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Malik S, Chakraborty D, Agnihotri P, Kumar V, Biswas S. Unveiling the Nexus: Cellular Metabolomics Unravels the Impact of Estrogen on Nicotinamide Metabolism in Mitigating Rheumatoid Arthritis Pathogenesis. Metabolites 2024; 14:214. [PMID: 38668342 PMCID: PMC11052502 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14040214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a metabolic joint disorder influenced by hormonal regulation, notably estrogen, which plays a cytoprotective role against inflammation. While estrogen's impact on RA pathogenesis has been studied, the altered metabolite expression under estrogen's influence remains unexplored. This study investigated the changes in the metabolome of synovial fibroblasts isolated from RA patients under 17β-estradiol (E2) using the liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) approach followed by multivariate and biological pathway analysis along with in vitro validation. Results identified 3624 m/z, among which eight metabolites were significant (p < 0.05). Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism was found to be highly correlated with the treatment of E2, with metabolites NAD+ and 1-methynicotinamide (1-MNA) upregulated by E2 induction in RA-FLS. PharmMapper analysis identified potential gene targets of 1-MNA, which were further matched with RA gene targets, and thus, STAT1, MAPK14, MMP3, and MMP9 were concluded to be the common targets. E2 treatment affected the expression of these gene targets and ameliorated the development of oxidative stress associated with RA inflammation, which can be attributed to increased concentration of 1-MNA. Thus, an LC-MS/MS-based metabolomics study revealed the prominent role of estrogen in preventing inflammatory progression in RA by altering metabolite concentration, which can support its therapeutic capacity in remitting RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Malik
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR—Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (S.M.); (D.C.); (P.A.)
- AcSIR—Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Debolina Chakraborty
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR—Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (S.M.); (D.C.); (P.A.)
- AcSIR—Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Prachi Agnihotri
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR—Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (S.M.); (D.C.); (P.A.)
- AcSIR—Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Department of Orthopaedics, AIIMS—All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Sagarika Biswas
- Department of Integrative and Functional Biology, CSIR—Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi 110007, India; (S.M.); (D.C.); (P.A.)
- AcSIR—Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad 201002, India
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Sugiyama N, Uehara O, Kawano Y, Paudel D, Morikawa T, Nakamoto N, Kato S, Takayama T, Nagasawa T, Miura H, Abiko Y, Furuichi Y. Ingenuity pathway analysis of gingival epithelial cells stimulated with estradiol and progesterone. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:26-34. [PMID: 37949170 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2023.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Periodontal disease is a risk factor for preterm delivery, and elevated female hormone levels during pregnancy promote hormone-dependent periodontopathogenic bacterial growth and gingivitis. Although the saliva of pregnant women contains female hormones at elevated levels, their effects on the gingiva are poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of estradiol and progesterone stimulation on gingival epithelial cells via ingenuity pathway analysis. METHODS Human gingival epithelial progenitors were cultured in a CnT-Prime medium; 17β-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P4) were used as the reagents. Cells treated with dimethyl sulfoxide alone were used as the control group. Cells in the control and experimental groups were incubated for 12 h. RNA was extracted from the cultured cells, RNA-Seq was performed, and pathway analysis was conducted. RESULTS Differentially expressed genes were detected for 699 (over 2-fold increase) and 348 (decrease) genes in group E2 and for 1448 (increase) and 924 (decrease) genes in group P4 compared with those in the control group (FDR <0.05, n = 4). The z-scores of the pathways suggest that E2 and P4 increased the activity of the wound healing signaling pathway. The activation of this pathway was higher in the E2 and P4 groups than that in the control group. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that estradiol and progesterone may affect gingival homeostasis and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nodoka Sugiyama
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health, Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Kanazawa, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan.
