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Groen WMGAC, Utomo L, Castilho M, Gawlitta D, Malda J, van Weeren PR, Levato R, Korthagen NM. Impact of Endotoxins in Gelatine Hydrogels on Chondrogenic Differentiation and Inflammatory Cytokine Secretion In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8571. [PMID: 33202964 PMCID: PMC7696312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gelatine methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogels are widely used in studies aimed at cartilage regeneration. However, the endotoxin content of commercially available GelMAs and gelatines used in these studies is often overlooked, even though endotoxins may influence several cellular functions. Moreover, regulations for clinical use of biomaterials dictate a stringent endotoxin limit. We determined the endotoxin level of five different GelMAs and evaluated the effect on the chondrogenic differentiation of equine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs). Cartilage-like matrix production was evaluated by biochemical assays and immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, equine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured on the hydrogels for 24 h, followed by the assessment of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2 as inflammatory markers. The GelMAs were found to have widely varying endotoxin content (two with >1000 EU/mL and three with <10 EU/mL), however, this was not a critical factor determining in vitro cartilage-like matrix production of embedded MSCs. PBMCs did produce significantly higher TNF-α and CCL2 in response to the GelMA with the highest endotoxin level compared to the other GelMAs. Although limited effects on chondrogenic differentiation were found in this study, caution with the use of commercial hydrogels is warranted in the translation from in vitro to in vivo studies because of regulatory constraints and potential inflammatory effects of the content of these hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilhelmina M. G. A. C. Groen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.M.); (R.L.); (N.M.K.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Lizette Utomo
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Special Dental Care, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.U.); (D.G.)
| | - Miguel Castilho
- Department of Orthopaedics, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Debby Gawlitta
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Special Dental Care, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; (L.U.); (D.G.)
| | - Jos Malda
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.M.); (R.L.); (N.M.K.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - P. René van Weeren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.M.); (R.L.); (N.M.K.)
| | - Riccardo Levato
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.M.); (R.L.); (N.M.K.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Nicoline M. Korthagen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands; (J.M.); (R.L.); (N.M.K.)
- Department of Orthopaedics, Regenerative Medicine Center, University Medical Center Utrecht, P.O. Box 85500, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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Vardoulakis S, Dimitroulopoulou C, Thornes J, Lai KM, Taylor J, Myers I, Heaviside C, Mavrogianni A, Shrubsole C, Chalabi Z, Davies M, Wilkinson P. Impact of climate change on the domestic indoor environment and associated health risks in the UK. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 85:299-313. [PMID: 26453820 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2015.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence that projected climate change has the potential to significantly affect public health. In the UK, much of this impact is likely to arise by amplifying existing risks related to heat exposure, flooding, and chemical and biological contamination in buildings. Identifying the health effects of climate change on the indoor environment, and risks and opportunities related to climate change adaptation and mitigation, can help protect public health. We explored a range of health risks in the domestic indoor environment related to climate change, as well as the potential health benefits and unintended harmful effects of climate change mitigation and adaptation policies in the UK housing sector. We reviewed relevant scientific literature, focusing on housing-related health effects in the UK likely to arise through either direct or indirect mechanisms of climate change or mitigation and adaptation measures in the built environment. We considered the following categories of effect: (i) indoor temperatures, (ii) indoor air quality, (iii) indoor allergens and infections, and (iv) flood damage and water contamination. Climate change may exacerbate health risks and inequalities across these categories and in a variety of ways, if adequate adaptation measures are not taken. Certain changes to the indoor environment can affect indoor air quality or promote the growth and propagation of pathogenic organisms. Measures aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions have the potential for ancillary public health benefits including reductions in health burdens related heat and cold, indoor exposure to air pollution derived from outdoor sources, and mould growth. However, increasing airtightness of dwellings in pursuit of energy efficiency could also have negative effects by increasing concentrations of pollutants (such as PM2.5, CO and radon) derived from indoor or ground sources, and biological contamination. These effects can largely be ameliorated by mechanical ventilation with heat recovery (MVHR) and air filtration, where such solution is feasible and when the system is properly installed, operated and maintained. Groups at high risk of these adverse health effects include the elderly (especially those living on their own), individuals with pre-existing illnesses, people living in overcrowded accommodation, and the socioeconomically deprived. A better understanding of how current and emerging building infrastructure design, construction, and materials may affect health in the context of climate change and mitigation and adaptation measures is needed in the UK and other high income countries. Long-term, energy efficient building design interventions, ensuring adequate ventilation, need to be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotiris Vardoulakis
- Environmental Change Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK; Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Chrysanthi Dimitroulopoulou
- Environmental Change Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK.
