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From bitter to delicious: properties and uses of microbial aminopeptidases. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 39:72. [PMID: 36625962 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates are easily digested and utilized by humans and animals, and are less likely to cause allergies. Protein hydrolysis caused by endopeptidases often leads to the exposure of hydrophobic amino acids at the ends of peptides, which consequently causes bitter taste. Microbial aminopeptidases remove the exposed hydrophobic amino acids at the ends of aminopeptides, which improves taste, allowing for easier production. This processe is attacking significant attention from industry and laboratories. Aminopeptidases selectively hydrolyze peptide bonds from the N-terminal of proteins or peptides to produce free amino acids. Aminopeptidases can be classified into leucine, lysine, methionine and proline aminopeptidases by hydrolyzed N-terminal residues; metallo-, serine- and cysteine- aminopeptidases by the reaction mechanisms; dipeptide and triphoptide enzymes by the released number of amino acid residues at the end of hydrolyzed peptides; or acidic, neutral and basic aminopeptidases by their optimal hydrolysis pH. Commercial aminopeptidases are generally produced by microbial fermentation, and are mainly applied in the debittering of protein hydrolysates, the deep hydrolysis of protein, and the production of condiments, cheese, and bioactive peptides, as well as for disease detection in the medical industry.
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2
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Nakamura R, Saito M, Maruyama M, Yamanaka S, Tanemura T, Watanabe M, Fukumori F, Hayashi K. Reduction in the bitterness of protein hydrolysates by an aminopeptidase from <i>Aspergillus oryzae</i>. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.fstr-d-22-00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rino Nakamura
- Graduate School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University
| | - Manami Saito
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University
| | - Mika Maruyama
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University
| | - Shinta Yamanaka
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University
| | - Takahiro Tanemura
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University
| | - Masaki Watanabe
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University
| | - Fumiyasu Fukumori
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University
| | - Kiyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Food and Life Sciences, Faculty of Food and Nutritional Sciences, Toyo University
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3
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Toldrá F, Mora L. Peptidomics as a useful tool in the follow-up of food bioactive peptides. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2022; 100:1-47. [PMID: 35659349 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is an intense research activity on bioactive peptides derived from food proteins in view of their health benefits for consumers. However, their identification is quite challenging as a consequence of their small size and low abundance in complex matrices such as foods or hydrolyzates. Recent advances in peptidomics and bioinformatics are getting improved sensitivity and accuracy and therefore such tools are contributing to the development of sophisticated methodologies for the identification and quantification of peptides. These developments are very useful for the follow-up of peptides released through proteolysis either in the food itself through the action of endogenous peptidases during processing stages like fermentation, drying or ripening, or from food proteins hydrolyzed by commercial peptidases or microorganisms with proteolytic activity. This chapter is presenting the latest advances in peptidomics and its use for the identification and quantification of peptides, and as a useful tool for controlling the proteolysis phenomena in foods and protein hydrolyzates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidel Toldrá
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Paterna, Spain.
| | - Leticia Mora
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (CSIC), Paterna, Spain
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4
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Ito K, Matsuyama A. Koji Molds for Japanese Soy Sauce Brewing: Characteristics and Key Enzymes. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7080658. [PMID: 34436196 PMCID: PMC8399179 DOI: 10.3390/jof7080658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Soy sauce is a traditional Japanese condiment produced from the fermentation of soybeans, wheat, and salt by three types of microorganisms, namely koji molds, halophilic lactic acid bacteria, and salt-tolerant yeast. The delicate balance between taste, aroma, and color contributes to the characteristic delicious flavor imparted by soy sauce. In soy sauce brewing, protein and starch of the raw materials are hydrolyzed into amino acids and sugars by enzymes derived from koji molds. These enzymatically hydrolyzed products not only directly contribute to the taste but are further metabolized by lactic acid bacteria and yeasts to most of organic acids and aromatic compounds, resulting in its distinctive flavor and aroma. The color of the soy sauce is also due to the chemical reactions between amino acids and sugars during fermentation. Therefore, koji mold, which produces various enzymes for the breakdown of raw materials, is an essential microorganism in soy sauce production and plays an essential role in fermenting the ingredients. In this review, we describe the manufacturing process of Japanese soy sauce, the characteristics of koji molds that are suitable for soy sauce brewing, and the key enzymes produced by koji molds and their roles in the degradation of materials during soy sauce fermentation, focusing on the production of umami taste in soy sauce brewing.