| | - Osamu Uehara
- Division of Disease Controlrol and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Kanazawa, Hokkaido, 061- 0293, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kawano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Durga Paudel
- Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Ishikari- Tobetsu, Kanazawa, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Morikawa
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Kanazawa, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Norihiro Nakamoto
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health, Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Kanazawa, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kato
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health, Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Kanazawa, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Takayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima City, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Nagasawa
- Division of Advanced Clinical Education, Department of Integrated Dental Education, School of Dentistry, Health, Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Kanazawa, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
| | - Hiroko Miura
- Division of Disease Controlrol and Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Oral Growth and Development, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Kanazawa, Hokkaido, 061- 0293, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Abiko
- Division of Oral Medicine and Pathology, Department of Human Biology and Pathophysiology, School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Kanazawa, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan.
| | - Yasushi Furuichi
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Department of Oral Rehabilitation, School of Dentistry, Health, Sciences University of Hokkaido, 1757, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Kanazawa, Hokkaido, 061-0293, Japan
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Chung CC, Lin YK, Kao YH, Lin SH, Chen YJ. Physiological testosterone attenuates profibrotic activities of rat cardiac fibroblasts through modulation of nitric oxide and calcium homeostasis. Endocr J 2021; 68:307-315. [PMID: 33115984 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone deficiency is associated with poor prognosis among patients with chronic heart failure (HF). Physiological testosterone improves the exercise capacity of patients with HF. In this study, we evaluated whether treatment with physiological testosterone contributes to anti-fibrogenesis by modifying calcium homeostasis in cardiac fibroblasts and we studied the underlying mechanisms. Nitric oxide (NO) analyses, calcium (Ca2+) fluorescence, and Western blotting were performed in primary isolated rat cardiac fibroblasts with or without (control cells) testosterone (10, 100, 1,000 nmol/L) treatment for 48 hours. Physiological testosterone (10 nmol/L) increased NO production and phosphorylation at the inhibitory site of the inositol trisphosphate (IP3) receptor, thereby reducing Ca2+ entry, phosphorylated Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) expression, type I and type III pro-collagen production. Non-physiological testosterone-treated fibroblasts exhibited similar NO and collagen production capabilities as compared to control (testosterone deficient) fibroblasts. These effects were blocked by co-treatment with NO inhibitor (L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester [L-NAME], 100 μmol/L). In the presence of the IP3 receptor inhibitor (2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate [2-APB], 50 μmol/L), testosterone-deficient and physiological testosterone-treated fibroblasts exhibited similar phosphorylated CaMKII expression. When treated with 2-APB or CaMKII inhibitor (KN93, 10 μmol/L), testosterone-deficient and physiological testosterone-treated fibroblasts exhibited similar type I, and type III collagen production. In conclusion, physiological testosterone activates NO production, and attenuates the IP3 receptor/Ca2+ entry/CaMKII signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting the collagen production capability of cardiac fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Chih Chung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Kuo Lin
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsun Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Hsiang Lin
- School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, College of Nutrition, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Taipei Heart Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Lasrado N, Jia T, Massilamany C, Franco R, Illes Z, Reddy J. Mechanisms of sex hormones in autoimmunity: focus on EAE. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:50. [PMID: 32894183 PMCID: PMC7475723 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00325-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-related differences in the occurrence of autoimmune diseases is well documented, with females showing a greater propensity to develop these diseases than their male counterparts. Sex hormones, namely dihydrotestosterone and estrogens, have been shown to ameliorate the severity of inflammatory diseases. Immunologically, the beneficial effects of sex hormones have been ascribed to the suppression of effector lymphocyte responses accompanied by immune deviation from pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory cytokine production. In this review, we present our view of the mechanisms of sex hormones that contribute to their ability to suppress autoimmune responses with an emphasis on the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninaad Lasrado
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Ting Jia
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | | | - Rodrigo Franco
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Zsolt Illes
- Department of Neurology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jay Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
