1
|
Yang H, Ma Y, Gao H, Xie X, Wang H, Li X, Bai Y. Supragingival microbiome variations and the influence of Candida albicans in adolescent orthodontic patients with gingivitis. J Oral Microbiol 2024; 16:2366056. [PMID: 38882240 PMCID: PMC11177713 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2366056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Gingivitis is a prevalent complication in adolescents undergoing fixed orthodontic treatments. However, changes in the supragingival microbiome associated with gingivitis and the impact of Candida albicans remain elusive. Therefore, we investigated supragingival microbiome discrepancy and C. albicans colonization in adolescent orthodontic patients with gingivitis. Methods Dental plaques were collected from 30 gingivitis patients and 24 healthy adolescents, all undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. The supragingival microbiome composition was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. C. albicans colonization was determined using fungal culture and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Results Our analysis revealed significantly heightened microbial diversity in the Gingivitis group. Notably, patients with gingivitis exhibited an enrichment of periodontal pathogens, such as Saccharibacteria (TM7) [G-1], Selenomonas, Actinomyces dentalis, and Selenomonas sputigena. Additionally, 33% of the gingivitis patients tested positive for C. albicans, exhibiting significantly elevated levels of absolute abundance, while all healthy patients tested negative. Significant differences in microbial composition were also noted between C. albicans-positive and -negative samples in the Gingivitis group. Conclusion Significant disparities were observed in the supragingival microbiome of adolescent orthodontic patients with and without gingivitis. The presence of C. albicans in the supragingival plaque may alter the microbiome composition and potentially contribute to gingivitis pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yansong Ma
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongyu Gao
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xianju Xie
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao NR, Guo YN, Cui SJ, Tian YJ, Zhou YH, Wang XD. Microbiological Advances in Orthodontics: An Overview and Detailed Analysis of Temporary Anchorage Devices. Curr Med Sci 2022; 42:1157-1163. [PMID: 36544036 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-022-2653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dental biofilm is the initiating factor of oral diseases, such as periodontitis and caries. Orthodontic treatment could alter the microbiome structure balance, and increase the risk of such diseases. Furthermore, fixed appliances can induce temporary changes in the microbiome community, and the changes that clear aligners bring are smaller by comparison. Temporary anchorage devices (TADs) are skeletal anchorages that are widely used in orthodontic treatment. Microorganisms affect the occurrence and development of inflammation surrounding TADs. At present, existing researches have verified the existence of plaque biofilm on the surface of TADs, but the formation of plaque biofilm and plaque composition under different stable conditions have not been fully understood. The development of high-throughput sequencing, molecular biology experiments, and metabonomics have provided new research ideas to solve this problem. They can become an effective means to explore the microbiome surrounding TADs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Rui Zhao
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yan-Ning Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Sheng-Jie Cui
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Ya-Jing Tian
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yan-Heng Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xue-Dong Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shokeen B, Viloria E, Duong E, Rizvi M, Murillo G, Mullen J, Shi B, Dinis M, Li H, Tran NC, Lux R, Wu T. The impact of fixed orthodontic appliances and clear aligners on the oral microbiome and the association with clinical parameters: A longitudinal comparative study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2022; 161:e475-e485. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2021.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
4
|
Taxonomic Analysis of Oral Microbiome during Orthodontic Treatment. Int J Dent 2021; 2021:8275181. [PMID: 34745264 PMCID: PMC8568516 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8275181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orthodontic appliances induce significant changes in the oral microbiome, but this shift in microbial composition has not been well established by the available evidence yet. Objectives To perform a systematic review of existing literature in order to assess the taxonomic microbial changes in orthodontic patients during Fixed Appliance Treatment (FAT) and Clear Aligner Treatment (CAT), using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technique of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. Search Methods and Selection Criteria. The search for articles was carried out in PubMed, including articles published in English until May 2021. They included every human study report potentially relevant to the review. Data Collection and Analysis. After duplicate study selection and data extraction procedures according to the PICOS scheme, the methodological quality of the included papers was assessed by the Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care Criteria for Grading Assessed Studies (SBU) method. Results The initial search identified 393 articles, 74 of which were selected by title and abstract. After full-text reading, six articles were selected according to inclusion criteria. The evidence quality for all the studies was moderate. Conclusions Orthodontic treatment seems to transiently affect the composition of subgingival microbiome, although not salivary, maintaining a stable microbial diversity. Different results were found in the shift of microbiome between plaque and saliva, depending on the type of orthodontic treatment. This review should be interpreted with some caution because of the number, quality, and heterogeneity of the included studies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Shan Y, Han H, Zhu J, Yan X, Zhang X, Long H, Jian F, Li X, Wang Y, Lai W. The Effects of Static Magnetic Field on Orthodontic Tooth Movement in Mice. Bioelectromagnetics 2021; 42:398-406. [PMID: 34033679 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The application of static magnetic field (SMF) has been considered an effective and noninvasive method to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. The objective of this study was to explore the effects of SMF on orthodontic tooth movement in mice. A total of 105 Balb/c mice (body mass: 25-30 g) were divided into experimental group (SMF + force, 48), control group (force only, 48), and blank group (neither SMF nor force, 9). After the placement of orthodontic appliances, the experimental group was exposed to the SMF environment generated by Neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets with an intensity of 20-204 mT. At 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after appliance insertion, eight animals in both experimental and control groups were sacrificed and the left maxillae were dissected to measure the distance of tooth movement, respectively. Meanwhile, the width of periodontal ligament (PDL), length of hyalinized zone, and the number of osteoclasts were evaluated by hematoxylin-eosin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. We finally found that the experimental group demonstrated an enhanced rate and greater cumulative amount of tooth movement than the control group (0.2887 ± 0.0041 mm vs. 0.2114 ± 0.0089 mm, P < 0.05). On Days 7, 14, and 28, the experimental group also displayed a significantly greater width of PDL. Earlier formation and removal of the hyalinized zone, and significantly more osteoclasts were observed in the experimental group as well. The results suggested that SMF may be a promising nonsurgical intervention to accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Han Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xinyu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Long