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Kusumoto KI, Yamagata Y, Tazawa R, Kitagawa M, Kato T, Isobe K, Kashiwagi Y. Japanese Traditional Miso and Koji Making. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7070579. [PMID: 34356958 PMCID: PMC8307815 DOI: 10.3390/jof7070579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Miso is a traditional Japanese seasoning paste produced by fermenting soybeans using the power of koji mold. A recent Japanese cohort study has shown that increased consumption of fermented soybean products is associated with a reduced risk of death in both men and women. In this review, we briefly explain what miso means in the Japanese culture and food industry, varieties of miso available today, and steps involved in miso making. Then, we review early and latest scientific researches in koji mold species, their safety, and beneficial enzymes they produce during fermentation and maturation processes, which play a major part in determining the quality and sensory profile of miso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Kusumoto
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba 305-8642, Japan;
| | - Youhei Yamagata
- Division of Applied Biological Chemistry, Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Rina Tazawa
- Marukome Co., Ltd., Nagano 380-0943, Japan; (R.T.); (M.K.)
| | | | - Taeko Kato
- Central Miso Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033, Japan;
| | - Kenji Isobe
- Central Miso Research Institute, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033, Japan;
- Japan Federation of Miso Manufacturers Cooperatives, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0033, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Yutaka Kashiwagi
- Department of Fermentation Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502, Japan;
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The role of propeptide-mediated autoinhibition and intermolecular chaperone in the maturation of cognate catalytic domain in leucine aminopeptidase. J Struct Biol 2021; 213:107741. [PMID: 33989771 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2021.107741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leucyl aminopeptidase A from Aspergillus oryzae RIB40 (AO-LapA) is an exo-acting peptidase, widely utilised in food debittering applications. AO-LapA is secreted as a zymogen by the host and requires enzymatic cleavage of the autoinhibitory propeptide to reveal its full activity. Scarcity of structural data of zymogen aminopeptidases hampers a better understanding of the details of their molecular action of autoinhibition and how this might be utilised to improve the properties of such enzymes by recombinant methods for more effective bioprocessing. To address this gap in the literature, herein we report high-resolution crystal structures of recombinantly expressed AO-LapA precursor (AO-proLapA), mature LapA (AO-mLapA) and AO-mLapA complexed with reaction product l-leucine (AO-mLapA-Leu), all purified from Pichia pastoris culture supernatant. Our structures reveal a plausible molecular mechanism of LapA catalytic domain autoinhibition by propeptide and highlights the role of intramolecular chaperone (IMC). Our data suggest an absolute requirement for IMC in the maturation of cognate catalytic domain of AO-LapA. This observation is reinforced by our expression and refolding data of catalytic domain only (AO-refLapA) from Escherichia coli inclusion bodies, revealing a limited active conformation. Our work supports the notion that known synthetic aminopeptidase inhibitors and substrates mimic key polar contacts between propeptide and corresponding catalytic domain, demonstrated in our AO-proLapA zymogen crystal structure. Furthermore, understanding the atomic details of the autoinhibitory mechanism of cognate catalytic domains by native propeptides has wider reaching implications toward synthetic production of more effective inhibitors of bimetallic aminopeptidases and other dizinc enzymes that share an analogous reaction mechanism.
