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Duarte ME, Garavito-Duarte Y, Kim SW. Impacts of F18 +Escherichia coli on Intestinal Health of Nursery Pigs and Dietary Interventions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2791. [PMID: 37685055 PMCID: PMC10487041 DOI: 10.3390/ani13172791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focused on the impact of F18+E. coli on pig production and explored nutritional interventions to mitigate its deleterious effects. F18+E. coli is a primary cause of PWD in nursery pigs, resulting in substantial economic losses through diminished feed efficiency, morbidity, and mortality. In summary, the F18+E. coli induces intestinal inflammation with elevated IL6 (60%), IL8 (43%), and TNF-α (28%), disrupting the microbiota and resulting in 14% villus height reduction. Besides the mortality, the compromised intestinal health results in a 20% G:F decrease and a 10% ADFI reduction, ultimately culminating in a 28% ADG decrease. Among nutritional interventions to counter F18+E. coli impacts, zinc glycinate lowered TNF-α (26%) and protein carbonyl (45%) in jejunal mucosa, resulting in a 39% ADG increase. Lactic acid bacteria reduced TNF-α (36%), increasing 51% ADG, whereas Bacillus spp. reduced IL6 (27%), increasing BW (12%). Lactobacillus postbiotic increased BW (14%) and the diversity of beneficial bacteria. Phytobiotics reduced TNF-α (23%) and IL6 (21%), enhancing feed efficiency (37%). Additional interventions, including low crude protein formulation, antibacterial minerals, prebiotics, and organic acids, can be effectively used to combat F18+E. coli infection. These findings collectively underscore a range of effective strategies for managing the challenges posed by F18+E. coli in pig production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sung Woo Kim
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (M.E.D.); (Y.G.-D.)
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2
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Vasiliev G, Kubo AL, Vija H, Kahru A, Bondar D, Karpichev Y, Bondarenko O. Synergistic antibacterial effect of copper and silver nanoparticles and their mechanism of action. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9202. [PMID: 37280318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-36460-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. In the case of topical bacterial infections such as wound infections, silver (Ag) has historically been one of the most widely used antibacterials. However, scientific publications have demonstrated the adverse effects of silver on human cells, ecotoxicity and insufficient antibacterial effect for the complete elimination of bacterial infections. The use of Ag in the form of nanoparticles (NPs, 1-100 nm) allows to control the release of antibacterial Ag ions but is still not sufficient to eliminate infection and avoid cytotoxicity. In this study, we tested the potency of differently functionalized copper oxide (CuO) NPs to enhance the antibacterial properties of Ag NPs. The antibacterial effect of the mixture of CuO NPs (CuO, CuO-NH2 and CuO-COOH NPs) with Ag NPs (uncoated and coated) was studied. CuO and Ag NP combinations were more efficient than Cu or Ag (NPs) alone against a wide range of bacteria, including antibiotic-resistant strains such as gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa as well as gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus dysgalactiae. We showed that positively charged CuO NPs enhanced the antibacterial effect of Ag NPs up to 6 times. Notably, compared to the synergy of CuO and Ag NPs, the synergy of respective metal ions was low, suggesting that NP surface is required for the enhanced antibacterial effect. We also studied the mechanisms of synergy and showed that the production of Cu+ ions, faster dissolution of Ag+ from Ag NPs and lower binding of Ag+ by proteins of the incubation media in the presence of Cu2+ were the main mechanisms of the synergy. In summary, CuO and Ag NP combinations allowed increasing the antibacterial effect up to 6 times. Thus, using CuO and Ag NP combinations enables to retain excellent antibacterial effects due to Ag and synergy and enhances beneficial effects, since Cu is a vital microelement for human cells. Thus, we suggest using combinations of Ag and CuO NPs in antibacterial materials, such as wound care products, to increase the antibacterial effect of Ag, improve safety and prevent and cure topical bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grigory Vasiliev
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
- Nanordica Medical OÜ, Vana-Lõuna tn 39a-7, 10134, Tallinn, Harjumaa, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anna-Liisa Kubo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
- Nanordica Medical OÜ, Vana-Lõuna tn 39a-7, 10134, Tallinn, Harjumaa, Estonia
| | - Heiki Vija
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Anne Kahru
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
- Estonian Academy of Sciences, Kohtu 6, 10130, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Denys Bondar
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Yevgen Karpichev
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Olesja Bondarenko
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics, Akadeemia tee 23, 12618, Tallinn, Estonia.
