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Herrera-Rivera MDR, Torres-Arellanes SP, Cortés-Martínez CI, Navarro-Ibarra DC, Hernández-Sánchez L, Solis-Pomar F, Pérez-Tijerina E, Román-Doval R. Nanotechnology in food packaging materials: role and application of nanoparticles. RSC Adv 2024; 14:21832-21858. [PMID: 38984259 PMCID: PMC11231830 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03711a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Global concerns about food security, driven by rising demand, have prompted the exploration of nanotechnology as a solution to enhance food supply. This shift comes in response to the limitations of conventional technologies in meeting the ever-increasing demand for food products. Consequently, nanoparticles play a crucial role in enhancing food production, preservation, and extending shelf life by imparting exceptional properties to materials. Nanoparticles and nanostructures with attributes like expansive surface area and antimicrobial efficacy, are versatile in both traditional packaging and integration into biopolymer matrices. These distinctive qualities contribute to their extensive use in various food sector applications. Hence, this review explores the physicochemical properties, functions, and biological aspects of nanoparticles in the context of food packaging. Furthermore, the synergistic effect of nanoparticles with different biopolymers, alongside its different potential applications such as food shelf-life extenders, antimicrobial agents and as nanomaterials for developing smart packaging systems were summarily explored. While the ongoing exploration of this research area is evident, our review highlights the substantial potential of nanomaterials to emerge as a viable choice for food packaging if the challenges regarding toxicity are carefully and effectively modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra P Torres-Arellanes
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Etla Abasolo S/N, Barrio del Agua Buena Santiago Suchilquitongo Oaxaca 68230 Mexico
| | - Carlos Inocencio Cortés-Martínez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Etla Abasolo S/N, Barrio del Agua Buena Santiago Suchilquitongo Oaxaca 68230 Mexico
| | - Diana C Navarro-Ibarra
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Etla Abasolo S/N, Barrio del Agua Buena Santiago Suchilquitongo Oaxaca 68230 Mexico
| | - Laura Hernández-Sánchez
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Etla Abasolo S/N, Barrio del Agua Buena Santiago Suchilquitongo Oaxaca 68230 Mexico
| | - Francisco Solis-Pomar
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León San Nicolas de los Garza Nuevo León 66451 Mexico
| | - Eduardo Pérez-Tijerina
- Facultad de Ciencias Físico-Matemáticas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León San Nicolas de los Garza Nuevo León 66451 Mexico
| | - Ramón Román-Doval
- Tecnológico Nacional de México, Instituto Tecnológico del Valle de Etla Abasolo S/N, Barrio del Agua Buena Santiago Suchilquitongo Oaxaca 68230 Mexico
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Zhou X, Zhou X, Zhou L, Jia M, Xiong Y. Nanofillers in Novel Food Packaging Systems and Their Toxicity Issues. Foods 2024; 13:2014. [PMID: 38998521 PMCID: PMC11241462 DOI: 10.3390/foods13132014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Environmental concerns about petroleum-based plastic packaging materials and the growing demand for food have inspired researchers and the food industry to develop food packaging with better food preservation and biodegradability. Nanocomposites consisting of nanofillers, and synthetic/biopolymers can be applied to improve the physiochemical and antimicrobial properties and sustainability of food packaging. Scope and approach: This review summarized the recent advances in nanofiller and their applications in improved food packaging systems (e.g., nanoclay, carbon nanotubes), active food packaging (e.g., silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs)), intelligent food packaging, and degradable packaging (e.g., titanium dioxide nanoparticles (e.g., TiO2 NPs)). Additionally, the migration processes and related assessment methods for nanofillers were considered, as well as the use of nanofillers to reduce migration. The potential cytotoxicity and ecotoxicity of nanofillers were also reviewed. Key findings: The incorporation of nanofillers may increase Young's modulus (YM) while decreasing the elongation at break (EAB) (y = -1.55x + 1.38, R2 = 0.128, r = -0.358, p = 0.018) and decreasing the water vapor (WVP) and oxygen permeability (OP) (y = 0.30x - 0.57, R2 = 0.039, r = 0.197, p = 0.065). Meanwhile, the addition of metal-based NPs could also extend the shelf-life of food products by lowering lipid oxidation by an average of approx. 