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Jin FJ, Hu S, Wang BT, Jin L. Advances in Genetic Engineering Technology and Its Application in the Industrial Fungus Aspergillus oryzae. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:644404. [PMID: 33708187 PMCID: PMC7940364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.644404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae is an important strain in the traditional fermentation and food processing industries and is often used in the production of soy sauce, soybean paste, and liquor-making. In addition, A. oryzae has a strong capacity to secrete large amounts of hydrolytic enzymes; therefore, it has also been used in the enzyme industry as a cell factory for the production of numerous native and heterologous enzymes. However, the production and secretion of foreign proteins by A. oryzae are often limited by numerous bottlenecks that occur during transcription, translation, protein folding, translocation, degradation, transport, secretion, etc. The existence of these problems makes it difficult to achieve the desired target in the production of foreign proteins by A. oryzae. In recent years, with the decipherment of the whole genome sequence, basic research and genetic engineering technologies related to the production and utilization of A. oryzae have been well developed, such as the improvement of homologous recombination efficiency, application of selectable marker genes, development of large chromosome deletion technology, utilization of hyphal fusion techniques, and application of CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing systems. The development and establishment of these genetic engineering technologies provided a great deal of technical support for the industrial production and application of A. oryzae. This paper reviews the advances in basic research and genetic engineering technologies of the fermentation strain A. oryzae mentioned above to open up more effective ways and research space for the breeding of A. oryzae production strains in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Jie Jin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuang Hu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bao-Teng Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Long Jin
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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8
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Qin Q, Tang C, Wu J, Chen S, Yan Z. A dual-functional aminopeptidase from Streptomyces canus T20 and its application in the preparation of small rice peptides. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 167:214-222. [PMID: 33259841 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.11.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
An aminopeptidase that derived from Streptomyces canus T20 (ScAP) was successfully expressed and characterized in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) for first time. The specific activity was 6000 U/mg, which is highest in Streptomyces aminopeptidases. Its optimal conditions were 60 °C and pH 8.0, respectively. ScAP exhibited excellent thermal and alkaline pH stability, retained 80.0% maximal activity at 50 °C for 200 h or at pH 9.0 for 24 h. Its activity observed to be complete inhibited by 0.1 mM EDTA and enhanced by Ca2+ and Co2+ to 115.4% and 104.0% respectively. ScAP also has exhibited high specificity towards rice protein on preparation of small peptides. The yield of small rice peptides achieved 66.5%, which is highest by far. Besides, ScAP have significant debittering effect on rice peptides. Results showed that bitter intensity score decreased by 49.0% with optimum condition (0.048% ScAP at 50 °C for 6 h). Therefore, ScAP as dual functional aminopeptidase of hydrolytic and debittering might have a potential application in the production of high yield and low bitterness of small rice peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chengye Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
| | - Zhengfei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology and Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China.
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9
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Toldrá F, Gallego M, Reig M, Aristoy MC, Mora L. Recent Progress in Enzymatic Release of Peptides in Foods of Animal Origin and Assessment of Bioactivity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12842-12855. [PMID: 32157886 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is a wide variety of peptides released from food proteins that are able to exert a relevant benefit for human health, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglucemic, or antithrombotic activity, among others. This manuscript is reviewing the recent advances on enzymatic mechanisms for the hydrolysis of proteins from foods of animal origin, including the types of enzymes and mechanisms of action involved, the strategies followed for the isolation and identification of bioactive peptides through advanced proteomic tools, and the assessment of bioactivity and its beneficial effects. Specific applications in fermented and/or ripened foods where a significant number of bioactive peptides have been reported with relevant in vivo physiological effects on laboratory rats and humans as well as the hydrolysis of animal food proteins for the production of bioactive peptides are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidel Toldrá
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnologı́a de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Gallego
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnologı́a de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Milagro Reig
- Instituto de Ingenierı́a de Alimentos para el Desarrollo, Universitat Politècnica de Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - María-Concepción Aristoy
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnologı́a de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Leticia Mora
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnologı́a de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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10
