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Khedhiri M, Ghedira K, Rajhi M, Hammemi W, Sadraoui A, Touzi H, Tebibi K, Chouikha A, Triki H. Overview of the epidemic history of Hepatitis C uncommon subtypes 2i and 4d in Tunisia and in the world. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 105:105375. [PMID: 36241024 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The impressive improvements in qua therapy efficacy alone are not sufficient to substantially reduce the Hepatitis C Virus burden because of the usually very long asymptomatic phase of the infection. In turn, this renders prevention of infection of great importance. The value of learning how the virus has spread in the past is that this can provide clues as to what routes the virus likely spreads through today, which can feedback into prevention policy. In Tunisia, HCV subtypes 2i and 4d are minor circulating subtypes. Here, we applied a Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo method for visualization of spatial and temporal spread of HCV-2i and 4d in Tunisia and some other countries in the world. Our analysis included sequences retrieved from Genbank and isolated from several countries in the world; 21 HCV-NS5B subtype 2i genome sequences obtained during the period 2002-2020 and 206 HCV-NS5B-4d sequences detected between 2000 and 2019. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that two geographical clusters could be identified in HCV-2i tree with two clearly distinguished clusters in HCV-4d Tree. The estimated time for the most recent common ancestor suggested that current HCV-2i strains emerged in 1963 [1930, 1995] and current HCV-4d strains emerged in 1992 [1988, 1996] in Tunisia and other countries from the world investigated in the present study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Khedhiri
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia; Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire, El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia; Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia.
| | - Kais Ghedira
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics - LR16IPT09, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Mouna Rajhi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Walid Hammemi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia; Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Amel Sadraoui
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia; Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Henda Touzi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia; Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Khadija Tebibi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia; Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire, El Manar, Tunis 2092, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Chouikha
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia; Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia.
| | - Henda Triki
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia; Research Laboratory "Virus, Vectors and Hosts: One Health Approach and Technological Innovation for a Better Health", LR20IPT02, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, Tunisia; Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar (UTM), Tunis 1002, Tunisia.
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Kallala O, Kacem S, Fodha I, Pozzetto B, Abdelhalim T. Role of hepatitis C virus core antigen assay in hepatitis C care in developing country. EGYPTIAN LIVER JOURNAL 2021; 11:77. [PMID: 34777874 PMCID: PMC8449518 DOI: 10.1186/s43066-021-00146-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) aims to achieve global hepatitis C elimination by 2030, defined as diagnosis of 90% of infected individuals and treating 80% of them. Current guidelines for the screening and diagnosis of hepatitis C infection denote using a relatively cheap screen with anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibody immunoassay, followed by the much costlier molecular test for HCV RNA levels using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay to confirm active HCV infection. Simplification of the HCV evaluation algorithm to reduce the number of required tests could considerably expand the provision of HCV treatment especially in a developing country. This study investigates the performance of hepatitis C Core Antigen (HCV Ag) test by comparing HCV Ag results versus the results obtained with HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) PCR which is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of HCV infection. Results Among the 109 anti-HCV positive sera, 96 were positive for both HCV Ag (> 3 fmol/L) and HCV RNA (> 15 IU/mL); 8 were negative for both tests, while the remaining 5 were positive for HCV RNA only. Considering the HCV RNA as gold standard; the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of HCV Ag test were found to be 95.05%, 100%, 100%, and 61.54%, respectively. HCV genotype was performed for 59 patients. The most common HCV genotype was genotype 1 (72.9%). Genotype 2 (15.3%) and genotype 3 (11.9%) were detected in the others samples. A high level of correlation was seen between HCV RNA and HCV Ag (r = 0.958, p < 0.001). The correlation for the samples that were genotyped 1 was significant (r = 0.966, p < 0.001). Conclusion In our study, it was found that there was strong correlation between HCV RNA levels and HCV Ag levels. So, it can be used for a one-step HCV antigen test to diagnose active HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouafa Kallala
- Research Laboratory for "Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections" (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Saoussen Kacem
- Research Laboratory for "Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections" (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Imene Fodha
- Research Laboratory for "Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections" (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Bruno Pozzetto
- GIMAP EA3064, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Saint-Etienne/Université de Lyon, Lyon, France.,Laboratoire des Agents infectieux et d'Hygiène, CHU de Saint-Etienne, Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
| | - Trabelsi Abdelhalim
- Research Laboratory for "Epidemiology and Immunogenetics of Viral Infections" (LR14SP02), Sahloul University Hospital, University of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, Avicenne Street, Monastir, Tunisia
