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Xu W, Duan C, Ma F, Li D, Li X. A Versatile β-Glycosidase from Petroclostridium xylanilyticum Prefers the Conversion of Ginsenoside Rb3 over Rb1, Rb2, and Rc to Rd by Its Specific Cleavage Activity toward 1,6-Glycosidic Linkages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:17510-17523. [PMID: 39052486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c03909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
To convert ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, and Rc into Rd by a single enzyme, a putative β-glycosidase (Pxbgl) from the xylan-degrading bacterium Petroclostridium xylanilyticum was identified and used. The kcat/Km value of Pxbgl for Rb3 was 18.18 ± 0.07 mM-1/s, which was significantly higher than those of Pxbgl for other ginsenosides. Pxbgl converted almost all Rb3 to Rd with a productivity of 5884 μM/h, which was 346-fold higher than that of only β-xylosidase from Thermoascus aurantiacus. The productivity of Rd from the Panax ginseng root and Panax notoginseng leaf was 146 and 995 μM/h, respectively. Mutants N293 K and I447L from site-directed mutagenesis based on bioinformatics analysis showed an increase in specific activity of 29 and 7% toward Rb3, respectively. This is the first report of a β-glycosidase that can simultaneously remove four different glycosyls at the C-20 position of natural PPD-type ginsenosides and produce Rd as the sole product from P. notoginseng leaf extracts with the highest productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing Technology, Education Department of Jilin Province, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Cuicui Duan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing Technology, Education Department of Jilin Province, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Fumin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing Technology, Education Department of Jilin Province, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing Technology, Education Department of Jilin Province, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Barrier-free For the Disabled, Ministry of Education, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Key Laboratory of Agro-products Processing Technology, Education Department of Jilin Province, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Rehabilitation and Barrier-free For the Disabled, Ministry of Education, Changchun University, 6543 Weixing Road, Changchun 130022, People's Republic of China
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Zhu L, Xu Q, Liu W, Xu Q, Zhang L, Gao X, Cai J. Purification and characterization of an α-l-arabinofuranosidase, α-l-AFase, for hydrolyzed ginsenoside Rc from Bacillus subtilis. Protein Expr Purif 2024; 217:106432. [PMID: 38232795 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2024.106432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Natural ginsenoside needs to be converted into rare ginsenoside before it can be readily absorbed into the bloodstream for action. In this study, an α-l-arabinofuranosidase (α-l-AFase) gene Bsafs2 was cloned from Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis). Bsafs2 was ligated to the expression vector pET28a(+), and the expression vector was constructed and transformed into Escherichia coli (E. coli) BL21 heterologous recombinant expression to obtain α-l-AFase. α-l-AFase can hydrolyze at the C20 site of Ginsenoside Rc to obtain rare ginsenoside Rd. Studies on the enzymatic property showed that α-l-AFase had good tolerance to ethanol, glucose, and l-arabinose. The optimum temperature of α-l-AFase was 40 °C and pH = 5.5. Kinetic parameters Km of α-l-AFase for pNPαAraf and Ginsenoside Rc were 1.93 and 8.9 mmol/L, the Vmax were 26 and 154 μmol/min/mg, the Kcat were 24.14 and 1.48 S-1, respectively. This study provides the enzyme source for the biotransformation of Ginsenoside Rc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhu
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, China
| | - Qingfang Xu
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, China
| | - Weiliang Liu
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, China
| | - Qihe Xu
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, China
| | - Lifang Zhang
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, China
| | - Xiu Gao
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, China.
| | - Jian Cai
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, China.
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Zhu L, Wang Y, Cai J. Molecular cloning, expression, purification, and characterization of Bacillus subtilis hydrolyzed ginsenoside Rc of α-L-arabinofuranosidase in Escherichia coli. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:181. [PMID: 38502253 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03902-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
The α-L-arabinofuranosidase enzyme plays a crucial role in the degradation of ginsenosides. In this study, we successfully cloned and expressed a novel α-L-arabinofuranosidase bsafs gene (1503 bp, 501 amino acids, 55 kDa, and pI = 5.4) belonging to glycosyl hydrolase (GH) family 51 from Bacillus subtilis genome in Escherichia coli BL21 cells. The recombinant protein Bsafs was purified using Ni2+ sepharose fastflow affinity chromatography and exhibited a specific activity of 2.91 U/mg. Bsafs effectively hydrolyzed the α-L-arabinofuranoside at C20 site of ginsenoside Rc to produce Rd as the product. The Km values for hydrolysis of pNP-α-L-arabinofuranoside (pNPαAraf) and ginsenoside Rc were determined as 0.74 and 4.59 mmol/L, respectively; while the Vmax values for these substrates were found to be 24 and 164 μmol/min/mg, respectively; furthermore, the Kcat values for these enzymes were calculated as 22.3 and 1.58 S-1 correspondingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhu
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchen Wang
- School of Chemical Biology and Environment, Yuxi Normal University, Yuxi, 653100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian Cai
- Yunnan Engineering Research Center of Fruit Wine, Qujing Normal University, Qujing, 655011, People's Republic of China.
