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Girard CL, Duplessis M. Review: State of the knowledge on the importance of folates and cobalamin for dairy cow metabolism. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 3:100834. [PMID: 37210233 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthesis of B vitamins by the rumen microbiota is usually sufficient to avoid the appearance of clinical deficiency symptoms in dairy cows under normal feeding conditions. Nevertheless, it is now generally accepted that vitamin deficiency is much more than the appearance of major functional and morphological symptoms. Subclinical deficiency, which is present as soon as the supply is lower than the need, causes cellular metabolic changes leading to a loss of metabolic efficiency. Folates and cobalamin, two B vitamins, share close metabolic relationships. Folates act as co-substrates in one-carbon metabolism, providing one-carbon unit for DNA synthesis and de novo synthesis of methyl groups for the methylation cycle. Cobalamin acts as a coenzyme for reactions in the metabolism of amino acids, odd-numbered chain fatty acids including propionate and de novo synthesis of methyl groups. Both vitamins are involved in reactions to support lipid and protein metabolism, nucleotide synthesis, methylation reactions and possibly, maintenance of redox status. Over the last decades, several studies have reported the beneficial effects of folic acid and vitamin B12 supplements on lactation performance of dairy cows. These observations indicate that, even when cows are fed diets adequately balanced for energy and major nutrients, B-vitamin subclinical deficiency could be present. This condition reduces casein synthesis in the mammary gland and milk and milk component yields. Folic acid and vitamin B12 supplements, especially when given together, may alter energy partitioning in dairy cows during early and mid-lactation as indicated by increased milk, energy-corrected milk, or milk component yields without affecting DM intake and BW or even with reductions in BW or body condition loss. Folate and cobalamin subclinical deficiency interferes with efficiency of gluconeogenesis and fatty acid oxidation and possibly alters responses to oxidative conditions. The present review aims to describe the metabolic pathways affected by folate and cobalamin supply and the consequences of a suboptimal supply on metabolic efficiency. The state of knowledge on the estimation of folate and cobalamin supply is also briefly mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Girard
- Centre de recherche et développement de Sherbrooke, Agriculture et agroalimentaire Canada, 2000 rue Collège, Sherbrooke, Québec J1M 0C8, Canada.
| | - M Duplessis
- Centre de recherche et développement de Sherbrooke, Agriculture et agroalimentaire Canada, 2000 rue Collège, Sherbrooke, Québec J1M 0C8, Canada
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2
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Effect of folic acid supplementation on lactation performance of Holstein dairy cows: A meta-analysis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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3
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Sun X, Yu Z, Liang C, Xie S, Wen J, Wang H, Wang J, Yang Y, Han R. Developmental changes in proteins of casein micelles in goat milk using data-independent acquisition-based proteomics methods during the lactation cycle. J Dairy Sci 2022; 106:47-60. [PMID: 36333141 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-22032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Casein micelles (CM) play an important role in milk secretion, stability, and processing. The composition and content of milk proteins are affected by physiological factors, which have been widely investigated. However, the variation in CM proteins in goat milk throughout the lactation cycle has yet to be fully clarified. In the current study, milk samples were collected at d 1, 3, 30, 90, 150, and 240 of lactation from 15 dairy goats. The size of CM was determined using laser light scattering, and CM proteins were separated, digested, and identified using data-independent acquisition (DIA) and data-dependent acquisition (DDA)-based proteomics approaches. According to clustering and principal component analysis, protein profiles identified using DIA were similar to those identified using the DDA approach. Significant differences in the abundance of 115 proteins during the lactation cycle were identified using the DIA approach. Developmental changes in the CM proteome corresponding to lactation stages were revealed: levels of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase, folate receptor α, and prominin 2 increased from 1 to 240 d, whereas levels of growth/differentiation factor 8, peptidoglycan-recognition protein, and 45 kDa calcium-binding protein decreased in the same period. In addition, lipoprotein lipase, glycoprotein IIIb, and α-lactalbumin levels increased from 1 to 90 d and then decreased to 240 d, which is consistent with the change in CM size. Protein-protein interaction analysis showed that fibronectin, albumin, and apolipoprotein E interacted more with other proteins at the central node. These findings indicate that changes in the CM proteome during lactation could be related to requirements of newborn development, as well as mammary gland development, and may thus contribute to elucidating the physical and chemical properties of CM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueheng Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Zhongna Yu
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang 265200, Shandong, China
| | - Chuozi Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Shubin Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Wen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Hexiang Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Jun Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Yongxin Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China
| | - Rongwei Han
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, Shandong, China.
