1
|
Kaveh M, Yeganehzad S, Hesarinejad MA, Kiumarsi M, Abdollahi Moghaddam MR. Polylactic Acid/Saqqez Gum Blends for Chewing Gum Applications: Impact of Plasticizers on Thermo-Mechanical and Morphological Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1469. [PMID: 38891416 PMCID: PMC11174524 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
This study investigated a blend of poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and Saqqez gum, with a weight ratio of 70:30, respectively, along with two plasticizers, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), at three different concentrations (14%, 16% and 18% by weight of the PLA). The blend was analyzed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), tensile tests, water-absorption behavior (coefficients of water absorption, sorption, diffusion and permeability of the samples during 240 h) and chemical resistance (exposure to 1 mol/L HCl and 1 mol/L NaOH for 240 h). The desired elastomer blend was then used to prepare natural chewing gum, which was subsequently subjected to texture profile analyzer (TPA) tests and sensory evaluation. The results showed that the addition of both plasticizers increased the tensile properties of the blend. Compared to neat PLA, all the blends exhibited an increase in elongation at break and a decrease in yield strength, with the maximum elongation at break (130.6%) and the minimum yield strength (12.2 MPa) observed in the blend containing 16% ATBC. Additionally, all the thermal attributes studied, including Tg, Tc and Tm, were lower than those of neat PLA, and the Tg values deviated from the values predicted via Fox's equation. SEM images of the blends confirmed that plasticization improved the homogeneity and distribution of the components in the blend structure. PEG 18% and ATBC 16% exhibit the highest and lowest water-absorption behavior, respectively. Regarding chemical resistance, all blends showed weight gain when exposed to HCl, while no weight loss was observed for resistance to NaOH. The chewing gum sample obtained similar values for the mentioned tests compared to the commercial control sample. Overall, the results indicate that plasticization enhances the structure and performance of the PLA/Saqqez gum blend and further investigation is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona Kaveh
- Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Mashhad 91895-157.356, Iran; (M.K.); (M.R.A.M.)
| | - Samira Yeganehzad
- Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Mashhad 91895-157.356, Iran; (M.K.); (M.R.A.M.)
| | - Mohammad Ali Hesarinejad
- Research Institute of Food Science and Technology (RIFST), Mashhad 91895-157.356, Iran; (M.K.); (M.R.A.M.)
| | - Maryam Kiumarsi
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraβe 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mastalygina EE, Aleksanyan KV. Recent Approaches to the Plasticization of Poly(lactic Acid) (PLA) (A Review). Polymers (Basel) 2023; 16:87. [PMID: 38201752 PMCID: PMC10781029 DOI: 10.3390/polym16010087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a polyester attracting growing interest every year in different application fields, such as packaging, cosmetics, food, medicine, etc. Despite its significant advantages, it has low elasticity that may hinder further development and a corresponding rise in volume of consumption. This review opens a discussion of basic approaches to PLA plasticization. These considerations include copolymerization and blending with flexible polymers, introducing oligomers and low-molecular additives, as well as structural modification. It was demonstrated that each approach has its advantages, such as simplicity and low cost, but with disadvantages, including complex processing and the need for additional reagents. According to the analysis of different approaches, it was concluded that the optimal option is the application of copolymers as the additives obtained via reactive mixing to PLA and its blends with other polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena E. Mastalygina
- Scientific Laboratory “Advanced Composite Materials and Technologies”, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Ln., Moscow 117997, Russia
- Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin St., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Kristine V. Aleksanyan
- Engineering Center, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, 36 Stremyanny Ln., Moscow 117997, Russia
- Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 4 Kosygin St, Moscow 119991, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Barandiaran A, Lascano D, Montanes N, Balart R, Selles MA, Moreno V. Improvement of the Ductility of Environmentally Friendly Poly(lactide) Composites with Posidonia oceanica Wastes Plasticized with an Ester of Cinnamic Acid. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4534. [PMID: 38231960 PMCID: PMC10708467 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
New composite materials were developed with poly(lactide) (PLA) and Posidonia oceanica fibers through reactive extrusion in the presence of dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and subsequent injection molding. The effect of different amounts of methyl trans-cinnamate (MTC) on the mechanical, thermal, thermomechanical, and wettability properties was studied. The results showed that the presence of Posidonia oceanica fibers generated disruptions in the PLA matrix, causing a decrease in the tensile mechanical properties and causing an impact on the strength due to the stress concentration phenomenon. Reactive extrusion with DCP improved the PO/PLA interaction, diminishing the gap between the fibers and the surrounding matrix, as corroborated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). It was observed that 20 phr (parts by weight of the MTC, per one hundred parts by weight of the PO/PLA composite) led to a noticeable plasticizing effect, significantly increasing the elongation at break from 7.1% of neat PLA to 31.1%, which means an improvement of 338%. A considerable decrease in the glass transition temperature, from 61.1 °C of neat PLA to 41.6 °C, was also observed. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed a loss of thermal stability of the plasticized composites, mainly due to the volatility of the cinnamate ester, leading to a decrease in the onset degradation temperature above 10 phr MTC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Diego Lascano
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.B.); (N.M.); (R.B.); (M.A.S.)