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Liu J, Wu Q, Shu J, Zhang R, Liu L. A Novel Spermidine Macrocyclic Alkaloid from the Roots of Tripterygium wilfordii. Chem Nat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-020-03070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mun CJ, Letzen JE, Nance S, Smith MT, Khanuja HS, Sterling RS, Bicket MC, Haythornthwaite JA, Jamison RN, Edwards RR, Campbell CM. Sex Differences in Interleukin-6 Responses Over Time Following Laboratory Pain Testing Among Patients With Knee Osteoarthritis. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2020; 21:731-741. [PMID: 31733364 PMCID: PMC7217718 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that women are not only at a higher risk for developing knee osteoarthritis (KOA), but also report greater symptom severity compared to men. One potential underlying mechanism of these sex differences may be exaggerated inflammatory responses to pain among women compared to men. The present study examined sex differences in interleukin-6 (IL-6) response over time following experimental pain testing. We hypothesized that women, when compared to men, would show greater IL-6 reactivity when exposed to acute pain in a human laboratory setting. Eighty-four participants (36 men and 48 women) with KOA scheduled for total knee arthroplasty underwent a quantitative sensory testing (QST) battery. A total of seven IL-6 measurements were taken, twice at baseline, once immediately after QST, and every 30 minutes up to 2 hours after QST. Consistent with our hypothesis, women, when compared to men, showed accelerated increases in IL-6 levels following laboratory-evoked pain, even after controlling for body mass index, marital status, clinical pain, evoked pain sensitivity, and situational pain catastrophizing. Given that KOA is a chronic condition, and individuals with KOA frequently experience pain, these sex differences in IL-6 reactivity may contribute to the maintenance and/or exacerbation of KOA symptoms. PERSPECTIVES: The present study demonstrates that women, when compared to men, exhibit greater IL-6 reactivity after exposure to laboratory-evoked pain. Such sex differences may explain the mechanisms underlying women's higher chronic pain risk and pain perception, as well as provide further insight in developing personalized pain interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Jung Mun
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
| | - Janelle E Letzen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sabrina Nance
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael T Smith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Harpal S Khanuja
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert S Sterling
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark C Bicket
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Robert N Jamison
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert R Edwards
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative, and Pain Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Claudia M Campbell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Cowie AM, Dittel BN, Stucky CL. A Novel Sex-Dependent Target for the Treatment of Postoperative Pain: The NLRP3 Inflammasome. Front Neurol 2019; 10:622. [PMID: 31244767 PMCID: PMC6581722 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years the innate immune system has been shown to be crucial for the pathogenesis of postoperative pain. The mediators released by innate immune cells drive the sensitization of sensory neurons following injury by directly acting on peripheral nerve terminals at the injury site. The predominate sensitization signaling pathway involves the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β). IL-1β is known to cause pain by directly acting on sensory neurons. Evidence demonstrates that blockade of IL-1β signaling decreases postoperative pain, however complete blockade of IL-1β signaling increases the risk of infection and decreases effective wound healing. IL-1β requires activation by an inflammasome; inflammasomes are cytosolic receptors of the innate immune system. NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) is the predominant inflammasome activated by endogenous molecules that are released by tissue injury such as that which occurs during neuropathic and inflammatory pain disorders. Given that selective inhibition of NLRP3 alleviates postoperative mechanical pain, its selective targeting may be a novel and effective strategy for the treatment of pain that would avoid complications of global IL-1β inhibition. Moreover, NLRP3 is activated in pain in a sex-dependent and cell type-dependent manner. Sex differences in the innate immune system have been shown to drive pain and sensitization through different mechanisms in inflammatory and neuropathic pain disorders, indicating that it is imperative that both sexes are studied when researchers investigate and identify new targets for pain therapeutics. This review will highlight the roles of the innate immune response, the NLRP3 inflammasome, and sex differences in neuropathic and inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M Cowie
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Bonnie N Dittel
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Cheryl L Stucky
