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Kosiorek K, Grzesiak J, Gawor J, Sałańska A, Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk T. Polar-Region Soils as Novel Reservoir of Lactic Acid Bacteria from the Genus Carnobacterium. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9444. [PMID: 39273391 PMCID: PMC11395011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Polar habitats offer excellent sites to isolate unique bacterial strains due to their diverse physical, geochemical, and biological factors. We hypothesize that the unique environmental conditions of polar regions select for distinct strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) with novel biochemical properties. In this study, we characterized ten strains of psychrotrophic LAB isolated from hitherto poorly described sources-High Arctic and maritime Antarctic soils and soil-like materials, including ornithogenic soils, cryoconites, elephant seal colonies, and postglacial moraines. We evaluated the physiological and biochemical properties of the isolates. Based on 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes, the four LAB strains were assigned to three Carnobacterium species: C. alterfunditum, C. maltaromaticum, and C. jeotgali. The remaining strains may represent three new species of the Carnobacterium genus. All isolates were neutrophilic and halophilic psychrotrophs capable of fermenting various carbohydrates, organic acids, and alcohols. The identified metabolic properties of the isolated Carnobacterium strains suggest possible syntrophic interactions with other microorganisms in polar habitats. Some showed antimicrobial activity against food pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes and human pathogens like Staphylococcus spp. Several isolates exhibited unique metabolic traits with potential biotechnological applications that could be more effectively exploited under less stringent technological conditions compared to thermophilic LAB strains, such as lower temperatures and reduced nutrient concentrations. Analysis of extrachromosomal genetic elements revealed 13 plasmids ranging from 4.5 to 79.5 kb in five isolates, featuring unique genetic structures and high levels of previously uncharacterized genes. This work is the first comprehensive study of the biochemical properties of both known and new Carnobacterium species and enhances our understanding of bacterial communities in harsh and highly selective polar soil ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kosiorek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Grzesiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Gawor
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Sałańska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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Piłsyk S, Perlińska-Lenart U, Janik A, Skalmowska P, Znój A, Gawor J, Grzesiak J, Kruszewska JS. Native and Alien Antarctic Grasses as a Habitat for Fungi. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8475. [PMID: 39126044 PMCID: PMC11313430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions are now seen as one of the main threats to the Antarctic ecosystem. An example of such an invasion is the recent colonization of the H. Arctowski Polish Antarctic Station area by the non-native grass Poa annua. This site was previously occupied only by native plants like the Antarctic hair grass Deschampsia antarctica. To adapt successfully to new conditions, plants interact with soil microorganisms, including fungi. The aim of this study was to determine how the newly introduced grass P. annua established an interaction with fungi compared to resident grass D. antarctica. We found that fungal diversity in D. antarctica roots was significantly higher compared with P. annua roots. D. antarctica managed a biodiverse microbiome because of its ability to recruit fungal biocontrol agents from the soil, thus maintaining a beneficial nature of the endophyte community. P. annua relied on a set of specific fungal taxa, which likely modulated its cold response, increasing its competitiveness in Antarctic conditions. Cultivated endophytic fungi displayed strong chitinolysis, pointing towards their role as phytopathogenic fungi, nematode, and insect antagonists. This is the first study to compare the root mycobiomes of both grass species by direct culture-independent techniques as well as culture-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Piłsyk
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.P.); (U.P.-L.); (A.J.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Urszula Perlińska-Lenart
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.P.); (U.P.-L.); (A.J.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Anna Janik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.P.); (U.P.-L.); (A.J.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Patrycja Skalmowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.P.); (U.P.-L.); (A.J.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Anna Znój
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.P.); (U.P.-L.); (A.J.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (J.G.)
- Botanical Garden—Center for Biological Diversity Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Prawdziwka 2, 02-973 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Gawor
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.P.); (U.P.-L.); (A.J.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Jakub Grzesiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.P.); (U.P.-L.); (A.J.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (J.G.)
| | - Joanna S. Kruszewska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland; (S.P.); (U.P.-L.); (A.J.); (P.S.); (A.Z.); (J.G.)
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Sanyal A, Antony R, Samui G, Thamban M. Autotrophy to Heterotrophy: Shift in Bacterial Functions During the Melt Season in Antarctic Cryoconite Holes. J Microbiol 2024; 62:591-609. [PMID: 38814540 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Microbes residing in cryoconite holes (debris, water, and nutrient-rich ecosystems) on the glacier surface actively participate in carbon and nutrient cycling. Not much is known about how these communities and their functions change during the summer melt-season when intense ablation and runoff alter the influx and outflux of nutrients and microbes. Here, we use high-throughput-amplicon sequencing, predictive metabolic tools and Phenotype MicroArray techniques to track changes in bacterial communities and functions in cryoconite holes in a coastal Antarctic site and the surrounding fjord, during the summer season. The bacterial diversity in cryoconite hole meltwater was predominantly composed of heterotrophs (Proteobacteria) throughout the season. The associated functional potentials were related to heterotrophic-assimilatory and -dissimilatory pathways. Autotrophic Cyanobacterial lineages dominated the debris community at the beginning and end of summer, while heterotrophic Bacteroidota- and Proteobacteria-related phyla increased during the peak melt period. Predictive functional analyses based on taxonomy show a shift from predominantly phototrophy-related functions to heterotrophic assimilatory pathways as the melt-season progressed. This shift from autotrophic to heterotrophic communities within cryoconite holes can affect carbon drawdown and nutrient liberation from the glacier surface during the summer. In addition, the flushing out and export of cryoconite hole communities to the fjord could influence the biogeochemical dynamics of the fjord ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritri Sanyal
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa, 403804, India.
