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Chaniotakis C, Koutserimpas C, Tsantes AG, Papadopoulos DV, Tsiridis CA, Karantanas A, Alpantaki K, Hadjipavlou A. Post-Discectomy Infection: A Critical Review and Suggestion of a Management Algorithm. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1478. [PMID: 38592315 PMCID: PMC10935210 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13051478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Postoperative discitis (POD) accounts for 20% to 30% of all cases of pyogenic spondylodiscitis, while POD may be mis-or-under-diagnosed, due to the vague related symptomatology and the non-specific imaging findings. Most studies report infection rate of less than 1%, which increases with the addition of non-instrumented fusion to 2.4% to 6.2%. It remains controversial whether POD is caused by an aseptic or infectious process. Positive cultures are presented only in 42-73% of patients with Staphylococcus species being the most common invading organisms, while Staphylococcus aureus is isolated in almost 50% of cases. The onset of POD symptoms usually occurs at 2-4 weeks after an apparently uneventful operation. Back pain and muscle spasms are usually refractory to bed rest and analgesics. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the most sensitive and specific imaging diagnostic technique. Antimicrobial therapy depends on the results of tissue cultures, and along with bracing represents the mainstay of management. Surgical intervention is necessary in patients failing conservative treatment. For the majority of cases, extensive surgical debridement, antibiotic therapy, and orthosis immobilization are effective in eliminating the infection. According to this, we recommend an Algorithmic approach for the management of POD. Postoperative infections after spinal surgery pose a certain clinical challenge, and in most cases can be treated conservatively. Nevertheless, disability may be persistent, and surgery could be necessary. The purpose of this concise review is to describe the manifestation of post-discectomy infection, its pathogenesis and particularly a rational approach for its management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantinos Chaniotakis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, “Venizeleion” General Hospital of Heraklion, 71409 Crete, Greece; (C.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Christos Koutserimpas
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, “251” Hellenic Air Force General Hospital of Athens, 11525 Athens, Greece
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Andreas G. Tsantes
- Laboratory of Haematology and Blood Bank Unit, Attikon Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 12462 Athens, Greece;
- Microbiology Department, Saint Savvas Oncology Hospital, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios V. Papadopoulos
- Second Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 14233 Athens, Greece;
| | | | | | - Kalliopi Alpantaki
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, “Venizeleion” General Hospital of Heraklion, 71409 Crete, Greece; (C.C.); (K.A.)
| | - Alexander Hadjipavlou
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77550, USA;
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Maus T. The Anatomy, Technique, Safety, and Efficacy of Image-Guided Epidural Access. Radiol Clin North Am 2024; 62:199-215. [PMID: 38272615 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2023.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Epidural steroid injections have demonstrable efficacy and safety in treatment of radicular pain syndromes; transforaminal access has greater evidence of efficacy than interlaminar approaches. The interventionalist must understand epidural and foraminal anatomy and imaging to insure delivery of medication to the target, the ventral epidural space at the site of neural compression. This obligates pre-procedural planning. When performed with appropriate risk mitigation strategies, epidural injections by either access are safe. For transforaminal access, the use of dexamethasone as the injectate, and infraneural approaches, provides safety advantages.
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Raju R, Holder EK, Dundas M, Liang J, Donham R. Risk of SARS-CoV-2 following joint and epidural corticosteroid injections: A retrospective study. Pain Pract 2024; 24:472-482. [PMID: 37994676 DOI: 10.1111/papr.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The immunosuppressive effects of corticosteroid (CS) injections have come under more scrutiny during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The aim of the study was to explore any relationship between joint/epidural CS injection and SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positivity. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted on patients 18 years or over who received at least one joint or epidural CS injection by physiatrists in a tertiary care center between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2021. This cohort of patients was then compared to a control group who did not receive any CS injection during this time period. RESULTS A total of 766 patients were identified in the CS injection group and 1546 patients in the control group. Overall, 12.27% of patients turned SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive in the CS injection group, which was similar to 11.90% in the control group (p = 0.797). But 3-month SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity rate showed a statistically significant higher rate among the CS injection group (3.30% in the CS injection group vs. 2.10% in the control group; p = 0.027). In multivariate regression analysis, after adjusting both groups for Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), there was statistically significant higher SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity rate in the CS injection group (p = 0.024). However, after adjusting both groups for age and total number of comorbidities, there was no difference between the groups in regard to SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity rate (p = 0.081). In the subgroup analysis of only COVID-19 vaccinated patients, there was an increased 3-month SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity rate among patients with severe comorbidities in the CS injection group (p = 0.036). CONCLUSION The study was not conclusive on the effect of joint or epidural CS injection on SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity rate, although adjusted analysis suggests higher 3-month SARS-CoV-2 PCR positivity rate after CS injection in patients with severe comorbidities with significant disease burden when compared to controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Raju
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale New Haven Hospital/Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Eric K Holder
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale New Haven Hospital/Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark Dundas
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, Yale New Haven Hospital/Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jingchen Liang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Rebecca Donham
- Clinical Research Fellow, Yale University, Alabama College of Osteopathic Medicine, Dothan, Alabama, USA
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Lee E, Lee JW, Kang HS. Interlaminar versus transforaminal epidural steroid injections: a review of efficacy and safety. Skeletal Radiol 2023; 52:1825-1840. [PMID: 35859019 DOI: 10.1007/s00256-022-04124-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Spine intervention is an important treatment option for the management of spinal pain, and the numbers of the most representative epidural steroid injection (ESI) procedures performed are expected to increase significantly in the future along with increased life expectancy and the increasing prevalence of spinal disorders. Therefore, it is important to understand the efficacy of ESIs according to each spinal disorder they are administered to treat, and one must be familiar with the possible complications. In fact, although numerous ESI-related articles have been published, there is still considerable controversy regarding the efficacy of ESI procedures. Furthermore, due to the rarity of serious complications, most instances have been recorded in the form of case reports. In this article, we aimed to review the indications of cervical and lumbar ESIs and to compare interlaminar ESI (ILESI) and transforaminal ESI (TFESI) techniques in terms of analgesic efficacy, possible complications, and safety profiles. This article includes opinions based on the authors' experience with ESI indications and efficacy, and presents practical tips for coping with specific situations related to each complication. By combining the dedicated anatomical understanding of radiologists with image-guided interventions, ESI is expected to stand out in the rapidly expanding field of spine intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13620, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joon Woo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13620, Gyeonggi-do, Korea.