350.74% and weight loss by approx. 28.39% during the longest storage period, and significantly increasing antibacterial efficacy against S. aureus compared to the neat polymer films (p = 0.034). Moreover, the migration process of nanofillers may be negligible but still requires further research. Additionally, the ecotoxicity of nanofillers is unclear, as the final distribution of nanocomposites in the environment is unknown. Conclusions: Nanotechnology helps to overcome the challenges associated with traditional packaging materials. Strong regulatory frameworks and safety standards are needed to ensure the appropriate use of nanocomposites. There is also a need to explore how to realize the economic and technical requirements for large-scale implementation of nanocomposite technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Zhou
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Xiaoyu Zhou
- The Fine Arts Academy, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410012, China;
| | - Longli Zhou
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK;
| | - Ming Jia
- College of Computer and Mathematics, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Ying Xiong
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
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3
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Xu D, Liang P, Ying X, Li X, Cheng Q. Development of cellulose/ZnO based bioplastics with enhanced gas barrier, UV-shielding effect and antibacterial activity. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 271:132335. [PMID: 38768923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Development of renewable and biodegradable plastics with good properties, such as the gas barrier, UV-shielding, solvent resistance, and antibacterial activity, remains a challenge. Herein, cellulose/ZnO based bioplastics were fabricated by dissolving cellulose carbamate in an aqueous solution of NaOH/Zn(OH)42-, followed by coagulation in aqueous Na2SO4 solution, and subsequent hot-pressing. The carbamate groups detached from cellulose, and ZnO which transformed from cosolvent to nanofiller was uniformly immobilized in the cellulose matrix during the dissolution/regeneration process. The appropriate addition of ZnO (below 10.67 wt%) not only improved the mechanical properties but also enhanced the water and oxygen barrier properties of the material. Additionally, our cellulose/ZnO based bioplastic demonstrated excellent UV-blocking capabilities, increased water contact angle, and enhanced antibacterial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, deriving from the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles. Furthermore, the material exhibited resistance to organic solvents such as acetone, THF, and toluene. Indeed, the herein developed cellulose/ZnO based bioplastic presents a promising candidate to replace petrochemical plastics in various applications, such as plastic toys, anti-UV guardrails, window shades, and oil storage containers, offering a combination of favorable mechanical, gas barrier, UV-blocking, antibacterial, and solvent-resistant properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingfeng Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Pin Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xinlan Ying
- Guangzhou Foreign Language School, Guangzhou 511455, China
| | - Xingxing Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qiaoyun Cheng
- Institute of Biological and Medical Engineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China.