- School of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Goa University, Goa, 403206, India.
| | - Runa Antony
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa, 403804, India
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Gautami Samui
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa, 403804, India
- Department of Environmental Science, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, India
| | - Meloth Thamban
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa, 403804, India
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Highly specialized bacterial communities within three distinct rhizocompartments of Antarctic hairgrass (Deschampsia antarctica Desv.). Polar Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03027-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Krucon T, Dziewit L, Drewniak L. Insight Into Ecology, Metabolic Potential, and the Taxonomic Composition of Bacterial Communities in the Periodic Water Pond on King George Island (Antarctica). Front Microbiol 2021; 12:708607. [PMID: 34690951 PMCID: PMC8531505 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.708607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Polar regions contain a wide variety of lentic ecosystems. These include periodic ponds that have a significant impact on carbon and nitrogen cycling in polar environments. This study was conducted to assess the taxonomic and metabolic diversity of bacteria found in Antarctic pond affected by penguins and sea elephants and to define their role in ongoing processes. Metabolic assays showed that of the 168 tested heterotrophic bacteria present in the Antarctic periodic pond, 96% are able to degrade lipids, 30% cellulose, 26% proteins, and 26% starch. The taxonomic classification of the obtained isolates differs from that based on the composition of the 16S rRNA relative abundances in the studied pond. The dominant Actinobacteria constituting 45% of isolates represents a low proportion of the community, around 4%. With the addition of run-off, the proportions of inhabiting bacteria changed, including a significant decrease in the abundance of Cyanobacteria, from 2.38 to 0.33%, increase of Firmicutes from 9.32 to 19.18%, and a decreasing richness (Chao1 index from 1299 to 889) and diversity (Shannon index from 4.73 to 4.20). Comparative studies of communities found in different Antarctic environments indicate a great role for penguins in shaping bacterial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Krucon
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Dziewit
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Drewniak
- Department of Environmental Microbiology and Biotechnology, Institute of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Grzesiak J, Woltyńska A, Zdanowski MK, Górniak D, Świątecki A, Olech MA, Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk T. Metabolic fingerprinting of the Antarctic cyanolichen Leptogium puberulum-associated bacterial community (Western Shore of Admiralty Bay, King George Island, Maritime Antarctica). MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2021; 82:818-829. [PMID: 33555368 PMCID: PMC8674174 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01701-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Lichens are presently regarded as stable biotopes, small ecosystems providing a safe haven for the development of a diverse and numerous microbiome. In this study, we conducted a functional diversity assessment of the microbial community residing on the surface and within the thalli of Leptogium puberulum, a eurytopic cyanolichen endemic to Antarctica, employing the widely used Biolog EcoPlates which test the catabolism of 31 carbon compounds in a colorimetric respiration assay. Lichen thalli occupying moraine ridges of differing age within a proglacial chronosequence, as well as those growing in sites of contrasting nutrient concentrations, were procured from the diverse landscape of the western shore of Admiralty Bay in Maritime Antarctica. The L. puberulum bacterial community catabolized photobiont- (glucose-containing carbohydrates) and mycobiont-specific carbon compounds (D-Mannitol). The bacteria also had the ability to process degradation products of lichen thalli components (D-cellobiose and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine). Lichen thalli growth site characteristics had an impact on metabolic diversity and respiration intensity of the bacterial communities. While high nutrient contents in lichen specimens from "young" proglacial locations and in those from nitrogen enriched sites stimulated bacterial catabolic activity, in old proglacial locations and in nutrient-lacking sites, a metabolic activity restriction was apparent, presumably due to lichen-specific microbial control mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Grzesiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Woltyńska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marek K Zdanowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Dorota Górniak
- Department of Microbiology and Mycology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1a, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Aleksander Świątecki
- Department of Microbiology and Mycology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1a, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maria A Olech
- Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 3, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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Cappello S, Caruso G, Bergami E, Macrì A, Venuti V, Majolino D, Corsi I. New insights into the structure and function of the prokaryotic communities colonizing plastic debris collected in King George Island (Antarctica): Preliminary observations from two plastic fragments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 414:125586. [PMID: 34030422 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In Antarctic regions, the composition and metabolic activity of microbial assemblages associated with plastic debris ("plastisphere") are almost unknown. A macroplastic item from land (MaL, 30 cm) and a mesoplastic from the sea (MeS, 4 mm) were collected in Maxwell Bay (King George Island, South Shetland) and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in attenuated total reflectance geometry (FTIR-ATR), which confirmed a polystyrene foam and a composite high-density polyethylene composition for MaL and MeS, respectively. The structure and function of the two plastic-associated prokaryotic communities were studied by complementary 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries, total bacterioplankton and culturable heterotrophic bacterial counts, enzymatic activities of the whole community and enzymatic profiles of bacterial isolates. Results showed that Gamma- and Betaproteobacteria (31% and 28%, respectively) dominated in MeS, while Beta- and Alphaproteobacteria (21% and 13%, respectively) in MaL. Sequences related to oil degrading bacteria (Alcanivorax,Marinobacter) confirmed the known anthropogenic pressure in King George Island. This investigation on plastic-associated prokaryotic structure and function represents the first attempt to characterize the ecological role of plastisphere in this Antarctic region and provides the necessary background for future research on the significance of polymer type, surface characteristics and environmental conditions in shaping the plastisphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cappello
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Spianata San Raineri 86, Messina 98122, Italy
| | - Gabriella Caruso
- Institute of Polar Sciences (ISP), National Research Council (CNR), Spianata San Raineri 86, Messina 98122, Italy.