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Bettaieb J, Chouikha A, Khedhiri M, Kharroubi G, Badreddine M, Bel Hadj Hmida N, Gharbi A, Hammemi W, Sadraoui A, Ben Yahia A, Meddeb Z, Ben Salah A, Triki H. Hepatitis C virus epidemiology in Central-West Tunisia: a population-based cross-sectional study. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2243-2253. [PMID: 31179516 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04308-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the seroprevalence, viraemia and genotype distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in a region in Central-West Tunisia. A door-to-door cross-sectional study was conducted on a randomly selected sample. A total of 3178 individuals aged 5 to 74 years and members of 935 families were investigated. Seroprevalence of HCV was assessed using ELISA tests. The viral load was determined by real-time RT-PCR, and HCV genotyping was conducted by amplification and sequencing in the NS5b genomic region. The global prevalence of HCV antibodies was 3.32% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.72-4.00). It was significantly higher in women: 4.47% vs. 2.16% in men, p = 0.001. Seroprevalence increased with age, and the highest rates were found in the 50- to 59-year-old age group (12.90%, 95% CI: 9.45-16.86), suggesting a cohort effect with very low contribution of intrafamilial transmission. Genotyping showed a predominance of subtype 1b (84.6%), with cocirculation of subtypes 2c (9.6%), 1a (1.9%), 1d (1.9%) and 2k (1.9%), similar to the previously reported genotype distribution in Tunisia and with no genetic clusters specific to the study region. These results indicate a higher endemicity of HCV infection when compared to the previously reported nationwide surveillance data. This study provides valuable data that can contribute to current strategies to eliminate hepatitis C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihene Bettaieb
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory: "Transmission, Controle et Immunobiologie des Infections" (LR11-IPT02), Tunis, Tunisia.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Anissa Chouikha
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur BP-74, 1002, Tunis Belvedere, Tunisia. .,Research Laboratory: "Transmission, Controle et Immunobiologie des Infections" (LR11-IPT02), Tunis, Tunisia. .,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Marwa Khedhiri
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur BP-74, 1002, Tunis Belvedere, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory: "Transmission, Controle et Immunobiologie des Infections" (LR11-IPT02), Tunis, Tunisia.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ghassen Kharroubi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory: "Transmission, Controle et Immunobiologie des Infections" (LR11-IPT02), Tunis, Tunisia.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Malek Badreddine
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Nabil Bel Hadj Hmida
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory: "Transmission, Controle et Immunobiologie des Infections" (LR11-IPT02), Tunis, Tunisia.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Adel Gharbi
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory: "Transmission, Controle et Immunobiologie des Infections" (LR11-IPT02), Tunis, Tunisia.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Walid Hammemi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur BP-74, 1002, Tunis Belvedere, Tunisia.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Amel Sadraoui
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur BP-74, 1002, Tunis Belvedere, Tunisia.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ahlem Ben Yahia
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur BP-74, 1002, Tunis Belvedere, Tunisia.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Zina Meddeb
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur BP-74, 1002, Tunis Belvedere, Tunisia.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Afif Ben Salah
- Department of Medical Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory: "Transmission, Controle et Immunobiologie des Infections" (LR11-IPT02), Tunis, Tunisia.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Department of Community and Family Medicine, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Henda Triki
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur BP-74, 1002, Tunis Belvedere, Tunisia.,Research Laboratory: "Transmission, Controle et Immunobiologie des Infections" (LR11-IPT02), Tunis, Tunisia.,Clinical Investigation Center (CIC), Pasteur Institute of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia.,Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis, Tunisia
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Elzuoki AN, Elzouki I, Albarassi S, Gammo M, Burwaiss A. Hepatitis C Genotypes in Libya: Correlation with Patients' Characteristics, Level of Viremia, and Degree of Liver Fibrosis. Oman Med J 2017; 32:409-416. [PMID: 29026473 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2017.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our study sought to determine the distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-genotypes among patients attending two tertiary care hospitals in Benghazi and Tripoli, Libya, and correlate this with patient's characteristics, viral load, and degree of fibrosis. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of 286 HCV-RNA positive Libyan patients referred from different health care facilities in east and west Libya for specific HCV treatment. HCV genotyping was carried out by gene amplification. Liver histology was graded by Metavir score according to the stage of fibrosis. RESULTS HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4 were found in 24.1%, 10.8%, 3.4%, and 61.5% of the patients, respectively. Genotype 4 was detected more frequently in patients from east Libya (Benghazi) compared to west Libya (Tripoli) (75.9% vs. 41.6%, p = 0.245). Genotype 1 was more frequent in patients from west Libya compared to east Libya (34.1% vs. 16.8%, p = 0.657). There was a significant correlation between HCV genotype distribution and viral load. Patients with genotype 4 exhibited a higher degree of liver fibrosis (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS HCV genotype 4 is the predominant genotype in Libya followed by genotype 1. However, as we go from the east to the west of the country, genotype 1 increases. Genotype 4 was associated with higher level of viremia and higher stage of liver fibrosis. It is important to note that both genotypes 1 and 4 are associated with a poor response to pegylated interferon and ribavirin combination therapy. The findings emphasize the need to develop improved strategies in Libya for the successful treatment of HCV infection with novel newly available antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel-Naser Elzuoki
- Department of Medicine, Hamad General Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, Doha, Qatar
| | - Islam Elzouki
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Sabah Albarassi
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Benghazi University, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Mohamed Gammo
- Department of Medicine, Tripoli Medical Center, Tripoli, Libya
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