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Curran AM, Naik P, Giles JT, Darrah E. PAD enzymes in rheumatoid arthritis: pathogenic effectors and autoimmune targets. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:301-315. [PMID: 32341463 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-0409-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) have an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) owing to their ability to generate citrullinated proteins - the hallmark autoantigens of RA. Of the five PAD enzyme isoforms, PAD2 and PAD4 are the most strongly implicated in RA at both genetic and cellular levels, and PAD inhibitors have shown therapeutic efficacy in mouse models of inflammatory arthritis. PAD2 and PAD4 are additionally targeted by autoantibodies in distinct clinical subsets of patients with RA, suggesting anti-PAD antibodies as possible biomarkers for RA diagnosis and prognosis. This Review weighs the evidence that supports a pathogenic role for PAD enzymes in RA as both promoters and targets of the autoimmune response, as well as discussing the mechanistic and therapeutic implications of these findings in the wider context of RA pathogenesis. Understanding the origin and consequences of dysregulated PAD enzyme activity and immune responses against PAD enzymes will be important to fully comprehend the pathogenic mechanisms involved in this disease and for the development of novel strategies to treat and prevent RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Curran
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pooja Naik
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jon T Giles
- Division of Rheumatology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Ibáñez-Cabellos JS, Seco-Cervera M, Osca-Verdegal R, Pallardó FV, García-Giménez JL. Epigenetic Regulation in the Pathogenesis of Sjögren Syndrome and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Genet 2019; 10:1104. [PMID: 31798626 PMCID: PMC6863924 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune rheumatic diseases, such as Sjögren syndrome (SS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), are characterized by chronic inflammation and autoimmunity, which cause joint tissue damage and destruction by triggering reduced mobility and debilitation in patients with these diseases. Initiation and maintenance of chronic inflammatory stages account for several mechanisms that involve immune cells as key players and the interaction of the immune cells with other tissues. Indeed, the overlapping of certain clinical and serologic manifestations between SS and RA may indicate that numerous immunologic-related mechanisms are involved in the physiopathology of both these diseases. It is widely accepted that epigenetic pathways play an essential role in the development and function of the immune system. Although many published studies have attempted to elucidate the relation between epigenetic modifications (e.g. DNA methylation, histone post-translational modifications, miRNAs) and autoimmune disorders, the contribution of epigenetic regulation to the pathogenesis of SS and RA is at present poorly understood. This review attempts to shed light from a critical point of view on the identification of the most relevant epigenetic mechanisms related to RA and SS by explaining intricate regulatory processes and phenotypic features of both autoimmune diseases. Moreover, we point out some epigenetic markers which can be used to monitor the inflammation status and the dysregulated immunity in SS and RA. Finally, we discuss the inconvenience of using epigenetic data obtained from bulk immune cell populations instead specific immune cell subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Santiago Ibáñez-Cabellos
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Mixed Unit for rare diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Seco-Cervera
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Mixed Unit for rare diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Osca-Verdegal
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Mixed Unit for rare diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Institute of Health Carlos III, Valencia, Spain.,INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Mixed Unit for rare diseases INCLIVA-CIPF, Valencia, Spain.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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3
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Fan T, Zhang C, Zong M, Fan L. Hypoxia‑induced autophagy is inhibited by PADI4 knockdown, which promotes apoptosis of fibroblast‑like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:5116-5124. [PMID: 29393388 PMCID: PMC5865976 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired apoptosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) is pivotal in the process of RA. Peptidyl arginine deiminase type IV (PADI4) is associated with autoantibody regulation via histone citrullination in RA. The present study aimed to investigate the role of PADI4 in the apoptosis of RA-FLS. FLS were isolated from patients with RA and a rat model. The effects of PADI4 on RA-FLS were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Hypoxia-induced autophagy was induced by 1% O2 and was detected by immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence analysis; in addition, apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry. RA-FLS obtained from RA rat model exhibited significant proliferation under severe hypoxia conditions. Hypoxia also significantly induced autophagy and elevated the expression of PADI4. Subsequently, short hairpin RNA-mediated PADI4 knockdown was demonstrated to significantly inhibit hypoxia-induced autophagy and promote apoptosis in RA-FLS. The results of these in vitro and in vivo studies suggested that PADI4 may be closely associated with hypoxia-induced autophagy, and the inhibition of hypoxia-induced autophagy by PADI4 knockdown may contribute to an increase in the apoptosis of RA-FLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Changsong Zhang
