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Karki M, Chu C, Anderson K, Nandety RS, Fiedler JD, Schachterle J, Bruggeman RS, Liu Z, Yang S. Genome-Wide Association Study of Host Resistance to Hessian Fly in Barley. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:752-759. [PMID: 37913750 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-06-23-0192-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
The Hessian fly (HF), Mayetiola destructor (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), is one of the most devastating insect pests of cereals including wheat, barley, and rye. Although wheat is the preferred host for HF, this continuously evolving pest has been emerging as a threat to barley production. However, characterization and identification of genetic resistance to HF has not been conducted in barley. In the present study, we used a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify barley resistance loci to HF using a geographically diverse set of 234 barley accessions. The results showed that around 90% of barley lines were highly susceptible, indicating a significant vulnerability to HF in barley, and a total of 29 accessions were resistant, serving as potential resistance resources. GWAS with a mixed linear model revealed two marker-trait associations, both on chromosome 4H. The resistance loci and associated markers will facilitate barley improvement and development for breeders. In addition, our results are fundamental for genetic studies to understand the HF resistance mechanism in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manila Karki
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Chenggen Chu
- Sugarbeet and Potato Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND 58102
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Kirk Anderson
- Cereals Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Raja Sekhar Nandety
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
- Cereals Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Jason D Fiedler
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
- Cereals Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Jeffrey Schachterle
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
- Cereals Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Robert S Bruggeman
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164
| | - Zhaohui Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
| | - Shengming Yang
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58102
- Cereals Crops Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, Fargo, ND 58102
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Ali M, Polgári D, Sepsi A, Kontra L, Dalmadi Á, Havelda Z, Sági L, Kis A. Rapid and cost-effective molecular karyotyping in wheat, barley, and their cross-progeny by chromosome-specific multiplex PCR. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:37. [PMID: 38444026 PMCID: PMC10913579 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01162-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interspecific hybridisation is a powerful tool for increasing genetic diversity in plant breeding programmes. Hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum, 2n = 42) × barley (Hordeum vulgare, 2n = 14) intergeneric hybrids can contribute to the transfer of agronomically useful traits by creating chromosome addition or translocation lines as well as full hybrids. Information on the karyotype of hybrid progenies possessing various combinations of wheat and barley chromosomes is thus essential for the subsequent breeding steps. Since the standard technique of chromosome in situ hybridisation is labour-intensive and requires specific skills. a routine, cost-efficient, and technically less demanding approach is beneficial both for research and breeding. RESULTS We developed a Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (MPCR) method to identify individual wheat and barley chromosomes. Chromosome-specific primer pairs were designed based on the whole genome sequences of 'Chinese Spring' wheat and 'Golden Promise' barley as reference cultivars. A pool of potential primers was generated by applying a 20-nucleotide sliding window with consecutive one-nucleotide shifts on the reference genomes. After filtering for optimal primer properties and defined amplicon sizes to produce an ordered ladder-like pattern, the primer pool was manually curated and sorted into four MPCR primer sets for the wheat A, B, and D sub-genomes, and for the barley genome. The designed MPCR primer sets showed high chromosome specificity in silico for the genome sequences of all 18 wheat and barley cultivars tested. The MPCR primers proved experimentally also chromosome-specific for the reference cultivars as well as for 13 additional wheat and four barley genotypes. Analyses of 16 wheat × barley F1 hybrid plants demonstrated that the MPCR primer sets enable the fast and one-step detection of all wheat and barley chromosomes. Finally, the established genotyping system was fully corroborated with the standard genomic in situ hybridisation (GISH) technique. CONCLUSIONS Wheat and barley chromosome-specific MPCR offers a fast, labour-friendly, and versatile alternative to molecular cytogenetic detection of individual chromosomes. This method is also suitable for the high-throughput analysis of distinct (sub)genomes, and, in contrast to GISH, can be performed with any tissue type. The designed primer sets proved to be highly chromosome-specific over a wide range of wheat and barley genotypes as well as in wheat × barley hybrids. The described primer design strategy can be extended to many species with precise genome sequence information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Dávid Polgári
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Plant Biotechnology Section, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
| | - Adél Sepsi
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
| | - Levente Kontra
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Bioinformatics Core Facility, Hungarian Research Network, Budapest, 1083, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Dalmadi
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Plant Biotechnology Section, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Havelda
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Plant Biotechnology Section, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - László Sági
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary.
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Plant Biotechnology Section, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary.
| | - András Kis
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary.