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fan Jian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenli Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo R, Zheng Y, Zhang L, Shi J, Li W. Salivary microbiome and periodontal status of patients with periodontitis during the initial stage of orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2021; 159:644-652. [PMID: 33608141 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2019.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with severe periodontitis typically present with pathologic tooth migration. To improve esthetics and masticatory function, orthodontic treatment is required. Research on periodontal orthodontic treatment has been sparse, particularly from the microbial perspective. Hence, we analyzed the microbial and clinical changes in patients with well-controlled periodontitis in the early stage of orthodontic treatment. METHODS Ten patients with well-controlled periodontitis were asked to collect saliva before and 1 and 3 months after appliance placement (T0, T1, and T2, respectively) and underwent clinical examinations before and 1, 3, and 6 months after appliance placement (T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively). The microbial community of saliva was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Gingival index, the plaque index, and the probing pocket depth were clinically assessed. RESULTS The plaque index significantly increased from T0 to T1 and decreased at T2 and T3. The probing pocket depth and gingival index increased slightly at T2, but not significantly, in both the high-risk site and low-risk site. The alpha and beta diversity increased at T1. The microbial community structure was similar at T0 and T2. The relative abundance of core genera and periodontal pathogens was stable during the initial 3 months of orthodontic treatment. CONCLUSIONS The orthodontic appliance promoted plaque accumulation and altered the microbial community of patients with well-controlled periodontitis during the first month of orthodontic treatment. The microbial community returned to the basal composition at 3 months after appliance placement, and the periodontal inflammation during the 6-months orthodontic treatment was under control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Runzhi Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Liwen Zhang
- Department of Dental Medical Center, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
| | - Weiran Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Yan D, Liu Y, Che X, Mi S, Jiao Y, Guo L, Li S. Changes in the Microbiome of the Inner Surface of Clear Aligners After Different Usage Periods. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:566-575. [PMID: 33392671 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-020-02308-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Clear aligners are removable orthodontic appliances that cover the tooth surface. The microbial composition and pH of the inner surface of aligners directly affect the enamel health. In this study, eight subjects who used the same type of clear aligners were instructed to brush their teeth normally and to not clean their aligners until sampling. Saliva and the contents of the inner surface of the aligners (liquid and plaque) were collected at 0 h (T0), 4 h (T4), 8 h (T8), 12 h (T12), and 24 h (T24) after usage, and pH values and microbial compositions were measured. The microbial composition was analyzed with 16S rRNA gene sequencing, and changes were assessed based on operational taxonomic unit abundance. The pH, alpha diversity values, and abundance of specific microbes on the inner surface of the aligners gradually decreased from T0 to T24 (P < 0.05). An insignificant increase in microbial community beta diversity was observed from T0 to T24. Principal component analysis revealed that the microbial composition at T0 was different from at T12 and T24. The relative abundances of phylum Firmicutes (P < 0.01), orders Lactobacillales and Bacteroidales (P < 0.05), and genus Streptococcus and species Streptococcus infantis increased significantly, while those of genera Actinomyces and Rothia and species Rothia aeria decreased significantly at T24 (P < 0.05). These findings reveal that uncleaned aligners might lead to enamel damage, especially after continuous usage for 12 h. Thus, clear aligners should be cleaned after 12 h of usage or at least within 24 h of usage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yan
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxia Che
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sicong Mi
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Jiao
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijia Guo
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Song Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhao M, Liu M, Chen W, Zhang H, Bai Y, Ren W. Salivary microbial changes during the first 6 months of orthodontic treatment. PeerJ 2020; 8:e10446. [PMID: 33344084 PMCID: PMC7718796 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Orthodontic treatment is widely used to treat malocclusion. However, the influence of treatment on the oral microbiome remains unclear. In this study, we investigated salivary microbial changes in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Methods In total, 19 orthodontic patients participated in this study. Saliva samples were collected at the following three timepoints: before (T0) and 3 months (T1) and 6 months (T2) after the placement of orthodontic appliances. High-throughput sequencing was performed based on the 16S rRNA gene V4 region. Results The phyla of Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Fusobacteria were predominant. Observed Species, Chao1 and ACE, which represent α diversity, were significantly decreased at T1 and subsequently increased at T2. In addition, the β diversity at T1 based on the Bray-Curtis distances differed from T0 and T2. The relative abundances of Prevotella, Porphyromonas and Peptostreptococcus were decreased with treatment, whereas those of Capnocytophaga and Neisseria exhibited the opposite results. In total, 385 of 410 operational taxonomic units were shared at T0, T1 and T2. The co-occurrence networks with hub nodes at T1 were the most complex. Conclusion Orthodontic treatment temporarily affected the saliva microbial community. This dynamic alteration in species did not induce deterioration in oral health. Oral hygiene instructions were necessary and should be emphasized during each visit. Further studies with longer observation periods and more participants are required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Zhao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiping Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxing Bai
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Ren
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|