| | - Elisa Bergami
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, Siena 53100, Italy
| | - Angela Macrì
- Institute for Biological Resources and Marine Biotechnologies (IRBIM), National Research Council (CNR), Spianata San Raineri 86, Messina 98122, Italy; Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Valentina Venuti
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Domenico Majolino
- Department of Mathematical and Computer Sciences, Physical Sciences and Earth Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Messina 98166, Italy
| | - Ilaria Corsi
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Via Mattioli 4, Siena 53100, Italy
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Krauze P, Wagner D, Yang S, Spinola D, Kühn P. Influence of prokaryotic microorganisms on initial soil formation along a glacier forefield on King George Island, maritime Antarctica. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13135. [PMID: 34162928 PMCID: PMC8222374 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92205-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Compared to the 1970s, the edge of the Ecology Glacier on King George Island, maritime Antarctica, is positioned more than 500 m inwards, exposing a large area of new terrain to soil-forming processes and periglacial climate for more than 40 years. To gain information on the state of soil formation and its interplay with microbial activity, three hyperskeletic Cryosols (vegetation cover of 0-80%) deglaciated after 1979 in the foreland of the Ecology Glacier and a Cambic Cryosol (vegetation cover of 100%) distal to the lateral moraine deglaciated before 1956 were investigated by combining soil chemical and microbiological methods. In the upper part of all soils, a decrease in soil pH was observed, but only the Cambic Cryosol showed a clear direction of pedogenic and weathering processes, such as initial silicate weathering indicated by a decreasing Chemical Index of Alteration with depth. Differences in the development of these initial soils could be related to different microbial community compositions and vegetation coverage, despite the short distance among them. We observed-decreasing with depth-the highest bacterial abundances and microbial diversity at vegetated sites. Multiple clusters of abundant amplicon sequence variants were found depending on the site-specific characteristics as well as a distinct shift in the microbial community structure towards more similar communities at soil depths > 10 cm. In the foreland of the Ecology Glacier, the main soil-forming processes on a decadal timescale are acidification and accumulation of soil organic carbon and nitrogen, accompanied by changes in microbial abundances, microbial community compositions, and plant coverage, whereas quantifiable silicate weathering and the formation of pedogenic oxides occur on a centennial to a millennial timescale after deglaciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patryk Krauze
- GFZ, German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Section Geomicrobiology, 14473, Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Dirk Wagner
- GFZ, German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Section Geomicrobiology, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Geosciences, University of Potsdam, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Sizhong Yang
- GFZ, German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Section Geomicrobiology, 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Diogo Spinola
- Department of Geosciences, Research Area Geography, Laboratory of Soil Science and Geoecology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, 99775-6160, USA
| | - Peter Kühn
- Department of Geosciences, Research Area Geography, Laboratory of Soil Science and Geoecology, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
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Bacterial Communities Associated with Poa annua Roots in Central European (Poland) and Antarctic Settings (King George Island). Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9040811. [PMID: 33921507 PMCID: PMC8069831 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Poa annua (annual bluegrass) is one of the most ubiquitous grass species in the world. In isolated regions of maritime Antarctica, it has become an invasive organism threatening native tundra communities. In this study, we have explored and compared the rhizosphere and root-endosphere dwelling microbial community of P. annua specimens of maritime Antarctic and Central European origin in terms of bacterial phylogenetic diversity and microbial metabolic activity with a geochemical soil background. Our results show that the rhizospheric bacterial community was unique for each sampling site, yet the endosphere communities were similar to each other. However, key plant-associated bacterial taxa such as the Rhizobiaceae family were poorly represented in Antarctic samples, probably due to high salinity and heavy metal concentrations in the soil. Metabolic activity in the Antarctic material was considerably lower than in Central European samples. Antarctic root endosphere showed unusually high numbers of certain opportunistic bacterial groups, which proliferated due to low competition conditions. Thirteen bacterial families were recognized in this study to form a core microbiome of the P. annua root endosphere. The most numerous were the Flavobacteriaceae, suspected to be major contributors to the ecological success of annual bluegrass, especially in harsh, Antarctic conditions.
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Rogala MM, Gawor J, Gromadka R, Kowalczyk M, Grzesiak J. Biodiversity and Habitats of Polar Region Polyhydroxyalkanoic Acid-Producing Bacteria: Bioprospection by Popular Screening Methods. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11080873. [PMID: 32752049 PMCID: PMC7464897 DOI: 10.3390/genes11080873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), the intracellular polymers produced by various microorganisms as carbon and energy storage, are of great technological potential as biodegradable versions of common plastics. PHA-producing microbes are therefore in great demand and a plethora of different environments, especially extreme habitats, have been probed for the presence of PHA-accumulators. However, the polar region has been neglected in this regard, probably due to the low accessibility of the sampling material and unusual cultivation regime. Here, we present the results of a screening procedure involving 200 bacterial strains isolated from 25 habitats of both polar regions. Agar-based tests, microscopy, and genetic methods were conducted to elucidate the biodiversity and potential of polar-region PHA-accumulators. Microscopic observation of Nile Red stained cells proved to be the most reliable screening method as it allowed to confirm the characteristic bright orange glow of the Nile Red–PHA complex as well as the typical morphology of the PHA inclusions. Psychrophilic PHA-producers belonged mostly to the Comamonadaceae family (Betaproteobacteria) although actinobacterial PHA synthesizers of the families, Microbacteriaceae and Micrococcaceae also featured prominently. Glacial and postglacial habitats as well as developed polar region soils, were evaluated as promising for PHA-producer bioprospection. This study highlights the importance of psychrophiles as biodiverse and potent polyhydroxyalkanoate sources for scientific and application-aimed research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Marta Rogala
- Department of Antarctic Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Jan Gawor
- Laboratory of DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotide Synthesis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland; (J.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Robert Gromadka
- Laboratory of DNA Sequencing and Oligonucleotide Synthesis, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland; (J.G.); (R.G.)