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology, and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Rastrelli G, Vignozzi L, Corona G, Maggi M. Testosterone and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Sex Med Rev 2019; 7:259-271. [PMID: 30803920 DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) are frequent in aging. Nonetheless, their pathogenesis is largely unknown. The androgen dependence of the first phases of prostate development have inspired the historical view that higher testosterone (T) may be involved in BPH occurrence; however, recent evidence suggests a different scenario. AIM To review the available knowledge on the pathogenesis of BPH particularly concerning the role of T and the possible connections with metabolic impairments. METHODS Relevant records were retrieved by an extensive search in Medline, including the following keywords ("testosterone"[MeSH Terms] OR "testosterone"[All Fields]) AND ("prostatic hyperplasia"[MeSH Terms] OR ("prostatic"[All Fields] AND "hyperplasia"[All Fields]) OR "prostatic hyperplasia"[All Fields] OR ("benign"[All Fields] AND "prostatic"[All Fields] AND "hyperplasia"[All Fields]) OR "benign prostatic hyperplasia"[All Fields]). There were no limitations in terms of publication date or study design. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Preclinical and clinical studies have been reported, with special emphasis on our contribution and interpretation. RESULTS Inflammation is a key aspect of BPH development. Along with infectious agents, prostate inflammation can be triggered by metabolic stimuli, such as dyslipidemia, an important component of metabolic syndrome (MetS). Low T and hyperestrogenism frequently occur in MetS. Mounting evidence shows that low, rather than high, T and hyperestrogenism may favor prostate inflammation. Considering these data as a whole, we postulate that BPH is the result of the action of multiple factors, which reinforce their mutual detrimental effects. CONCLUSION T is not detrimental for the prostate, and treating hypogonadism could even produce relief from LUTS and limit prostatic inflammation, which generates and maintains the process leading to BPH. Rastrelli G, Vignozzi L, Corona G, et al. Testosterone and Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Sex Med Rev 2019;7:259-271.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Rastrelli
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Linda Vignozzi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Corona
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Endocrinology Unit, Medical Department, Azienda Usl Bologna Maggiore-Bellaria Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Maggi
- Sexual Medicine and Andrology Unit Department of Experimental Clinical and Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Florence, Italy; Istituto Nazionale Biostrutture e Biosistemi, Rome, Italy.
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Powell B, Szleifer I, Dhaher YY. In silico study of principal sex hormone effects on post-injury synovial inflammatory response. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209582. [PMID: 30596697 PMCID: PMC6312367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following an anterior cruciate ligament injury, premenopausal females tend to experience poorer outcomes than males, and sex hormones are thought to contribute to the disparity. Evidence seems to suggest that the sex hormones estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone may regulate the inflammation caused by macrophages, which invade the knee after an injury. While the individual effects of hormones on macrophage inflammation have been studied in vitro, their combined effects on post-injury inflammation in the knee have not been examined, even though both males and females have detectable levels of both estrogen and testosterone. In the present work, we developed an in silico kinetic model of the post-injury inflammatory response in the human knee joint and the hormonal influences that may shape that response. Our results indicate that post-injury, sex hormone concentrations observed in females may lead to a more pro-inflammatory, catabolic environment, while the sex hormone concentrations observed in males may lead to a more anti-inflammatory environment. These findings suggest that the female hormonal milieu may lead to increased catabolism, potentially worsening post-injury damage to the cartilage for females compared to males. The model developed herein may inform future in vitro and in vivo studies that seek to uncover the origins of sex differences in outcomes and may ultimately serve as a starting point for developing targeted therapies to prevent or reduce the cartilage damage that results from post-injury inflammation, particularly for females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Powell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Bioengineering, Valparaiso University, Valparaiso, IN, United States of America
| | - Igal Szleifer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States of America
| | - Yasin Y. Dhaher
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Do Androgens Modulate the Pathophysiological Pathways of Inflammation? Appraising the Contemporary Evidence. J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7120549. [PMID: 30558178 PMCID: PMC6306858 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7120549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of testosterone in the pathophysiology of inflammation is of critical clinical importance; however, no universal mechanism(s) has been advanced to explain the complex and interwoven pathways of androgens in the attenuation of the inflammatory processes. PubMed and EMBASE searches were performed, including the following key words: "testosterone", "androgens", "inflammatory cytokines", "inflammatory biomarkers" with focus on clinical studies as well as basic scientific studies in human and animal models. Significant benefits of testosterone therapy in ameliorating or attenuating the symptoms of several chronic inflammatory diseases were reported. Because anti⁻tumor necrosis factor therapy is the mainstay for the treatment of moderate-to-severe inflammatory bowel disease; including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and because testosterone therapy in hypogonadal men with chronic inflammatory conditions reduce tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6, we suggest that testosterone therapy attenuates the inflammatory process and reduces the burden of disease by mechanisms inhibiting inflammatory cytokine expression and function. Mechanistically, androgens regulate the expression and function of inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and CRP (C-reactive protein). Here, we suggest that testosterone regulates multiple and overlapping cellular and molecular pathways involving a host of immune cells and biochemical factors that converge to contribute to attenuation of the inflammatory process.