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Shui YJ, Yao WH, Lin JH, Zhang Y, Yu Y, Wu CS, Zhang X, Tsou CH. Enhancing Polyvinyl Alcohol Nanocomposites with Carboxy-Functionalized Graphene: An In-Depth Analysis of Mechanical, Barrier, Electrical, Antibacterial, and Chemical Properties. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1070. [PMID: 38674991 PMCID: PMC11054367 DOI: 10.3390/polym16081070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
To enhance the various properties of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), varying concentrations of carboxy-functionalized graphene (CFG) were employed in the preparation of CFG/PVA nanocomposite films. FTIR and XRD analyses revealed that CFG, in contrast to graphene, not only possesses carboxylic acid group but also exhibits higher crystallinity. Mechanical testing indicated a notable superiority of CFG addition over graphene, with optimal mechanical properties such as tensile and yield strengths being achieved at a 3% CFG concentration. Relative to pure PVA, the tensile strength and yield strength of the composite increased by 2.07 and 2.01 times, respectively. XRD analysis showed distinct changes in the crystalline structure of PVA with the addition of CFG, highlighting the influence of CFG on the composite structure. FTIR and XPS analyses confirmed the formation of ester bonds between CFG and PVA, enhancing the overall performance of the material. TGA results also demonstrated that the presence of CFG enhanced the thermal stability of CFG/PVA nanocomposite films. However, analyses using scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed that a 3% concentration of CFG was uniformly dispersed, whereas a 6% concentration of CFG caused aggregation of the nanofiller, leading to a decrease in performance. The incorporation of CFG significantly enhanced the water vapor and oxygen barrier properties of PVA, with the best performance observed at a 3% CFG concentration. Beyond this concentration, barrier properties were diminished owing to CFG aggregation. The study further demonstrated an increase in electrical conductivity and hydrophobicity of the nanocomposites with the addition of CFG. Antibacterial tests against E. coli showed that CFG/PVA nanocomposites exhibited excellent antibacterial properties, especially at higher CFG concentrations. These findings indicate that CFG/PVA nanocomposites, with an optimized CFG concentration, have significant potential for applications requiring enhanced mechanical strength, barrier properties, and antibacterial capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jie Shui
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Wei-Hua Yao
- Department of Materials and Textiles, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Jarrn-Horng Lin
- Department of Material Science, National University of Tainan, Tainan 70005, Taiwan
| | - Yingjun Zhang
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Yongqi Yu
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Chin-San Wu
- Department of Applied Cosmetology, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung 82101, Taiwan
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Chi-Hui Tsou
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
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5
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Aloui H, Khwaldia K. Development and characterization of novel emulsified nanocomposite coatings incorporating different loadings of nanoclay and beeswax for paper packaging. RSC Adv 2023; 13:30358-30368. [PMID: 37849698 PMCID: PMC10578248 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05211g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Paper coated with poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based films incorporating varying amounts of halloysite nanotubes (HNTs) and/or beeswax (BW) were developed. The applied PVA/HNTs nanocomposite films, PVA/BW emulsified films, and PVA/HNTs/BW emulsified nanocomposite films were characterized in terms of FTIR, TGA, DSC, and XRD analyses. The effects of HNTs and/or BW at different loadings on the functional properties of coated paper were investigated. HNTs and BW co-incorporation significantly improved the water vapor permeability of the resulting PVA/HNTs/BW coated paper samples, and reduced their Cobb60 values, respectively, by more than 50, 24, and 18% as compared to the uncoated paper, paper coated with pristine PVA and paper coated with PVA/HNTs nanocomposite-based coatings. While increasing their contact angle values in the range of 10-20%. Likewise, HNTs and BW co-incorporation increased the mechanical strength of PVA/HNTs/BW coated paper in the range of 20.54-29.80% as compared to the uncoated paper, while increasing their flexibility up to 32.50%. Such enhancement in the functional properties of PVA/HNTs/BW coated paper is most likely due to the establishment of interactions between PVA, BW, and HNTs. Our results demonstrate the ability of PVA/HNTs/BW emulsified nanocomposite coatings to improve paper barrier and mechanical properties owing to the prominent reinforcement effects of HNTs and the good moisture-barrier properties of BW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajer Aloui
- Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles, Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique Biotechpole Sidi Thabet 2020 Tunisia
- Higher Institute of Biotechnology, Monastir (ISBM) Monastir Tunisia