- Clinical Oncology Laboratories, Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Medical College of Soochow University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213032, P.R. China
| | - Ming Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Lieying Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University Medical School, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
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Jung H, Jung SM, Rim YA, Park N, Nam Y, Lee J, Park SH, Ju JH. Arthritic role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in collagen-induced arthritis mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0188698. [PMID: 29190705 PMCID: PMC5708830 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies show an association between rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and periodontal disease. Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.gingivalis) is a well-known pathogen in periodontitis. This study investigated the pathogenic effects of P.gingivalis on autoimmune arthritis in vivo. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice were intraperitoneally injected with W83 and 2561 strains of P.gingivalis. Infection with P.gingivalis exacerbated arthritis score in CIA mice. Synovial inflammation and bone destruction in CIA mice infected with P.gingivalis were more severe than in uninfected CIA mice. Both W83 and 2561 strains were more pro-arthritic after arthritis symptom was fully activated. Interestingly, only W83 strain was arthritogenic before autoimmune reaction initiated. Citrullination was detected in synovial tissue of CIA mice and CIA mice inoculated with P.gingivalis, but not in normal control mice. The citrullinated area was greater in P.gingivalis-infected CIA mice than in non-infected CIA mice. This study showed that P.gingivalis exacerbated disease in a mouse model of autoimmune arthritis and increased the expression of citrullinated antigens in the synovium. The arthritogenic effects of P.gingivalis were at least in part, dependent upon the bacterial strain with or without fimbriae expression, route and time of infection. P.gingivalis-mediated citrullination may explain the possible link between periodontal disease and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerin Jung
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Jung
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeri Alice Rim
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Narae Park
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoojun Nam
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jennifer Lee
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- Catholic iPSC Research Center, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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5
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Yang R, Zhang Y, Wang L, Hu J, Wen J, Xue L, Tang M, Liu Z, Fu J. Increased autophagy in fibroblast-like synoviocytes leads to immune enhancement potential in rheumatoid arthritis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:15420-15430. [PMID: 28053286 PMCID: PMC5362496 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) has been reported to be correlated with a disorder of immunregulation. Rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLSs) play an important role in regulating the local immune microenvironment. However, the potential mechanism of RA-FLS in regulating the immnue response is not clearly understood. In this study, we demonstrated that the expression of HIF-1α was significantly up-regulated in rheumatoid arthritis tissue which indicated that the hypoxia condition in the microenvironment. We also observed that RA-FLSs demonstrated the potential to up-regulate immune activation. Meanwhile, the level of autophagy increased in RA-FLSs compared with control group. Besides that, the expression of IL-6 was up-regulated not only in RA-FLSs but also in the fibroblasts that treated with hypoxia condition. Accordingly, we found that autophagy inhibitiors could effectively inhibit the immune activation function of RA-FLSs medicated by IL-6. Taken together, the results we demonstrated above indicated that the hypoxia microenvironment could effectively induce the incidence of autophagy and then lead to the immune activation function of RA-FLSs medicated by IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yingzi Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital to Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ji Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Wen
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Leixi Xue
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mei Tang
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhichun Liu
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinxiang Fu
- Department of Hematology, The Second Affiliated Hospital to Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
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Fan L, Zong M, Gong R, He D, Li N, Sun LS, Ye Q, Yu S. PADI4 Epigenetically Suppresses p21 Transcription and Inhibits Cell Apoptosis in Fibroblast-like Synoviocytes from Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients. Int J Biol Sci 2017; 13:358-366. [PMID: 28367100 PMCID: PMC5370443 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.16879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synovial lining hyperplasia, which involves abnormal growth of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). This study aimed to investigate the function and molecular mechanism of peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4) in FLSs isolated from RA patients (RA-FLSs). FLSs were isolated from RA patients and transfected with small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) or PADI4 overexpression plasmid. FLSs were treated by Adriamycin (ADR) to induce apoptosis, and apoptotic cells were detected by flow cytometry. The expression of PADI4, p53 and p21 was detected by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis. The recruitment of PADI4 and histone H3 arginine modifications to p21 promoter was measured by chromatin immunoprecipitation. The results showed that knockdown of PADI4 promoted the apoptosis of