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Mihók E, Polgári D, Lenykó-Thegze A, Makai D, Fábián A, Ali M, Kis A, Sepsi A, Sági L. Plasticity of parental CENH3 incorporation into the centromeres in wheat × barley F1 hybrids. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1324817. [PMID: 38313805 PMCID: PMC10834757 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1324817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Incorporating the centromere-specific histone H3 protein CENH3 into the centromeric nucleosomes is indispensable for accurate centromere function and balanced chromosome segregation in most eukaryotes, including higher plants. In the cell nuclei of interspecific hybrids, divergent centromeric DNAs cohabit and lead the corresponding parental chromosomes through the mitotic and meiotic cell divisions. Depending on the transmission of the parental chromosomes carrying the CENH3-encoding genes, CENH3 proteins from one or both parents may be present in these hybrids. The incorporation of parental CENH3 proteins into the divergent centromeres and their role in the chromosome elimination process in interspecific hybrids is still poorly understood. Here, we produced wheat × barley F1 hybrids that carried different combinations of barley chromosomes with genes encoding for either one (αCENH3) or both barley CENH3 protein variants (α- and βCENH3). We generated specific antibodies distinguishing between the wheat CENH3 proteins and barley αCENH3 and applied them together with FISH probes to detect the precise pattern of parental CENH3 deposition into the wheat and barley centromeric nucleosomes. Analysis of somatic and meiotic nuclei of the wheat × barley hybrids revealed the plasticity of the maternal (wheat) CENH3 proteins to become incorporated into the paternal (barley) centromeric nucleosomes. However, no evidence for paternal CENH3 plasticity was detected in this study. The significance of the unilateral centromere plasticity and possible patterns of CENH3 incorporation into centromeres in interspecific hybrids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Mihók
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Dávid Polgári
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Plant Biotechnology Section, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Andrea Lenykó-Thegze
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Diána Makai
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Attila Fábián
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - Mohammad Ali
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - András Kis
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | - Adél Sepsi
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network, Martonvásár, Hungary
| | - László Sági
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Research Network, Martonvásár, Hungary
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Plant Biotechnology Section, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, Hungary
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Makai D, Mihók E, Polgári D, Cseh A, Lenykó-Thegze A, Sepsi A, Sági L. Rapid in-solution preparation of somatic and meiotic plant cell nuclei for high-quality 3D immunoFISH and immunoFISH-GISH. PLANT METHODS 2023; 19:80. [PMID: 37553677 PMCID: PMC10408160 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-023-01061-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Though multicolour labelling methods allow the routine detection of a wide range of fluorescent (immuno)probe types in molecular cytogenetics, combined applications for the simultaneous in situ detection of proteins and nucleic acids are still sporadic in plant cell biology. A major bottleneck has been the availability of high-quality plant nuclei with a balance between preservation of 3D ultrastructure and maintaining immunoreactivity. The aim of this study was to develop a quick and reliable procedure to prepare plant nuclei suitable for various combinations of immunolabelling and fluorescence in situ hybridisation methods (immunoFISH-GISH). RESULTS The mechanical removal of the cell wall and cytoplasm, instead of enzymatic degradation, resulted in a gentle, yet effective, cell permeabilisation. Rather than manually releasing the nuclei from the fixed tissues, the procedure involves in-solution cell handling throughout the fixation and the preparation steps as ended with pipetting the pure nuclei suspension onto microscope slides. The optimisation of several critical steps is described in detail. Finally, the procedure is shown to be compatible with immunolabelling, FISH and GISH as well as their simultaneous combinations. CONCLUSION A simple plant cell nuclei preparation procedure was developed for combined immunolabelling-in situ hybridisation methods. The main and critical elements of the procedure are: a short period of fixation, incorporation of detergents to facilitate the fixation of tissues and the penetration of probes, tissue grinding to eliminate unwanted cell components, and an optimal buffer to handle nuclei. The procedure is time efficient and is easily transferable without prior expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diána Makai
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Edit Mihók
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Plant Sciences, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Dávid Polgári
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
- Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - András Cseh
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
| | - Andrea Lenykó-Thegze
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Adél Sepsi
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Eötvös Loránd Research Network, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary.
| | - László Sági
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Plant Biotechnology Section, Centre for Agricultural Research, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary.
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He H, Shiragaki K, Tezuka T. Understanding and overcoming hybrid lethality in seed and seedling stages as barriers to hybridization and gene flow. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1219417. [PMID: 37476165 PMCID: PMC10354522 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1219417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid lethality is a type of reproductive isolation barrier observed in two developmental stages, hybrid embryos (hybrid seeds) and hybrid seedlings. Hybrid lethality has been reported in many plant species and limits distant hybridization breeding including interspecific and intergeneric hybridization, which increases genetic diversity and contributes to produce new germplasm for agricultural purposes. Recent studies have provided molecular and genetic evidence suggesting that underlying causes of hybrid lethality involve epistatic interaction of one or more loci, as hypothesized by the Bateson-Dobzhansky-Muller model, and effective ploidy or endosperm balance number. In this review, we focus on the similarities and differences between hybrid seed lethality and hybrid seedling lethality, as well as methods of recovering seed/seedling activity to circumvent hybrid lethality. Current knowledge summarized in our article will provides new insights into the mechanisms of hybrid lethality and effective methods for circumventing hybrid lethality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai He
- School of Agriculture, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kumpei Shiragaki
- Laboratory of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tezuka
- Laboratory of Breeding and Genetics, Graduate School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
- Education and Research Field, School of Agriculture, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
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Karyotype Reorganization in Wheat-Rye Hybrids Obtained via Unreduced Gametes: Is There a Limit to the Chromosome Number in Triticale? PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10102052. [PMID: 34685861 PMCID: PMC8538156 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
To date, few data have been accumulated on the contribution of meiotic restitution to the formation of Triticum aestivum hybrid karyotypes. In this study, based on FISH and C-banding, karyotype reorganization was observed in three groups of F5 wheat–rye hybrids 1R(1A) × R. Aberrations, including aneuploidy, telocentrics, and Robertsonian translocations, were detected in all groups. Some of the Group 1 plants and all of the Group 2 plants only had a 4R4R pair (in addition to 1R1R), which was either added or substituted for its homeolog in ABD subgenomes. In about 82% of meiocytes, 4R4R formed bivalents, which indicates its competitiveness. The rest of the Group 1 plants had 2R and 7R chromosomes in addition to 1R1R. Group 3 retained all their rye chromosomes, with a small aneuploidy on the wheat chromosomes. A feature of the meiosis in the Group 3 plants was asynchronous cell division and omission of the second division. Diploid gametes did not form because of the significant disturbances during gametogenesis. As a result, the frequency of occurrence of the formed dyads was negatively correlated (r = −0.73) with the seed sets. Thus, meiotic restitution in the 8n triticale does not contribute to fertility or increased ploidy in subsequent generations.