| | - Magdalena Kowalczyk
- Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Jakub Grzesiak
- Department of Antarctic Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Grzesiak J, Kaczyńska A, Gawor J, Żuchniewicz K, Aleksandrzak-Piekarczyk T, Gromadka R, Zdanowski MK. A smelly business: Microbiology of Adélie penguin guano (Point Thomas rookery, Antarctica). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 714:136714. [PMID: 31978775 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Adélie penguins (Pygoscelis adeliae) are the most numerous flightless bird group breeding in coastal areas of Maritime and Continental Antarctica. Their activity leaves a mark on the land in the form of large guano deposits. This guano is an important nutrient source for terrestrial habitats of ice-free Antarctic areas, most notably by being the source of ammonia vapors which feed the surrounding grass, lichen and algae communities. Although investigated by researchers, the fate of the guano-associated microbial community and its role in decomposition processes remain vague. Therefore, by employing several direct community assessment methods combined with a broad culture-based approach we provide data on bacterial numbers, their activity and taxonomic affiliation in recently deposited and decayed Adélie penguin guano sampled at the Point Thomas rookery in Maritime Antarctica (King George Island). Our research indicates that recently deposited guano harbored mostly bacteria of penguin gut origin, presumably inactive in cold rookery settings. This material was rich in mesophilic enzymes active also at low temperatures, likely mediating early stage decomposition. Fresh guano colonization by environmental bacteria was minor, accomplished mostly by ammonia scavenging Jeotgalibaca sp. cells. Decayed guano contained 10-fold higher bacterial numbers with cold-active enzymes dominating the samples. Guano was colonized by uric-acid degrading and lipolytic Psychrobacter spp. and proteolytic Chryseobacterium sp. among others. Several spore-forming bacteria of penguin gut origin persisted in highly decomposed material, most notably uric-acid fermenting members of the Gottschalkiaceae family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Grzesiak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Agata Kaczyńska
- Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Arciszewskiego 22A, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland
| | - Jan Gawor
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Karolina Żuchniewicz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | | | - Robert Gromadka
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marek K Zdanowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5A, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland
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Garrido-Benavent I, Pérez-Ortega S, Durán J, Ascaso C, Pointing SB, Rodríguez-Cielos R, Navarro F, de los Ríos A. Differential Colonization and Succession of Microbial Communities in Rock and Soil Substrates on a Maritime Antarctic Glacier Forefield. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:126. [PMID: 32117148 PMCID: PMC7018881 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glacier forefields provide a unique chronosequence to assess microbial or plant colonization and ecological succession on previously uncolonized substrates. Patterns of microbial succession in soils of alpine and subpolar glacier forefields are well documented but those affecting high polar systems, including moraine rocks, remain largely unexplored. In this study, we examine succession patterns in pioneering bacterial, fungal and algal communities developing on moraine rocks and soil at the Hurd Glacier forefield (Livingston Island, Antarctica). Over time, changes were produced in the microbial community structure of rocks and soils (ice-free for different lengths of time), which differed between both substrates across the entire chronosequence, especially for bacteria and fungi. In addition, fungal and bacterial communities showed more compositional consistency in soils than rocks, suggesting community assembly in each niche could be controlled by processes operating at different temporal and spatial scales. Microscopy revealed a patchy distribution of epilithic and endolithic lithobionts, and increasing endolithic colonization and microbial community complexity along the chronosequence. We conclude that, within relatively short time intervals, primary succession processes at polar latitudes involve significant and distinct changes in edaphic and lithic microbial communities associated with soil development and cryptogamic colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Garrido-Benavent
- Departamento de Biogeoquímica y Ecología Microbiana, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jorge Durán
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carmen Ascaso
- Departamento de Biogeoquímica y Ecología Microbiana, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stephen B. Pointing
- Yale-NUS College, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ricardo Rodríguez-Cielos
- ETSI de Telecomunicación, Departamento de Señales, Sistemas y Radiocomunicaciones, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Navarro
- ETSI de Telecomunicación, Departamento de Matemática Aplicada a las TIC, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Asunción de los Ríos
- Departamento de Biogeoquímica y Ecología Microbiana, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Pandey A, Jain R, Sharma A, Dhakar K, Kaira GS, Rahi P, Dhyani A, Pandey N, Adhikari P, Shouche YS. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry based comparative assessment and bioprospection of psychrotolerant bacteria isolated from high altitudes under mountain ecosystem. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0273-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Romaniuk K, Golec P, Dziewit L. Insight Into the Diversity and Possible Role of Plasmids in the Adaptation of Psychrotolerant and Metalotolerant Arthrobacter spp. to Extreme Antarctic Environments. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:3144. [PMID: 30619210 PMCID: PMC6305408 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.03144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthrobacter spp. are coryneform Gram-positive aerobic bacteria, belonging to the class Actinobacteria. Representatives of this genus have mainly been isolated from soil, mud, sludge or sewage, and are usually mesophiles. In recent years, the presence of Arthrobacter spp. was also confirmed in various extreme, including permanently cold, environments. In this study, 36 psychrotolerant and metalotolerant Arthrobacter strains isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil from the King George Island (Antarctica), were screened for the presence of plasmids. The identified replicons were thoroughly characterized in order to assess their diversity and role in the adaptation of Arthrobacter spp. to harsh Antarctic conditions. The screening process identified 11 different plasmids, ranging in size from 8.4 to 90.6 kb. A thorough genomic analysis of these replicons detected the presence of numerous genes encoding proteins that potentially perform roles in adaptive processes such as (i) protection against ultraviolet (UV) radiation, (ii) resistance to heavy metals, (iii) transport and metabolism of organic compounds, (iv) sulfur metabolism, and (v) protection against exogenous DNA. Moreover, 10 of the plasmids carry genetic modules enabling conjugal transfer, which may facilitate their spread among bacteria in Antarctic soil. In addition, transposable elements were identified within the analyzed plasmids. Some of these elements carry passenger genes, which suggests that these replicons may be actively changing, and novel genetic modules of adaptive value could be acquired by transposition events. A comparative genomic analysis of plasmids identified in this study and other available Arthrobacter plasmids was performed. This showed only limited similarities between plasmids of Antarctic Arthrobacter strains and replicons of other, mostly mesophilic, isolates. This indicates that the plasmids identified in this study are novel and unique replicons. In addition, a thorough meta-analysis of 247 plasmids of psychrotolerant bacteria was performed, revealing the important role of these replicons in the adaptation of their hosts to extreme environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Romaniuk
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Golec
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lukasz Dziewit
- Department of Bacterial Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Insight into heavy metal resistome of soil psychrotolerant bacteria originating from King George Island (Antarctica). Polar Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-018-2287-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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16
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17
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Pires CV, Schaefer CERG, Hashigushi AK, Thomazini A, Filho EIF, Mendonça ES. Soil organic carbon and nitrogen pools drive soil C-CO2 emissions from selected soils in Maritime Antarctica. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 596-597:124-135. [PMID: 28431357 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing trend of increasing air temperatures will potentially affect soil organic matter (SOM) turnover and soil C-CO2 emissions in terrestrial ecosystems of Maritime Antarctica. The effects of SOM quality on this process remain little explored. We evaluated (i) the quantity and quality of soil organic matter and (ii) the potential of C release through CO2 emissions in lab conditions in different soil types from Maritime Antarctica. Soil samples (0-10 and 10-20cm) were collected in Keller Peninsula and the vicinity of Arctowski station, to determine the quantity and quality of organic matter and the potential to emit CO2 under different temperature scenarios (2, 5, 8 and 11°C) in lab. Soil organic matter mineralization is low, especially in soils with low organic C and N contents. Recalcitrant C form is predominant, especially in the passive pool, which is correlated with humic substances. Ornithogenic soils had greater C and N contents (reaching to 43.15gkg-1 and 5.22gkg-1 for total organic carbon and nitrogen, respectively). C and N were more present in the humic acid fraction. Lowest C mineralization was recorded from shallow soils on basaltic/andesites. C mineralization rates at 2°C were significant lower than at higher temperatures. Ornithogenic soils presented the lowest values of C-CO2 mineralized by g of C. On the other hand, shallow soils on basaltic/andesites were the most sensitive sites to emit C-CO2 by g of C. With permafrost degradation, soils on basaltic/andesites and sulfates are expected to release more C-CO2 than ornithogenic soils. With greater clay contents, more protection was afforded to soil organic matter, with lower microbial activity and mineralization. The trend of soil temperature increases will favor C-CO2 emissions, especially in the reduced pool of C stored and protected on permafrost, or in occasional Histosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Pires
- Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - C E R G Schaefer
- Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - A K Hashigushi
- Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - A Thomazini
- Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - E I F Filho
- Departamento de Solos, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, 36570-000 Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - E S Mendonça
- Departamento de Produção Vegetal, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espírito Santo 29000-000, Brazil.
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Recent Deceleration of the Ice Elevation Change of Ecology Glacier (King George Island, Antarctica). REMOTE SENSING 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/rs9060520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Bajerski F, Wagner D, Mangelsdorf K. Cell Membrane Fatty Acid Composition of Chryseobacterium frigidisoli PB4 T, Isolated from Antarctic Glacier Forefield Soils, in Response to Changing Temperature and pH Conditions. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:677. [PMID: 28469614 PMCID: PMC5395617 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms in Antarctic glacier forefields are directly exposed to the hostile environment of their habitat characterized by extremely low temperatures and changing geochemical conditions. To survive under those stress conditions microorganisms adapt, among others, their cell membrane fatty acid inventory. However, only little is known about the adaptation potential of microorganisms from Antarctic soil environments. In this study, we examined the adaptation of the cell membrane polar lipid fatty acid inventory of Chryseobacterium frigidisoli PB4T in response to changing temperature (0°C to 20°C) and pH (5.5 to 8.5) regimes, because this new strain isolated from an Antarctic glacier forefield showed specific adaptation mechanisms during its detailed physiological characterization. Flavobacteriaceae including Chryseobacterium species occur frequently in extreme habitats such as ice-free oases in Antarctica. C. frigidisoli shows a complex restructuring of membrane derived fatty acids in response to different stress levels. Thus, from 20°C to 10°C a change from less iso-C15:0 to more iso-C17:1ω7 is observed. Below 10°C temperature adaptation is regulated by a constant increase of anteiso-FAs and decrease of iso-FAs. An anteiso- and bis-unsaturated fatty acid, anteiso-heptadeca-9,13-dienoic acid, shows a continuous increase with decreasing cultivation temperatures underlining the particular importance of this fatty acid for temperature adaptation in C. frigidisoli. Concerning adaptation to changing pH conditions, most of the dominant fatty acids reveal constant relative proportions around neutral pH (pH 6-8). Strong variations are mainly observed at the pH extremes (pH 5.5 and 8.5). At high pH short chain saturated iso- and anteiso-FAs increase while longer chain unsaturated iso- and anteiso-FAs decrease. At low pH the opposite trend is observed. The study shows a complex interplay of different membrane components and provides, therefore, deep insights into adaptation strategies of microorganisms from extreme habitats to changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felizitas Bajerski
