatin uptake following convection enhanced delivery (CED). Next, therapy studies were carried out in rats that had received carboplatin either by CED over 30 min (20 μg) or by Alzet pumps over 7 d (84 μg), followed by RT using a LINAC to deliver either 20 Gy (5 Gy × 4) or 15 Gy (7.5 Gy × 2) dose at 6 or 24 hrs after drug administration. Finally, a study was carried out to determine if efficacy could be improved by decreasing the time interval between drug administration and RT. RESULTS Tumor carboplatin values for D and DMF-treated rats were 9.4 ± 4.4 and 12.4 ± 3.2 μg/g, respectively, which were not significantly different (P = 0.14). The best survival data were obtained by combining pump delivery with 5 Gy × 4 of X-irradiation with a mean survival time (MST) of 107.7 d and a 43% cure rate vs. 83.6 d with CED vs. 30-35 d for RT alone and 24.6 d for untreated controls. Treatment-related mortality was observed when RT was initiated 6 h after CED of carboplatin and RT was started 7 d after tumor implantation. Dividing carboplatin into two 10 μg doses and RT into two 7.5 Gy fractions, administered 24 hrs later, yielded survival data (MST 82.1 d with a 25% cure rate) equivalent to that previously reported with 5 Gy × 3 and 20 μg of carboplatin. CONCLUSIONS Although the best survival data were obtained by pump delivery, CED was highly effective in combination with 20 Gy, or as previously reported, 15 Gy, and the latter would be preferable since it would produce less late tissue effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolf F Barth
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Barth RF, Kabalka GW, Yang W, Huo T, Nakkula RJ, Shaikh AL, Haider SA, Chandra S. Evaluation of unnatural cyclic amino acids as boron delivery agents for treatment of melanomas and gliomas. Appl Radiat Isot 2013; 88:38-42. [PMID: 24393770 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2013.11.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Unnatural cyclic amino acids (UNAAs) are a new class of boron delivery agents that are in a pre-clinical stage of evaluation. In the present study, the biodistribution of racemic forms of the cis- and trans-isomers of the boronated UNAA 1-amino-3-boronocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ABCPC) and 1-amino-3-boronocycloheptanecarboxylic acid (ABCHC) were evaluted in B16 melanoma bearing mice and this was compared to l-p-boronophenylalanine (BPA). Boron concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) at 2.5h following intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of the test agents at a concentration equivalent to 24mg/B/kg. While all compounds attained comparable tumor boron concentrations, the tumor/blood (T/Bl) boron concentration ratios were far superior for both cis-ABCPC and cis-ABCHC compared to BPA (T/Bl=16.4, and 15.1 vs. 5.4). Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) imaging revealed that the cis-ABCPC delivered boron to the nuclei, as well as the cytoplasm of B16 cells. Next, a biodistribution study of cis-ABCPC and BPA was carried out in F98 glioma bearing rats following i.p. administration. Both compounds attained comparable tumor boron concentrations but the tumor/brain (T/Br) boron ratio was superior for cis-ABCPC compared to BPA (6 vs. 3.3). Since UNAAs are water soluble and cannot be metabolized by tumor cells, they could be potentially more effective boron delivery agents than BPA. Our data suggest that further studies are warranted to evaluate these compounds prior to the initiation of clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf F Barth
- The Ohio State University, Department of Pathology, 4132 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - George W Kabalka
- University of Tennessee, Department of Chemistry, 611 Buehler Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Weilian Yang
- The Ohio State University, Department of Pathology, 4132 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tianyao Huo
- The Ohio State University, Department of Pathology, 4132 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Robin J Nakkula
- The Ohio State University, Department of Pathology, 4132 Graves Hall, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Aarif L Shaikh
- University of Tennessee, Department of Chemistry, 611 Buehler Hall, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Syed A Haider
- Cornell University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Subhash Chandra
- Cornell University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Sjuvarsson E, Damaraju VL, Mowles D, Sawyer MB, Tiwari R, Agarwal HK, Khalil A, Hasabelnaby S, Goudah A, Nakkula RJ, Barth RF, Cass CE, Eriksson S, Tjarks W. Cellular influx, efflux, and anabolism of 3-carboranyl thymidine analogs: potential boron delivery agents for neutron capture therapy. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2013; 347:388-97. [PMID: 24006340 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.113.207464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