RA-FLSs and the expression of p53 and p21. Ectopic expression of PADI4 inhibited ADR-induced apoptosis of RA-FLSs, and down-regulated the expression of p53 and p21. In RA-FLSs, global H3 citrullination (CitH3) and H3 arginine 17 methylation levels were dynamically changed by PADI4 and ADR treatment. PADI4 and H3 could bind p21 promoter region to regulate p21 expression. In conclusion, PADI4 contributes to the pathogenesis of RA by protecting FLSs from apoptosis. PADI4 suppresses p21 transcription through altering histone H3 arginine modifications on p21 promoter region. Our study provides new insight into the anti-apoptotic role of PADI4 in RA development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieying Fan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tong Ji University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Ming Zong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tong Ji University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Ruhan Gong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tong Ji University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Dongyi He
- Department of Rheumatology, Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, 540 Xin Hua Road, Shanghai 200052, PR China
| | - Niu Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tong Ji University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Li Shan Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tong Ji University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Qin Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tong Ji University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
| | - Shanshan Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai East Hospital, School of Medicine, Tong Ji University, 150 Ji Mo Road, Shanghai 200120, PR China
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Xin J, Song X. Role of peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 in gastric cancer. Exp Ther Med 2016; 12:3155-3160. [PMID: 27882131 PMCID: PMC5103760 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2016.3798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PADI4) post-translationally converts peptidylarginine to citrulline, appearing to be overexpressed in numerous carcinomas. The current study aimed to investigate the expression of PADI4 in gastric cancer tissues and its effect on the biological activities of SGC-7901 and AGS tumor cell lines. The expression of PADI4 was determined in gastric cancer and normal gastric mucosa tissues using western blot analysis and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Gastric cancer cell lines were divided into the following groups: Mock group (subjected to transfection reagent); negative group [subjected to small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfection]; PADI4 siRNA group (subjected to PADI4 siRNA transfection); 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) group (subjected to 5-Fu); and 5-Fu + siRNA transfection group (subjected to 5-Fu and PADI4 siRNA transfection). The effects of silencing PADI4 with the above measures on the proliferation and invasion of SGC-7901 and AGS cells were determined by MTT and Transwell chamber assays. In addition, propidium iodide staining was performed to detect the effects of PADI4 on the cell cycle. A significant increase in the expression of PADI4 mRNA in gastric cancer tissue compared with normal mucosa tissue was identified (P<0.05). The proliferation and invasion of SGC-7901 and AGS cells were significantly decreased in the PADI4 siRNA group. Furthermore, flow cytometry DNA analysis revealed that silencing PADI4 resulted in significant S phase arrest and marked decrease of cells in the G2/M phase. PADI4 siRNA coupled with 5-Fu significantly enhanced its inhibitory effect on the proliferation of gastric cancer cells. In conclusion, PADI4 demonstrated high expression in gastric cancer and served an important role in the biological activities of gastric cancer cells involving cell proliferation, invasion and cell cycle. As a result, PADI4 may be a valid cancer susceptibility gene and potential target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Xin
- Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China; Department of General Surgery, The Third People's Hospital of Qingdao, Qingdao, Shandong 266004, P.R. China
| | - Xiuqi Song
- Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China; Department of General Surgery, Qingdao Central Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong 266402, P.R. China
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Genetic markers as therapeutic target in rheumatoid arthritis: A game changer in clinical therapy? Rheumatol Int 2016; 36:1601-1607. [PMID: 27638722 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-016-3563-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, inflammatory, multi-systemic autoimmune disease unremitted by genetic and environmental factors. The factors are crucial but inadequate in the development of disease; however, these factors can be representative of potential therapeutic targets and response to clinical therapy. Insights into the contribution of genetic risk factors are currently in progress with studies querying the genetic variation, their role in gene expression of coding and non-coding genes and other mechanisms of disease. In this review, we describe the significance of genetic markers architecture of RA through genome-wide association studies and meta-analysis studies. Further, it also reveals the mechanism of disease pathogenesis investigated through the mutual findings of functional and genetic studies of individual RA-associated genes, which includes HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQB1, HLA-DPB1, PADI4, PTPN22, TRAF1-C5, STAT4 and C5orf30. However, the genetic background of RA remains to be clearly depicted. Prospective efforts of the post-genomic and functional genomic period can travel toward real possible assessment of the genetic effect on RA. The discovery of novel genes associated with the disease can be appropriate in identifying potential biomarkers, which could assist in early diagnosis and aggressive treatment.
