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Munguía-Realpozo P, Mendoza-Pinto C, García-Carrasco M, Escarcega RO, Berra-Romani R, Etchegaray-Morales I, Pérez-Aquino L, Ramírez-Hernández A, Méndez-Martínez S, Cervera R. Higher body mass index and disease duration are associated with increased risk of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in women with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2022; 31:1639-1648. [PMID: 36123774 DOI: 10.1177/09612033221128433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have an increased cardiovascular (CV) risk. Insulin resistance (IR), which is higher in patients with SLE, adversely impacts left ventricular (LV) remodeling and function. The aims were to determine LV dysfunction and evaluate the influence of potential risk factors on subclinical LV dysfunction in women with SLE, including IR. METHODS This cross-sectional study included adult women with SLE without diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension or severe obesity. Diastolic dysfunction (DD) was verified according to current guidelines. Insulin resistance was estimated using the Quantose score. RESULTS We included 77 women. The frequency of IR was 65%. All participants had a normal ejection fraction (EF), and 11 (15.7%) had abnormal LV global longitudinal strain (GLS). Twenty-three (32.8%) had DD. The GLS% and global circumferential strain (GCS)% did not differ in patients with and without IR (-20.8 ± 3.1 vs -20.5 ± 2.1; p = 0.61 and -27.9 ± 4.4 vs -27.4 ± 3.7; p = 0.57, respectively). The prevalence of DD was 38.1% in patients with IR versus 25% in those without (p = 0.30). E/e' and E/A ratios did not differ between groups (6.6 ± 1.9 vs 6.6 ± 1.5; p = 0.98 and 1.3 ± 0.3 vs 1.3 ± 0.2; p = 0.27). Higher BMI (OR: 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.5) and disease duration (OR: 1.2, 95% CI 1.1-1.4) were associated with DD. CONCLUSIONS Patients with overweight/obesity may be at higher risk of LV dysfunction. Although IR was high in our patients with SLE was not associated with systolic dysfunction or DD. Body mass index and disease duration were associated with an increased risk of DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Munguía-Realpozo
- Rheumatology Department, Medicine School, 37767Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.,Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit-CIBIOR, Specialities Hospital, CMN, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Claudia Mendoza-Pinto
- Rheumatology Department, Medicine School, 37767Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.,Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit-CIBIOR, Specialities Hospital, CMN, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Mario García-Carrasco
- Rheumatology Department, Medicine School, 37767Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico.,Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit-CIBIOR, Specialities Hospital, CMN, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | - Roberto Berra-Romani
- Department of Biomedicine, Medicine School, 3972Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Ivet Etchegaray-Morales
- Rheumatology Department, Medicine School, 37767Meritorious Autonomous University of Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Liliana Pérez-Aquino
- Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Research Unit-CIBIOR, Specialities Hospital, CMN, Mexican Social Security Institute, Puebla, Mexico
| | | | | | - Ricard Cervera
- Department of Autoimmune Disease, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
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Rezaieyazdi Z, Sedighi S, Salari M, Fard MH, Azarpazhooh MR, Tabrizi PS, Afshari JT, Saghafi M. Investigation of the Association Between Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness (IMT) and Cardiac Risk Factors in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2019; 16:125-133. [PMID: 31845633 DOI: 10.2174/1573397116666191217122030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between SLE and traditional risk factors for cardiovascular events was evaluated. METHODS The data regarding sixty patients with SLE and 30 healthy controls (age and sex matched) were gathered using SLEDAI forms. Venous blood (10mL) from all the participants was examined for hs-CRP, homocysteine, VCAM1, CBC, anti-DNA antibody, C3, C4, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol, FBS and triglyceride. The IMT of carotid arteries was determined bilaterally by ultrasound. Other measurements included insulin levels via Elisa (Linco/Millipore Corp) and the HOMA-IR index for insulin resistance. RESULTS The mean age (in years) in the test and control groups was 28.8±10.3 (18-52) and 33.8±9.13 (18-48), respectively. The average IMT in the test group was directly related to serum levels of VCAM1 (p<0.001), homocysteine (p<0.001), cholesterol (p<0.009), LDL (p<0.001), TG (p<0.001), and FPG (p=0.004). The association between other risk factors, insulin resistance, carotid IMT and SLEDAI, was nonexistent. Mean insulin and insulin resistance levels in all the participants were 0.43±2.06 µU/mL and 0.09±0.44, respectively. There was no significant difference between the test and control groups regarding serum insulin and insulin resistance levels (p=0.42 and p=0.9, respectively). None of the risk factors, such as hsCRP, VCAM1, or homocysteine, were shown to be related to insulin resistance (p=0.6, p=0.6, p=0.09, respectively). CONCLUSION Our findings did not show an increase in the prevalence of atherosclerosis in patients with SLE. There was no association between IMT and insulin resistance. However, the former was associated with FPG, total cholesterol, LDL, TG, homocystein and VCAM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Rezaieyazdi
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sima Sedighi
- Bones, Joints and Connective tissue Research Centre (JBCRC), Golesatan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Salari
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza H Fard
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud R Azarpazhooh
- Department of Neurology, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Peyman S Tabrizi
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Jalil T Afshari
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Masoud Saghafi