3-[5-{2-(2,3-Dihydroxyprop-1-yl)-o-carboran-1-yl}pentan-1-yl]thymidine (N5-2OH) is a first generation 3-carboranyl thymidine analog (3CTA) that has been intensively studied as a boron-10 ((10)B) delivery agent for neutron capture therapy (NCT). N5-2OH is an excellent substrate of thymidine kinase 1 and its favorable biodistribution profile in rodents led to successful preclinical NCT of rats bearing intracerebral RG2 glioma. The present study explored cellular influx and efflux mechanisms of N5-2OH, as well as its intracellular anabolism beyond the monophosphate level. N5-2OH entered cultured human CCRF-CEM cells via passive diffusion, whereas the multidrug resistance-associated protein 4 appeared to be a major mediator of N5-2OH monophosphate efflux. N5-2OH was effectively monophosphorylated in cultured murine L929 [thymidine kinase 1 (TK1(+))] cells whereas formation of N5-2OH monophosphate was markedly lower in L929 (TK1(-)) cell variants. Further metabolism to the di- and triphosphate forms was not observed in any of the cell lines. Regardless of monophosphorylation, parental N5-2OH was the major intracellular component in both TK1(+) and TK1(-) cells. Phosphate transfer experiments with enzyme preparations showed that N5-2OH monophosphate, as well as the monophosphate of a second 3-carboranyl thymidine analog [3-[5-(o-carboran-1-yl)pentan-1-yl]thymidine (N5)], were not substrates of thymidine monophosphate kinase. Surprisingly, N5-diphosphate was phosphorylated by nucleoside diphosphate kinase although N5-triphosphate apparently was not a substrate of DNA polymerase. Our results provide valuable information on the cellular metabolism and pharmacokinetic profile of 3-carboranyl thymidine analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Sjuvarsson
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Biochemistry, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden (E.S., S.E.); Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (V.L.D., D.M., M.B.S., C.E.C); Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (R.T., H.K.A., A.K., S.H., A.G., W.T.); Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt (A.K.); Division of Pharmaceutical Organic Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ain Helwan, Cairo, Egypt (S.H.); Division of Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt (A.G.); and Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio (R.J.N., R.F.B.)
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13
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Huo T, Barth RF, Yang W, Nakkula RJ, Koynova R, Tenchov B, Chaudhury AR, Agius L, Boulikas T, Elleaume H, Lee RJ. Preparation, biodistribution and neurotoxicity of liposomal cisplatin following convection enhanced delivery in normal and F98 glioma bearing rats. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48752. [PMID: 23152799 PMCID: PMC3496719 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate two novel liposomal formulations of cisplatin as potential therapeutic agents for treatment of the F98 rat glioma. The first was a commercially produced agent, Lipoplatin™, which currently is in a Phase III clinical trial for treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The second, produced in our laboratory, was based on the ability of cisplatin to form coordination complexes with lipid cholesteryl hemisuccinate (CHEMS). The in vitro tumoricidal activity of the former previously has been described in detail by other investigators. The CHEMS liposomal formulation had a Pt loading efficiency of 25% and showed more potent in vitro cytotoxicity against F98 glioma cells than free cisplatin at 24 h. In vivo CHEMS liposomes showed high retention at 24 h after intracerebral (i.c.) convection enhanced delivery (CED) to F98 glioma bearing rats. Neurotoxicologic studies were carried out in non-tumor bearing Fischer rats following i.c. CED of Lipoplatin™ or CHEMS liposomes or their "hollow" counterparts. Unexpectedly, Lipoplatin™ was highly neurotoxic when given i.c. by CED and resulted in death immediately following or within a few days after administration. Similarly "hollow" Lipoplatin™ liposomes showed similar neurotoxicity indicating that this was due to the liposomes themselves rather than the cisplatin. This was particularly surprising since Lipoplatin™ has been well tolerated when administered intravenously. In contrast, CHEMS liposomes and their "hollow" counterparts were clinically well tolerated. However, a variety of dose dependent neuropathologic changes from none to severe were seen at either 10 or 14 d following their administration. These findings suggest that further refinements in the design and formulation of cisplatin containing liposomes will be required before they can be administered i.c. by CED for the treatment of brain tumors and that a formulation that may be safe when given systemically may be highly neurotoxic when administered directly into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyao Huo
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rolf F. Barth
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Weilian Yang
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robin J. Nakkula
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Rumiana Koynova
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Boris Tenchov