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Yang Y, Dai M. Expression of PADI4 in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and its role in mediating the effects of TNF-α on the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:565-70. [PMID: 26082376 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminase, type IV (PADI4) plays an important role in inflammation and in the immune response, and it has been shown to be associated with rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). However, little is known about the precise role of PADI4 in the pathogenic process in vitro. In this study, we aimed to investigate the expression of PADI4 in the synovial tissue of patients with AS and to determine the potential effects of PADI4 on human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSC) proliferation and osteogenic differentiation under normal and pathological conditions. Synovial tissues were collected from 18 patients with AS and 11 control subjects. The results of reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis revealed that the expression of PADI4 was upregulated in the patients with AS. In the hMSCs, the protein expression of PADI4 was increased following treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. MTT assay revealed that TNF-α promoted hMSC proliferation. In addition, we found that TNF-α promoted the osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs, as demonstrated by an increase in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, as well as an increase in the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and Osterix. The hMSCs were transfected with PADI4 siRNA to silence PADI4 expression. We found that, under normal conditions, the silencing of PADI4 did not have any effect on hMSC proliferation or osteogenic differentiation. However, in the presence of TNF-α, hMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation were induced. These effects were attenuated by the silencing of PADI4. In conclusion, the findings of this study demonstrate that the expression of PADI4 differs between patients with AS and normal subjects. In addition, our data suggest that PADI4 plays a role in hMSC proliferation and differentiation, which are induced by TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinyu Hospital of Nanchang University, Xinyu, Jiangxi 338025, P.R. China
| | - Min Dai
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nangchang, Jiangxi 330006, P.R. China
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Yang XK, Liu J, Liu J, Liang Y, Xu WD, Leng RX, Pan HF, Ye DQ. Associations Between PADI4 Gene Polymorphisms and Rheumatoid Arthritis: An Updated Meta-analysis. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:317-25. [PMID: 26043831 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Studies investigating the association between the peptidylarginine deiminase 4 (PADI4) gene polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) reported conflicting results. The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess the association between PADI4 gene polymorphisms and RA. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to estimate the strength of the association. RESULTS A total of 34 studies from 28 articles involving 19859 patients with RA and 25771 healthy controls were included. Significant association of PADI4-94G/A polymorphism and RA was observed (OR = 0.891, 95% CI = 0.833-0.954, p = 0.001) in the overall study population and in the Asian populations (OR = 0.824, 95% CI = 0.759-0.894, p = 0.000) respectively. For the -92C/G polymorphism, a significant association was observed (OR = 1.481, 95% CI = 1.166-1.882, p = 0.001) in Africans. For the -90C/T polymorphism, a significant association was observed (OR = 0.576, 95% CI = 0.381-0.872, p = 0.009) in the Latin American population. The pooled estimates for the other polymorphisms were not statistically significantly associated with RA (PADI4-104C/T, -89A/G, -96T/C). CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis demonstrates that PADI4-94G/A polymorphism is associated with susceptibility to RA in the overall population and in the Asian population. The PADI4 -92C/G polymorphism confers susceptibility to RA in Africans and the PADI4-90C/T polymorphism was associated with RA in the Latin American population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ke Yang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Juan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Yan Liang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Wang-Dong Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Rui-Xue Leng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Hai-Feng Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China
| | - Dong-Qing Ye
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, PR China.