| | - John Thornes
- Environmental Change Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Ka-Man Lai
- Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jonathon Taylor
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, The Bartlett School of Environment Energy and Resources, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WCIH ONN, UK.
| | - Isabella Myers
- Public Health England Toxicology Unit, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Clare Heaviside
- Environmental Change Department, Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, Public Health England, Chilton, Oxon OX11 0RQ, UK; Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK; Division of Environmental Health and Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Anna Mavrogianni
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, The Bartlett School of Environment Energy and Resources, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WCIH ONN, UK.
| | - Clive Shrubsole
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, The Bartlett School of Environment Energy and Resources, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WCIH ONN, UK.
| | - Zaid Chalabi
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK.
| | - Michael Davies
- UCL Institute for Environmental Design and Engineering, The Bartlett School of Environment Energy and Resources, University College London, 14 Upper Woburn Place, London WCIH ONN, UK.
| | - Paul Wilkinson
- Department of Social and Environmental Health Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, 15-17 Tavistock Place, London WC1H 9SH, UK.
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Lorenz W, Buhrmann C, Mobasheri A, Lueders C, Shakibaei M. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides form procollagen-endotoxin complexes that trigger cartilage inflammation and degeneration: implications for the development of rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2014; 15:R111. [PMID: 24020912 PMCID: PMC3978890 DOI: 10.1186/ar4291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We have previously reported that bacterial toxins, especially endotoxins such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), might be important causative agents in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in an in vitro model that simulates the potential effects of residing in damp buildings. Since numerous inflammatory processes are linked with the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), we investigated in detail the effects of LPS on the NF-κB pathway and the postulated formation of procollagen-endotoxin complexes. Methods An in vitro model of human chondrocytes was used to investigate LPS-mediated inflammatory signaling. Results Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that LPS physically interact with collagen type II in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and anti-collagen type II significantly reduced this interaction. BMS-345541 (a specific inhibitor of IκB kinase (IKK)) or wortmannin (a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K)) inhibited the LPS-induced degradation of the ECM and apoptosis in chondrocytes. This effect was completely inhibited by combining BMS-345541 and wortmannin. Furthermore, BMS-345541 and/or wortmannin suppressed the LPS-induced upregulation of catabolic enzymes that mediate ECM degradation (matrix metalloproteinases-9, -13), cyclooxygenase-2 and apoptosis (activated caspase-3). These proteins are regulated by NF-κB, suggesting that the NF-κB and PI-3K pathways are involved in LPS-induced cartilage degradation. The induction of NF-κB correlated with activation of IκBα kinase, IκBα phosphorylation, IκBα degradation, p65 phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation. Further upstream, LPS induced the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and bound with TLR4, indicating that LPS acts through TLR4. Conclusion These results suggest that molecular associations between LPS/TLR4/collagen type II in chondrocytes upregulate the NF-κB and PI-3K signaling pathways and activate proinflammatory activity.