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Abhik Ray Chaudhury
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Agius
- Department of Pathology, Mater Dei Hospital and University of Malta Medical School, Msida, Malta
| | - Teni Boulikas
- Regulon Inc., Mountain View, California, United States of America
| | | | - Robert J. Lee
- Division of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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14
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North JA, Javaid S, Ferdinand MB, Chatterjee N, Picking JW, Shoffner M, Nakkula RJ, Bartholomew B, Ottesen JJ, Fishel R, Poirier MG. Phosphorylation of histone H3(T118) alters nucleosome dynamics and remodeling. Nucleic Acids Res 2011; 39:6465-74. [PMID: 21576235 PMCID: PMC3159469 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleosomes, the fundamental units of chromatin structure, are regulators and barriers to transcription, replication and repair. Post-translational modifications (PTMs) of the histone proteins within nucleosomes regulate these DNA processes. Histone H3(T118) is a site of phosphorylation [H3(T118ph)] and is implicated in regulation of transcription and DNA repair. We prepared H3(T118ph) by expressed protein ligation and determined its influence on nucleosome dynamics. We find H3(T118ph) reduces DNA-histone binding by 2 kcal/mol, increases nucleosome mobility by 28-fold and increases DNA accessibility near the dyad region by 6-fold. Moreover, H3(T118ph) increases the rate of hMSH2-hMSH6 nucleosome disassembly and enables nucleosome disassembly by the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeler. These studies suggest that H3(T118ph) directly enhances and may reprogram chromatin remodeling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A North
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University and The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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15
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Manohar M, Mooney AM, North JA, Nakkula RJ, Picking JW, Edon A, Fishel R, Poirier MG, Ottesen JJ. Acetylation of histone H3 at the nucleosome dyad alters DNA-histone binding. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:23312-21. [PMID: 19520870 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.003202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications are essential for regulating and facilitating biological processes such as RNA transcription and DNA repair. Fifteen modifications are located in the DNA-histone dyad interface and include the acetylation of H3-K115 (H3-K115Ac) and H3-K122 (H3-K122Ac), but the functional consequences of these modifications are unknown. We have prepared semisynthetic histone H3 acetylated at Lys-115 and/or Lys-122 by expressed protein ligation and incorporated them into single nucleosomes. Competitive reconstitution analysis demonstrated that the acetylation of H3-K115 and H3-K122 reduces the free energy of histone octamer binding. Restriction enzyme kinetic analysis suggests that these histone modifications do not alter DNA accessibility near the sites of modification. However, acetylation of H3-K122 increases the rate of thermal repositioning. Remarkably, Lys --> Gln substitution mutations, which are used to mimic Lys acetylation, do not fully duplicate the effects of the H3-K115Ac or H3-K122Ac modifications. Our results are consistent with the conclusion that acetylation in the dyad interface reduces DNA-histone interaction(s), which may facilitate nucleosome repositioning and/or assembly/disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridula Manohar
- Department of Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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16
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Abstract
Gingival fibroblasts actively accumulate tetracyclines, thereby enhancing their redistribution from blood to gingiva. Since growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines regulate many fibroblast activities, they could potentially enhance fibroblast minocycline accumulation. To test this hypothesis, we treated gingival fibroblast monolayers for 1 or 6 hours with platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF), or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF). Minocycline uptake was assayed at 37 degrees by a fluorescence method. All 4 factors significantly enhanced minocycline uptake (P < or = 0.008, ANOVA), primarily by increasing the affinity of transport. Treatment for 6 hours with 10 ng/mL FGF, PDGF, TGF, or TNF enhanced fibroblast minocycline uptake by 19% to 25%. Phorbol myristate acetate enhanced fibroblast minocycline uptake by 28%, suggesting that protein kinase C plays a role in up-regulating transport. These effects on transport provide a mechanism by which systemic tetracyclines could be preferentially distributed to gingival wound or inflammatory sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Walters
- Section of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center, PO Box 182357, Columbus, OH 43218-2357, USA.