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Heung Sik Kang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, 13620, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Çetin E, Şah V, Zengin I, Arabacı Ö, Akyol ME, Yücel M. Comparative Effectiveness of Epidural Steroid İnjections in Patients With Disc Bulging and Disc Protrusion. Cureus 2023; 15:e45994. [PMID: 37900516 PMCID: PMC10601978 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Discogenic low back pain is a widespread disorder in the world. Many methods have been developed and continue to be developed in the treatment of discogenic low back pain. We aimed to examine the effect of epidural steroid administration on disc bulging and disc protrusion in patients with discogenic low back pain. Design The clinical effects of interlaminar epidural steroids administered to 71 patients who were admitted to our clinic and whose treatment did not require surgery were radiologically divided into two groups disc bulging and disc protrusion. Patients were followed up for six months and clinical results were recorded. Methods The scores of the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) were measured before the procedure, one week after the procedure, one month after the procedure, and six months after the procedure. The normal distribution of continuous variables was evaluated using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Continuous variables were compared with the Mann-Whitney U test and categorical variables were compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Results There was no significant difference in demographic data in patients with disc bulging and disc protrusion. In the disc protrusion group, the VAS scores in the first week after, the first month after and the sixth month after the procedure showed a significant decrease compared to the pre-procedure. There was no significant difference between the disc bulging and protrusion groups in the first week of post-procedure VAS score reduction. In the Disc Bulging group, the ODI score one week after, one month after, and six months after the procedure showed a significant decrease compared to the pre-procedure. In the Disc Protrusion group, the ODI score one week after, one month after, and six months after the procedure showed a significant decrease compared to the pre-procedure. Conclusion There was strong evidence that lumbar interlaminar steroid injection is an effective treatment for disc bulging and discogenic pain due to protrusion. When the ODI and VAS scores of patients with both disc bulging and disc protrusion were evaluated, it was seen that they benefited from epidural steroid injection. In the disc protrusion group, except for the first week of injection, relief due to the use of epidural steroids was observed to be greater compared to disc bulging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyup Çetin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Haydarpaşa Numune Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, TUR
| | - Volkan Şah
- Department of Sports Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, TUR
| | - Irfan Zengin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, TUR
| | - Özkan Arabacı
- Department of Neurosurgery, Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Van, TUR
| | - Mehmet E Akyol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, TUR
| | - Murat Yücel
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yalova University, Yalova, TUR
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Lo Bianco G, Tinnirello A, Papa A, Torrano V, Russo G, Stogicza A, Mercadante S, Cortegiani A, Mazzoleni S, Schatman ME. Interventional Pain Procedures: A Narrative Review Focusing on Safety and Complications. Part 1 Injections for Spinal Pain. J Pain Res 2023; 16:1637-1646. [PMID: 37223436 PMCID: PMC10202209 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s402798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in the number of image-guided interventional procedures performed for the management of acute and chronic pain. Concomitantly, there has also been an increase in the complication rate related to these procedures. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the primary complications associated with commonly performed image-guided (fluoroscopic- or ultrasound-guided) interventional procedures. We conclude that although complications from interventional pain procedures can be mitigated to a certain degree, they cannot be eliminated altogether. In order to avoid adverse events, patient safety should be given considerable attention and physicians should be constantly aware of the possibility of developing complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Lo Bianco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain, Fondazione Istituto G. Giglio, Cefalù, Italy
| | - Andrea Tinnirello
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, ASST Franciacorta, Ospedale di Iseo, Iseo, Italy
| | - Alfonso Papa
- Department of Pain Management– AO “Ospedali dei Colli” – Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy
| | - Vito Torrano
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Asst Grande Ospedale Metropolitano Niguarda, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianluca Russo
- Department of Anesthesia, Postoperative Intensive Care and Pain Therapy, Lodi Hospital, Lodi, Italy
| | - Agnes Stogicza
- Department of Anesthesiology Saint Magdolna Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sebastiano Mercadante
- Department of Pain Relief and Supportive Care, Private Hospital La Maddalena, Palermo, Sicilia, Italy
| | - Andrea Cortegiani
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Silvia Mazzoleni
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, ASST Franciacorta, Ospedale di Iseo, Iseo, Italy
| | - Michael E Schatman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative Care, and Pain Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Population Health – Division of Medical Ethics, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Yagdiran A, Paul G, Meyer-Schwickerath C, Scheder-Bieschin J, Tobys D, Kernich N, Eysel P, Jung N. Clinical features and outcome of vertebral osteomyelitis after spinal injection: is it worth the price? Infection 2023; 51:599-607. [PMID: 37071309 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02024-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Spinal injections are increasingly used for back pain treatment. Vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) after spinal injection (SIVO) is rare, but patient characteristics and outcome have not been well characterized. The aim of this study was to assess patient characteristics of SIVO in comparison to patients with native vertebral osteomyelitis (NVO) and to determine predictors for 1-year survival. METHODS This is a single-center cohort study from a tertiary referral hospital. This is a retrospective analysis of Patients with VO who were prospectively enrolled into a spine registry from 2008 to 2019. Student's t-test, Kruskal-Wallis test or Chi-square test were applied for group comparisons. Survival analysis was performed using a log-rank test and a multivariable Cox regression model. RESULTS 283 VO patients were enrolled in the study, of whom 44 (15.5%) had SIVO and 239 (84.5%) NVO. Patients with SIVO were significantly younger, had a lower Charlson comorbidity index and a shorter hospital stay compared to NVO. They also showed a higher rate of psoas abscesses and spinal empyema (38.6% [SIVO] vs. 20.9% [NVO]). Staphylococcus aureus (27%) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) (25%) were equally often detected in SIVO while S. aureus was more frequently than CNS in NVO (38.1% vs. 7.9%).Patients with SIVO (P = 0.04) had a higher 1-year survival rate (Fig. 1). After multivariate analysis, ASA score was associated with a lower 1-year survival in VO. CONCLUSION The results from this study emphasize unique clinical features of SIVO, which warrant that SIVO should be estimated as a separate entity of VO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayla Yagdiran
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gregor Paul
- Department of Internal Medicine III - Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Augsburg, Stenglinstraße 2, 86156, Augsburg, Germany.
