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Luo J, Zhao S, Ren Q, Guan G, Luo J, Yin H. Role of Recognition MicroRNAs in Hemaphysalis longicornis and Theileria orientalis Interactions. Pathogens 2024; 13:288. [PMID: 38668243 PMCID: PMC11054001 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ticks are an important type of pathogen transmission vector, and pathogens not only cause serious harm to livestock but can also infect humans. Because of the roles that ticks play in disease transmission, reducing tick pathogen infectivity has become increasingly important and requires the identification and characterization of these pathogens and their interaction mechanisms. In this study, we determined the miRNA expression profile of Hemaphysalis longicornis infected with Theileria orientalis, predicted the target genes of miRNAs involved in this infection process, and investigated the role of miRNA target recognition during host-pathogen interactions. The results showed that longipain is a target gene of miR-5309, which was differentially expressed at different developmental stages and in various tissues in the control group. However, the miR-5309 level was reduced in the infection group. Analysis of the interaction between miRNA and the target gene showed that miR-5309 negatively regulated the expression of the longipain protein during the infection of H. longicornis with T. orientalis. To verify this inference, we compared longipain with the blocking agent orientalis. In this study, the expression of longipain was upregulated by the inhibition of miR-5309 in ticks, and the ability of the antibody produced by the tick-derived protein to attenuate T. orientalis infection was verified through animal immunity and antigen-antibody binding tests. The results showed that expression of the longipain + GST fusion protein caused the cattle to produce antibodies that could be successfully captured by ticks, and cellular immunity was subsequently activated in the ticks, resulting in a subtractive effect on T. orientalis infection. This research provides ideas for the control of ticks and tickborne diseases and a research basis for studying the mechanism underlying the interaction between ticks and pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (S.Z.); (Q.R.); (G.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Shuaiyang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (S.Z.); (Q.R.); (G.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Qiaoyun Ren
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (S.Z.); (Q.R.); (G.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Guiquan Guan
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (S.Z.); (Q.R.); (G.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Jianxun Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (S.Z.); (Q.R.); (G.G.); (J.L.)
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Xujiaping 1, Lanzhou 730046, China; (S.Z.); (Q.R.); (G.G.); (J.L.)
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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Mierziak J, Wojtasik W. Epigenetic weapons of plants against fungal pathogens. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:175. [PMID: 38443788 PMCID: PMC10916060 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-04829-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
In the natural environment, plants face constant exposure to biotic stress caused by fungal attacks. The plant's response to various biotic stresses relies heavily on its ability to rapidly adjust the transcriptome. External signals are transmitted to the nucleus, leading to activation of transcription factors that subsequently enhance the expression of specific defense-related genes. Epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modifications and DNA methylation, which are closely linked to chromatin states, regulate gene expression associated with defense against biotic stress. Additionally, chromatin remodelers and non-coding RNA play a significant role in plant defense against stressors. These molecular modifications enable plants to exhibit enhanced resistance and productivity under diverse environmental conditions. Epigenetic mechanisms also contribute to stress-induced environmental epigenetic memory and priming in plants, enabling them to recall past molecular experiences and utilize this stored information for adaptation to new conditions. In the arms race between fungi and plants, a significant aspect is the cross-kingdom RNAi mechanism, whereby sRNAs can traverse organismal boundaries. Fungi utilize sRNA as an effector molecule to silence plant resistance genes, while plants transport sRNA, primarily through extracellular vesicles, to pathogens in order to suppress virulence-related genes. In this review, we summarize contemporary knowledge on epigenetic mechanisms of plant defense against attack by pathogenic fungi. The role of epigenetic mechanisms during plant-fungus symbiotic interactions is also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Mierziak
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, Wroclaw, 51-148, Poland
| | - Wioleta Wojtasik
- Department of Genetic Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wroclaw, Przybyszewskiego 63, Wroclaw, 51-148, Poland.
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de Oliveira Cabral SK, de Freitas MB, Stadnik MJ, Kulcheski FR. Emerging roles of plant microRNAs during Colletotrichum spp. infection. PLANTA 2024; 259:48. [PMID: 38285194 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-023-04318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION This review provides valuable insights into plant molecular regulatory mechanisms during fungus attacks, highlighting potential miRNA candidates for future disease management. Plant defense responses to biotic stress involve intricate regulatory mechanisms, including post-transcriptional regulation of genes mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs). These small RNAs play a vital role in the plant's innate immune system, defending against viral, bacterial, and fungal attacks. Among the plant pathogenic fungi, Colletotrichum spp. are notorious for causing anthracnose, a devastating disease affecting economically important crops worldwide. Understanding the molecular machinery underlying the plant immune response to Colletotrichum spp. is crucial for developing tools to reduce production losses. In this comprehensive review, we examine the current understanding of miRNAs associated with plant defense against Colletotrichum spp. We summarize the modulation patterns of miRNAs and their respective target genes. Depending on the function of their targets, miRNAs can either contribute to host resistance or susceptibility. We explore the multifaceted roles of miRNAs during Colletotrichum infection, including their involvement in R-gene-dependent immune system responses, hormone-dependent defense mechanisms, secondary metabolic pathways, methylation regulation, and biosynthesis of other classes of small RNAs. Furthermore, we employ an integrative approach to correlate the identified miRNAs with various strategies and distinct phases of fungal infection. This study provides valuable insights into the current understanding of plant miRNAs and their regulatory mechanisms during fungus attacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kirchhofer de Oliveira Cabral
- Group of Plant Molecular Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Mateus Brusco de Freitas
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marciel João Stadnik
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Center of Agricultural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Franceli Rodrigues Kulcheski
- Group of Plant Molecular Biology, Center of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
- Post-Graduation Program in Cell and Developmental Biology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil.