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11
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Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Reyes-Castillo Z, Muñoz-Barrios S, Ruiz-Noa Y, Martínez-Bonilla GE, Parra-Rojas I, Palafox-Sánchez CA, Muñoz-Valle JF. Polymorphisms and functional haplotype in PADI4: further evidence for contribution on rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in a western Mexican population. Immunol Lett 2015; 163:214-20. [PMID: 25562673 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Peptidyl arginine deiminase IV (PADI4) enzyme catalyzes the citrullination of proteins, which are recognized by anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies (anti-CCP) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. Here, we determined the association between PADI4 gene polymorphisms and haplotypes with RA susceptibility and clinical characteristics in a western Mexican population. The relationship of PADI4 polymorphisms with anti-CCP and PADI4 mRNA expression was also evaluated. PADI4_89, PADI4_90 and PADI4_92 polymorphisms were individually associated with RA susceptibility. The GTG haplotype was significantly associated with: RA susceptibility; disease onset at ≤ 40 years and anti-CCP antibodies. PADI4 expression was three fold higher in RA patients carrying the susceptibility haplotype (GTG) than in non-susceptibility haplotype carriers (ACC). In conclusion, polymorphisms and functional haplotype (GTG) in PADI4 are associated with RA susceptibility as well as anti-CCP antibodies in a Mexican population. This supports the role of PADI4 early in RA pathogenesis by promoting the generation of citrullinated autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Paola Guzmán-Guzmán
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Zyanya Reyes-Castillo
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
| | - Salvador Muñoz-Barrios
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Yeniley Ruiz-Noa
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Isela Parra-Rojas
- Unidad Académica de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo, Guerrero, Mexico
| | - Claudia Azucena Palafox-Sánchez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Servicio de Reumatología, Hospital General de Occidente, Secretaría de Salud Jalisco, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Yoshida K, Korchynskyi O, Tak PP, Isozaki T, Ruth JH, Campbell PL, Baeten DL, Gerlag DM, Amin MA, Koch AE. Citrullination of Epithelial Neutrophil-Activating Peptide 78/CXCL5 Results in Conversion From a Non-Monocyte-Recruiting Chemokine to a Monocyte-Recruiting Chemokine. Arthritis Rheumatol 2014; 66:2716-27. [DOI: 10.1002/art.38750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul P. Tak
- University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alisa E. Koch
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, and University of Michigan; Ann Arbor
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Chang X, Xia Y, Pan J, Meng Q, Zhao Y, Yan X. PADI2 is significantly associated with rheumatoid arthritis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81259. [PMID: 24339914 PMCID: PMC3855321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Citrullination, a posttranslational modification of peptidyl arginine to citrulline, plays an essential role in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Citrullination is catalyzed by a group of peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs) including PADI 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6. Many studies have indicated that the gene encoding PADI4 is a factor in susceptibility to RA. Some studies have detected PADI2 expression in RA synovial tissues, suggesting that PADI2 also plays an important role in the disease. This study evaluated the possible association between the PADI2-encoding gene and RA. Seventeen tag SNPs across the PAD locus were genotyped using a custom-designed Illumina 96-SNP VeraCode microarray. Peripheral blood samples were collected from patients with RA (n = 267), ankylosing spondylitis (AS, n = 51) and healthy controls (n = 160). The results of genotyping were verified using Sequenom MassARRAY in an independent cohort of 307 patients with RA, 324 patients with AS and 509 healthy controls. A western blot analysis was performed using synovial tissue from patients with RA (n = 7), osteoarthritis (OA, n = 7) and AS (n = 5) to determine the levels of expression of PADI2. A microarray analysis revealed a significant association between three selected PADI2 SNPs (rs2235926, rs2057094, rs2076616) and the presence of RA. The increased susceptibility to RA associated with rs2235926 (OR = 1.706733, 95% CI = [1.576366–1.866587], p = 0.000839) and rs2057094 (OR = 1.360432, 95% CI = [1.065483–1.869482], p = 0.003291) was further confirmed by the Sequenom MassARRAY. No tag SNPs in the PADI2 locus showed a significant association with AS. Increased expression of PADI2 was detected in RA synovial tissues compared with samples from patients with OA and AS. PADI2 is significantly associated with RA and may be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
| | - Yifang Xia
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jihong Pan
- Research Center for Medicinal Biotechnology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Qingsong Meng
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Research Center for Medicinal Biotechnology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Xinfeng Yan
- Medical Research Center of Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, P. R. China
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14
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Moelants EA, Mortier A, Van Damme J, Proost P, Loos T. Peptidylarginine deiminases: physiological function, interaction with chemokines and role in pathology. DRUG DISCOVERY TODAY. TECHNOLOGIES 2013; 9:e227-314. [PMID: 24063741 DOI: 10.1016/j.ddtec.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Jang B, Shin SJ. Peptidylarginine Deiminase and Citrullination: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Inflammatory Diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2013.43.3.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Byungki Jang
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
There is considerable evidence suggesting that epigenetic mechanisms may mediate development of chronic inflammation by modulating the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, interleukins, tumor suppressor genes, oncogenes and autocrine and paracrine activation of the transcription factor NF-κB. These molecules are constitutively produced by a variety of cells under chronic inflammatory conditions, which in turn leads to the development of major diseases such as autoimmune disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Distinct or global changes in the epigenetic landscape are hallmarks of chronic inflammation driven diseases. Epigenetics include changes to distinct markers on the genome and associated cellular transcriptional machinery that are copied during cell division (mitosis and meiosis). These changes appear for a short span of time and they necessarily do not make permanent changes to the primary DNA sequence itself. However, the most frequently observed epigenetic changes include aberrant DNA methylation, and histone acetylation and deacetylation. In this chapter, we focus on pro-inflammatory molecules that are regulated by enzymes involved in epigenetic modifications such as arginine and lysine methyl transferases, DNA methyltransferase, histone acetyltransferases and histone deacetylases and their role in inflammation driven diseases. Agents that modulate or inhibit these epigenetic modifications, such as HAT or HDAC inhibitors have shown great potential in inhibiting the progression of these diseases. Given the plasticity of these epigenetic changes and their readiness to respond to intervention by small molecule inhibitors, there is a tremendous potential for the development of novel therapeutics that will serve as direct or adjuvant therapeutic compounds in the treatment of these diseases.