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
| | | | - Justus Scheder-Bieschin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Acute, Emergency and Intensive Care Medicine (DIANI), Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - David Tobys
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Kernich
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Peer Eysel
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Norma Jung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department I of Internal Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Patel HA, Cheppalli NS, Bhandarkar AW, Patel V, Singla A. Lumbar Spinal Steroid Injections and Infection Risk after Spinal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asian Spine J 2022; 16:947-957. [PMID: 35249315 PMCID: PMC9827202 DOI: 10.31616/asj.2021.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumbar spinal steroid injections (LSSI) are universally used as preferred diagnostic or therapeutic treatment options before major spinal surgeries. Some recent studies have reported higher risks of surgical-site infection (SSI) for spinal surgeries performed after injections, while others have overlooked such associations. The purpose of this study is to systematically review the literature and perform a meta-analysis to evaluate the associations between preoperative LSSI and postoperative infection following subsequent lumbar decompression and fusion procedures. Three databases, namely PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library, were searched for relevant studies that reported the association of spinal surgery SSI with spinal injections. After the comprehensive sequential screening of the titles, abstracts, and full articles, nine studies were included in a systematic review, and eight studies were included in the meta-analysis. Studies were critically appraised for bias using the validated MINOR (methodological index for non-randomized studies) score. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Subgroup analysis was performed according to the time between LSSI and surgery and the type of lumbar spine surgery. Meta-analysis showed that preoperative LSSI within 30 days of lumbar spine surgery was associated with significantly higher postoperative infection compared with the control group (OR,1.79; 95% CI, 1.08-2.96). Based on subgroup analysis, lumbar spine fusion surgery within 30 days of preoperative LSSI was associated with significantly high-infection rates (OR, 2.67; 95% CI, 2.12-3.35), while no association was found between preoperative LSSI and postoperative infection for lumbar spine decompression surgeries. In summary, given the absence of high-level studies in the literature, careful clinical interpretation of the results should be performed. The overall risk of SSI was slightly higher if the spinal surgery was performed within 30 days after LSSIs. The risk was higher for lumbar fusion cases but not for decompression-only procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naga Suresh Cheppalli
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of New Mexico, VA Hospital, Albuquerque, NM,
USA
| | | | | | - Anuj Singla
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, VA,
USA
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Um MK, Lee E, Lee JW, Kang Y, Ahn JM, Kang HS. Fluoroscopic lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections for recurrent herniated intervertebral disc after discectomy: Effectiveness and outcome predictors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271054. [PMID: 35797391 PMCID: PMC9262237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite transforaminal epidural steroid injection (ESI) being the first choice in patient with recurrent herniated intervertebral disc (HIVD), efficacy of ESI in those patients are not well established. Herein, we evaluate the effectiveness and outcome predictors of fluoroscopic transforaminal ESI for recurrent HIVD. Methods Seventy-seven patients (48 male; mean age, 51.3 years) with recurrent lumbar HIVD were included and divided into three groups according to initial treatment: conservative treatment, transforaminal ESI, and immediate surgery. ESI effectiveness was evaluated by operation rates, injection numbers in 6 months, and pain reduction (visual analog scale (VAS) scores). Clinical and MRI variables were analyzed as possible outcome predictors. Each subject in the transforaminal ESI group was individually matched to two patients with initial HIVD (control group). Results In the transforaminal ESI group (n = 37), 20 patients (54.1%) did not undergo reoperation. The initial and follow-up VAS scores were significantly higher in the reoperation group (p = 0.014, p = 0.019, respectively). Patients with either paresthesia or motor weakness (12/19, 63.2%) had a significantly higher reoperation rate than patients with only pain (5/18, 27.8%; p = 0.031). Extruded disc ratios ≥2.0 were significantly higher in the reoperation group (10/17, 58.8%; p = 0.048). The reoperation rate in the transforaminal ESI group (17/37, 45.9%) was higher than the operation rate in the control group (6/73, 8.2%; p<0.001). Conclusion Transforaminal ESI was effective in reducing radicular pain in patients with recurrent HIVD. Approximately 54% of patients did not undergo reoperation. An extruded disc ratio ≥2.0 and paresthesia or motor weakness were poor outcome predictors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Kyung Um
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Eugene Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
| | - Joon Woo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Yusuhn Kang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong Mo Ahn
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Sik Kang
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam-si, Republic of Korea