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Li Y, Liu Y, Wang C, Xia WR, Zheng JY, Yang J, Liu B, Liu JQ, Liu LF. Succinate induces synovial angiogenesis in rheumatoid arthritis through metabolic remodeling and HIF-1α/VEGF axis. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 126:1-14. [PMID: 30030103 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE In response to hypoxic succinate accumulates in arthritis synovium, however, the implication is little known. This study aims to investigate whether succinate could act as a metabolic signal linking metabolic alternation with angiogenesis in arthritis synovium. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The interaction between elevated succinate and VEGF production was examined in endothelial cells. Succinate production, HIF-1α induction and angiogenesis in the hypoxic synovium of collagen-induced arthritis rats were also investigated. KEY RESULTS Intracellular succinate promoted VEGF production and induced angiogenic response dependent on HIF-1α induction in endothelial cells. Luciferase reporter assay showed that succinate increased VEGF expression through gene promoter activation dependent on HIF-1α induction. Intracellular succinate released into intercellular space, where extracellular succinate activated succinate receptor G-protein-coupled receptor 91 (GPR91) and induced VEGF production, further exacerbating angiogenesis. In addition, TGF-β1 treatment increased succinate production due to the reversal of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activation, and consistently, SDH inhibitor dimethyl malonate reduced angiogenesis in the arthritis synovium. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS More than an intermediate, succinate functioned as a signaling molecule to link metabolic reprograming with angiogenesis. Intracellular succinate induced angiogenesis through HIF-1α induction, while extracellular succinate acted on GPR91 activation, working together to disturb energy metabolism and exacerbate inflammation and angiogenesis in arthritis synovium. Our work suggested that suppression of SDH could prevent succinate accumulation and inhibit angiogenesis via blocking HIF-1α/VEGF axis. This finding not only provides a novel insight into angiogenesis, but also reveals a potential therapeutical strategy to attenuate revascularization in arthritis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/metabolism
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/genetics
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Humans
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/pathology
- Rats
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Succinate Dehydrogenase/genetics
- Succinic Acid/metabolism
- Synovial Fluid/metabolism
- Transforming Growth Factor beta1/genetics
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Wen-Rui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Jian-Qun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330004, China.