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17
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Denry IL, Holloway JA, Nakkula RJ, Walters JD. Effect of niobium content on the microstructure and thermal properties of fluorapatite glass-ceramics. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2005; 75:18-24. [PMID: 16025471 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Niobium oxide has been shown to improve biocompatibility and promote bioactivity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of niobium oxide additions on the microstructure and thermal properties of fluorapatite glass-ceramics for biomedical applications. Four glass-ceramic compositions with increasing amounts of niobium oxide from 0 to 5 wt % were prepared. The glass compositions were melted at 1,525 degrees C for 3 h, quenched, ground, melted again at 1,525 degrees C for 3 h and furnace cooled. The coefficient of thermal expansion was measured by dilatometry. The crystallization behavior was evaluated by differential thermal analysis. The nature of the crystalline phases was investigated by X-ray diffraction. The microstructure was studied by SEM. In addition, the cytotoxicity of the ceramics was evaluated according to the ASTM standard F895--84. The results from X-ray diffraction analyses showed that fluorapatite was the major crystalline phase in all glass-ceramics. Differential thermal analyses revealed that fluorapatite crystallization occurred between 800 and 934 degrees C depending on the composition. The coefficient of thermal expansion varied from 7.6 to 9.4 x 10(-6)/ degrees C. The microstructure after heat treatment at 975 degrees C for 30 min consisted of submicroscopic fluorapatite crystals (200--300 nm) for all niobium-containing glass-ceramics, whereas the niobium-free glass-ceramic contained needle-shaped fluorapatite crystals, 2 microm in length. None of the glass-ceramics tested exhibited any cytotoxic activity as tested by ASTM standard F895--84.
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Affiliation(s)
- I L Denry
- Section of Restorative Dentistry and Prosthodontics, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43218, USA.
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18
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Walters JD, Nakkula RJ. Ciprofloxacin transport by chemoattractant-activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes: regulation by priming and protein kinase C. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:3345-8. [PMID: 14506055 PMCID: PMC201116 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.10.3345-3348.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2003] [Revised: 05/08/2003] [Accepted: 07/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
At infection sites, polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) function is enhanced ("primed") by granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and activated by formyl peptides. In this study, GM-CSF or LPS alone had no significant effects on PMN ciprofloxacin transport. Through a mechanism involving protein kinase C, activation by formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP) significantly decreased the K(m) of ciprofloxacin transport and enhanced ciprofloxacin accumulation. This effect was dramatically enhanced when PMNs were primed with GM-CSF or LPS prior to activation by fMLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- John D Walters
- Section of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center, Columbus, Ohio 43218-2357, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Through a mechanism that is unclear, systemic fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines can attain higher levels in gingival fluid than in blood. We hypothesized that gingival fibroblasts take up and accumulate these agents, thereby enhancing their redistribution to the gingiva. Using fluorescence to monitor transport activity, we characterized the accumulation of fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines in cultured human gingival fibroblast monolayers. Both were transported in a concentrative, temperature-dependent, and saturable manner. Fibroblasts transported ciprofloxacin and minocycline with K(m) values of 200 and 108 micro g/mL, respectively, at maximum velocities of 4.62 and 14.2 ng/min/ micro g cell protein, respectively. For both agents, transport was most efficient at pH 7.2 and less efficient at pH 6.2 and 8.2. At steady state, the cellular/extracellular concentration ratio was > 8 for ciprofloxacin and > 60 for minocycline. Thus, gingival fibroblasts possess active transporters that could potentially contribute to the relatively high levels these agents attain in gingival fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- Sections of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center
| | - Robin J. Nakkula
- Sections of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center
| | - John D. Walters
- Sections of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center
- *Address correspondence and reprint requests to: John D. Walters, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Avenue, P.O. Box 182357, Columbus, OH 43218-2357, Telephone: (614) 292-1169, Fax: (614) 292-2438, e-mail:
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines can penetrate epithelial cells, but the mechanism by which they cross the plasma membrane is unclear. In this study, a cell line derived from oral epithelium was used as a model to demonstrate a role for active transport. METHODS Transport of ciprofloxacin and minocycline by confluent cell monolayers was assayed by measuring the increase in cell-associated fluorescence. RESULTS Uptake of both agents was saturable and was inhibited at low temperatures. At 37 degrees C, the cells transported ciprofloxacin and minocycline with Km values of 351 and 133 microg/ml, respectively, and maximum velocities of 5.11 and 13.4 ng/min/microg cell protein, respectively. When ciprofloxacin and minocycline were removed from the extracellular medium, the intracellular levels of both agents decreased. Ciprofloxacin efflux from loaded cells occurred more rapidly than with minocycline. Cells accumulated intracellular drug levels that were at least 8-fold higher than extracellular levels for ciprofloxacin and at least 40-fold higher for minocycline. Transport of ciprofloxacin and minocycline was significantly influenced by pH and was most favorable at pH 7.7 and 7.2, respectively. While ciprofloxacin transport was Na+ independent, minocycline transport was strongly inhibited when sodium in the medium was replaced with choline. Transport of both agents was inhibited by a variety of organic cations, but the pattern of inhibition was different. Papaverine, phenylephrine, and doxycycline competitively inhibited minocycline transport, but inhibited ciprofloxacin transport by a non-competitive mechanism. CONCLUSIONS Epithelial cells take up ciprofloxacin and minocycline via different active transport systems. These transporters may play an important role in enhancing the effectiveness of these agents against invasive pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Brayton
- Sections of Periodontology, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center
| | - Qing Yang
- Sections of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center
| | - Robin J. Nakkula
- Sections of Periodontology, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center
| | - John D. Walters
- Sections of Periodontology, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center
- *Address correspondence and reprint requests to: John D. Walters, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Avenue, P.O. Box 182357, Columbus, OH 43218-2357, Telephone: (614) 292-1169, Fax: (614) 292-2438, e-mail:
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Abstract
Neutrophils accumulate ciprofloxacin and other fluoroquinolones, a process that enhances the killing of intracellular pathogens and could facilitate the delivery of these agents to infection sites by migrating neutrophils. The mechanisms by which transport occurs have not been characterized. In the present study, quiescent neutrophils transported ciprofloxacin with an observed K(m) of 167 microgram/ml (501 microM) and a maximum velocity of 25.2 ng/min/10(6) cells. When neutrophils were stimulated with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA), a second component of ciprofloxacin transport was induced. This pathway had an apparent K(m) of 9.76 microgram/ml (29.3 microM) and a maximum velocity of 59.3 ng/min/10(6) cells. Transport by both pathways was Na(+) independent. Ciprofloxacin transport by quiescent cells was relatively insensitive to pH and N-ethylmaleimide but was competitively inhibited by adenine (K(i) = 1.55 mM). Papaverine, a benzylisoquinoline known to inhibit nucleobase transport, also inhibited ciprofloxacin transport by quiescent cells. In contrast, transport by PMA-stimulated cells was enhanced at pH 8.2, inhibited at pH 6.2, and blocked by N-ethylmaleimide. Cationic and neutral amino acids and cystine competitively inhibited ciprofloxacin transport by PMA-stimulated neutrophils (K(i) = 158 microM for ornithine) but had little effect on quiescent cells. PMA-activated transport was not inhibited when the Na(+) in the medium was replaced with K(+) or Li(+), and the pattern of inhibition by cationic and neutral amino acids was similar. In summary, neutrophils continuously transport ciprofloxacin via a transport pathway shared by adenine. Activation by PMA induces a separate, higher-affinity transport pathway shared by a broad scope of amino acids. Neutrophils utilize one or both of these mechanisms to transport other fluoroquinolones.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Walters
- Section of Periodontology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University Health Sciences Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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Johnson JD, Nakkula RJ, Vasulka C, Smillie LB. Modulation of Ca2+ exchange with the Ca(2+)-specific regulatory sites of troponin C. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:8919-23. [PMID: 8132628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) binding to the N-terminal Ca(2+)-specific sites on troponin C (TnC) regulate the contraction-relaxation cycle of skeletal muscle. A mutant TnC (F29W) and dansylaziridine-labeled TnC undergo large fluorescence increases when Ca2+ binds to their Ca(2+)-specific sites (half-maximal at pCa 5.8). Calmidazolium and the additional mutation of Met-82 to Gln (F29W,M82Q) increased Ca2+ affinity at these Ca2+ sites by approximately 4-fold (half-maximal at pCa approximately 6.4). Calmidazolium and the M82Q mutation decreased the rate of Ca2+ dissociation from the Ca(2+)-specific sites approximately 3.4-fold (from approximately 462 +/- 84/s to approximately 138 +/- 30/s) at 22 degrees C. Ca2+ associated with the Ca(2+)-specific sites of these proteins at 1-2 x 10(8) M-1 s-1 at 4 degrees C. These drug- and mutation-induced increases in Ca2+ affinity occur solely from large decreases in the Ca2+ off-rate without an effect on the Ca2+ on-rate. Thus, Ca2+ can bind to the Ca(2+)-specific sites of TnC as rapidly as it can diffuse to the protein, consistent with the extreme speed of skeletal muscle contraction. Drugs and/or site-directed mutagenesis can modify the Ca2+ sensitivity and the rate of Ca2+ exchange with TnC's Ca(2+)-specific sites to perhaps alter the rate of relaxation and/or the rate of rise of tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Johnson
- Ohio State University Medical Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Columbus 43210
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