- Alfred Wegener Institute, Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine ResearchPotsdam, Germany
| | - Dirk Wagner
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Section 5.3 GeomicrobiologyPotsdam, Germany
| | - Kai Mangelsdorf
- GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Section 3.2 Organic GeochemistryPotsdam, Germany
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20
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Pudasaini S, Wilson J, Ji M, van Dorst J, Snape I, Palmer AS, Burns BP, Ferrari BC. Microbial Diversity of Browning Peninsula, Eastern Antarctica Revealed Using Molecular and Cultivation Methods. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:591. [PMID: 28439263 PMCID: PMC5383709 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Browning Peninsula is an ice-free polar desert situated in the Windmill Islands, Eastern Antarctica. The entire site is described as a barren landscape, comprised of frost boils with soils dominated by microbial life. In this study, we explored the microbial diversity and edaphic drivers of community structure across this site using traditional cultivation methods, a novel approach the soil substrate membrane system (SSMS), and culture-independent 454-tag pyrosequencing. The measured soil environmental and microphysical factors of chlorine, phosphate, aspect and elevation were found to be significant drivers of the bacterial community, while none of the soil parameters analyzed were significantly correlated to the fungal community. Overall, Browning Peninsula soil harbored a distinctive microbial community in comparison to other Antarctic soils comprised of a unique bacterial diversity and extremely limited fungal diversity. Tag pyrosequencing data revealed the bacterial community to be dominated by Actinobacteria (36%), followed by Chloroflexi (18%), Cyanobacteria (14%), and Proteobacteria (10%). For fungi, Ascomycota (97%) dominated the soil microbiome, followed by Basidiomycota. As expected the diversity recovered from culture-based techniques was lower than that detected using tag sequencing. However, in the SSMS enrichments, that mimic the natural conditions for cultivating oligophilic “k-selected” bacteria, a larger proportion of rare bacterial taxa (15%), such as Blastococcus, Devosia, Herbaspirillum, Propionibacterium and Methylocella and fungal (11%) taxa, such as Nigrospora, Exophiala, Hortaea, and Penidiella were recovered at the genus level. At phylum level, a comparison of OTU's showed that the SSMS shared 21% of Acidobacteria, 11% of Actinobacteria and 10% of Proteobacteria OTU's with soil. For fungi, the shared OTUs was 4% (Basidiomycota) and <0.5% (Ascomycota). This was the first known attempt to culture microfungi using the SSMS which resulted in an increase in diversity from 14 to 57 microfungi OTUs compared to standard cultivation. Furthermore, the SSMS offers the opportunity to retrieve a greater diversity of bacterial and fungal taxa for future exploitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Pudasaini
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South WalesKensington, NSW, Australia
| | - John Wilson
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South WalesKensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Mukan Ji
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South WalesKensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Josie van Dorst
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South WalesKensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Ian Snape
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and CommunitiesKingston, TAS, Australia
| | - Anne S Palmer
- Australian Antarctic Division, Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and CommunitiesKingston, TAS, Australia
| | - Brendan P Burns
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South WalesKensington, NSW, Australia
| | - Belinda C Ferrari
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South WalesKensington, NSW, Australia
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21
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Özçelik Ü, Çevik H, Bircan HY, Yarbuğ Karakayalı F, Işıklar İ, Haberal M. Evaluation of Transplanted Kidneys and Comparison with Healthy Volunteers and Kidney Donors with Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Initial Experience. EXP CLIN TRANSPLANT 2017. [PMID: 28332960 DOI: 10.6002/ect.2016.0341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance, by comparing imaging in renal allograft recipients for functional assessment of kidney transplants versus imaging of these features in healthy volunteers and kidney donors with native kidneys. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seventy renal transplant recipients (group A) with stable graft function at postoperative month 1, 40 healthy volunteers (group B), and 40 kidney donors (group C) underwent diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. An echo-planar diffusion-weighted imaging sequence was performed in coronal orientation by using 6 b values (0, 200, 400, 600, 800, 1000 s/mm²). The apparent diffusion coefficients were determined for the upper and lower poles of the kidney cortex and medulla. Relations between apparent diffusion coefficients and allograft function, determined by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (comparing rates > 60 mL/min/1.73 m² [group A1] versus < 60 mL/min/1.73 m² [group A2]), were investigated in renal transplant recipients, and apparent diffusion coefficients in groups A, B, and C were compared. RESULTS Apparent diffusion coefficients were statistically higher in group A1 than in group A2 (P < .05) and statistically higher in group A than in groups B and C (P < .001). There were no significant differences between groups B and C (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS We observed that apparent diffusion coefficients of transplanted kidneys at postoperative month 1 were higher than values in native kidneys of healthy volunteers and kidney donors. In addition, apparent diffusion coefficients of transplanted kidneys with estimated glomerular filtration rates > 60 mL/min/1.73 m² were higher than transplanted kidneys with rates < 60 mL/min/1.73 m².