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Teo CY, Shave S, Chor ALT, Salleh AB, Rahman MBBA, Walkinshaw MD, Tejo BA. Discovery of a new class of inhibitors for the protein arginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4) by structure-based virtual screening. BMC Bioinformatics 2012; 13 Suppl 17:S4. [PMID: 23282142 PMCID: PMC3521205 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-13-s17-s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease with unknown etiology. Anticitrullinated protein autoantibody has been documented as a highly specific autoantibody associated with RA. Protein arginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4) is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the conversion of peptidylarginine into peptidylcitrulline. PAD4 is a new therapeutic target for RA treatment. In order to search for inhibitors of PAD4, structure-based virtual screening was performed using LIDAEUS (Ligand discovery at Edinburgh university). Potential inhibitors were screened experimentally by inhibition assays. RESULTS Twenty two of the top-ranked water-soluble compounds were selected for inhibitory screening against PAD4. Three compounds showed significant inhibition of PAD4 and their IC50 values were investigated. The structures of the three compounds show no resemblance with previously discovered PAD4 inhibitors, nor with existing drugs for RA treatment. CONCLUSION Three compounds were discovered as potential inhibitors of PAD4 by virtual screening. The compounds are commercially available and can be used as scaffolds to design more potent inhibitors against PAD4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chian Ying Teo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Malaysia
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Fan L, Wang Q, Liu R, Zong M, He D, Zhang H, Ding Y, Ma J. Citrullinated fibronectin inhibits apoptosis and promotes the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R266. [PMID: 23217276 PMCID: PMC3674622 DOI: 10.1186/ar4112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by synovial lining hyperplasia, in which there may be an imbalance between the growth and death of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLSs). Antibodies against citrullinated proteins are proposed to induce RA. This study aimed to investigate the pathogenic role of citrullinated fibronectin (cFn) in RA. Methods The distribution of fibronectin (Fn) and cFn in synovial tissues from RA and osteoarthritis (OA) patients was examined by immunohistochemical and double immunofluorescence analysis. FLSs were isolated from RA and OA patients and treated with Fn or cFn. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and TUNEL assay. The expression of survivin, caspase-3, cyclin-B1, Bcl-2 and Bax was detected by real-time PCR. The secretion of proinflammatory cytokines was measured by ELISA. Results Fn formed extracellular aggregates that were specifically citrullinated in synovial tissues of RA patients, but no Fn deposits were observed in those of OA patients. Fn induced the apoptosis of RA and OA FLSs while cFn inhibited the apoptosis of RA and OA FLSs. Fn significantly increased the expression of caspase-3 and decreased the expression of survivin and cyclin-B1 in FLSs from RA and OA patients. cFn significantly increased the expression of survivin in RA FLSs. Furthermore, cFn increased the secretion of TNF-α and IL-1 by FLSs. Conclusions cFn plays a potential pathophysiologic role in RA by inhibiting apoptosis and increasing proinflammatory cytokine secretion of FLSs.