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OUP accepted manuscript. PAIN MEDICINE 2022; 23:1041-1042. [DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnac013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Krez A, Liu Y, Kanbour S, Clare S, Waldman S, Stein EM. The skeletal consequences of epidural steroid injections: a literature review. Osteoporos Int 2021; 32:2155-2162. [PMID: 34089066 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-021-05986-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This literature review summarized studies that evaluated the effects of epidural steroid injections (ESIs) on skeletal health. While evidence is limited, studies suggest that ESIs may cause bone loss. Better understanding of these skeletal consequences will help foster strategies to prevent bone loss in the growing population of patients receiving ESIs. PURPOSE Approximately nine million epidural steroid injections (ESIs) are administered annually in the United States to treat radicular back pain. ESIs often provide pain relief and functional improvement. While the overall incidence of adverse events resulting from ESIs is low, their effects on the skeleton are poorly understood. This is an important consideration given the profound skeletal impact of other forms of glucocorticoids. METHODS Ovid MEDLINE and PubMed search results since 2010, including older, frequently referenced publications were reviewed. RESULTS Systemic absorption of glucocorticoids occurs after ESI, which can cause hyperglycemia and endogenous cortisol suppression. The majority of studies investigating the skeletal effects of ESIs are retrospective. Several have found a relationship between low areal bone mineral density (BMD) by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and ESI exposure, but this finding is not uniform. Recently a dose-response relationship between ESI exposure and low spine volumetric BMD by computed tomography has been reported. Few studies have investigated the relationship between ESI exposure and fracture risk. Results of these studies are conflicting, and most have not been adequately powered to detect fracture outcomes. CONCLUSIONS While evidence is limited, studies suggest that ESIs may cause bone loss, particularly those investigating volumetric BMD. Larger doses appear to confer greater risk. Further prospective studies are needed to investigate the relationship between ESI and fracture risk. Better understanding of the skeletal consequences of ESIs will help foster strategies to prevent bone loss in the growing population of patients receiving this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Krez
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Disease Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Disease Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - S Kanbour
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Disease Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - S Clare
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Disease Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - S Waldman
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, & Pain Management, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - E M Stein
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Bone Disease Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, 535 East 70th Street, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
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Sencan S, Sacaklidir R, Hakan Gunduz O. The Immediate Adverse Events of Lumbar Interventional Pain Procedures in 4209 Patients; an Observational Clinical Study. PAIN MEDICINE 2021; 23:76-80. [PMID: 34347099 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnab230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lumbar interventional pain procedures (LIPP) are frequently used in low back pain and show an increasing trend in recent years. LIPP are highly effective when performed by properly trained physicians. However, some adverse events are seen during interventional procedures. Our aim in this study is to determine the immediate adverse events rates of LIPP and to inform our colleagues about possible adverse events. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective, observational study. SETTING A university hospital pain management center. METHODS After approval of the institutional ethics committee, a retrospectively evaluation of patients, who received fluoroscopy guided LIPP between January 2015 and December 2020, were performed. This observational study was conducted with 4209 patients who underwent LIPP including epidural steroid injections, sacroiliac and facet joint injections, medial branch blocks or RF, dorsal root ganglion pulse RF, epidural catheter or spinal cord stimulator applications. RESULTS No major adverse events were detected during the procedures. Minor adverse events were detected in a 60 patients and adverse events rate was found to be 1.4% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.0-1.8%). Minor adverse events rates vary between 0.7-2.3% according to the procedures type. The most common adverse events was determined as vasovagal reactions (26/60). Facial numbness, cramps, and seizures were detected as rare adverse events. CONCLUSION There were no major adverse events were seen during 4209 patients. The rate of minor adverse events were 1.4% with no sequelae in any of the events. When evidence-based guidelines are followed, interventional pain procedures are performed safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savas Sencan
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Rekib Sacaklidir
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Marmara University, İstanbul, Turkey
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Deep Spinal Infection after Outpatient Epidural Injections for Pain: A Retrospective Sample Cohort Study Using a Claims Database in South Korea. Anesthesiology 2021; 134:925-936. [PMID: 33857291 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000003770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Deep spinal infection is a devastating complication after epidural injection. This study aimed to investigate the incidence of deep spinal infection primarily after outpatient single-shot epidural injection for pain. Secondarily, this study assessed the national trends of the procedure and risk factors for said infection. METHODS Using South Korea's National Health Insurance Service sample cohort database, the 10-yr national trend of single-shot epidural injections for pain and the incidence rate of deep spinal infection after the procedure with its risk factors were determined. New-onset deep spinal infections were defined as those occurring within 90 days of the most recent outpatient single-shot epidural injection for pain, needing hospitalization for at least 1 night, and receiving at least a 4-week course of antibiotics. RESULTS The number of outpatient single-shot epidural injections per 1,000 persons in pain practice doubled from 40.8 in 2006 to 84.4 in 2015 in South Korea. Among the 501,509 injections performed between 2007 and 2015, 52 cases of deep spinal infections were detected within 90 days postprocedurally (0.01% per injection). In multivariable analysis, age of 65 yr or more (odds ratio, 2.91; 95% CI, 1.62 to 5.5; P = 0.001), living in a rural area (odds ratio, 2.85; 95% CI, 1.57 to 5.0; P < 0.001), complicated diabetes (odds ratio, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.30 to 6.7; P = 0.005), multiple epidural injections (three times or more) within the previous 90 days (odds ratio, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.22 to 4.2; P = 0.007), and recent use of immunosuppressants (odds ratio, 2.90; 95% CI, 1.00 to 6.7; P = 0.025) were significant risk factors of the infection postprocedurally. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of deep spinal infection after outpatient single-shot epidural injections for pain is very rare within 90 days of the procedure (0.01%). The data identify high-risk patients and procedure characteristics that may inform healthcare provider decision-making. EDITOR’S PERSPECTIVE