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Affiliation(s)
- Ümit Özçelik
- Department of General Surgery, Baskent University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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22
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Song YS, Seo DJ, Jung WJ. Identification, purification, and expression patterns of chitinase from psychrotolerant Pedobacter sp. PR-M6 and antifungal activity in vitro. Microb Pathog 2017; 107:62-68. [PMID: 28330749 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a novel psychrotolerant chitinolytic bacterium Pedobacter sp. PR-M6 that displayed strong chitinolytic activity on 0.5% colloidal chitin was isolated from the soil of a decayed mushroom. Chitinase activity of PR-M6 at 25 °C (C25) after 6 days of incubation with colloidal chitin increased rapidly to a maximum level (31.3 U/mg proteins). Three chitinase isozymes (chiII, chiIII, and chiIV) from the crude enzyme at 25 °C (C25) incubation were expressed on SDS-PAGE gels at 25 °C. After purification by chitin-affinity chromatography, six chitinase isozymes (chiI, chiII, chiIII, chiIV, chiV, and chiVI) from C25-fractions were expressed on SDS-PAGE gels at 25 °C. Major bands of chitinase isozymes (chiI, chiII, and chiIII) from C4-fractions were strongly expressed on SDS-PAGE gels at 25 °C. Pedobacter sp. PR-M6 showed high inhibition rate of 60.9% and 57.5% against Rhizoctonia solani and Botrytis cinerea, respectively. These results indicated that psychrotolerant Pedobacter sp. PR-M6 could be applied widely as a microorganism agent for the biocontrol of agricultural phytopathogens at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Su Song
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Jun Seo
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Jin Jung
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Institute of Environmentally-Friendly Agriculture (IEFA), College of Agricultural and Life Science, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Cameron KA, Stibal M, Zarsky JD, Gözdereliler E, Schostag M, Jacobsen CS. Supraglacial bacterial community structures vary across the Greenland ice sheet. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 92:fiv164. [PMID: 26691594 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition and spatial variability of microbial communities that reside within the extensive (>200 000 km(2)) biologically active area encompassing the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) is hypothesized to be variable. We examined bacterial communities from cryoconite debris and surface ice across the GrIS, using sequence analysis and quantitative PCR of 16S rRNA genes from co-extracted DNA and RNA. Communities were found to differ across the ice sheet, with 82.8% of the total calculated variation attributed to spatial distribution on a scale of tens of kilometers separation. Amplicons related to Sphingobacteriaceae, Pseudanabaenaceae and WPS-2 accounted for the greatest portion of calculated dissimilarities. The bacterial communities of ice and cryoconite were moderately similar (global R = 0.360, P = 0.002) and the sampled surface type (ice versus cryoconite) did not contribute heavily towards community dissimilarities (2.3% of total variability calculated). The majority of dissimilarities found between cryoconite 16S rRNA gene amplicons from DNA and RNA was calculated to be the result of changes in three taxa, Pseudanabaenaceae, Sphingobacteriaceae and WPS-2, which together contributed towards 80.8 ± 12.6% of dissimilarities between samples. Bacterial communities across the GrIS are spatially variable active communities that are likely influenced by localized biological inputs and physicochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A Cameron
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marek Stibal
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Ecology, Charles University in Prague, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub D Zarsky
- Department of Ecology, Charles University in Prague, 128 43 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Erkin Gözdereliler
- Department of Geochemistry, Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS), 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Schostag
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten S Jacobsen
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, 1350 Copenhagen, Denmark Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Wang NF, Zhang T, Zhang F, Wang ET, He JF, Ding H, Zhang BT, Liu J, Ran XB, Zang JY. Diversity and structure of soil bacterial communities in the Fildes Region (maritime Antarctica) as revealed by 454 pyrosequencing. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1188. [PMID: 26579095 PMCID: PMC4623505 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the diversity and composition of bacterial communities in four different soils (human-, penguin-, seal-colony impacted soils and pristine soil) in the Fildes Region (King George Island, Antarctica) using 454 pyrosequencing with bacterial-specific primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Verrucomicrobia were abundant phyla in almost all the soil samples. The four types of soils were significantly different in geochemical properties and bacterial community structure. Thermotogae, Cyanobacteria, Fibrobacteres, Deinococcus-Thermus, and Chlorobi obviously varied in their abundance among the 4 soil types. Considering all the samples together, members of the genera Gaiella, Chloracidobacterium, Nitrospira, Polaromonas, Gemmatimonas, Sphingomonas, and Chthoniobacter were found to predominate, whereas members of the genera Chamaesiphon, Herbaspirillum, Hirschia, Nevskia, Nitrosococcus, Rhodococcus, Rhodomicrobium, and Xanthomonas varied obviously in their abundance among the four soil types. Distance-based redundancy analysis revealed that pH (p < 0.01), phosphate phosphorus (p < 0.01), organic carbon (p < 0.05), and organic nitrogen (p < 0.05) were the most significant factors that correlated with the community distribution of soil bacteria. To our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the soil bacterial communities in human-, penguin-, and seal- colony impacted soils from ice-free areas in maritime Antarctica using high-throughput pyrosequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neng Fei Wang
- Key Lab of Marine Bioactive Substances, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration Qingdao, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Beijing, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Polar Research Institute of China Shanghai, China
| | - En Tao Wang
- Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional Mexico, Mexico
| | - Jian Feng He
- Polar Research Institute of China Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Ding
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Qingdao University Qingdao, China
| | - Bo Tao Zhang
- Chemical Engineering Institute, Qingdao University Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao, China
| | - Xiang Bin Ran
- Key Lab of Marine Bioactive Substances, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration Qingdao, China
| | - Jia Ye Zang
- Key Lab of Marine Bioactive Substances, The First Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration Qingdao, China