- Nanordica Medical OÜ, Vana-Lõuna tn 39a-7, 10134, Tallinn, Harjumaa, Estonia.
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3
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Brinck JE, Lassen SB, Forouzandeh A, Pan T, Wang YZ, Monteiro A, Blavi L, Solà-Oriol D, Stein HH, Su JQ, Brandt KK. Impacts of dietary copper on the swine gut microbiome and antibiotic resistome. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159609. [PMID: 36273560 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions on antibiotic growth promoters have prompted livestock producers to use alternative growth promoters, and dietary copper (Cu) supplementation is currently being widely used in pig production. However, elevated doses of dietary Cu constitute a risk for co-selection of antibiotic resistance and the risk may depend on the type of Cu-based feed additives being used. We here report the first controlled experiment investigating the impact of two contrasting Cu-based feed additives on the overall swine gut microbiome and antibiotic resistome. DNA was extracted from fecal samples (n = 96) collected at four time points during 116 days from 120 pigs allotted to three dietary treatments: control, divalent copper sulfate (CuSO4; 250 μg Cu g-1 feed), and monovalent copper oxide (Cu2O; 250 μg Cu g-1 feed). Bacterial community composition, antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), and mobile genetic elements (MGEs) were assessed, and bioavailable Cu ([Cu]bio) was determined using whole-cell bacterial bioreporters. Cu supplementation to feed increased total Cu concentrations ([Cu]total) and [Cu]bio in feces 8-10 fold and at least 670-1000 fold, respectively, but with no significant differences between the two Cu sources. The swine gut microbiome harbored highly abundant and diverse ARGs and MGEs irrespective of the treatments throughout the experiment. Microbiomes differed significantly between pig growth stages and tended to converge over time, but only minor changes in the bacterial community composition and resistome could be linked to Cu supplementation. A significant correlation between bacterial community composition (i.e., bacterial taxa present) and ARG prevalence patterns were observed by Procrustes analysis. Overall, results of the experiment did not provide evidence for Cu-induced co-selection of ARGs or MGEs even at a Cu concentration level exceeding the maximal permitted level for pig diets in the EU (25 to 150 μg Cu g-1 feed depending on pig age).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Emil Brinck
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Simon Bo Lassen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 380 Huaibeizhuang, Beijing, China
| | - Asal Forouzandeh
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Ting Pan
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yan-Zi Wang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | | | - Laia Blavi
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - David Solà-Oriol
- Animal Nutrition and Welfare Service (SNiBA), Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra 08193, Spain
| | - Hans H Stein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
| | - Jian-Qiang Su
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kristian K Brandt
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, 1871 Frederiksberg C, Denmark; Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research (SDC), University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 380 Huaibeizhuang, Beijing, China.