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14
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Paul G, Meißner A, Neuneier J, Neuschmelting V, Grau S, Yagdiran A, Scheyerer MJ, Malin JJ, Suárez I, Lehmann C, Exner M, Wiesmüller GA, Higgins PG, Seifert H, Fätkenheuer G, Zweigner J, Jung N. Outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections after CT-guided spinal injections. J Hosp Infect 2021; 116:1-9. [PMID: 34298033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2021.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meningitis and spinal infections with Gram-negative bacteria after local injections for treatment of chronic back pain are rare. This study investigated an outbreak of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections following computed tomography (CT)-guided spinal injections (SI). METHODS A case was defined as a spinal infection or meningitis with P. aeruginosa after SI between 10th January and 1st March 2019 in the same outpatient clinic. Patients without microbiological evidence of P. aeruginosa but with a favourable response to antimicrobial therapy active against P. aeruginosa were defined as probable cases. FINDINGS Twenty-eight of 297 patients receiving CT-guided SI during the study period developed meningitis or spinal infections. Medical records were available for 19 patients. In 15 patients, there was microbiological evidence of P. aeruginosa, and four patients were defined as probable cases. Two of 19 patients developed meningitis, while the remaining 17 patients developed spinal infections. The median time from SI to hospital admission was 8 days (interquartile range 2-23 days). Patients mainly presented with back pain (N=18; 95%), and rarely developed fever (N=3; 16%). Most patients required surgery (N=16; 84%). Seven patients (37%) relapsed and one patient died. Although the source of infection was not identified microbiologically, documented failures in asepsis when performing SI probably contributed to these infections. CONCLUSIONS SI is generally considered safe, but non-adherence to asepsis can lead to deleterious effects. Spinal infections caused by P. aeruginosa are difficult to treat and have a high relapse rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Paul
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Pneumology and Infectious Diseases, Katharinenhospital, Klinikum Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - A Meißner
- Department of Hospital Hygiene and Infection Control, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Neuneier
- Department of Neurology, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - V Neuschmelting
- Centre for Neurosurgery, Department of General Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S Grau
- Centre for Neurosurgery, Department of General Neurosurgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A Yagdiran
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M J Scheyerer
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - J J Malin
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - I Suárez
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - C Lehmann
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Exner
- Institute of Hygiene and Public Health, Bonn University, Bonn, Germany
| | - G A Wiesmüller
- Abteilung Infektions- and Umwelthygiene, Gesundheitsamt der Stadt Köln, Germany
| | - P G Higgins
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - H Seifert
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - G Fätkenheuer
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Partner Site Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - J Zweigner
- Department of Hospital Hygiene and Infection Control, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - N Jung
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Ultrasound-Guided Transforaminal Injections of Platelet-Rich Plasma Compared with Steroid in Lumbar Disc Herniation: A Prospective, Randomized, Controlled Study. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:5558138. [PMID: 34135954 PMCID: PMC8175124 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5558138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforaminal steroid injection is extensively used as a treatment in cases of herniated disc, but it is associated with complications. In comparison, platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injection has been used in musculoskeletal disorders and could be another option. This study is aimed at comparing the efficacy and safety aspects between ultrasound-guided transforaminal injections of PRP and steroid in patients who suffer from radicular pain due to lumbar disc herniation. In a randomized controlled trial, ultrasound-guided transforaminal injections of either PRP (n = 61) or steroid (n = 63) were administered to a total of 124 patients who suffer from radicular pain due to lumbar disc herniation. Patients were assessed by the visual analogue scale (VAS), pressure pain thresholds (PPTs), Oswestry disability index (ODI), and the physical function (PF) and bodily pain (BP) domains of the 36-item short form health survey (SF-36) before operation and 1 week, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months after operation. The rate and latency of F-wave were obtained before operation and 12 months postoperation. There was no statistical difference in terms of age and sex between both groups. Statistically significant improvements from the patients' data before operation to data obtained 1-month postoperation were observed in VAS, PPTs, ODI, and PF and BP of SF-36 in both groups and kept for 1 year. F-wave rate and latency were improved significantly at 1-year postoperation in both groups. Intergroup differences during follow-ups over a period of 1 year were not found to be significant in all the above assessment between the PRP and steroid groups. No complications were reported. The results showed similar outcome for both transforaminal injections using PRP and steroid in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation, suggesting the possible application of PRP injection as a safer alternative. The trial was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR-INR-17011825).