| | - Li-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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12
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Rosen S, Ham B, Mogil JS. Sex differences in neuroimmunity and pain. J Neurosci Res 2017; 95:500-508. [PMID: 27870397 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Differences in the prevalence of chronic pain in women vs. men are well known, and decades of laboratory experimentation have demonstrated that women are more sensitive to pain than are men. Attention has thus shifted to investigating mechanisms underlying such differences. Recent evidence suggests that neuroimmune modulation of pain may represent an important cause of sex differences. The current Review examines the evidence for gonadal hormone modulation of the immune system, immune system modulation of pain, and interactions that might help to explain sex differences in pain. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rosen
- Department of Psychology and Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Boram Ham
- Department of Psychology and Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jeffrey S Mogil
- Department of Psychology and Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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13
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Liu J, Wu Q, Shu J, Zhang R, Liu L. Three new abietane-type diterpene glycosides from the roots of Tripterygium wilfordii. Fitoterapia 2017; 120:126-130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2017.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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14
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Chronic TNFα Exposure Induces Robust Proliferation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells, but not Schwann Cells. Neurochem Res 2017; 42:2595-2609. [PMID: 28497341 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-017-2285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
TNFα is persistently elevated in many injury and disease conditions. Previous reports of cytotoxicity of TNFα for oligodendrocytes and their progenitors suggest that the poor endogenous remyelination in patients with traumatic injury or multiple sclerosis may be due in part to persistent inflammation. Understanding the effects of inflammatory cytokines on potential cell therapy candidates is therefore important for evaluating the feasibility of their use. In this study, we assessed the effects of long term exposure to TNFα on viability, proliferation, migration and TNFα receptor expression of cultured rat olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) and Schwann cells (SCs). Although OECs and SCs transplanted into the CNS produce similar myelinating phenotypes, and might be expected to have similar therapeutic uses, we report that they have very different sensitivities to TNFα. OECs exhibited positive proliferative responses to TNFα over a much broader range of concentrations than SCs. Low TNFα concentrations increased proliferation and migration of both OECs and SCs, but SC number declined in the presence of 100 ng/ml or higher concentrations of TNFα. In contrast, OECs exhibited enhanced proliferation even at high TNFα concentrations (up to 1 µg/ml) and showed no evidence of TNF cytotoxicity even at 4 weeks post-treatment. Furthermore, while both OECs and SCs expressed TNFαR1 and TNFαR2, TNFα receptor levels were downregulated in OECs after exposure to100 ng/ml TNFα for 5-7 days, but were either elevated or unchanged in SCs. These results imply that OECs may be a more suitable cell therapy candidate if transplanted into areas with persistent inflammation.
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15
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Abstract
The three common themes that underlie the induction and perpetuation of autoimmunity are genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and immune regulation. Environmental factors have gained much attention for their role in triggering autoimmunity, with increasing evidence of their influence as demonstrated by epidemiological studies, laboratory research, and animal studies. Environmental factors known to trigger and perpetuate autoimmunity include infections, gut microbiota, as well as physical and environmental agents. To address these issues, we will review major potential mechanisms that underlie autoimmunity including molecular mimicry, epitope spreading, bystander activation, polyclonal activation of B and T cells, infections, and autoinflammatory activation of innate immunity. The association of the gut microbiota on autoimmunity will be particularly highlighted by their interaction with pharmaceutical agents that may lead to organ-specific autoimmunity. Nonetheless, and we will emphasize this point, the precise mechanism of environmental influence on disease pathogenesis remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarosa Floreani
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
| | - Patrick S C Leung
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 2, 35128, Padova, Italy
| | - M Eric Gershwin
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
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16
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Leach DA, Buchanan G. Stromal Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer Development and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9010010. [PMID: 28117763 PMCID: PMC5295781 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer development and progression is the result of complex interactions between epithelia cells and fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, in a series of dynamic process amenable to regulation by hormones. Whilst androgen action through the androgen receptor (AR) is a well-established component of prostate cancer biology, it has been becoming increasingly apparent that changes in AR signalling in the surrounding stroma can dramatically influence tumour cell behavior. This is reflected in the consistent finding of a strong association between stromal AR expression and patient outcomes. In this review, we explore the relationship between AR signalling in fibroblasts/myofibroblasts and prostate cancer cells in the primary site, and detail the known functions, actions, and mechanisms of fibroblast AR signaling. We conclude with an evidence-based summary of how androgen action in stroma dramatically influences disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Grant Buchanan
- The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5011, Australia.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Canberra Teaching Hospital, Canberra 2605, Australia.
