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Ma DX, Yin GZ, Ye W, Jiang Y, Wang N, Wang DY. Exploiting Waste towards More Sustainable Flame-Retardant Solutions for Polymers: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2266. [PMID: 38793331 PMCID: PMC11123196 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The development of sustainable flame retardants is gaining momentum due to their enhanced safety attributes and environmental compatibility. One effective strategy is to use waste materials as a primary source of chemical components, which can help mitigate environmental issues associated with traditional flame retardants. This paper reviews recent research in flame retardancy for waste flame retardants, categorizing them based on waste types like industrial, food, and plant waste. The paper focuses on recent advancements in this area, focusing on their impact on the thermal stability, flame retardancy, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties of polymeric materials. The study also provides a summary of functionalization methodologies used and key factors involved in modifying polymer systems. Finally, their major challenges and prospects for the future are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Xin Ma
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Preparation of Special Functional Materials, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (D.-X.M.); (Y.J.); (N.W.)
| | - Guang-Zhong Yin
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1.800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Wen Ye
- Sino-Spanish Joint Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200062, China;
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Functional FR Materials, Shanghai Research Institute of Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200062, China
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, Getafe, 28906 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yan Jiang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Preparation of Special Functional Materials, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (D.-X.M.); (Y.J.); (N.W.)
- Shenyang Research Institute of Industrial Technology for Advanced Coating Materials, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Na Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory for Synthesis and Preparation of Special Functional Materials, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China; (D.-X.M.); (Y.J.); (N.W.)
- Shenyang Research Institute of Industrial Technology for Advanced Coating Materials, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - De-Yi Wang
- Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, Ctra. Pozuelo-Majadahonda Km 1.800, Pozuelo de Alarcón, 28223 Madrid, Spain;
- IMDEA Materials Institute, C/Eric Kandel, 2, Getafe, 28906 Madrid, Spain
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Interfacial gluing strategy derived closely-coupled ternary LDH@P-RGO nanohybrid towards constructing fire-safe epoxy resin. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sriharshitha S, Krishnadevi K, Prasanna D. Vitrimers trigger covalent bonded bio-silica fused composite materials for recycling, reshaping, and self-healing applications. RSC Adv 2022; 12:26934-26944. [PMID: 36275168 PMCID: PMC9490535 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03794g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based benzoxazines used eugenol and incorporated bio-silica (BS) and trimethylolpropane-tris(3-mercaptopropionate) (SH) for self-healing, recycling, and reshaping applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salendra Sriharshitha
- Polymer Composites Lab, Division of Chemistry, Department of Sciences & Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to Be University), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Krishnamoorthy Krishnadevi
- Polymer Composites Lab, Division of Chemistry, Department of Sciences & Humanities, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research (Deemed to Be University), Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
- Department of Chemistry, Vignan Degree & PG College, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Dakshinamoorthy Prasanna
- Department of Chemistry, Vignan's Nirula Institute of Technology and Science for Women, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Souza AG, Ferreira RR, Harada J, Rosa DS. Field performance on lettuce crops of poly(butylene adipate‐co‐terephthalate)/polylactic acid as alternative biodegradable composites mulching films. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alana G. Souza
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas CECS/Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) Santo André Brazil
| | - Rafaela R. Ferreira
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas CECS/Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) Santo André Brazil
| | - Julio Harada
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas CECS/Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) Santo André Brazil
| | - Derval S. Rosa
- Centro de Engenharia, Modelagem e Ciências Sociais Aplicadas CECS/Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC) Santo André Brazil
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Alias SS, Harun Z, Manoh N, Jamalludin MR. Effects of temperature on rice husk silica ash additive for fouling mitigation by polysulfone–RHS ash mixed-matrix composite membranes. Polym Bull (Berl) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Movahedifar E, Vahabi H, Saeb MR, Thomas S. Flame Retardant Epoxy Composites on the Road of Innovation: An Analysis with Flame Retardancy Index for Future Development. Molecules 2019; 24:E3964. [PMID: 31683861 PMCID: PMC6866146 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, epoxy composites are elements of engineering materials and systems. Although they are known as versatile materials, epoxy resins suffer from high flammability. In this sense, flame retardancy analysis has been recognized as an undeniable requirement for developing future generations of epoxy-based systems. A considerable proportion of the literature on epoxy composites has been devoted to the use of phosphorus-based additives. Nevertheless, innovative flame retardants have coincidentally been under investigation to meet market requirements. This review paper attempts to give an overview of the research on flame retardant epoxy composites by classification of literature in terms of phosphorus (P), non-phosphorus (NP), and combinations of P/NP additives. A comprehensive set of data on cone calorimetry measurements applied on P-, NP-, and P/NP-incorporated epoxy systems was collected and treated. The performance of epoxy composites was qualitatively discussed as Poor, Good, and Excellent cases identified and distinguished by the use of the universal Flame Retardancy Index (FRI). Moreover, evaluations were rechecked by considering the UL-94 test data in four groups as V0, V1, V2, and nonrated (NR). The dimensionless FRI allowed for comparison between flame retardancy performances of epoxy composites. The results of this survey can pave the way for future innovations in developing flame-retardant additives for epoxy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elnaz Movahedifar
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology-Mahshahr Campus, Mahshahr 424, Iran.