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Salim APAA, Wang Y, Li S, Conte-Junior CA, Chen J, Zhu H, Rentfrow G, Suman SP. Sarcoplasmic Proteome Profile and Internal Color of Beef Longissimus Lumborum Steaks Cooked to Different Endpoint Temperatures. MEAT AND MUSCLE BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.22175/mmb.9470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex relationship between endpoint temperature, sarcoplasmic proteome, and internal color in cooked steaks is yet to be examined. The objective of the present study was to characterize the changes in sarcoplasmic proteome and their influence on the internal color of beef longissimus lumborum (LL) steaks cooked to different endpoint temperatures. Two 2.5-cm-thick LL steaks were fabricated from 9 beef strip loins and were cooked to an internal endpoint temperature of either 60°C (C-60) or 71°C (C-71). Cooked steaks were cooled and sliced parallel to the grilled surface, and internal color was evaluated instrumentally. Sarcoplasmic proteome from the interiors of the cooked steaks was analyzed using two-dimensional electrophoresis, and the gel images were digitally analyzed. The protein spots exhibiting more than 2-fold intensity differences (P < 0.05) were subjected to in-gel tryptic digestion and were identified by tandem mass spectrometry. The C-60 steaks demonstrated greater (P < 0.05) redness and color stability than the C-71 ones. Eleven differentially abundant protein spots were identified, and they belonged to 6 functional groups (transport proteins, enzymes in energy metabolism, chaperones, antioxidant proteins, enzymes in amino acid metabolism, and glycolytic enzymes). While 10 spots were overabundant (P < 0.05) in C-60 steaks, 1 spot was overabundant (P < 0.05) in C-71 steaks. The spot overabundant in C-71 samples was identified as myoglobin, suggesting the possible role of post-translational modifications in the heme protein’s thermal stability. The results indicated that the endpoint cooking temperature influenced sarcoplasmic proteome profile and internal color of cooked beef LL steaks. The overabundant proteins in steaks cooked to 60°C may be exploited as potential biomarkers for undercooked beef, which is a source for foodborne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yifei Wang
- University of Kentucky Department of Animal and Food Sciences
| | | | | | | | | | - Gregg Rentfrow
- University of Kentucky Department of Animal and Food Sciences
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11
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Lin X, Dong L, Yu D, Wang B, Pan L. High-level expression and characterization of the thermostable leucine aminopeptidase Thelap from the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus in Aspergillus niger and its application in soy protein hydrolysis. Protein Expr Purif 2020; 167:105544. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.105544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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12
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A fast and novel approach to evaluate technical enzyme preparations for an efficient protein hydrolysis. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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13
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Enzymatic characteristics of a recombinant protease (rPepD) from Aspergillus niger expressed in Pichia pastoris. Protein Expr Purif 2019; 162:67-71. [PMID: 31181254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The Aspergillus niger AS3.350 protease gene (pepD) was successfully cloned and expressed in Pichia pastoris KM71. The rPepD activity was 331.5 U/ml, and the optimum temperature and pH were 45 °C and 8-9 respectively. In addition, enzyme activity was significantly inhibited by PMSF, EDTA, Mg2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ ions, and stimulated by Ca2+ which selectively bound to the T302 and D323 residues. Mutation in either or both of the residues inhibited rPepD expression, indicating that binding to Ca2+ is necessary for PepD expression and activity. The rPepD showed a wide substrate range, and was particularly selective to those with hydrophobic amino acids. The degree of rPepD-mediated hydrolysis of soy protein isolate, corn flour and gluten meal were 8.7%, 38.1% and 33.6% respectively, which was higher than that by Alcalase, indicating that rPepD has potential applications in the food processing industry.
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Matsushita-Morita M, Tada S, Suzuki S, Hattori R, Kusumoto KI. Enzymatic characterization of a novel Xaa-Pro aminopeptidase XpmA from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Escherichia coli. J Biosci Bioeng 2017; 124:534-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2017.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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15
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Generation of bioactive peptides during food processing. Food Chem 2017; 267:395-404. [PMID: 29934183 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.06.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Large amounts of peptides are naturally generated in foods through the proteolysis phenomena taking place during processing. Such proteolysis is carried out either by endogenous enzymes in ripened foods or by the combined action of endogenous and microbial enzymes when fermented. Food proteins can also be isolated and hydrolysed by peptidases to produce hydrolysates. endo-peptidases act first followed by the successive action of exo-peptidases (mainly, tri- and di-peptidylpeptidases, aminopeptidases and carboxypeptidases). The generated peptides may be further hydrolysed through the gastrointestinal digestion resulting in a pool of peptides with different sequences and lengths, some of them with relevant bioactivity. However, these peptides should be absorbed intact through the intestinal barrier and reach the blood stream to exert their physiological action. This manuscript is reporting the enzymatic routes and strategies followed for the generation of bioactive peptides.