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4
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Mao F, Su Y, Sun X, Li B, Liu PF. Cu(I) Metal-Organic Framework Composites with AgCl/Ag Nanoparticles for Irradiation-Enhanced Antibacterial Activity against E. coli. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:2733-2739. [PMID: 36687073 PMCID: PMC9850725 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as prospective antibacterial agents or synergistic agents for their versatile chemical building components and structures. In this work, copper(I) halide MOFs of Cu(I)bpyCl (bpy = 4,4'-bipyridine) composited with AgCl/Ag nanoparticles were synthesized, and their antibacterial activities were measured against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The attached chlorine in Cu(I)2Cl2 nodes of the MOFs served as loading sites for silver ions, in which AgCl and concomitant metallic Ag nanoparticles were in situ generated. Exceptional antibacterial activity against E. coli was realized with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ∼7.8 μg mL-1, while the MIC value was ∼16 μg mL-1 against S. aureus. Enhanced antibacterial activity against E. coli with light irradiation was measured by the disk diffusion method compared with that under dark conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangxin Mao
- Key
Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, East
China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yonghua Su
- Department
of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese
and Western Medicine, Shanghai University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
- Institute
of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xiaoying Sun
- Department
of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese
and Western Medicine, Shanghai University
of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200437, China
- Institute
of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Bin Li
- Institute
of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional
Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
- Department
of Dermatology, Shanghai Skin Diseases Hospital, Shanghai 200443, China
| | - Peng Fei Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai
Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School
of Materials Science and Engineering, East
China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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5
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Noori A, Hoseinpour M, Kolivand S, Lotfibakhshaiesh N, Azami M, Ai J, Ebrahimi-Barough S. Synergy effects of copper and L-arginine on osteogenic, angiogenic, and antibacterial activities. Tissue Cell 2022; 77:101849. [PMID: 35728334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) ions have been found to exert antibacterial and angiogenic effects. However, some studies have indicated that it inhibits osteogenesis at high concentrations. On the other hand, L-arginine (Arg) is a semi-essential amino acid required for various biological processes, including osteogenic and angiogenic activities. As a result, we hypothesized that combining Arg with Cu ions would reduce its inhibitory effects on osteogenesis while increasing its angiogenic and antibacterial capabilities. To assess osteogenic and angiogenic activities, we employed rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), respectively. The gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), and the gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli (E. coli) were used to investigate bacterial behaviors. According to ALP activity and calcium deposition outcomes, copper ions inhibited osteogenic development of MSCs at 100 µM; however, Arg supplementation somewhat mitigated the inhibitory effects. Furthermore, Copper and Arg synergistically stimulated migration and tube formation of HUVECs. According to our findings, copper ions and Arg in the range of 1-100 µM had no antibacterial effect on any examined bacteria. However, at a dose of 20 mM, copper demonstrated antibacterial activity, which was boosted by Arg. Overall, these findings suggest that a combination of copper and Arg may be more beneficial for bone regeneration than either copper or Arg alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Noori
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hoseinpour
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sedighe Kolivand
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Lotfibakhshaiesh
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Azami
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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6
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Ogen-Shtern N, Chumin K, Silberstein E, Borkow G. Copper Ions Ameliorated Thermal Burn-Induced Damage in ex vivo Human Skin Organ Culture. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 34:317-327. [PMID: 34237749 DOI: 10.1159/000517194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The zone of stasis is formed around the coagulation zone following skin burning and is characterized by its unique potential for salvation. The cells in this zone may die or survive depending on the severity of the burn and therefore are target for the local treatments of burns. Their low survival rate is consistent with decreased tissue perfusion, hypotension, infection, and/or edema, resulting in a significant increase in the wound size following burning. Copper is an essential trace mineral needed for the normal function of almost all body tissues, including the skin. OBJECTIVE The aim of the work was to study the effect copper ions have on skin burn pathophysiology. METHODS Skin obtained from healthy patients undergoing abdominoplasty surgery was cut into 8 × 8 mm squares, and round 0.8-mm diameter burn wounds were inflicted on the skin explants. The burned and control intact skin samples were cultured up to 27 days after wounding. Immediately following injury and then again every 48 h, saline only or containing 0.02 or 1 µM copper ions was added onto the skin explant burn wounds. RESULTS We found that exposing the wounded sites immediately after burn infliction to 0.02 or 1 µM copper ions reduced the deterioration of the zone of stasis and the increase in wound size. The presence of the copper ions prevented the dramatic increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8) and transforming growth factor beta-1 that followed skin burning. We also detected re-epithelialization of the skin tissue and a greater amount of collagen fibers upon copper treatment. CONCLUSION The deterioration of the zone of stasis and the increase in wound size following burning may be prevented or reduced by using copper ion-based therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navit Ogen-Shtern