| | - Khaoula Khwaldia
- Laboratoire des Substances Naturelles, Institut National de Recherche et d'Analyse Physico-chimique Biotechpole Sidi Thabet 2020 Tunisia
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6
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Ghazzy A, Naik RR, Shakya AK. Metal-Polymer Nanocomposites: A Promising Approach to Antibacterial Materials. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15092167. [PMID: 37177313 PMCID: PMC10180664 DOI: 10.3390/polym15092167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a new approach in the development of antibacterials in order to enhance the antibacterial potential. The nanoparticles are tagged on to the surface of other metals or metal oxides and polymers to achieve nanocomposites. These have shown significant antibacterial properties when compared to nanoparticles. In this article we explore the antibacterial potentials of metal-based and metal-polymer-based nanocomposites, various techniques which are involved in the synthesis of the metal-polymer, nanocomposites, mechanisms of action, and their advantages, disadvantages, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ghazzy
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Rajashri R Naik
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
- Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Ashok K Shakya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
- Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Faculty of Pharmacy and Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, Amman 19328, Jordan
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7
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Zhang W, Sani MA, Zhang Z, McClements DJ, Jafari SM. High performance biopolymeric packaging films containing zinc oxide nanoparticles for fresh food preservation: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123188. [PMID: 36627033 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable food packaging films (FPFs) assembled from sustainable biopolymeric materials are of increasing interest to the food industry due to pollution and health risks resulting from the use of conventional plastic packaging. However, the functional performance of these FPFs is often poorer than that of plastic films, which limits their commercial application. This problem may be partly overcome by incorporating nano-additives like zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZNPs) into the films. The incorporation of ZNPs into FPFs can improve their functional performance. The properties of these films depends on the concentration, dispersion state, and interactions of ZNPs with the biopolymeric matrix in the films. ZNPs-loaded films and coatings are highly effective at preserving a variety of fresh foods. Studies of ZNPs migration through FPFs have shown that the zinc is mainly transported in an ionic form and the amount entering foods is below safety standards. This article reviews recent developments in the design, fabrication, and application of ZNPs-loaded FPFs based on biopolymers, focusing on the impacts of ZNPs on the optical, barrier, mechanical, water sensitivity, and antimicrobial properties of the films. The potential applications of ZNPs-loaded FPFs for fresh food preservation is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Mahmood Alizadeh Sani
- Division of Food Safety and Hygiene, Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zhengke Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | | | - Seid Mahdi Jafari
- Department of Food Materials and Process Design Engineering, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran; Universidade de Vigo, Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Science, E-32004 Ourense, Spain; College of Food Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071001, China.
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8
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Curative Effects of Copper Iodide Embedded on Gallic Acid Incorporated in a Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) Liquid Bandage. Gels 2023; 9:gels9010053. [PMID: 36661819 PMCID: PMC9857981 DOI: 10.3390/gels9010053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In daily life, people are often receiving minor cuts due to carelessness, leaving wounds on the skin. If wound healing is interrupted and the healing process does not finish, pathogens can easily enter wounds and cause infection. Liquid bandages are a fast and convenient way to help stop the bleeding of superficial wounds. Moreover, antibacterial agents in liquid bandages can promote wound restoration and fight bacteria. Herein, a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) liquid bandage incorporating copper iodide nanoparticles (CuI NPs) was developed. CuI NPs were synthesized through green synthesis using gallic acid (GA) as a reducing and capping agent. The sizes of the CuI NPs, which were dependent on the concentration of GA, were 41.45, 43.51 and 49.71 nm, with the concentrations of gallic acid being 0, 2.5 mM and 5.0 mM, respectively. CuI NPs were analyzed using FTIR, XRD and SEM and tested for peroxidase-like properties and antibacterial activity. Then, PVA liquid bandages were formulated with different concentrations of stock CuI suspension. The results revealed that PVA liquid bandages incorporating 0.190% CuI synthesized with 5.0 mM of GA can kill bacteria within 24 h and have no harmful effects on human fibroblast cells.