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16
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Lee MS, Moon HS. Safety of epidural steroids: a review. Anesth Pain Med (Seoul) 2021; 16:16-27. [PMID: 33530678 PMCID: PMC7861892 DOI: 10.17085/apm.21002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spine disease is one of the most common musculoskeletal diseases, especially in an aging society. An epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a highly effective treatment that can be used to bridge the gap between physical therapy and surgery. Recently, it has been increasingly used clinically. The purpose of this article is to review the complications of corticosteroids administered epidurally. Common complications include: hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis suppression, adrenal insufficiency, iatrogenic Cushing's syndrome, hyperglycemia, osteoporosis, and immunological or infectious diseases. Other less common complications include psychiatric problems and ocular ailments. However, the incidence of complications related to epidural steroids is not high, and most of them are not serious. The use of nonparticulate steroids is recommended to minimize the complications associated with epidural steroids. The appropriate interval and dosage of ESI are disputed. We recommend that the selection of appropriate ESI protocol should be based on the suppression of HPA axis, which reflects the systemic absorption of the corticosteroid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Soo Lee
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Sik Moon
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Comlek S. Ultrasound-guided interventions during pregnancy for lumbosacral pain unresponsive to conservative treatment: A retrospective review. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL ULTRASOUND : JCU 2021; 49:20-27. [PMID: 32949028 DOI: 10.1002/jcu.22923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Current conventional therapeutic strategies for lumbosacral pain during pregnancy are usually inadequate and data regarding interventional analgesic procedures feasible in pregnant women is scarce. We decided to retrospectively review our experience of ultrasound-guided pain management procedures in pregnant women with lumbosacral pain unresponsive to conservative treatment. METHODS Twenty women in the second trimester of pregnancy with lumbosacral pain developed during pregnancy unresponsive to conservative treatments who underwent the following ultrasound-guided pain interventions were included: sacroiliac joint, caudal epidural, interlaminar epidural, and trigger point injections. All patients were followed up until early postnatal period using Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores. RESULTS All but one patient achieved satisfactory pain control throughout the pregnancy with a single injection. Significant declines in ODI and VAS scores was attained within the first 2 weeks and first week of intervention, respectively, which was maintained thereafter until early postnatal period. CONCLUSIONS Injections used for effective interventional pain management in nonpregnant populations seem to represent an effective and safe method also for pregnant women when performed under ultrasound guidance, with rapid onset and enduring duration of action until the time of delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savas Comlek
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Gayrettepe Florence Nightingale Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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18
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Ehsanian R, Rosati RM, Kennedy DJ, Schneider BJ. Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant Risk for Select Spine Interventions: A Retrospective Cohort. PAIN MEDICINE 2020; 21:910-917. [PMID: 32361741 DOI: 10.1093/pm/pnaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify significant bleeding complications following spinal interventions in patients taking medications with antiplatelet or anticoagulation effect. DESIGN Retrospective chart review of a 12-month period. SETTING Outpatient academic medical practice. INTERVENTIONS Injections during outpatient interventional spine clinical encounters, including 14 cervical transforaminal epidural steroid injections, 26 cervical medial branch blocks, seven cervical radiofrequency neurotomies, three cervical facet joint injections, 88 lumbar transforaminal epidural steroid injections, 66 lumbosacral medial branch blocks, 18 lumbosacral radiofrequency neurotomies, 13 lumbar facet joint injections, one caudal epidural steroid injection, 11 sacral transforaminal epidural steroid injections, and 32 sacroiliac joint injections. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Epidural hematoma or other serious bleeding. RESULTS In this cohort of 275 consecutive encounters with available records in which patients underwent a spinal injection while continuing medications with antiplatelet or anticoagulant effect, zero of the 275 clinical encounters (0%, 95% confidence interval = 0-1.4%) resulted in epidural hematoma or other serious bleeding. For antiplatelet medication, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were continued in 102 procedures, aspirin in 142, clopidogrel in 21, and meloxicam and/or Celebrex in 81; for anticoagulation medication, warfarin was continued in four procedures, apixaban in six, dabigatran in one, and fondaparinux in two. Of note, one patient suffered a deep vein thrombosis, which was identified at two-week follow-up despite continuing aspirin therapy. CONCLUSIONS This cohort adds to the growing evidence that the risk of serious bleeding complications from select spine interventions while continuing medications with antiplatelet or anticoagulant effect appears low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ehsanian
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee.,Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California.,Division of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Renee M Rosati
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David J Kennedy
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Byron J Schneider
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee
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Guang-hui L, Guang-yu Z, Yu-zhang L, Yong-Tao Z, Shi-min Z, Jiao J. Value of ultrasound-guided transforaminal nerve block in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. J Int Med Res 2020; 48:300060520910910. [PMID: 32316795 PMCID: PMC7177992 DOI: 10.1177/0300060520910910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study was performed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of ultrasound-guided transforaminal nerve block in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation. Methods Sixty patients who underwent treatment for protrusion of a lumbar intervertebral disc in Wangjing Hospital from January 2016 to December 2017 were divided into the study group and the control group. The visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores, the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scores of the lumbar vertebra, PRI (pain rating index), and PPI (present pain intensity) were recorded at 30 minutes, 1 week, and 3 months after the operation. Results There were significant differences in the VAS, JOA, PRI, and PPI scores between the study group and control group. Conclusion Ultrasound guidance can improve the efficacy and safety of transforaminal nerve block in the treatment of lumbar disc herniation and shorten the operative duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Guang-hui
- Department of Ultrasound, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of
Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu Guang-yu
- Minimal Invasive Joint Department, the Third Affiliated Hospital
of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Liu Yu-zhang
- Department of Spine 1, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of
Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhu Yong-Tao
- Department of Ultrasound, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of
Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhang Shi-min
- Department of Spine 1, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of
Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Jiao
- Department of Spine 1, Wangjing Hospital, China Academy of
Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Bise S, Dallaudiere B, Pesquer L, Pedram M, Meyer P, Antoun MB, Hocquelet A, Silvestre A. Comparison of interlaminar CT-guided epidural platelet-rich plasma versus steroid injection in patients with lumbar radicular pain. Eur Radiol 2020; 30:3152-3160. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-020-06733-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Neurological Complication Rates of Epidural Injections and Selective Nerve Blocks: A Comparison of Steroid Use Patterns. Clin J Pain 2020; 36:449-457. [PMID: 32068540 DOI: 10.1097/ajp.0000000000000816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epidural injections and selective nerve blocks are widely used for pain relief, but steroid usage is controversial due to safety concerns. We carried out this retrospective cohort study to estimate the incidence rates of neurological complications associated with epidural and selective nerve blocks, in relation to steroid use patterns. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using a national insurance claims database, we identified patients who received at least one epidural injection or nerve block from 2009 to 2013. We estimated incidence rates and hazard ratios in propensity score-matched cohorts stratified by steroids, using the Charlson comorbidity index, age, sex, anesthetics, and antithrombotics as variables. We included cases attending hospital within 24 hours after injection and treated for neurological complications. RESULTS Incidence rates of neurological complications per 100,000 person-days for injections with and without steroids were 1.48 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.25-1.65) and 0.86 (95% CI: 0.66-1.30), respectively; rates for particulate steroid injections and nonparticulate steroid injections were 1.73 (95% CI: 1.41-1.95) and 0.90 (95% CI: 0.43-1.47), respectively. The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of neurological complications for injections with versus without steroids was 1.71 (95% CI: 0.96-2.49). The aHR of particulate versus nonparticulate steroid injections was 4.98 (95% CI: 1.01-262.35), at the cervicothoracic level. The aHR of neurological complications for nonparticulate steroids compared with nonsteroidal injections was 0.97 (95% CI: 0.46-3.01). DISCUSSION At the cervicothoracic level, the incidence rate of neurological complications with particulate steroid injections was higher than that with nonparticulate steroid injections. Injections with nonparticulate steroids and without steroids were equally safe.