- Rheumatic Diseases Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Stewart S, Brenton-Rule A, Dalbeth N, Aiyer A, Frampton C, Rome K. Foot and ankle characteristics in systemic lupus erythematosus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2018; 48:847-859. [PMID: 30093237 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine characteristics of the foot and ankle in people with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS Medline, CINAHL, Sports-Discus, Scopus and Cochrane Library databases were searched up to January 2018. Studies reporting foot- and ankle-related outcomes in the following domains were included: vascular, neurological, musculoskeletal, cutaneous (skin and nail) or pain/function. The Quality Index tool was used to assess methodological quality. Where appropriate, odds ratio (OR) and mean difference meta-analyses were conducted for case-control studies; and pooled mean prevalence meta-analyses for studies assessing characteristics in SLE. RESULTS Forty-nine studies were included with mean (range) quality scores of 75% (38-100%). Twenty-three studies assessed vascular characteristics, followed by musculoskeletal (n = 16), neurological (n = 11), cutaneous (n = 5) and pain/function (n = 4). Foot and ankle characteristics in people with SLE included impaired vascular supply, abnormal nerve function, musculoskeletal pathology, skin and nail pathology, and pain and functional disability. Twenty-four studies were included in meta-analyses. Pooled OR for abnormal ankle brachial index was 3.08 for SLE compared with controls. Pooled mean difference in brachial-ankle pulse-wave velocity between SLE and controls was significant (161.39 cm/s, P = 0.004). Pooled prevalence was 0.54 for intermittent claudication, 0.50 for Raynaud's phenomenon, 0.28 for chilblains, 0.00 for gangrene, 0.30 for hallux valgus, 0.15 for onychomycosis, 0.76 for history of foot pain, and 0.36 for current foot pain. CONCLUSION People with SLE experience a wide range of foot and ankle manifestations. Published research highlights the impact of peripheral arterial disease, peripheral neuropathy, musculoskeletal deformity, skin and nail pathology and patient-reported foot pain and disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Stewart
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Angela Brenton-Rule
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Nicola Dalbeth
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand; Department of Rheumatology, Auckland District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Ashok Aiyer
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Christopher Frampton
- Biostatistics Department, University of Otago, PO Box 7343, Wellington South, New Zealand
| | - Keith Rome
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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4
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Impact of Diabetes Mellitus on the Risk of End-Stage Renal Disease in Patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6008. [PMID: 29662119 PMCID: PMC5902607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24529-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients are associated with insulin resistance and are at higher risk to develop diabetes mellitus (DM). SLE and DM could lead to renal failure respectively. However, it is unknown whether DM increases the risk of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in SLE patients. This study aimed to evaluate potential synergistic effect of DM on SLE patients for development of ESRD. We conducted this study by using National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan. We recruited SLE patients with newly-diagnosed DM as the study cohort. A comparison cohort at a 1:1 ratio of SLE patients without DM matched by age, sex, age at the diagnosis of SLE, duration between diagnosis of SLE and DM, and various comorbidities through propensity score matching were recruited. After 5.01 ± 3.13 years follow-up, the incidence of ESRD was significantly higher in the DM group than in the non-DM group (Incidence rate ratio: 2.71; 95% CI: 1.70-4.32). After control of confounding factors, DM was not an independent risk factor of ESRD. After starting dialysis, DM patients had a similar mortality rate to those without DM. In summary, SLE patients superimposed with subsequent DM are associated with potentially higher risk to develop ESRD.
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Miyake CNH, Gualano B, Dantas WS, Pereira RT, Neves W, Zambelli VO, Shinjo SK, Pereira RM, Silva ER, Sá-Pinto AL, Borba E, Roschel H, Bonfá E, Benatti FB. Increased Insulin Resistance and Glucagon Levels in Mild/Inactive Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients Despite Normal Glucose Tolerance. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2017; 70:114-124. [DOI: 10.1002/acr.23237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease confers significant morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and cannot be fully explained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Recent immunologic discoveries have outlined putative pathways in SLE that may also accelerate the development of atherosclerosis. RECENT FINDINGS Aberrant innate and adaptive immune responses implicated in lupus pathogenesis may also contribute to the development of accelerated atherosclerosis in these patients. Defective apoptosis, abnormal lipoprotein function, autoantibodies, aberrant neutrophil responses, and a dysregulated type I interferon pathway likely contribute to endothelial dysfunction. SLE macrophages have an inflammatory phenotype that may drive progression of plaque. SUMMARY Recent discoveries have placed increased emphasis on the immunology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Understanding the factors that drive the increased risk for cardiovascular disease in SLE patients may provide selective therapeutic targets for reducing inflammation and improving outcomes in atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B. Lewandowski
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mariana J. Kaplan
- Systemic Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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7
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Why are kids with lupus at an increased risk of cardiovascular disease? Pediatr Nephrol 2016; 31:861-83. [PMID: 26399239 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-015-3202-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an aggressive multisystem autoimmune disease. Despite improvements in outcomes for adult patients, children with SLE continue to have a lower life expectancy than adults with SLE, with more aggressive disease, a higher incidence of lupus nephritis and there is an emerging awareness of their increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this review, we discuss the evidence for an increased risk of CVD in SLE, its pathogenesis, and the clinical approach to its management.