| | | | | | | | - Virginia Moreno
- Institute of Materials Technology (ITM), Universitat Politècnica de València (UPV), Plaza Ferrándiz y Carbonell 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain; (A.B.); (N.M.); (R.B.); (M.A.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
The Influence of Plasticizers and Accelerated Ageing on Biodegradation of PLA under Controlled Composting Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 15:polym15010140. [PMID: 36616489 PMCID: PMC9823598 DOI: 10.3390/polym15010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall performance of plasticizers on common mechanical and physical properties, as well as on the processability of polylactic acid (PLA) films, is well-explored. However, the influence of plasticizers on biodegradation is still in its infancy. In this study, the influence of natural-based dicarboxylic acid-based ester plasticizers (MC2178 and MC2192), acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC Citroflex A4), and polyethylene glycol (PEG 400) on the biodegradation of extruded PLA films was evaluated. Furthermore, the influence of accelerated ageing on the performance properties and biodegradation of films was further investigated. The biodegradation of films was determined under controlled thermophilic composting conditions (ISO 14855-1). Apart from respirometry, an evaluation of the degree of disintegration, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of film surfaces was conducted. The influence of melt-processing with plasticizers has a significant effect on structural changes. Especially, the degree of crystallinity has been found to be a major factor which affects the biodegradation rate. The lowest biodegradation rates have been evaluated for films plasticized with PEG 400. These lower molecular weight plasticizers enhanced the crystallinity degrees of the PLA phase due to an increase in chain mobility. On the contrary, the highest biodegradation rate was found for films plasticized with MC2192, which has a higher molecular weight and evoked minimal structural changes of the PLA. From the evaluated results, it could also be stated that migration of plasticizers, physical ageing, and chain scission of films prompted by ageing significantly influenced both the mechanical and thermal properties, as well as the biodegradation rate. Therefore, the ageing of parts has to be taken into consideration for the proper evolution of the biodegradation of plasticized PLA and their applications.
Collapse
|
5
|
Aynali F, Dandan Doganci M, Balci H. Thermo-mechanical characterization and antimicrobial performance of plasticized poly(lactic acid) films incorporated with non-leaching polycationic antimicrobials. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-021-03815-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
6
|
Chen Y, Chang Y, Rwei S. Synthesis and characterization of ultra‐tough crosslinked polyamide with hybrid polymer networks equipping strong hydrogen bonds. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.52830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Hao Chen
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yun Chang
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
| | - Syang‐Peng Rwei
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials, Research and Development Center of Smart Textile Technology National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Molecular Science and Engineering National Taipei University of Technology Taipei Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xuan W, Odelius K, Hakkarainen M. Tailoring Oligomeric Plasticizers for Polylactide through Structural Control. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14305-14316. [PMID: 35573211 PMCID: PMC9089748 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Structural variations (oligolactide segments, functionalized end groups, and different plasticizer cores) were utilized to tailor the performances of biobased plasticizers for polylactide (PLA). Six plasticizers were developed starting from 1,4-butanediol and isosorbide as cores: two monomeric (1,4-butanediol levulinate and isosorbide levulinate) and four oligomeric plasticizers with hydroxyl or levulinate ester end groups (1,4-butanediol-based oligolactide, isosorbide-based oligolactide, 1,4-butanediol-based oligomeric levulinate, and isosorbide-based oligomeric levulinate). Structural variations in plasticizer design were reflected in the thermal stability, plasticizing efficiency, and migration resistance. The monomeric plasticizer 1,4-butanediol levulinate decreased the glass-transition temperature of PLA from 59 to 16 °C and increased the strain at break substantially from 6 to 227% with 20 wt % addition. 1,4-Butanediol-based oligomeric levulinate exhibited better thermal stability and migration resistance, though the plasticizing efficiency was slightly lower (glass-transition temperature = 28 °C; strain at break = 202%). Compared to PLA films plasticized by plasticizers with flexible butanediol cores, those plasticized by plasticizers with rigid isosorbide cores exhibited higher Young's modulus and thermal stability and lower plasticizing efficiency. Furthermore, plasticizers with levulinate ester end groups had improved thermal stability, plasticizing efficiency, and migration resistance compared to the corresponding plasticizers with hydroxyl end groups. Hence, a set of controlled structural variations in plasticizer design were successfully demonstrated as a potent route to tailor the plasticizer performances.