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22
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Intra-articular facet joint steroid injection–related adverse events encountered during 11,980 procedures. Eur Radiol 2019; 30:1507-1516. [DOI: 10.1007/s00330-019-06483-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Clinical and imaging characteristics of patients with extreme low back pain or sciatica referred for spinal injection. Neuroradiology 2019; 61:881-889. [PMID: 31101947 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-019-02222-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To analyze the causes of pain, imaging characteristics, and therapeutic effect of spinal injection in patients with extreme low back pain or sciatica. METHODS We analyzed 381 consecutive patients with extreme low back pain or sciatica visiting our spinal intervention center between January and December 2017. Clinical and imaging characteristics were analyzed. The treatment response, defined as a numerical pain rating scale decrease of ≥ 30%, was measured. Fisher's exact test was performed to identify the association between the injection response and subsequent lumbar surgery rate. RESULTS The most frequent cause of pain was spinal stenosis, followed by herniated intervertebral disc, facet osteoarthritis, and osteoporotic compression fracture. A herniated intervertebral disc was the most common disorder in patients < 50 years of age, while spinal stenosis was the most common in patients ≥ 50 years of age. Women comprised 66.4% of the study population. The majority of lumbar pathologies occurred below L3/4. Spinal injection was found to be effective in 44.2% of cases. Those who responded to the injection showed a significantly lower rate of lumbar surgery within 6 months (P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Those with extreme low back pain or sciatica had clinical and imaging characteristics similar to those with typical low back pain referred for spinal injection. Spinal injection could be an effective method of pain control for patients with extreme low back pain or sciatica.
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Shin WS, Ahn DK, Kim MJ, Cho KJ, Go YR. Influence of Epidural Steroid Injection on Adrenal Function. Clin Orthop Surg 2019; 11:183-186. [PMID: 31156770 PMCID: PMC6526135 DOI: 10.4055/cios.2019.11.2.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spinal diseases are self-limited or non-progressive in many cases. Epidural steroid injection (ESI) is a common nonsurgical treatment option for spinal pain. Despite concerns about complications of repeated steroid injection, few studies reported on the adrenal function of spine disease patients undergoing surgery after ESI. We investigated the influence of preoperative multiple ESIs on adrenal function in spine surgery patients. Methods This was a retrospective study with prospective data collection. Those who underwent elective spinal operations and had a history of multiple ESIs from January to June 2017 were selected as a study group. Those who underwent knee arthroplasty and did not have a history of ESI and any kind of steroid injection in other areas during 6 months before surgery were selected as a control group. Demographic data were compared to assess homogeneity between groups. We assessed the preoperative serum cortisol level (SCL) to compare the basal adrenal function between groups. Also, we assessed the elevation of SCL postoperatively to evaluate the adrenal response to the surgical stress in each group. For subgroup analysis, we divided all patients into normal (7-28 µg/dL) and subnormal groups according to SCL and analyzed risk factors of adrenal suppression with multivariate logistic regression test. Results There were 53 patients in the study group and 130 in the control group. Age and sex were homogeneous between groups. There was significant intergroup difference in preoperative SCL (10.4 ± 4.8 µg/dL in the study group vs. 12.0 ± 4.2 µg/dL in the control group; p = 0.026).The postoperative day one SCL was 11.6 ± 5.0 µg/dL in the study group without significant increase from the preoperative level (p = 0.117), whereas the increase was significant in the control group with a postoperative level of 14.4 ± 4.4 µg/dL (p < 0.001). Among all patients, the SCL was subnormal in 18 patients and within the normal range in 165. Spine surgery was the independent risk factor irrespective of age and sex (odds ratio, 3.472; p = 0.015). Conclusions Our results suggest that concern should be raised about the influence of preoperative multiple ESIs on adrenal suppression in spine surgery patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Shik Shin
- Department of Orthopedics, Seoul Sacred Heart General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Ki Ahn
- Department of Orthopedics, Seoul Sacred Heart General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Jin Kim
- Department of Orthopedics, Seoul Sacred Heart General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung Jun Cho
- Department of Orthopedics, Seoul Sacred Heart General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Rok Go
- Department of Orthopedics, Seoul Sacred Heart General Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Nonsurgical medical treatment in the management of pain due to lumbar disc prolapse: A network meta-analysis. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2019; 49:303-313. [PMID: 30940466 DOI: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluate the comparative effectiveness of treatment strategies for patients with pain due to lumbar disc prolapse (LDP). METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Database were searched through September 2017. Randomized controlled trials on LDP reporting on pain intensity and/or global pain effects which compared included treatments head-to-head, against placebo, and/or against conventional care were included. Study data were independently double-extracted and data on patient traits and outcomes were collected. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Separate Bayesian network meta-analyses were undertaken to synthesize direct and indirect, short-term and long-term outcomes, summarized as odds ratios (OR) or weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% credible intervals (CI) as well as surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) values. RESULTS 58 studies in global effects and 74 studies in pain intensity analysis were included. Thirty-eight (65.5%) of these studies reported a possible elevated risk of bias. Autonomic drugs and transforminal epidural steroid injections (TESIs) had the highest SUCRA scores at short-term follow up (86.7 and 83.5 respectively), while Cytokines/Immunomodulators and TESI had the highest SUCRA values at long-term-follow-up in the global effect's analysis (86.6 and 80.9 respectively). Caudal steroid injections and TESIs had the highest SUCRA scores at short-term follow up (79.4 and 75.9 respectively), while at long-term follow-up biological agents and manipulation had the highest SUCRA scores (86.4 and 68.5 respectively) for pain intensity. Some treatments had few studies and/or no associated placebo-controlled trials. Studies often did not report on co-interventions, systematically differed, and reported an overall elevated risk of bias. CONCLUSION No treatment stands out as superior when compared on multiple outcomes and time periods but TESIs show promise as an effective short-term treatment. High quality studies are needed to confirm many nodes of this network meta-analysis.