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Mao Y, Yin Y, Zhang L, Alias SA, Gao B, Wei D. Development of a novel Aspergillus uracil deficient expression system and its application in expressing a cold-adapted α-amylase gene from Antarctic fungi Geomyces pannorum. Process Biochem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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17
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Murthy PS, Kusumoto KI. Acid protease production by Aspergillus oryzae on potato pulp powder with emphasis on glycine releasing activity: A benefit to the food industry. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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18
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Huang WQ, Zhong LF, Meng ZZ, You ZJ, Li JZ, Luo XC. The Structure and Enzyme Characteristics of a Recombinant Leucine Aminopeptidase rLap1 from Aspergillus sojae and Its Application in Debittering. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 177:190-206. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1737-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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19
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Merz M, Eisele T, Berends P, Appel D, Rabe S, Blank I, Stressler T, Fischer L. Flavourzyme, an Enzyme Preparation with Industrial Relevance: Automated Nine-Step Purification and Partial Characterization of Eight Enzymes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:5682-5693. [PMID: 25996918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Flavourzyme is sold as a peptidase preparation from Aspergillus oryzae. The enzyme preparation is widely and diversely used for protein hydrolysis in industrial and research applications. However, detailed information about the composition of this mixture is still missing due to the complexity. The present study identified eight key enzymes by mass spectrometry and partially by activity staining on native polyacrylamide gels or gel zymography. The eight enzymes identified were two aminopeptidases, two dipeptidyl peptidases, three endopeptidases, and one α-amylase from the A. oryzae strain ATCC 42149/RIB 40 (yellow koji mold). Various specific marker substrates for these Flavourzyme enzymes were ascertained. An automated, time-saving nine-step protocol for the purification of all eight enzymes within 7 h was designed. Finally, the purified Flavourzyme enzymes were biochemically characterized with regard to pH and temperature profiles and molecular sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Merz
- †Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Eisele
- †Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pieter Berends
- §Nestlé Product Technology Centre, Lange Strasse 21, D-78224 Singen, Germany
| | - Daniel Appel
- §Nestlé Product Technology Centre, Lange Strasse 21, D-78224 Singen, Germany
| | - Swen Rabe
- §Nestlé Product Technology Centre, Lange Strasse 21, D-78224 Singen, Germany
| | - Imre Blank
- §Nestlé Product Technology Centre, Lange Strasse 21, D-78224 Singen, Germany
| | - Timo Stressler
- †Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- †Institute of Food Science and Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology and Enzyme Science, University of Hohenheim, Garbenstrasse 25, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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Protease from Aspergillus oryzae: Biochemical Characterization and Application as a Potential Biocatalyst for Production of Protein Hydrolysates with Antioxidant Activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1155/2014/372352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the biochemical characterization of a protease from Aspergillus oryzae LBA 01 and the study of the antioxidant properties of protein hydrolysates produced with this protease. The biochemical characterization showed that the enzyme was most active over the pH range 5.0–5.5 and was stable from pH 4.5 to 5.5. The optimum temperature range for activity was 55–60°C, and the enzyme was stable at temperatures below 45°C. The activation energy (Ea) for azocasein hydrolysis and temperature quotient (Q10) were found to be 37.98 kJ mol−1 and 1.64–1.53 at temperature range from 30 to 55°C, respectively. The enzyme exhibited t1/2 of 97.63 min and a D value of 324.31 at the optimum temperature for activity (57.2°C). Protease from A. oryzae LBA 01 was shown as a potentially useful biocatalyst for protein hydrolysis, increasing the antioxidant activities of soy protein isolate, bovine whey protein, and egg white protein from 2.0- to 10.0-fold.