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9
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Yuan L, Qu CL, Tsou CH, De Guzman MR, Huang X, Gao C, Sun YL, Yang T, Zeng C, Luo X, Tsou CY. Morphology and thermal properties of low-density polyethylene/graphite composite films as potential pH sensors prepared via heat treatment and natural drying. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Tsou CH, Chen S, Li X, Chen JC, De Guzman MR, Sun YL, Du J, Zhang Y. Highly resilient antibacterial composite polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels reinforced with CNT-NZnO by forming a network of hydrogen and coordination bonding. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03248-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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11
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Biological oyster shell waste enhances polyphenylene sulfide composites and endows them with antibacterial properties. Chin J Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2022.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Chen S, De Guzman MR, Tsou CH, Li M, Suen MC, Gao C, Tsou CY. Hydrophilic and absorption properties of reversible nanocomposite polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels reinforced with graphene-doped zinc oxide nanoplates for enhanced antibacterial activity. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00711-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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13
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Tsou CH, Zeng R, Tsou CY, Chen JC, Sun YL, Ma ZL, De Guzman MR, Tu LJ, Tian XY, Wu CS. Mechanical, Hydrophobic, and Barrier Properties of Nanocomposites of Modified Polypropylene Reinforced with Low-Content Attapulgite. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173696. [PMID: 36080772 PMCID: PMC9459951 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Attapulgite (ATT) has never been used as a barrier additive in polypropylene (PP). As a filler, ATT should be added in high content to PP. However, that would result in increased costs. Moreover, the compatibility between ATT and the PP matrix is poor due to the lack of functional groups in PP. In this study, carboxylic groups were introduced to PP to form a modified polypropylene (MPP). ATT was purified, and a low content of it was added to MPP to prepare MPP/ATT nanocomposites. The analysis from FTIR indicated that ATT could react with MPP. According to the results of oxygen and water permeability tests, the barrier performance of the nanocomposite was optimal when the ATT content was 0.4%. This great improvement in barrier performance might be ascribed to the following three reasons: (1) The existence of ATT extended the penetration path of O2 or H2O molecules; (2) O2 or H2O molecules may be adsorbed and stored in the porous structure of ATT; (3) Most importantly, –COOH of MPP reacted with –OH on the surface of ATT, thereby the inner structure of the nanocomposite was denser, and it was less permeable to molecules. Therefore, nanocomposites prepared by adding ATT to MPP have excellent properties and low cost. They can be used as food packaging materials and for other related applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hui Tsou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Sichuan Zhixiangyi Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610051, China
- Correspondence: (C.-H.T.); (C.-S.W.)
| | - Rui Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Chih-Yuan Tsou
- Sichuan Zhixiangyi Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610051, China
- Sichuan Zhirenfa Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Zigong 643000, China
| | - Jui-Chin Chen
- Department of Material and Textile, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Li Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Zheng-Lu Ma
- Sichuan Vocational College of Chemical Technology, Luzhou 646300, China
| | - Manuel Reyes De Guzman
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Lian-Jie Tu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Xin-Yuan Tian
- Department of Material and Textile, Asia Eastern University of Science and Technology, New Taipei City 220, Taiwan
| | - Chin-San Wu
- Department of Applied Cosmetology, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung 82101, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (C.-H.T.); (C.-S.W.)
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14
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Reinforced distiller’s grains as bio-fillers in environment-friendly poly(ethylene terephthalate) composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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UV Blocking and Oxygen Barrier Coatings Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol and Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles for Packaging Applications. COATINGS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings12070897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodegradation and oxidation are major causes of the deterioration of food, resulting in darkening, off-flavors, and nutrient deficiency. To reduce this problem, novel functional polymeric materials are being developed to retain food’s light sensitivity. Nanofillers are also used in a polymeric film to produce effective UV blockings and oxygen barrier coatings so that the degradation of the food can be delayed, thereby increasing the shelf life. For this purpose, polyvinyl alcohol coatings were prepared by the incorporation of ZnO nanoparticles. Polyvinyl alcohol is a naturally excellent barrier against oxygen, and the addition of ZnO particles at the nanoscale size has demonstrated effective UV blocking capabilities. In this work, the hydrothermal technique is used to produce ZnO nanoparticles, and these produced particles are then incorporated into the polyvinyl alcohol to produce thin films. These films are characterized in terms of the compositional, macroscopic, microscopic, and optical properties via X-ray diffraction (XRD), FTIR, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), as well as UV–VIS spectroscopy. ZnO nanoparticles at different concentrations were incorporated into the PVA solution, and the films were processed via the blade coating method. With the addition of ZnO, the oxygen transmission rate (OTR) of pure PVA was not altered and remained stable, and the lowest OTR was recorded as 0.65 cm3/m2·day·bar. Furthermore, the addition of ZnO increased the water contact angle (WCA) of PVA, and the highest WCA was recorded to be around more than 70°. Due to this, water permeability decreased. Additionally, PVA/ZnO films were highly flexible and bendable and maintained the OTR even after going through bending cycles of 20K. Furthermore, the addition of ZnO showed a significant UV blocking effect and blocked the rays below a wavelength of 380 nm. Finally, the optimized films were used for packaging applications, and it was observed that the packaged apple remained fresh and unoxidized for a longer period as compared with the piece of apple without packaging. Thus, based on these results, the PVA/ZnO films are ideally suited for packaging purposes and can effectively enhance the shelf life of food.