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Long L, Lin Q, Wang J, Ding S. Microbial α-L-arabinofuranosidases: diversity, properties, and biotechnological applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:84. [PMID: 38294733 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans (AXs) are hemicellulosic polysaccharides consisting of a linear backbone of β-1,4-linked xylose residues branched by high content of α-L-arabinofuranosyl (Araf) residues along with other side-chain substituents, and are abundantly found in various agricultural crops especially cereals. The efficient bioconversion of AXs into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and/or other chemicals depends on the synergism of main-chain enzymes and de-branching enzymes. Exo-α-L-arabinofuranosidases (ABFs) catalyze the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing α-1,2-, α-1,3- or α-1,5- linked α-L-Araf residues from arabinose-substituted polysaccharides or oligosaccharides. ABFs are critically de-branching enzymes in bioconversion of agricultural biomass, and have received special attention due to their application potentials in biotechnological industries. In recent years, the researches on microbial ABFs have developed quickly in the aspects of the gene mining, properties of novel members, catalytic mechanisms, methodologies, and application technologies. In this review, we systematically summarize the latest advances in microbial ABFs, and discuss the future perspectives of the enzyme research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangkun Long
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qunying Lin
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, China CO-OP, Nanjing, 211111, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojun Ding
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
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Shi H, Gao F, Yan X, Li Q, Nie X. Cloning, expression and characterization of a glycoside hydrolase family 51 α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum DSM 571. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:176. [PMID: 35855476 PMCID: PMC9288575 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03254-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focused on the characterization of a glycoside hydrolase 51 family α-l-arabinofuranosidase named TtAbf51 from thermophile Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccharolyticum DSM 571. The recombinant TtAbf51 with 497 amino acids was successfully expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) and purified via nickel affinity chromatography, and native protein was a dimer verified by size exclusion chromatography. The TtAbf51 showed an optimum pH and temperature of 5.5 and 55 °C, and was relatively stable at pH 5.0-8.0 and up to 60 °C for 2 h of incubation. In addition, TtAbf51 was significantly inhibited by Cu2+, Zn2+ and 1 mM or 10 mM SDS. In the presence of 800 mM arabinose, the residual activity remained over 40% of the initial activity. In addition, the recombinant enzyme possessed a good catalytic effect for both synthesized and natural substrates, and the specific enzyme activity toward CM-linear arabinan reached 426.5 μmol min-1 mg-1. In summary, this study provides an α-l-arabinofuranosidase with potential in the synergistic hydrolysis of hemicellulose to fermentable sugars in applications such as liquid biofuels, food and beverages, and related industries.
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Shi ZK, Gong XW, Zhao JY, Li MG, Han XL, Wen ML. Functional Characterization of a New Bifunctional Terpene Synthase LpNES1 from a Medicinal Plant Laggera pter odonta. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1641-1650. [PMID: 34645748 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Laggera pterodonta, known in China as 'Choulingdan' for its stimulous odor, has long been used as traditional herbal medicine. The essential oil of L. pterodonta, which exhibits various pharmacological activities, is a rich resource of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. To date, however, the terpene synthases responsible for their production remain unknown. In present study, a new terpene synthase gene (LpNES1) was identified from L. pterodonta, transcript level of which was significantly upregulated in response to methyl jasmonate treatment. Recombinant LpNES1 could synthesize (E)-nerolidol and minor β-farnesene from farnesyl diphosphate and linalool from geranyl diphosphate in vitro. Whereas, only sesquiterpenes including (E)-nerolidol and minor β-farnesene were released when LpNES1 was reconstituted in yeast, even coexpressed with a geranyl diphosphate synthase (ERG20WW). Combined with subcellular localization experiment, the result indicated that the cytosol-targeted LpNES1 was responsible for (E)-nerolidol biosynthesis exclusively in L. pterodonta. Additionally, the expression level of LpNES1 gene was more prominent in floral buds than that in other tissues. LpNES1 characterized in present study not only lays the molecular foundation for sesquiterpene biosynthesis of L. pterodonta, but provides a key element for further biosynthesis of bioactive compound in microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Ku Shi
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University
| | - Xiao-Wei Gong
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University.,R&D Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co., Ltd
| | - Jiang-Yuan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University
| | - Ming-Gang Li
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University
| | - Xiu-Lin Han
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University
| | - Meng-Liang Wen
- National Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Key Laboratory of Microbial Diversity in Southwest China, Ministry of Education, Yunnan Institute of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University
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Two Key Amino Acids Variant of α-l-arabinofuranosidase from Bacillus subtilis Str. 168 with Altered Activity for Selective Conversion Ginsenoside Rc to Rd. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26061733. [PMID: 33808840 PMCID: PMC8003784 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
α-l-arabinofuranosidase is a subfamily of glycosidases involved in the hydrolysis of l-arabinofuranosidic bonds, especially in those of the terminal non-reducing arabinofuranosyl residues of glycosides, from which efficient glycoside hydrolases can be screened for the transformation of ginsenosides. In this study, the ginsenoside Rc-hydrolyzing α-l-arabinofuranosidase gene, BsAbfA, was cloned from Bacilus subtilis, and its codons were optimized for efficient expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant protein BsAbfA fused with an N-terminal His-tag was overexpressed and purified, and then subjected to enzymatic characterization. Site-directed mutagenesis of BsAbfA was performed to verify the catalytic site, and the molecular mechanism of BsAbfA catalyzing ginsenoside Rc was analyzed by molecular docking, using the homology model of sequence alignment with other β-glycosidases. The results show that the purified BsAbfA had a specific activity of 32.6 U/mg. Under optimal conditions (pH 5, 40 °C), the kinetic parameters Km of BsAbfA for pNP-α-Araf and ginsenoside Rc were 0.6 mM and 0.4 mM, while the Kcat/Km were 181.5 s-1 mM-1 and 197.8 s-1 mM-1, respectively. More than 90% of ginsenoside Rc could be transformed by 12 U/mL purified BsAbfA at 40 °C and pH 5 in 24 h. The results of molecular docking and site-directed mutagenesis suggested that the E173 and E292 variants for BsAbfA are important in recognizing ginsenoside Rc effectively, and to make it enter the active pocket to hydrolyze the outer arabinofuranosyl moieties at C20 position. These remarkable properties and the catalytic mechanism of BsAbfA provide a good alternative for the effective biotransformation of the major ginsenoside Rc into Rd.
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