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Zhou T, Cao L, Hu K, Yu X, Qu S. miR164-NAC21/22 module regulates the resistance of Malus hupehensis against Alternaria alternata by controlling jasmonic acid signaling. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 330:111635. [PMID: 36787851 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2023.111635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Apple leaf spot disease caused by Alternaria alternata apple pathotype (A. alternata AP) is one of the most severe fungal diseases affecting apple cultivation. Transcription factors are involved in various disease-resistance responses, and many of them are regulated by miRNAs. Here, we performed RNA-Seq to investigate gene expression changes during the defense response of Malus hupehensis against A. alternata AP. NAC21/22 was induced upon A. alternata AP infection and silenced by miR164 via direct mRNA cleavage. Contrasting expression patterns were noted between mature miR164 and NAC21/22 during infection. Contrary to NAC21/22 silencing, transiently overexpressing NAC21/22 in M. hupehensis alleviated disease symptoms on 'gala' leaves, impeded A. alternata AP growth, and promoted jasmonic acid (JA) signaling-related gene expression. Importantly, transient miR164f overexpression in 'gala' leaves enhanced A. alternata AP sensitivity, due perhaps to NAC21/22 downregulation, whereas miR164 suppression produced an opposite effect. In summary, the miR164-NAC21/22 module plays a pivotal role in apple resistance against A. alternata AP by regulating JA signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhou
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Lifang Cao
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Kaixu Hu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Xinyi Yu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
| | - Shenchun Qu
- College of Horticulture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, PR China.
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Mohanty JN, Sahoo S, Routray SP, Bhuyan R. Does the diverse source of miRNAs affect human health? An approach towards diagnosis and therapeutic management. GENE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2022.101656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Sathyabhama M, Viswanathan R, Prasanth CN, Malathi P, Sundar AR. Differential host responses of sugarcane to Colletotrichum falcatum reveal activation of probable effector triggered immunity (ETI) in defence responses. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2022; 41:1461-1476. [PMID: 35415786 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-022-02870-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE The differential compatibility responses of sugarcane to Colletotrichum falcatum pathotypes depend on the nature of both host primary defence signalling cascades and pathogen virulence. The complex polyploidy of sugarcane genome and genetic variations in different cultivars of sugarcane remain a challenge to identify and characterise specific genes controlling the compatible and incompatible interactions between sugarcane and the red rot pathogen, Colletotrichum falcatum. To avoid host background variation in the interaction study, suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH)-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology was used in a sugarcane cultivar Co 7805 which is compatible with one C. falcatum pathotype but incompatible with another one. In the incompatible interaction (ICI-less virulent) 10,038 contigs were assembled from ~ 54,699,263 raw reads, while 4022 contigs were assembled from ~ 52,509,239 in the compatible interaction (CI-virulent). The transcripts homologous to CEBiP receptor and those involved in the signalling pathways of ROS, Ca2+, BR, and ABA were expressed in both interaction responses. In contrast, MAPK, ET, PI signalling pathways and JA amino conjugation related transcripts were found only in ICI. In temporal gene expression assays, 16 transcripts showed their highest induction in ICI than CI. Further, more than 17 transcripts specific to the pathogen were found only in CI, indicating that the pathogen colonizes the host tissue whereas it failed to do so in ICI. Overall, this study has identified for the first time that a probable PAMP triggered immunity (PTI) in both responses, while a more efficient effector triggered immunity (ETI) was found only in ICI. Moreover, pathogen proliferation could be predicted in CI based on transcript expression, which were homologous to Glomerella graminicola, the nearest clade to the perfect stage of C. falcatum (G. tucumanensis).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sathyabhama
- Plant Pathology Section, Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, 641007, India
- Department of Biotechnology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, 641014, India
| | - R Viswanathan
- Plant Pathology Section, Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, 641007, India.
| | - C N Prasanth
- Plant Pathology Section, Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - P Malathi
- Plant Pathology Section, Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, 641007, India
| | - A Ramesh Sundar
- Plant Pathology Section, Division of Crop Protection, ICAR-Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, 641007, India
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Xu M, Zhang X, Yu J, Guo Z, Li Y, Song X, He K, Li G, Chi Y. Proteome-Wide Analysis of Lysine 2-Hydroxyisobutyrylation in Aspergillus niger in Peanuts. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:719337. [PMID: 34489910 PMCID: PMC8418202 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.719337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus niger is a very destructive pathogen causing severe peanut root rot, especially in the seeding stage of peanuts (Arachis hypogaea), and often leading to the death of the plant. Protein lysine 2-hydroxyisobutyrylation (Khib) is a newly detected post-translational modification identified in several species. In this study, we identified 5041 Khib sites on 1,453 modified proteins in A. niger. Compared with five other species, A. niger has conserved and novel proteins. Bioinformatics analysis showed that Khib proteins are widely distributed in A. niger and are involved in many biological processes. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses revealed that Khib proteins were significantly enriched in many cellular compartments and pathways, such as ribosomes and proteasome subunits. A total of 223 Khib proteins were part of the PPI network, thus, suggesting that Khib proteins are associated with a large range of protein interactions and diverse pathways in the life processes of A. niger. Several identified proteins are involved in pathogenesis regulation. Our research provides the first comprehensive report of Khib and an extensive database for potential functional studies on Khib proteins in this economically important fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manlin Xu
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhiqing Guo
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Ying Li
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Xinying Song
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Kang He
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Guowei Li
- Institute of Crop Germplasm Resources, SAAS, Jinan, China
| | - Yucheng Chi
- Shandong Peanut Research Institute, Qingdao, China
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