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Ge FF, Tsou CH, Yuan S, De Guzman MR, Zeng CY, Li J, Jia CF, Cheng BY, Yang PC, Gao C. Barrier performance and biodegradability of antibacterial poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) nanocomposites reinforced with a new MWCNT-ZnO nanomaterial. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:485706. [PMID: 34359060 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac1b52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A new nanomaterial or nano-filler in the form of multiwalled carbon nanotube-zinc oxide (MWCNT-ZnO) was synthesized for the purpose of modifying poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and its derivative (modified PBAT or MPBAT) through a melt-blending method (MPBAT was obtained by introducing maleic anhydride groups into PBAT). The effect of the new nano-filler on the properties of resultant nanocomposites was determined from the characterization of mechanical properties, morphology, crystallinity, thermal stability, barrier properties, hydrophilicity, conductivity, antibacterial property, and biodegradability. The results showed that MPBAT nanocomposites had stronger mechanical properties, better barrier properties, and higher electrical conductivity than PBAT nanocomposites. Scanning electron microscopy illustrated that MWCNT-ZnO had better compatibility with MPBAT than with PBAT. At 0.2% MWCNT-ZnO, the MPBAT/MWCNT-ZnO nanocomposite film exhibited the greatest mechanical properties (17.74% increase in tensile strength, 22.17% in yield strength, and 14.29% in elongation at break). When the MWCNT-ZnO content was 0.4%, the nanocomposite film demonstrated the best water vapor barrier ability (an increase of 30.4%). The MPBAT/MWCNT-ZnO film with 0.6% MWCNT-ZnO turned out to have the best oxygen barrier performance (an increase of 130% relative to pure PBAT). It was shown from the results of antibacterial evaluation that the new nanomaterial could impart PBAT and MPBAT with antibacterial activity. The biodegradability tests indicated that an MWCNT-ZnO content of 0.2% could slightly reduce the biodegradability, and when the content was higher than 0.2%, the weight loss rate would increase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fan Ge
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-Hui Tsou
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials and Textiles, Oriental Institute of Technology, Pan-Chiao 22064, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Applied Cosmetology, Kao Yuan University, Kaohsiung County 82101, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Sichuan Golden-Elephant Sincerity Chemical Co. Ltd, Meishan 620010, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Yibin Plastic Packaging Materials Co. Ltd, Yibin 644007, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Zhixiangyi Technology Co. Ltd, Chengdu 610051, People's Republic of China
- Sichuan Zhirenfa Environmental Protection Technology Co. Ltd, Zigong 643000, People's Republic of China
- Center of Excellence in Textiles, Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, People's Republic of China
| | - Manuel Reyes De Guzman
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Yan Zeng
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Li
- Chengdu Haiguang Nuclear Power Technology Service Co. Ltd, Chengdu 610051, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun-Fen Jia
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin-Yi Cheng
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Cheng Yang
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Gao
- Material Corrosion and Protection Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong 643000, People's Republic of China
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