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17
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Li Y, Zheng JY, Liu JQ, Yang J, Liu Y, Wang C, Ma XN, Liu BL, Xin GZ, Liu LF. Succinate/NLRP3 Inflammasome Induces Synovial Fibroblast Activation: Therapeutical Effects of Clematichinenoside AR on Arthritis. Front Immunol 2016; 7:532. [PMID: 28003810 PMCID: PMC5141240 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Clematichinenoside AR (C-AR) is a triterpene saponin isolated from the root of Clematis manshurica Rupr., which is a herbal medicine used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of arthritis. C-AR exerts anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, but little is known about its action in the suppression of fibroblast activation. Low oxygen tension and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β1) induction in the synovium contribute to fibrosis in arthritis. This study was designed to investigate the effect of C-AR on synovial fibrosis from the aspects of hypoxic TGF-β1 and hypoxia-inducible transcription factor-1α (HIF-1α) induction. In the synovium of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) rats, hypoxic TGF-β1 induction increased succinate accumulation due to the reversal of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activation and induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in a manner dependent on HIF-1α induction. In response to NLRP3 inflammasome activation, the released IL-1β further increased TGF-β1 induction, suggesting the forward cycle between inflammation and fibrosis in myofibroblast activation. In the synovium of RA rats, C-AR inhibited hypoxic TGF-β1 induction and suppressed succinate-associated NLRP3 inflammasome activation by inhibiting SDH activity, and thereby prevented myofibroblast activation by blocking the cross-talk between inflammation and fibrosis. Taken together, these results showed that succinate worked as a metabolic signaling, linking inflammation with fibrosis through NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings suggested that synovial succinate accumulation and HIF-1α induction might be therapeutical targets for the prevention of fibrosis in arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jia-Yi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Jian-Qun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Xiao-Nan Ma
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Center of China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Bao-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Gui-Zhong Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
| | - Li-Fang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Chinese Medicines Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , China
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18
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Testosterone induces leucocyte migration by NADPH oxidase-driven ROS- and COX2-dependent mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 129:39-48. [PMID: 25700020 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms whereby testosterone increases cardiovascular risk are not clarified. However, oxidative stress and inflammation seem to be determinants. Herein, we sought to determine whether exogenous testosterone, at physiological levels, induces leucocyte migration, a central feature in immune and inflammatory responses and the mediating mechanisms. We hypothesized that testosterone induces leucocyte migration via NADPH oxidase (NADPHox)-driven reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-dependent mechanisms. Sixteen-week-old Wistar rats received an intraperitoneal injection (5 ml) of either testosterone (10(-7) mol/l) or saline. Rats were pre-treated with 5 ml of sodium salicylate (SS, non-selective COX inhibitor, 1.25 × 10(-3) mol/l, 1 h prior to testosterone or saline), flutamide (androgen receptor antagonist, 10(-5) mol/l), apocynin (NADPHox inhibitor, 3 × 10(-4) mol/l), N-[2-Cyclohexyloxy-4-nitrophenyl]methanesulfonamide (NS398, COX2 inhibitor, 10(-4) mol/l) or saline, 4 h before testosterone or saline administration. Leucocyte migration was assessed 24 h after testosterone administration by intravital microscopy of the mesenteric bed. Serum levels of testosterone were measured by radioimmunoassay. NADPHox activity was assessed in membrane fractions of the mesenteric bed by dihydroethidium (DHE) fluorescence and in isolated vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) by HPLC. NADPHox subunits and VCAM (vascular cell adhesion molecule) expression were determined by immunoblotting. Testosterone administration did not change serum levels of endogenous testosterone, but increased venular leucocyte migration to the adventia, NADPHox activity and expression (P < 0.05). These effects were blocked by flutamide. SS inhibited testosterone-induced leucocyte migration (P<0.05). Apocynin and NS398 abolished testosterone-induced leucocyte migration and NADPHox activity (P<0.05). Testosterone induces leucocyte migration via NADPHox- and COX2-dependent mechanisms and may contribute to inflammatory processes and oxidative stress in the vasculature potentially increasing cardiovascular risk.