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Ding GW, Zhou ND, Tian YP. Over-Expression of a Proline Specific Aminopeptidase from Aspergillus oryzae JN-412 and Its Application in Collagen Degradation. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:1765-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Silva-Sanchez C, Chen S, Li J, Chourey PS. A comparative glycoproteome study of developing endosperm in the hexose-deficient miniature1 (mn1) seed mutant and its wild type Mn1 in maize. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:63. [PMID: 24616729 PMCID: PMC3935489 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
In maize developing seeds, transfer cells are prominently located at the basal endosperm transfer layer (BETL). As the first filial cell layer, BETL is a gateway to sugars, nutrients and water from mother plant; and anchor of numerous functions such as sucrose turnover, auxin and cytokinin biosynthesis/accumulation, energy metabolism, defense response, and signaling between maternal and filial generations. Previous studies showed that basal developing endosperms of miniature1 (mn1) mutant seeds lacking the Mn1-encoded cell wall invertase II, are also deficient for hexose. Given the role of glucose as one of the key sugars in protein glycosylation and proper protein folding; we performed a comparative large scale glycoproteome profiling of total proteins of these two genotypes (mn1 mutant vs. Mn1 wild type) using 2D gel electrophoresis and glycosylation/total protein staining, followed by image analysis. Protein identification was done by LC-MS/MS. A total of 413 spots were detected; from which, 113 spots matched between the two genotypes. Of these, 45 showed >20% decrease/increase in glycosylation level and were selected for protein identification. A large number of identified proteins showed decreased glycosylation levels in mn1 developing endosperms as compared to the Mn1. Functional classification of proteins, showed mainly of post-translational modification, protein turnover, chaperone activities, carbohydrate and amino acid biosynthesis/transport, and cell wall biosynthesis. These proteins and activities were related to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and unfolded protein response (UPR) as a result of the low glycolsylation levels of the mutant proteins. Overall, these results provide for the first time a global glycoproteome profile of maize BETL-enriched basal endosperm to better understand their role in seed development in maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Silva-Sanchez
- Proteomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sixue Chen
- Proteomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Biology, UF Genetics Institute, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jinxi Li
- Proteomics, Interdisciplinary Center for Biotechnology Research, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Prem S. Chourey
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary EntomologyGainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Agronomy, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
- *Correspondence: Prem S. Chourey, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA e-mail:
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23
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Matsushita-Morita M, Nakagawa H, Tada S, Marui J, Hattori R, Suzuki S, Yamagata Y, Amano H, Ishida H, Takeuchi M, Kusumoto KI. Characterization of a (D)-stereoselective aminopeptidase (DamA) exhibiting aminolytic activity and halophilicity from Aspergillus oryzae. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:145-64. [PMID: 23821291 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
β-Aminopeptidases exhibit both hydrolytic and aminolytic (peptide bond formation) activities and have only been reported in bacteria. We identified a gene encoding the β-aminopeptidase homolog from a genome database of the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae. The gene was overexpressed in A. oryzae, and the resulting recombinant enzyme was purified. Apart from bacterial homologs [β-Ala-para-nitroanilide (pNA)], the enzyme preferred D-Leu-pNA and D-Phe-pNA as substrates. Therefore, we designated this gene as d-stereoselective aminopeptidase A (damA). The purified recombinant DamA was estimated to be a hexamer and was composed of two subunits with molecular masses of 29.5 and 11.5 kDa, respectively. Optimal hydrolytic activity of DamA toward D-Leu-pNA was observed at 50 °C and pH 8.0. The enzyme was stable up to 60 °C and from pH 4.0-11.0. DamA also exhibited aminolytic activity, producing D-Leu-D-Leu-NH2 from D-Leu-NH2 as a substrate. In the presence of 3.0 M NaCl, the amount of pNA liberated from D-Leu-pNA by DamA was 3.1-fold higher than that in the absence of NaCl. Thus, DamA is a halophilic enzyme. The enzyme was utilized to synthesize several hetero-dipeptides containing a D-amino acid at the N-terminus as well as physiologically active peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Matsushita-Morita
- National Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
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24