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Furman MB, Bernstein J, McCormick ZL, Schneider BJ. Concerns regarding 'Interventional spine and pain procedures in patients on antiplatelet and anticoagulant medications (second edition)'. Reg Anesth Pain Med 2019; 44:416-417. [PMID: 30635499 DOI: 10.1136/rapm-2018-100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Furman
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, OSS Health, York, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jesse Bernstein
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, NMCI Health, San Jose, California, USA
| | - Zachary L McCormick
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Byron J Schneider
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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Maus TP, Felmlee JP, Unger MD, Beutler AS. MRI guidance technology development in a large animal model for hyperlocal analgesics delivery to the epidural space and dorsal root ganglion. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 312:182-186. [PMID: 30513305 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of new analgesic drugs or gene therapy vectors for spinal delivery will be facilitated by "hyperlocal" targeting of small therapeutic injectate volumes if spine imaging technology can be used that is ready for future clinical translation. NEW METHOD This study provides methods for MRI-guided drug delivery to the periganglionic epidural space and the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in the Yucatan swine. RESULTS Phantom studies showed artifact-corrected needle localization with frequency encoding parallel to the needle shaft, while maximizing bandwidth (125 KHz) minimized needle artifact. A custom constructed 8-12 element surface coil (phased array) wrapped over the spine in conjunction with lateral recumbent positioning achieved diagnostic quality signal to noise ratio at the depth of the DRG and afforded transforaminal access via anterolateral or posterolateral vectors, as well as interlaminar access. Swine epidural anatomy was homologous with human anatomy. Injectate containing 2% gadolinium allowed imaging of injectate volumes in increments as small as 10 microliters and discrimination of epidural flow from intraparenchymal injectate delivery into a DRG. All technical and technological elements of the procedure appear clinically translatable. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Computed tomographic or fluoroscopic guidance cannot directly visualize drug delivery into the DRG due to contrast medium toxicity, nor reliably identify epidural injection volumes of < 50 microliters. CONCLUSIONS MRI-guided hyperlocal delivery in swine provides a translatable and faithful model of future human spinal novel drug- or gene therapy vector delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Maus
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA.
| | - Joel P Felmlee
- Department of Radiology, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Mark D Unger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA; Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA; Translational Science Track, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA
| | - Andreas S Beutler
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA; Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA; Translational Science Track, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55902, USA.
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Donnally CJ, Rush AJ, Rivera S, Vakharia RM, Vakharia AM, Massel DH, Eismont FJ. An epidural steroid injection in the 6 months preceding a lumbar decompression without fusion predisposes patients to post-operative infections. JOURNAL OF SPINE SURGERY 2018; 4:529-533. [PMID: 30547115 DOI: 10.21037/jss.2018.09.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Background To determine if the timing of a lumbar epidural steroid injection (LESI) effects rates of post-operative infection in patients receiving a non-fusion lumbar decompression (LDC) due to degenerative disc disease (DDD). Lumbar pain due to DDD can frequently be temporized or definitively treated with epidural injections. While there is ample literature regarding the infection risks associated with corticosteroid injections prior to hip/knee replacements, there are few studies relating to the spine. Methods A nationwide insurance database was queried to identify those who underwent LDC for DDD without instrumentation [2005-2014]. Lumbar fusion procedures were excluded. From this group those with a history of a LESI were identified and matched to a control group without a history of LESI. Four separate cohorts were examined: (I) LDC and no LESI within 6 months (control); (II) LDC performed within 0-1 month after LESI; (III) LDC between 1 and 3 months after LESI; (IV) LDC performed between 3 and 6 months after LESI. Results There was an increased odds of a 90-day postoperative infection if the LESI was within the 1-3 months (OR =4.69; P<0.001) and 3-6 months (OR =5.33; P<0.001) interval prior to the LDC. Conclusions While LESI is helpful for possibly delaying or avoid lumbar surgery, it may predispose patients to higher infection rates following lumbar decompressions without fusion. Surgeons and pain management specialist should counsel patients on these risks and.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chester J Donnally
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Miami Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Augustus J Rush
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Miami Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Sebastian Rivera
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Miami Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rushabh M Vakharia
- Orthopedic Research Institute, Holy Cross Hospital, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | | | - Dustin H Massel
- Orthopedic Research Institute, Holy Cross Hospital, Ft. Lauderdale, FL, USA
| | - Frank J Eismont
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Miami Hospital, Miami, FL, USA
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