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Jang B, Ishigami A, Maruyama N, Carp RI, Kim YS, Choi EK. Peptidylarginine deiminase and protein citrullination in prion diseases: strong evidence of neurodegeneration. Prion 2012; 7:42-6. [PMID: 23022892 DOI: 10.4161/pri.22380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-translational citrullination (deimination) process is mediated by peptidylarginine deiminases (PADs), which convert peptidylarginine into peptidylcitrulline in the presence of high calcium concentrations. Over the past decade, PADs and protein citrullination have been commonly implicated as abnormal pathological features in neurodegeneration and inflammatory responses associated with diseases such as multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Based on this evidence, we investigated the roles of PADs and citrullination in the pathogenesis of prion diseases. Prion diseases (also known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies) are fatal neurodegenerative diseases that are pathologically well characterized as the accumulation of disease-associated misfolded prion proteins, spongiform changes, glial cell activation and neuronal loss. We previously demonstrated that the upregulation of PAD2, mainly found in reactive astrocytes of infected brains, leads to excessive citrullination, which is correlated with disease progression. Further, we demonstrated that various cytoskeletal and energy metabolism-associated proteins are particularly vulnerable to citrullination. Our recent in vivo and in vitro studies elicited altered functions of enolase as the result of citrullination; these altered functions included reduced enzyme activity, increased protease sensitivity and enhanced plasminogen-binding affinity. These findings suggest that PAD2 and citrullinated proteins may play a key role in the brain pathology of prion diseases. By extension, we believe that abnormal increases in protein citrullination may be strong evidence of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byungki Jang
- Laboratory of Cellular Aging and Neurodegeneration, Ilsong Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Republic of Korea
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Perricone C, Ceccarelli F, Valesini G. An overview on the genetic of rheumatoid arthritis: a never-ending story. Autoimmun Rev 2011; 10:599-608. [PMID: 21545847 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, inflammatory, multi-factorial disease sustained by environmental and genetic factors. These seem to be necessary but not sufficient in the disease development, nonetheless they can be responsible of different clinical pictures and response to therapy, and they can represent potential therapeutic targets. Several genes have been indicated so far in the pathogenesis of RA. The most important region is the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) that contributes to approximately half of the genetic susceptibility for RA. The association seems to be stronger or specific for anti-citrullinated protein antibodies positive disease. Several alleles in the epitope-recognition part of the HLA molecule that show the highest association with RA susceptibility, also share a common string of amminoacid residues (the so-called shared-epitope hypothesis). Other variants in potentially pathogenic genes located in non-MHC regions have been implicated by recently performed genome wide analysis studies. These genes include PTPN22, TRAF1-C5, PADI4, STAT4. Other polymorphisms seem to be responsible for more aggressive disease phenotype such as those located at TNF, IL-1, IL-6, IL-4, IL-5, OPN, PRF1. However, still nowadays, the genetic background of RA remains to be clearly depicted, and the efforts in the post-genomic era can bring to an estimation of the real likelihood of the genetic effect on RA. Finally, the discovery of new genes associated with the disease can be relevant in finding potential biomarkers, potentially useful in disease diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Perricone
- Reumatologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Specialità Mediche, Sapienza Università di Roma, Rome, Italy.
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Karouzakis E, Gay RE, Gay S, Neidhart M. Epigenetic deregulation in rheumatoid arthritis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 711:137-49. [PMID: 21627047 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8216-2_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we discuss the current understanding of the possible epigenetics changes that occur in rheumatoid arthritis. In particular, we describe that deregulation ofDNA methylation and histone modifications can occur in the immune system and lead to rheumatoid arthritis. In addition, we discuss the role of rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts in autoimmunity. Examples of changes in DNA methylation and histone modification occurring in synovial fibroblasts during the disease process are reviewed in this chapter. In conclusion, we discuss the possible use of epigenetic therapy and describe future experiments that can elucidate further the epigenetic changes observed in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Karouzakis
- Center for Experimental Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, Gloriastrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Ji JD, Kim TH, Lee B, Na KS, Choi SJ, Lee YH, Song GG. Integrated Analysis of MicroRNA and mRNA Expression Profiles in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovial Monocytes. JOURNAL OF RHEUMATIC DISEASES 2011. [DOI: 10.4078/jrd.2011.18.4.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Dae Ji
- Division of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hwan Kim
- The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Bitnara Lee
- The Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | | | - Sung Jae Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Ho Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gwan Gyu Song
- Division of Rheumatology, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Epigenetics is a steadily growing research area. In many human diseases, especially in cancers, but also in autoimmune diseases, epigenetic aberrations have been found. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation and destruction of synovial joints. Even though the etiology is not yet fully understood, rheumatoid arthritis is generally considered to be caused by a combination of genetic predisposition, deregulated immunomodulation, and environmental influences. To gain a better understanding of this disease, researchers have become interested in studying epigenetic changes in rheumatoid arthritis. Here, we want to review the current knowledge on epigenetics in rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Trenkmann