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Ke Y, Huang WQ, Li JZ, Xie MQ, Luo XC. Enzymatic characteristics of a recombinant neutral protease I (rNpI) from Aspergillus oryzae expressed in Pichia pastoris. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2012; 60:12164-12169. [PMID: 23136814 DOI: 10.1021/jf303167r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A truncated neutral protease I (NpI) from Aspergillus oryzae 3.042 was expressed in Pichia pastoris with a high enzyme yield of 43101 U/mL. Its optimum pH was about 8.0, and it was stable in the pH range of 5.0-9.0. Its optimum temperature was about 55 °C and retained >90% activity at 50 °C for 120 min. Recombinant NpI (rNpI) was inhibited by Cu(2+) and EDTA. Eight cleavage sites of rNpI in oxidized insulin B-chain were determined by mass spectrometry, and five of them had high hydrophobic amino acid affinity, which makes it efficient in producing antihypertensive peptide IPP from β-casein and a potential debittering agent. The high degree of hydrolysis (DH) of rNpI to soybean protein (8.8%) and peanut protein (11.1%) compared to papain and alcalase makes it a good candidate in the processing of oil industry byproducts. The mutagenesis of H(429), H(433), and E(453) in the deduced zinc-binding motif confirmed rNpI as a gluzincin. All of these results show the great potential of rNpI to be used in the protein hydrolysis industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ke
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Panyu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China 510006
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Increased production of fatty acids and triglycerides in Aspergillus oryzae by enhancing expressions of fatty acid synthesis-related genes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:269-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4193-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Marui J, Matsushita-Morita M, Tada S, Hattori R, Suzuki S, Amano H, Ishida H, Yamagata Y, Takeuchi M, Kusumoto KI. Comparison of expression and enzymatic properties of Aspergillus oryzae lysine aminopeptidases ApsA and ApsB. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 28:2643-50. [PMID: 22806190 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-012-1074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The apsA and apsB genes encoding family M1 aminopeptidases were identified in the industrial fungus Aspergillus oryzae. The apsB was transcriptionally up-regulated up to 2.5-fold in response to the deprivation of nitrogen or carbon sources in growth media, while up-regulation of apsA was less significant. The encoded proteins were bacterially expressed and purified to characterize their enzymatic properties. ApsA and ApsB were optimally active at pH 7.0 and 35 °C and stable at pH ranges of 6-10 and 4-10, respectively, up to 40 °C. The enzymes were inhibited by bestatin and EDTA, as has been reported for family M1 aminopeptidases that characteristically contain a zinc-binding catalytic motif. Both enzymes preferentially liberated N-terminal lysine, which is an essential amino acid and an important additive to animal feed. Enzymes that efficiently release N-terminal lysine from peptides could be useful for food and forage industries. Examination of the reactivity toward peptide substrate of varying length revealed that ApsB exhibited broader substrate specificity than ApsA although the reactivity of ApsB decreased as the length of peptide substrate decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Marui
- Applied Microbiology Division, NARO, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
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Marui J, Matsushita-Morita M, Tada S, Hattori R, Suzuki S, Amano H, Ishida H, Yamagata Y, Takeuchi M, Kusumoto KI. Enzymatic properties of the glycine D-alanine [corrected] aminopeptidase of Aspergillus oryzae and its activity profiles in liquid-cultured mycelia and solid-state rice culture (rice koji). Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 93:655-69. [PMID: 22005737 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 09/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The gdaA gene encoding S12 family glycine-D-alanine aminopeptidase (GdaA) was found in the industrial fungus Aspergillus oryzae. GdaA shares 43% amino acid sequence identity with the D-aminopeptidase of the Gram-negative bacterium Ochrobactrum anthropi. GdaA purified from an A. oryzae gdaA-overexpressing strain exhibited high D-stereospecificity and efficiently released N-terminal glycine and D-alanine of substrates in a highly specific manner. The optimum pH and temperature were 8 to 9 and 40°C, respectively. This enzyme was stable under alkaline conditions at pH 8 to 11 and relatively resistant to acidic conditions until pH 5.0. The chelating reagent EDTA, serine protease inhibitors such as AEBSF, benzamidine, TPCK, and TLCK, and the thiol enzyme inhibitor PCMB inhibited the enzyme. The aminopeptidase inhibitor bestatin did not affect the activity. GdaA was largely responsible for intracellular glycine and D-alanine aminopeptidase activities in A. oryzae during stationary-phase growth in liquid media. In addition, the activity increased in response to the depletion of nitrogen or carbon sources in the growth media, although the GdaA-independent glycine aminopeptidase activity highly increased simultaneously. Aminopeptidases of A. oryzae attract attention because the enzymatic release of a variety of amino acids and peptides is important for the enhancement of the palatability of fermented foods. GdaA activity was found in extracts of a solid-state rice culture of A. oryzae (rice koji), which is widely used as a starter culture for Japanese traditional fermented foods, and was largely responsible for the glycine and D-alanine aminopeptidase activity detected at a pH range of 6 to 9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Marui
- Applied Microbiology Division, National Food Research Institute, 2-1-12 Kan-nondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8642, Japan
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