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Eight-year outcomes of a program for early prevention of cardiovascular events: a growth-curve analysis. J Cardiovasc Nurs 2016; 30:281-91. [PMID: 24717191 DOI: 10.1097/jcn.0000000000000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early identification of cardiovascular diseases allows us to prevent the progression of these diseases. The Bale/Doneen Method, a prevention and treatment program for heart attacks and ischemic strokes, has been adopted nationally in primary care and specialty clinics. OBJECTIVES The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the Bale/Doneen Method on lipoproteins and carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) for cardiovascular disease prevention and reduction. A secondary purpose was to illustrate the use of latent growth-curve analysis in studying trajectories of clinical outcomes and biomarkers in individual patients over time. METHOD This retrospective analysis is based on 576 patients at a nurse-managed ambulatory clinic who received the heart attack prevention and treatment program from 2000 to 2008. All patients were white; 61% were men; mean age was 55.5 years. Outcome measures include hemoglobin A1c, fasting blood sugar, plaque burden score (PBS), high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), mean carotid artery IMT, and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 test results. Latent growth-curve analysis was used in modeling changes in these outcome measures. RESULTS On average, mean IMT score decreased by 0.01 per year (P < .001), PBS decreased by 0.17 per year (P < .001), LDL decreased by 5.19 per year (P < .001), and lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 decreased by 3.6 per year (P < .05). Hemoglobin A1c increased by 0.04 per year (P < .001). Significant sex and age differences in the initial level and/or rate of change of mean IMT, PBS, fasting blood sugar, high-density lipoprotein, and LDL scores were found. DISCUSSION The current findings suggest that the Bale/Doneen Method is effective in generating a positive effect on the atherosclerotic disease process by achieving regression of disease in the carotid arteries.
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Metabolic syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus from South India. INDIAN JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.injr.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a recently defined clustering of cardiovascular risk factors associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk of future type II diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients have an increased prevalence of MetS and an increased prevalence of insulin resistance. Chronic inflammation may predispose to these complications in SLE and there is also evidence that corticosteroid therapy also contributes, although this finding has not been as consistent as would be predicted from the known metabolic effects of corticosteroids. MetS may represent a good model in which to begin to understand how SLE drives an increased risk of CVD. For now, the utility of identifying MetS in patients is to identify a subset in which more focused lifestyle interventions should be targeted and in whom medication review and adjustment (especially corticosteroid doses) should be considered to help modify future CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Parker
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, UK
| | - IN Bruce
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Inflammation and Repair, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of Manchester, UK
- NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, and Kellgren Centre for Rheumatology, Central Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, UK
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Gabriel CL, Smith PB, Mendez-Fernandez YV, Wilhelm AJ, Ye AM, Major AS. Autoimmune-mediated glucose intolerance in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1313-24. [PMID: 23032686 PMCID: PMC3774080 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00665.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies against self-antigens such as double-stranded DNA and phospholipids. Classical comorbidities of SLE include glomerulonephritis, infection, cardiovascular disease, arthritis, skin disorders, and neurological disease. In addition to these classical comorbidities, there is emerging evidence that SLE patients are at higher risk of developing insulin resistance and other components of the metabolic syndrome. Visceral adipose tissue inflammation is a central mediator of insulin resistance in the obese setting, but the mechanism behind the pathogenesis of metabolic disease in the SLE patient population is unclear. We hypothesize that lupus-associated changes in the adaptive immune system are associated with disruption in glucose homeostasis in the context of SLE. To test this hypothesis, we assessed the metabolic and immunological phenotype of SLE-prone B6.SLE mice. B6.SLE mice fed a low-fat diet had significantly worsened glucose tolerance, increased adipose tissue insulin resistance, increased β-cell insulin secretion, and increased adipocyte size compared with their respective B6 controls. Independently of diet, B cells isolated from the white adipose tissue of B6.SLE mice were skewed toward IgG production, and the level of IgG1 was elevated in the serum of SLE-prone mice. These data show that B6.SLE mice develop defects in glucose homeostasis even when fed a low-fat diet and suggest that B cells may play a role in this metabolic dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis L Gabriel
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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12