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20
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Straub RH, Bijlsma JWJ, Masi A, Cutolo M. Role of neuroendocrine and neuroimmune mechanisms in chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases--the 10-year update. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2013; 43:392-404. [PMID: 23731531 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2013.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuroendocrine immunology in musculoskeletal diseases is an emerging scientific field. It deals with the aspects of efferent neuronal and neurohormonal bearing on the peripheral immune and musculoskeletal systems. This review aims to add new information that appeared since 2001. SEARCH STRATEGY The following PubMed search sentence was used to find a total of 15,462 references between 2001 and March 2013: "(rheum* OR SLE OR vasculitis) AND (nerve OR hormone OR neurotransmitter OR neuropeptide OR steroid)." In a continuous process, year by year, this search strategy yielded relevant papers that were screened and collected in a database, which build the platform of this review. RESULTS The main findings are the anti-inflammatory role of androgens, the loss of androgens (androgen drain), the bimodal role of estrogens (support B cells and inhibit macrophages and T cells), increased conversion of androgens to estrogens in inflammation (androgen drain), disturbances of the gonadal axis, inadequate amount of HPA axis hormones relative to inflammation (disproportion principle), biologics partly improve neuroendocrine axes, anti-corticotropin-releasing hormone therapies improve inflammation (antalarmin), bimodal role of the sympathetic nervous system (proinflammatory early, anti-inflammatory late-most probably due to catecholamine-producing local cells), anti-inflammatory role of alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and the Vagus nerve via α7 nicotinergic receptors. Circadian rhythms of hypothalamic origin are responsible for circadian rhythms of symptoms (neuroimmune link revealed). Important new pain-sensitizing immunological pathways were found in the last decade. CONCLUSIONS The last decade brought much new information that gave birth to the first therapies of chronic inflammatory diseases on the basis of neuroendocrine immune targets. In addition, a new theory linked evolutionary medicine, neuroendocrine regulation of distribution of energy-rich fuels, and volume regulation that can explain many disease sequelae in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer H Straub
- Laboratory of Experimental Rheumatology and Neuroendocrino-Immunology, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.
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Dalpiaz PLM, Lamas AZ, Caliman IF, Medeiros ARS, Abreu GR, Moysés MR, Andrade TU, Alves MF, Carmona AK, Bissoli NS. The chronic blockade of angiotensin I-converting enzyme eliminates the sex differences of serum cytokine levels of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Braz J Med Biol Res 2013; 46:171-7. [PMID: 23369979 PMCID: PMC3854361 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20122472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones modulate the action of both cytokines and the renin-angiotensin system. However, the effects of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) on the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels in male and female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) are unclear. We determined the relationship between ACE activity, cytokine levels and sex differences in SHR. Female (F) and male (M) SHR were divided into 4 experimental groups each (n = 7): sham + vehicle (SV), sham + enalapril (10 mg/kg body weight by gavage), castrated + vehicle, and castrated + enalapril. Treatment began 21 days after castration and continued for 30 days. Serum cytokine levels (ELISA) and ACE activity (fluorimetry) were measured. Male rats exhibited a higher serum ACE activity than female rats. Castration reduced serum ACE in males but did not affect it in females. Enalapril reduced serum ACE in all groups. IL-10 (FSV = 16.4 ± 1.1 pg/mL; MSV = 12.8 ± 1.2 pg/mL), TNF-α (FSV = 16.6 ± 1.2 pg/mL; MSV = 12.8 ± 1 pg/mL) and IL-6 (FSV = 10.3 ± 0.2 pg/mL; MSV = 7.2 ± 0.2 pg/mL) levels were higher in females than in males. Ovariectomy reduced all cytokine levels and orchiectomy reduced IL-6 but increased IL-10 concentrations in males. Castration eliminated the differences in all inflammatory cytokine levels (IL-6 and TNF-α) between males and females. Enalapril increased IL-10 in all groups and reduced IL-6 in SV rats. In conclusion, serum ACE inhibition by enalapril eliminated the sexual dimorphisms of cytokine levels in SV animals, which suggests that enalapril exerts systemic anti-inflammatory and anti-hypertensive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L M Dalpiaz
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Vitória, ES, Brasil
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