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F-57000 Metz, France.
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 57070 Metz, France.
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Departments of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 16765-654, Iran.
| | - Sabu Thomas
- School of Chemical Sciences, MG University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India.
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Krishnadevi K, Devaraju S, Sriharshitha S, Alagar M, Keerthi Priya Y. Environmentally sustainable rice husk ash reinforced cardanol based polybenzoxazine bio-composites for insulation applications. Polym Bull (Berl) 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-019-02854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Onuchin DV, Sirotin IS, Sarychev IA, Bornosuz NV, Kireev VV, Gorbunova IY, Gorbatkina YA. Physicochemical Properties of Epoxy Composites Modified with Epoxyphosphazene. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES B 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1560090419030084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Krishnamoorthy K, Subramani D, Eeda N, Muthukaruppan A. Development and characterization of fully bio‐based polybenzoxazine‐silica hybrid composites for low‐k and flame‐retardant applications. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Krishnadevi Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Composites LabVignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research Guntur India
| | - Devaraju Subramani
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Composites LabVignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research Guntur India
| | - Naveena Eeda
- Department of Chemistry, Polymer Composites LabVignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research Guntur India
| | - Alagar Muthukaruppan
- Centre of Excellence in Advanced Material Manufacturing, Processing and Characterization (CoExAMMPC)Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research Guntur India
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Synthesis of Resorcinol-Based Phosphazene-Containing Epoxy Oligomers. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11040614. [PMID: 30960598 PMCID: PMC6523329 DOI: 10.3390/polym11040614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphazene-containing epoxy-resorcinol oligomers (PERO) are synthesized in one stage with the direct interaction of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCP), resorcinol, and epichlorohydrin in the presence of solid NaOH. Depending on the initial ratio of HCP:resorcinol, PERO contains from 20 to 50 wt.% phosphazene component (2.0–4.8% of phosphorus) and have an epoxy group content up to 30 %. Products are characterized using 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis. According to mass spectrometry, the phosphazene fractions of PERO include up to 30 individual compounds with a predominance of cyclotriphosphazenes with one unsubstituted chlorine atom and four or five glycidyl groups. PERO has a lower viscosity in comparison with similar resins based on bisphenol A, which can simplify their use as a binder for polymer composites, adhesives, and paints.
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Synthesis, characterization and epoxidation of hexakis-4-(2-(4-((β-methallyl)oxy)phenyl)propan-2-yl)phenoxycyclotriphosphazene. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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An escalation of anticorrosion and microelectrical properties of polyurethane nanocomposites from green Brassica nigra oil. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2337-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Januszewski R, Dutkiewicz M, Orwat B, Maciejewski H, Marciniec B. A library of multisubstituted cyclotriphosphazenes – molecular scaffolds for hybrid materials. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj03800g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An easy pathway for the synthesis of new cyclotriphosphazene derivatives based on a Pt-catalyzed hydrosilylation process and their characterization are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafał Januszewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Michał Dutkiewicz
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
- Poznań Science and Technology Park, Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation
- 61-612 Poznań
| | - Bartosz Orwat
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Hieronim Maciejewski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
- Poznań Science and Technology Park, Adam Mickiewicz University Foundation
- 61-612 Poznań
| | - Bogdan Marciniec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
- Centre for Advanced Technologies, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
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