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Juárez-Rojas JG, Medina-Urrutia AX, Jorge-Galarza E, Caracas-Portilla NA, Posadas-Sánchez R, Cardoso-Saldaña GC, Goycochea-Robles MV, Silveira LH, Lino-Pérez L, Mas-Oliva J, Pérez-Méndez O, Posadas-Romero C. Pioglitazone improves the cardiovascular profile in patients with uncomplicated systemic lupus erythematosus: a double-blind randomized clinical trial. Lupus 2011; 21:27-35. [PMID: 21993383 DOI: 10.1177/0961203311422096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the effect of pioglitazone on insulin levels, inflammation markers, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) composition and subclasses distribution, in young women with uncomplicated systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). METHODS This double-blind trial included 30 premenopausal women (30 ±8 years old) with SLE, who were randomized to pioglitazone (30 mg/day) or placebo treatment for 3 months. Plasma and HDL lipids were determined by colorimetric enzymatic assays, insulin by radioimmunometric assay, inflammation by immunonephelometry and HDL size and subclasses distribution by a native 4-30% polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis. RESULTS Compared with placebo, pioglitazone significantly increased HDL-cholesterol plasma levels (14.2%), reduced fasting insulin plasma levels (23.6%) and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (31.7%). C-reactive protein (70.9%) and serum amyloid A (34.9%) were also significantly reduced with the pioglitazone use, whereas the HDL particle size was increased (8.80 nm vs. 8.95 nm; p = 0.044) by changes in the distribution of HDL(2b), HDL(3b), and HDL(3c) subclasses. The change in HDL size correlated with a rise in free and cholesterol-ester content in the HDL particles. CONCLUSION Pioglitazone significantly enhanced insulin sensitivity, reduced inflammation, and modified HDL characteristics, suggesting a potential beneficial effect of this drug in patients with SLE with a risk to develop cardiovascular disease. TRIAL REGISTRATION This trial is registered at ClinicalTrials.gov Protocol Registration System, with the number NCT01322308.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G Juárez-Rojas
- Endocrinology Department, National Institute of Cardiology "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico
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Parker B, Ahmad Y, Shelmerdine J, Edlin H, Yates AP, Teh LS, Bruce IN. An analysis of the metabolic syndrome phenotype in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2011; 20:1459-65. [PMID: 21893561 DOI: 10.1177/0961203311416695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) not fully explained by classic risk factors. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with an increased risk of CHD in the general population and whilst its prevalence is increased in SLE, its phenotypic expression may differ. We studied 200 women with SLE and 100 controls and compared the prevalence of MetS and its individual components. We examined whether any SLE features were associated with MetS and whether MetS in SLE patients was associated with carotid plaque. Patients with SLE were more likely to meet the MetS criteria (age-adjusted OR 2.1 (1.1-3.8)). However, this was not due to increased central obesity (median waist circumference 84 cm vs. 82 cm, p = 0.65) but rather increased prevalence of hypertension (p <0.01) and low HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.01). In a multivariable analysis, age, disease duration, low complement C3 and corticosteroid use ever, were associated with the presence of MetS in SLE. Overall MetS was not associated with the presence of carotid plaque in either SLE or controls. We have shown that MetS is more prevalent in SLE, but the lupus-MetS phenotype reflects risk factor changes driven by disease activity and steroid exposure, rather than obesity. Reliance on clinical measures of central obesity to consider MetS in SLE is not reliable and continued attention to individual CHD risk factors is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Parker
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, UK
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Skamra C, Ramsey-Goldman R. Management of cardiovascular complications in systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 5:75-100. [PMID: 20305727 DOI: 10.2217/ijr.09.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Patients with SLE have an excess risk compared with the general population; this is particularly pronounced in younger women with SLE who have an excess risk of over 50-fold compared with population controls. There is a higher prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with SLE compared with controls, as demonstrated by a variety of imaging modalities discussed in this review. The causality of the excess risk of CVD and subclinical atherosclerosis is multifactorial in patients with SLE. While traditional risk factors play a role, after controlling for the traditional Framingham risk factors, the excess risk is still 7.5-fold greater than the general population. This review will also cover novel cardiovascular risk factors and some SLE-specific variables that contribute to CVD risk. This review discusses the risk factor modification and the evidence available for treatment of these risk factors in SLE. There have not yet been any published randomized, controlled trials in patients with SLE with respect to CVD risk factor modifications. Thus, the treatment and management recommendations are based largely on published guidelines for other populations at high risk for CVD.
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Parker B, Bruce IN. The Metabolic Syndrome in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2010; 36:81-97, viii. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rdc.2009.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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