- Center of Experimental Rheumatology and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Chen R, Wei Y, Cai Q, Duan S, Lin J, Fang M, Lv K, Cheng N, Sun S. PADI4 Gene Polymorphism is not Associated with Ankylosing Spondylitis in Chinese Han Population. Scand J Immunol 2010; 72:449-53. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2010.02454.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Chen R, Wei Y, Cai Q, Duan S, Ren D, Shen J, He D, Fang M, Lv K, Cheng N, Sun S. The PADI4 gene does not contribute to genetic susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis in Chinese Han population. Rheumatol Int 2010; 31:1631-4. [PMID: 20563870 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-010-1519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 05/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Peptidyl arginine deiminase, type IV (PADI4) gene has been suggested to have an association with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in several populations. But its role in Chinese RA is not clarified. We investigated five single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of PADI4 as PADI4-89 (rs11203366), PADI4-90 (rs11203367), PADI4-92 (rs874881) PADI4-94 (rs2240340), and PADI4-104 (rs1748033) in Chinese Han population. A total of 378 unrelated RA patients and 204 healthy controls were genotyped for the five SNPs. Individual allele, genotype and haplotype frequencies were compared between patients and controls. No significant differences in the frequency of PADI4 alleles, genotypes and haplotypes were observed between the patients and controls except PADI4-92. These data indicated that PADI4 polymorphisms were unlikely to play an important role in the susceptibility to RA in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiwen Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, No. 800 Xiangyin Road, 200433 Shanghai, China
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Mesko B, Poliska S, Szegedi A, Szekanecz Z, Palatka K, Papp M, Nagy L. Peripheral blood gene expression patterns discriminate among chronic inflammatory diseases and healthy controls and identify novel targets. BMC Med Genomics 2010; 3:15. [PMID: 20444268 PMCID: PMC2874757 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-3-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Accepted: 05/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic inflammatory diseases including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) afflict millions of people worldwide, but their pathogenesis is still not well understood. It is also not well known if distinct changes in gene expression characterize these diseases and if these patterns can discriminate between diseased and control patients and/or stratify the disease. The main focus of our work was the identification of novel markers that overlap among the 3 diseases or discriminate them from each other. Methods Diseased (n = 13, n = 15 and n = 12 in IBD, psoriasis and RA respectively) and healthy patients (n = 18) were recruited based on strict inclusion and exclusion criteria; peripheral blood samples were collected by clinicians (30 ml) in Venous Blood Vacuum Collection Tubes containing EDTA and peripheral blood mononuclear cells were separated by Ficoll gradient centrifugation. RNA was extracted using Trizol reagent. Gene expression data was obtained using TaqMan Low Density Array (TLDA) containing 96 genes that were selected by an algorithm and the statistical analyses were performed in Prism by using non-parametric Mann-Whitney U test (P-values < 0.05). Results Here we show that using a panel of 96 disease associated genes and measuring mRNA expression levels in peripheral blood derived mononuclear cells; we could identify disease-specific gene panels that separate each disease from healthy controls. In addition, a panel of five genes such as ADM, AQP9, CXCL2, IL10 and NAMPT discriminates between all samples from patients with chronic inflammation and healthy controls. We also found genes that stratify the diseases and separate different subtypes or different states of prognosis in each condition. Conclusions These findings and the identification of five universal markers of chronic inflammation suggest that these diseases have a common background in pathomechanism, but still can be separated by peripheral blood gene expression. Importantly, the identified genes can be associated with overlapping biological processes including changed inflammatory response. Gene panels based on such markers can play a major role in the development of personalized medicine, in monitoring disease progression and can lead to the identification of new potential drug targets in chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertalan Mesko
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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DNA microarray analysis of rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility genes identified by genome-wide association studies. Arthritis Res Ther 2010; 12:401. [PMID: 20346099 PMCID: PMC2888179 DOI: 10.1186/ar2937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Abstract
PADI4 post-translationally converts peptidylarginine to citrulline, a process called citrullination. Studies have demonstrated the high expression of PADI4 in various malignant tumour tissues. PADI4 is also expressed at high levels in the blood of patients with some malignant tumours. Thus far, citrullination of histone, cytokeratin, antithrombin and fibronectin have been confirmed to be involved in abnormal apoptosis, high coagulation, and disordered cell proliferation and differentiation, all of which are main features of malignant tumours. PADI4 is expressed in CD34+ stem cells in normal tissues, and many more CD34+ cells expressing PADI4 are present in tumour tissues. These findings suggest that PADI4 may play an important role in tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Chang
- Laboratory for Bio-Drugs of Ministry of Health, Provincial Laboratory for Modern Medicine and Technology of Shandong, Research Center for Medicinal Biotechnology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jingshi Road, Shandong, PR China.
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