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Johanning E, Auger P, Morey PR, Yang CS, Olmsted E. Review of health hazards and prevention measures for response and recovery workers and volunteers after natural disasters, flooding, and water damage: mold and dampness. Environ Health Prev Med 2013; 19:93-9. [PMID: 24254802 DOI: 10.1007/s12199-013-0368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Health problems and illnesses encountered by unprotected workers, first-responders, home-owners, and volunteers in recovery and restoration of moldy indoor environments after hurricanes, typhoons, tropical storms, and flooding damage are a growing concern for healthcare providers and disaster medicine throughout the world. Damp building materials, particularly cellulose-containing substrates, are prone to fungal (mold) and bacterial infestation. During remediation and demolition work, the airborne concentrations of such microbes and their by-products can rise significantly and result in an exposure risk. Symptoms reported by unprotected workers and volunteers may relate to reactions of the airways, skin, mucous membranes, or internal organs. Dampness-related fungi are primarily associated with allergies, respiratory symptoms or diseases such as dermatitis, rhinosinusitis, bronchitis, and asthma, as well as changes of the immunological system. Also, cognitive, endocrine, or rheumatological changes have been reported. Based on the consensus among experts at a recent scientific conference and a literature review, it is generally recommended to avoid and minimize unnecessary fungal exposure and use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) in disaster response and recovery work. Mycologists recommend addressing any moisture or water intrusion rapidly, since significant mold growth can occur within 48 h. Systematic source removal, cleaning with "soap and water," and "bulk removal" followed by high-efficiency particulate air vacuuming is recommended in most cases; use of "biocides" should be avoided in occupied areas. Public health agencies recommend use of adequate respiratory, skin, and eye protection. Workers can be protected against these diseases by use of dust control measures and appropriate personal protective equipment. At a minimum, a facial dust mask such as the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)-approved N95 respirator should be used for mold remediation jobs. For any large-scale projects, trained remediation workers who have medical clearance and use proper personal protection (PPE) should be employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eckardt Johanning
- Fungal Research Group Foundation (FRG-F), Inc., 4 Executive Park Drive, Albany, NY, 12203, USA,
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Campo GM, Avenoso A, Campo S, D'Ascola A, Traina P, Rugolo CA, Calatroni A. Differential effect of molecular mass hyaluronan on lipopolysaccharide-induced damage in chondrocytes. Innate Immun 2010; 16:48-63. [PMID: 19710088 DOI: 10.1177/1753425909340419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyaluronan is a biological polysaccharide that may exist in different degrees of polymerization. Several investigations reported that low molecular mass hyaluronan may have pro-inflammatory activity, while high molecular mass hyaluronan can exert beneficial effects. Starting from these data, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of hyaluronan of different molecular mass in mouse articular chondrocyte cultures stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Inflammation was induced in chondrocytes by acute treatment with 2.0 microg/ml LPS. High levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-gamma and iNOS gene expression and their related proteins were found in chondrocytes 24 h after treatment with LPS. High concentrations of NO, NF-kappaB activation, IkappaBalpha phosphorylation and apoptosis, evaluated by the increase in caspase-3 expression and its related protein amount were also produced by LPS stimulation. In contrast, LPS reduced aggrecan and collagen type II (Col2A) expression and their protein production. The treatment of chondrocytes with hyaluronan of different molecular mass produced the following effects: (i) low molecular mass hyaluronan exerted a slight inflammatory effect in untreated chondrocytes, while in LPS-treated chondrocytes it enhanced cytokine production and decreased aggrecan and Col2A compared with cells treated with LPS alone; (ii) no effect was exerted on LPS-induced apoptosis and NO production; (iii) medium molecular mass hyaluronan did not exert any inflammatory/anti-inflammatory activity in LPS-untreated/treated cells and failed to reduce apoptosis; and (iv) high molecular mass hyaluronan had no inflammatory effect in LPS-untreated cells while it was able to reduce all the detrimental effects stimulated by LPS treatment. These data confirm the multifactorial role played by hyaluronan and suggest, in particular, that hyaluronan may modulate inflammation during pathologies by its different degrees of polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe M Campo
- Department of Biochemical, Physiological and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Medical Chemistry School of Medicine University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, Messina, Italy.
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