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Zamani S, Lange JP, Kersten SRA, Ruiz MP. Polyurethane Recycling: Conversion of Carbamates-Catalysis, Side-Reactions and Mole Balance. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224869. [PMID: 36432996 PMCID: PMC9692361 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diisocyanates, a key monomer in polyurethane, are generally lost during recycling. Polyurethane alcoholysis to carbamate and subsequent cracking to isocyanate represents a promising, phosgene-free recycling route. This work reports the thermal and catalytic cracking of a model carbamate (Methyl N-phenyl carbamate, MPC) to isocyanate (Phenyl isocyanate). Multiple catalysts (ZnO, Bi2O3, Al2O3, and Montmorillonite K-10) were evaluated in a closed system (batch autoclaves) to decompose MPC at temperatures of 160-200 °C, with a thorough analysis of the products and high (≥90%) mole balance. The thermal reaction was very limited at these temperatures, whereas the catalytic reaction led mainly to aniline and urea and seemed to be dominated by water adsorbed on the catalyst surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Zamani
- Sustainable Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jean-Paul Lange
- Sustainable Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., Shell Technology Centre Amsterdam, Grasweg 31, 1031 HW Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sascha R. A. Kersten
- Sustainable Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - M. Pilar Ruiz
- Sustainable Process Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Grdadolnik M, Drinčić A, Oreški A, Onder OC, Utroša P, Pahovnik D, Žagar E. Insight into Chemical Recycling of Flexible Polyurethane Foams by Acidolysis. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:1323-1332. [PMID: 35096493 PMCID: PMC8790754 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c07911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Acidolysis is emerging as a promising method for recycling polyurethane foam (PUF) waste. Here, we present highly efficient acidolysis of PUFs with adipic acid (AA) by heating the reaction mixtures with microwaves. The influence of experimental conditions, such as reaction temperature, time, and amount of the degradation reagent, on the polyol functionality, molecular weight characteristics, the presence of side products, and the degree of degradation of the remaining PUF hard segments was studied by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectroscopy (MALDI-TOF MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) coupled to a multidetection system, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The purified recycled polyols were used for the synthesis of flexible PUFs. The morphology and mechanical properties of the PUFs show that the degree of functionalization of the polyol by the carboxylic end groups, which is higher for larger amounts of AA used to degrade the PUFs, significantly affects the quality and performance of the flexible PUFs from the recycled polyols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Grdadolnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ana Drinčić
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ana Oreški
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ozgun Can Onder
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Petra Utroša
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - David Pahovnik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
| | - Ema Žagar
- Department of Polymer Chemistry
and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana SI-1000, Slovenia
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Glycolysis: an efficient route for recycling of end of life polyurethane foams. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02383-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Vanbergen T, Verlent I, De Geeter J, Haelterman B, Claes L, De Vos D. Recycling of Flexible Polyurethane Foam by Split-Phase Alcoholysis: Identification of Additives and Alcoholyzing Agents to Reach Higher Efficiencies. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3835-3843. [PMID: 32469159 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Split-phase alcoholysis of flexible polyurethane (PU) foam yields an apolar phase containing the recycled polyether polyol, and a lower, polar phase of the alcoholyzing agent and aromatic compounds. However, multiple purification steps are required to render the polyether polyol suitable for synthesis of new flexible PU foams; the unfavorable mass balance limits industrial applications. In this work, 2-pyrrolidone was identified as a performant additive for accelerating the dissolution and depolymerization process. By applying a lactam to PU foam in a weight ratio of 0.1:1, the glycol to PU foam weight ratio can be decreased from 1.5:1 to only 0.5:1, without loss of purity or yield of the recycled polyether polyol. Diglycerol was discovered as a novel, promising alcoholyzing agent; it allows the recycling of the polyether polyol in high purity (97 %) and excellent yields (98 %), and after a single washing with diglycerol, a sufficiently low hydroxyl value (61 mgKOH g-1 ) is reached. The recycled polyether polyol can replace the virgin polyether polyol (48 mgKOH g-1 ) for up to 50 % in the synthesis of new flexible PU foams with effects on the foam quality that stay within the limits of generally accepted specifications. A first step towards the valorization of the lower phase was also taken by applying hydrolysis of the newly formed carbamates to toluenediamines, which are readily reintegrated in new PU foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Vanbergen
- Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Laurens Claes
- Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk De Vos
- Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Evaluation of the glycerolysis process and valorisation of recovered polyol in polyurethane synthesis. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2019.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Shin S, Kim H, Liang J, Lee S, Lee D. Sustainable rigid polyurethane foams based on recycled polyols from chemical recycling of waste polyurethane foams. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Se‐Ra Shin