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Polgári D, Mihók E, Sági L. Composition and random elimination of paternal chromosomes in a large population of wheat × barley (Triticum aestivum L. × Hordeum vulgare L.) hybrids. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:767-775. [PMID: 30953138 PMCID: PMC6531609 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-019-02405-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Statistical analysis of the chromosomal composition in a population of 210 primary plants regenerated from two intergeneric wheat-barley cross combinations revealed the random nature of uniparental elimination for barley chromosomes. Uniparental chromosome elimination is a common process in interspecific and intergeneric cereal hybrids. To characterize the frequency of paternal chromosomes, a population of 218 independent green plants was generated from two wheat (♀) × barley (♂) cross combinations via embryo rescue. The chromosomal composition of 210 primary plants was analyzed with chromosome-specific DNA markers representing all seven barley chromosomes. The analysis revealed an equal proportion of haploid and full hybrids (20.5% and 19.5%, respectively), while the rest of the population contained hypoploids (partial hybrids) with no preference for any possible numbers (one to six) of barley chromosome additions. Contrary to the previous reports, there was no statistical bias or preferential elimination for any individual barley chromosome (1H-7H) in this population. The reasons for the apparent contradiction and the implications of the above findings for cereal breeding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dávid Polgári
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary
- Szent István University, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Edit Mihók
- Szent István University, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - László Sági
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Martonvásár, 2462, Hungary.
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Dwivedi SL, Britt AB, Tripathi L, Sharma S, Upadhyaya HD, Ortiz R. Haploids: Constraints and opportunities in plant breeding. Biotechnol Adv 2015; 33:812-29. [PMID: 26165969 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of haploids in higher plants led to the use of doubled haploid (DH) technology in plant breeding. This article provides the state of the art on DH technology including the induction and identification of haploids, what factors influence haploid induction, molecular basis of microspore embryogenesis, the genetics underpinnings of haploid induction and its use in plant breeding, particularly to fix traits and unlock genetic variation. Both in vitro and in vivo methods have been used to induce haploids that are thereafter chromosome doubled to produce DH. Various heritable factors contribute to the successful induction of haploids, whose genetics is that of a quantitative trait. Genomic regions associated with in vitro and in vivo DH production were noted in various crops with the aid of DNA markers. It seems that F2 plants are the most suitable for the induction of DH lines than F1 plants. Identifying putative haploids is a key issue in haploid breeding. DH technology in Brassicas and cereals, such as barley, maize, rice, rye and wheat, has been improved and used routinely in cultivar development, while in other food staples such as pulses and root crops the technology has not reached to the stage leading to its application in plant breeding. The centromere-mediated haploid induction system has been used in Arabidopsis, but not yet in crops. Most food staples are derived from genomic resources-rich crops, including those with sequenced reference genomes. The integration of genomic resources with DH technology provides new opportunities for the improving selection methods, maximizing selection gains and accelerate cultivar development. Marker-aided breeding and DH technology have been used to improve host plant resistance in barley, rice, and wheat. Multinational seed companies are using DH technology in large-scale production of inbred lines for further development of hybrid cultivars, particularly in maize. The public sector provides support to national programs or small-medium private seed for the exploitation of DH technology in plant breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangam L Dwivedi
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, 502324, India
| | - Anne B Britt
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Leena Tripathi
- International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Nairobi, P. O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya
| | - Shivali Sharma
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, 502324, India
| | - Hari D Upadhyaya
- International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Telangana, 502324, India; Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA; UWA Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, Crawley WA 6009, Australia; Department of Biology, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, 300 E. St. Mary Blvd, 108 Billeaud Hall, Lafayette, LA 70504, USA
| | - Rodomiro Ortiz
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Plant Breeding, Sundsvagen 14 Box 101, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden.
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