Collapse
|
8
|
Synthesis of esters derived from 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid and study of its plasticizing effects on poly(lactic acid). JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-02914-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
9
|
Caner D, Doganci E, Dandan Doganci M, Ozkoc G. Preparation of hetero-armed POSS-cored star-shaped PCL-PLA/PLA composites and effect of different diisocyanates as compatibilizer. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2021; 122:104656. [PMID: 34218016 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2021.104656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Eight-armed A4B4-type hetero-arm star-shaped PCL-PLA polymers ((PCL)4-POSS-(PLA)4, SPLA30) with POSS core were successfully prepared via combination of the "arm-first" approach utilizing ring-opening polymerization (ROP) and click chemistry techniques. Firstly, alkyne-functional PLA and PCL polymers having arms with 30 repeating units were synthesized via ROP with utilizing propargyl alcohol as initiator and stannous octoate (Sn(Oct)2) as catalyst. Then, the obtained hetero-armed star-shaped polymers were prepared by Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) click reaction between alkyne functional polymers (1:1 PCL:PLA) and azido functional polyhedral oligomeric silsesquoxane (POSS-(N3)8) molecules. Finally, these obtained star-shaped SPLA30 was blended with neat PLA at different PLA/SPLA30 ratios (95/5 and 90/10 wt%) via melt blending by utilizing micro-compounder (a lab-scale) to enhance thermal, morphological, and mechanical properties of neat PLA. Also, different diisocyanates (1,4-phenylene diisocyanate (PDI), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), and toluene 2,4-diisocyanate (TDI)) at constant ratio (1 wt%) were used as a chain extender bonding terminal group of polymers. It was found that addition of SPLA30 and SPLA30+ diisocyanates provided improvements in mechanical properties (especially in elongation at break and impact strength) of neat PLA. When the thermal properties were examined, it was seen that the decomposition temperatures of the blends decreased significantly compared to neat PLA and that there was a significant increment in the Tg and Tm values. In addition, it has been found that especially the diisocyanates added to provide good interfacial adhesion with polymer blends and show a homogeneous distribution on the surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Derya Caner
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Erdinc Doganci
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technology, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Merve Dandan Doganci
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technology, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Turkey.
| | - Guralp Ozkoc
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey; Department of Chemical Engineering, Kocaeli University, 41001, Kocaeli, Turkey; Sabanci University SUNUM Nanotechnology Res. and App. Center, 34956, Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Guo J, Liu X, Liu M, Han M, Liu Y, Ji S. Effect of molecular weight of Poly(ethylene glycol) on plasticization of Poly(ʟ-lactic acid). POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
Jia Yam N, Rusli A, Abdul Hamid ZA, Abdullah MK, Ku Marsilla KI. Halochromic poly (lactic acid) film for acid base sensor. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ng Jia Yam
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
| | - Arjulizan Rusli
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
| | - Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Khalil Abdullah
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
| | - Ku Ishak Ku Marsilla
- School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia Nibong Tebal Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Doganci MD, Caner D, Doganci E, Ozkoc G. Effects of hetero‐armed star‐shaped PCL‐PLA polymers with POSS core on thermal, mechanical, and morphological properties of PLA. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Merve Dandan Doganci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Derya Caner
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Erdinc Doganci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Guralp Ozkoc
- Department of Polymer Science and Technology Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
- Department of Chemical Engineering Kocaeli University Kocaeli Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Doganci MD. Effects of star-shaped PCL having different numbers of arms on the mechanical, morphological, and thermal properties of PLA/PCL blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-020-02380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
|
14
|
Yang X, Liu S, Yu E, Wei Z. Toughening of Poly(l-Lactide) with Branched Polycaprolactone: Effect of Chain Length. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:29284-29291. [PMID: 33225159 PMCID: PMC7675962 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a series of branched polycaprolactone (BPCL) samples with different ε-caprolactone (CL) chain lengths were synthesized and used to toughen poly (lactic acid) (PLA). The spherical structure increased the free volume, facilitating the free movement of the PLA chain segment and increasing the ductility. In addition, the hydrogen bonds between the multi-terminal hydroxyl group of BPCL x and PLA improved the interaction between them. The glass-transition temperatures (T g) and crystallization temperatures (T c) of the blends were significantly lower than those of PLA, and these temperatures increased with the chain length of polycaprolactone. BPCL x increased the crystallization rate of PLA through heterogeneous nucleation. A longer chain length of CL increased the mutual entanglement in the blends, reduced the hydrogen bonding between BPCL x and PLA, and increased the entanglement of BPCL x chains. When the chain length of CL was 6, the impact strength and elongation at break of the PLA/BPCL blends exhibited an increase of 151.72 and 465.8%, respectively, as compared with PLA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Yang
- Key
Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Shuaibo Liu
- Key
Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Erlei Yu
- Key
Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Key
Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Uygur Autonomous Region/Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| | - Zhong Wei
- Key
Laboratory for Green Processing of Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Bingtuan/School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
- Key
Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang
Uygur Autonomous Region/Engineering Research Center of Materials-Oriented
Chemical Engineering of Xinjiang Bingtuan, School of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Boyacioglu S, Kodal M, Ozkoc G. A comprehensive study on shape memory behavior of PEG plasticized PLA/TPU bio-blends. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
16
|
Mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of poly(lactic acid) by using star-shaped poly(ε-caprolactone) with POSS core. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
17
|
Investigation of structure and rheological behavior of a new epoxy polymer pentaglycidyl ether pentabisphenol A of phosphorus and of its composite with natural phosphate. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0911-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
|