- Division of Semiconductor and Chemical EngineeringChonbuk National University Baekjedaero 567, Deokjin‐gu, Jeonju 54896 Korea
| | - Han‐Na Kim
- Division of Semiconductor and Chemical EngineeringChonbuk National University Baekjedaero 567, Deokjin‐gu, Jeonju 54896 Korea
| | - Jing‐Yu Liang
- Division of Semiconductor and Chemical EngineeringChonbuk National University Baekjedaero 567, Deokjin‐gu, Jeonju 54896 Korea
| | - Sang‐Hyub Lee
- Division of Semiconductor and Chemical EngineeringChonbuk National University Baekjedaero 567, Deokjin‐gu, Jeonju 54896 Korea
| | - Dai‐Soo Lee
- Division of Semiconductor and Chemical EngineeringChonbuk National University Baekjedaero 567, Deokjin‐gu, Jeonju 54896 Korea
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Jutrzenka Trzebiatowska P, Dzierbicka A, Kamińska N, Datta J. The influence of different glycerine purities on chemical recycling process of polyurethane waste and resulting semi-products. POLYM INT 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Agata Dzierbicka
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Natalia Kamińska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Janusz Datta
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; Gdańsk Poland
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Kosmela P, Zedler L, Formela K, Haponiuk J, Piszczyk L. Recent Developments in Polyurethane Foams Containing Low-Cost and Pro-Ecological Modifiers. CHEMISTRY & CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.23939/chcht10.04si.571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Diversity of the polyurethane (PU) foams applications cause that investigation of the relationships between their structure and properties is currently very popular topic among the many research institutions and companies. At the turn of the last years many scientific papers about PU foams and their composites were published. The one of the main trends in research in this field is related to the reduction of production costs of PU foams. This aim can be successfully achieved through the incorporation of raw materials of natural origin or the utilization of waste materials. This work reviews the progress and recent developments in area of PU foams containing low-cost and pro-ecological modifiers, such as crude glycerol, liquefied biomass, ground tire rubber, etc.
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Kopczyńska P, Calvo-Correas T, Eceiza A, Datta J. Synthesis and characterisation of polyurethane elastomers with semi-products obtained from polyurethane recycling. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Kopczyńska P, Datta J. Rheological characteristics of oligomeric semiproducts gained via chemical degradation of polyurethane foam using crude glycerin in the presence of different catalysts. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kopczyńska
- Department of Polymer Technology; Faculty of Chemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Janusz Datta
- Department of Polymer Technology; Faculty of Chemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
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11
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Kopczyńska P, Datta J. Single-phase product obtained via crude glycerine depolymerisation of polyurethane elastomer: structure characterisation and rheological behaviour. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Kopczyńska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; G. Narutowicza Str. 11/12 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Janusz Datta
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry; Gdańsk University of Technology; G. Narutowicza Str. 11/12 80-233 Gdańsk Poland
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12
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Hekmatjoo N, Ahmadi Z, Afshar Taromi F, Rezaee B, Hemmati F, Saeb MR. Modeling of glycolysis of flexible polyurethane foam wastes by artificial neural network methodology. POLYM INT 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niusha Hekmatjoo
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - Zahed Ahmadi
- Color and Polymer Research Center; Amirkabir University of Technology; Postal Code 15875-4413 Tehran Iran
| | - Faramarz Afshar Taromi
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - Babak Rezaee
- Department of Industrial Engineering; Ferdowsi University of Mashhad; PO Box 91775-1111 Mashhad Iran
| | - Farkhondeh Hemmati
- Department of Polymer Engineering and Color Technology; Amirkabir University of Technology; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Resin and Additives; Institute for Color Science and Technology; PO Box 16765-654 Tehran Iran
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13
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Kang SM, Kwon SH, Park JH, Kim BK. Carbon nanotube reinforced shape memory polyurethane foam. Polym Bull (Berl) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-013-0905-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Nikje MMA, Garmarudi AB, Idris AB. Polyurethane Waste Reduction and Recycling: From Bench to Pilot Scales. Des Monomers Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/138577211x587618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mir Mohammad Alavi Nikje
- a Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, P.O. Box 34149-1-6818, Qazvin, Iran, Department of Chemistry and Polymer Laboratories, Engineering Research Institute, Tehran, Iran, Department of Chemical and Environmental Studies Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia;,
| | - Amir Bagheri Garmarudi
- b Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Imam Khomeini International University, P.O. Box 34149-1-6818, Qazvin, Iran, Department of Chemistry and Polymer Laboratories, Engineering Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Azni B. Idris
- c Department of Chemical and Environmental Studies Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Alavi Nikje MM, Nikrah M, Haghshenas M. Microwave Assisted “Split-phase” Glycolysis of Polyurethane Flexible Foam Wastes. Polym Bull (Berl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-007-0753-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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