- The Skin research institute, The Dead-Sea & Arava Science Center, Masada, Israel.,Eilat Campus, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Eilat, Israel
| | - Katerina Chumin
- The Skin research institute, The Dead-Sea & Arava Science Center, Masada, Israel
| | - Eldad Silberstein
- Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Gu Y, Xiao F, Luo L, Zhou X, Zhou X, Li J, Li Z. Bacterial Disinfection by CuFe 2O 4 Nanoparticles Enhanced by NH 2OH: A Mechanistic Study. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 10:E18. [PMID: 31861627 PMCID: PMC7022556 DOI: 10.3390/nano10010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Many disinfection technologies have emerged recently in water treatment industry, which are designed to inactivate water pathogens with extraordinary efficiency and minimum side effects and costs. Current disinfection processes, including chlorination, ozonation, UV irradiation, and so on, have their inherent drawbacks, and have been proven ineffective under certain scenarios. Bacterial inactivation by noble metals has been traditionally used, and copper is an ideal candidate as a bactericidal agent owing to its high abundance and low cost. Building on previous findings, we explored the bactericidal efficiency of Cu(I) and attempted to develop it into a novel water disinfection platform. Nanosized copper ferrite was synthesized, and it was reduced by hydroxylamine to form surface bound Cu(I) species. Our results showed that the generated Cu(I) on copper ferrite surface could inactivate E. coli at a much higher efficiency than Cu(II) species. Elevated reactive oxygen species' content inside the cell primarily accounted for the strong bactericidal role of Cu(I), which may eventually lead to enhanced oxidative stress towards cell membrane, DNA, and functional proteins. The developed platform in this study is promising to be integrated into current water treatment industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gu
- School of Mechanical and Eletrical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466000, China; (L.L.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Furen Xiao
- College of Materials Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China;
| | - Liumin Luo
- School of Mechanical and Eletrical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466000, China; (L.L.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Eletrical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466000, China; (L.L.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Xiaodong Zhou
- School of Mechanical and Eletrical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466000, China; (L.L.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Jin Li
- School of Mechanical and Eletrical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466000, China; (L.L.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.); (J.L.)
| | - Zhi Li
- California State University San Bernardino, 5500 University Pkwy, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA;
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Popov S, Saphier O, Popov M, Shenker M, Entus S, Shotland Y, Saphier M. Factors Enhancing the Antibacterial Effect of Monovalent Copper Ions. Curr Microbiol 2019; 77:361-368. [PMID: 31832839 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-019-01794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This study continues the series of experiments that demonstrate the high antibacterial properties of monovalent copper ions (Cu+). While in previous study we examined different metals (copper and silver) and their metal states (mono- and divalent), showing that monovalent copper is best for controlling bacterial growth, the current study focuses on finding conditions which further enhance the antibacterial effect of monovalent copper. This approach may also shed light on mechanisms of Cu+ ions which still remain unknown. To this end, the influence of Cu+ ions on model gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria at different pH levels with a variety of carbon sources and elevated temperatures was examined. It was found that in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions in a poor growth medium, Cu2+ ions barely suppress any growth of E. coli, whereas Cu+ ions even at very low concentrations dramatically deplete bacterial populations in a time scale of minutes at room temperature, and less than one minute at elevated temperatures. Acidic pH, unfavorable carbon sources, and elevated temperatures boost the antibacterial action of Cu+ ions. On the whole, the study confirms that monovalent copper ions are strongly superior to divalent copper ions in their antibacterial action across a wide range of tested conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Popov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Oshra Saphier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Mary Popov
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Marina Shenker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Semion Entus
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yoram Shotland
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer Sheva, Israel.
| | - Magal Saphier
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Shamoon College of Engineering, Beer Sheva, Israel. .,Nuclear Research Center, Negev, Israel.
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