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Bradley JA, Singarayer JS, Anesio AM. Microbial community dynamics in the forefield of glaciers. Proc Biol Sci 2015; 281:rspb.2014.0882. [PMID: 25274358 PMCID: PMC4213609 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.0882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Retreating ice fronts (as a result of a warming climate) expose large expanses of deglaciated forefield, which become colonized by microbes and plants. There has been increasing interest in characterizing the biogeochemical development of these ecosystems using a chronosequence approach. Prior to the establishment of plants, microbes use autochthonously produced and allochthonously delivered nutrients for growth. The microbial community composition is largely made up of heterotrophic microbes (both bacteria and fungi), autotrophic microbes and nitrogen-fixing diazotrophs. Microbial activity is thought to be responsible for the initial build-up of labile nutrient pools, facilitating the growth of higher order plant life in developed soils. However, it is unclear to what extent these ecosystems rely on external sources of nutrients such as ancient carbon pools and periodic nitrogen deposition. Furthermore, the seasonal variation of chronosequence dynamics and the effect of winter are largely unexplored. Modelling this ecosystem will provide a quantitative evaluation of the key processes and could guide the focus of future research. Year-round datasets combined with novel metagenomic techniques will help answer some of the pressing questions in this relatively new but rapidly expanding field, which is of growing interest in the context of future large-scale ice retreat.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Bradley
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Joy S Singarayer
- Department of Meteorology, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6BB, UK
| | - Alexandre M Anesio
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
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Microbial community changes along the Ecology Glacier ablation zone (King George Island, Antarctica). Polar Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-015-1767-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Microbial community development on the surface of Hans and Werenskiold Glaciers (Svalbard, Arctic): a comparison. Extremophiles 2015; 19:885-97. [PMID: 26104673 PMCID: PMC4546695 DOI: 10.1007/s00792-015-0764-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Surface ice and cryoconite holes of two types of polythermal Svalbard Glaciers (Hans Glacier—grounded tidewater glacier and Werenskiold Glacier—land-based valley glacier) were investigated in terms of chemical composition, microbial abundance and diversity. Gathered data served to describe supraglacial habitats and to compare microbe–environment interactions on those different type glaciers. Hans Glacier samples displayed elevated nutrient levels (DOC, nitrogen and seston) compared to Werenskiold Glacier. Adjacent tundra formations, bird nesting sites and marine aerosol were candidates for allochtonic enrichment sources. Microbial numbers were comparable on both glaciers, with surface ice containing cells in the range of 104 mL−1 and cryoconite sediment 108 g−1 dry weight. Denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis band-based clustering revealed differences between glaciers in terms of dominant bacterial taxa structure. Microbial community on Werenskiold Glacier benefited from the snow-released substances. On Hans Glacier, this effect was not as pronounced, affecting mainly the photoautotrophs. Over-fertilization of Hans Glacier surface was proposed as the major factor, desensitizing the microbial community to the snow melt event. Nitrogen emerged as a limiting factor in surface ice habitats, especially to Eukaryotic algae.
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Pessi IS, Osorio-Forero C, Gálvez EJC, Simões FL, Simões JC, Junca H, Macedo AJ. Distinct composition signatures of archaeal and bacterial phylotypes in the Wanda Glacier forefield, Antarctic Peninsula. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 91:1-10. [PMID: 25764530 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiu005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that microbial communities in Antarctic environments are highly diverse. However, considering that the Antarctic Peninsula is among the regions with the fastest warming rates, and that regional climate change has been linked to an increase in the mean rate of glacier retreat, the microbial diversity in Antarctic soil is still poorly understood. In this study, we analysed more than 40 000 sequences of the V5-V6 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene obtained by 454 pyrosequencing from four soil samples from the Wanda Glacier forefield, King George Island, Antarctic Peninsula. Phylotype diversity and richness were surprisingly high, and taxonomic assignment of sequences revealed that communities are dominated by Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes and Euryarchaeota, with a high frequency of archaeal and bacterial phylotypes unclassified at the genus level and without cultured representative strains, representing a distinct microbial community signature. Several phylotypes were related to marine microorganisms, indicating the importance of the marine environment as a source of colonizers for this recently deglaciated environment. Finally, dominant phylotypes were related to different microorganisms possessing a large array of metabolic strategies, indicating that early successional communities in Antarctic glacier forefield can be also functionally diverse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor S Pessi
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre - RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - César Osorio-Forero
- Research Group Microbial Ecology: Metabolism, Genomics and Evolution of Communities of Environmental Microorganisms, CorpoGen, Carrera 5 66A-34, 110231, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Eric J C Gálvez
- Research Group Microbial Ecology: Metabolism, Genomics and Evolution of Communities of Environmental Microorganisms, CorpoGen, Carrera 5 66A-34, 110231, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Felipe L Simões
- Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre - RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Jefferson C Simões
- Centro Polar e Climático, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre - RS, 91501-970, Brazil
| | - Howard Junca
- Research Group Microbial Ecology: Metabolism, Genomics and Evolution of Communities of Environmental Microorganisms, CorpoGen, Carrera 5 66A-34, 110231, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Alexandre J Macedo
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 - Agronomia, Porto Alegre - RS, 91501-970, Brazil Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Ipiranga, 2752 - Azenha, Porto Alegre - RS, 90610-000, Brazil
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Dziewit L, Grzesiak J, Ciok A, Nieckarz M, Zdanowski MK, Bartosik D. Sequence determination and analysis of three plasmids of Pseudomonas sp. GLE121, a psychrophile isolated from surface ice of Ecology Glacier (Antarctica). Plasmid 2013; 70:254-62. [PMID: 23721858 DOI: 10.1016/j.plasmid.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas sp. GLE121 (a psychrophilic Antarctic strain) carries three plasmids: pGLE121P1 (6899 bp), pGLE121P2 (8330 bp) and pGLE121P3 (39,583 bp). Plasmids pGLE121P1 and pGLE121P2 show significant sequence similarity to members of the IncP-9 and IncP-7 incompatibility groups, respectively, while the largest replicon, pGLE121P3, is highly related to plasmid pNCPPB880-40 of Pseudomonas syringae pathovar tomato NCPPB880. All three plasmids have a narrow host range, limited to members of the genus Pseudomonas. Plasmid pGLE121P3 encodes a conjugal transfer system, while pGLE121P1 carries only a putative MOB module, conserved in many mobilizable plasmids. Plasmid pGLE121P3 contains an additional load of genetic information, including a pair of genes with homology to the rulAB operon, responsible for ultraviolet radiation (UVR) tolerance. Given the increasing UV exposure in Antarctic regions, the expression of these genes is likely to be an important adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Dziewit
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Department of Bacterial Genetics, Miecznikowa 1, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland.
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