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Kilany AA, El-Darawany AHA, El-Tarabany AA, Al-Marakby KM. Effect of Folic Acid Supplements on Progesterone Profile and Blood Metabolites of Heat-Stressed Holstein Cows during the Early Stage of Pregnancy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151872. [PMID: 35892522 PMCID: PMC9331989 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim was to elucidate the impact of oral folic acid (FA) supplements on progesterone profile, blood metabolites and biochemical indices of heat-stressed Holstein cows during the early stage of pregnancy. The study lasted from the day of artificial insemination through the end of the fourth week of pregnancy. The first group (CON, n = 17) received 0 μg of FA/kg BW as a control. The second and third groups received oral FA doses of 5 (FA5, n = 19) and 10 (FA10, n = 20) μg kg−1 BW, respectively. At the 2nd and 3rd weeks of pregnancy, the FA10 group had greater progesterone levels than the CON group (p < 0.05). The FA10 group had a greater progesterone level than the FA5 and CON groups at the fourth week of pregnancy (p < 0.01). The FA10 group had higher folate levels than CON group during the first three weeks of pregnancy (p < 0.01). Both FA-supplemented groups had significantly greater serum folates than the CON group by the end of the fourth week of pregnancy (p < 0.01). At the 2nd and 4th weeks of pregnancy, the FA10 group had greater levels of serum glucose and globulin than the CON group (p = 0.028 and 0.049, respectively). Both FA-supplemented groups had greater serum growth hormone (GH) levels at the 4th week of pregnancy (p = 0.020). Additionally, the FA10 group showed significantly higher levels of IGF-1 at the 2nd and 4th week of gestation (p = 0.040 and 0.001, respectively). FA supplementation decreased the levels of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) at the 2nd and 4th week of gestation (p = 0.020 and 0.035, respectively). Additionally, the FA10 group showed significantly higher pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG) levels at the 2nd and 4th week of gestation (p = 0.005 and 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, oral FA supplementation (10 mcg kg−1) in the first month of gestation improved the progesterone profile, as well as blood folates, PAG, GH, and IGF-1 concentrations in heat-stressed Holstein cows. These findings could be useful in developing practical strategies to keep dairy cows’ regular reproductive patterns under heat stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman A. Kilany
- Radioisotopes Applications Division, Department of Biological Applications, NRC, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Inshas, Cairo P.O. Box 13759, Egypt;
| | - Abdel-Halim A. El-Darawany
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig P.O. Box 44511, Egypt; (A.-H.A.E.-D.); (K.M.A.-M.)
| | - Akram A. El-Tarabany
- Radioisotopes Applications Division, Department of Biological Applications, NRC, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Inshas, Cairo P.O. Box 13759, Egypt;
- Correspondence:
| | - Khaled M. Al-Marakby
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig P.O. Box 44511, Egypt; (A.-H.A.E.-D.); (K.M.A.-M.)
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5
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Girard CL, Duplessis M. The Importance of B Vitamins in Enhanced Precision Nutrition of Dairy Cows: The Case of Folates and Vitamin B12. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2021-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dairy cow diets are generally balanced for energy and major nutrients with B vitamins generally assumed not to be limiting, in spite of their role as coenzymes, essential to many metabolic reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. Assuming adequacy of B-vitamin supply may explain some of the discrepancies between the outcomes of metabolic prediction models and measured cow performance. In lactating dairy cow, the amount of B vitamins from the diet and synthesized by the ruminal microbiota is generally sufficient to prevent deficiency symptoms and, as such, is assumed to fulfill requirements. However, reports of beneficial effects of B-vitamin supplementation on dairy cow performance suggest that B-vitamin supply is sometimes lower than its needs, as an insufficient B-vitamin supply decreases metabolic efficiency by driving a shift towards alternative metabolic pathways with greater energy cost. Using information on folates and vitamin B12 illustrated how meeting dairy cow needs for B vitamins should not be overlooked in formulation of rations for lactating dairy cattle. The present review discusses current knowledge and indicates areas presently impeded by the lack of research results, especially the limitations on the ability to estimate B vitamin need and supply.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mélissa Duplessis
- Agriculture et Agroalimentaire Canada, 6337, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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Pervolarakis N, Nguyen QH, Williams J, Gong Y, Gutierrez G, Sun P, Jhutty D, Zheng GXY, Nemec CM, Dai X, Watanabe K, Kessenbrock K. Integrated Single-Cell Transcriptomics and Chromatin Accessibility Analysis Reveals Regulators of Mammary Epithelial Cell Identity. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108273. [PMID: 33086071 PMCID: PMC7874899 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary epithelial cell (MEC) system is a bilayered ductal epithelium of luminal and basal cells, maintained by a lineage of stem and progenitor populations. Here, we used integrated single-cell transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility analysis to reconstruct the cell types of the mouse MEC system and their underlying gene regulatory features in an unbiased manner. We define differentiation states within the secretory type of luminal cells, which forms a continuous spectrum of general luminal progenitor and lactation-committed progenitor cells. By integrating single-cell transcriptomics and chromatin accessibility landscapes, we identify cis- and trans-regulatory elements that are differentially activated in the specific epithelial cell types and our newly defined luminal differentiation states. Our work provides a resource to reveal cis/trans-regulatory elements associated with MEC identity and differentiation that will serve as a reference to determine how the chromatin accessibility landscape changes during breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pervolarakis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Quy H Nguyen
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Justice Williams
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yanwen Gong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Guadalupe Gutierrez
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Darisha Jhutty
- 10X Genomics, 7068 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 401, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA
| | - Grace X Y Zheng
- 10X Genomics, 7068 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 401, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA
| | - Corey M Nemec
- 10X Genomics, 7068 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 401, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA
| | - Xing Dai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kazuhide Watanabe
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Kai Kessenbrock
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Khan MZ, Khan A, Xiao J, Dou J, Liu L, Yu Y. Overview of Folic Acid Supplementation Alone or in Combination with Vitamin B12 in Dairy Cattle during Periparturient Period. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10060263. [PMID: 32630405 PMCID: PMC7344520 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The periparturient period is the period from three weeks before calving to three weeks post-calving. This period is important in terms of health, productivity and profitability, and is fundamental to successful lactation. During this period, the animal experiences stress because of hormonal changes due to pregnancy and the significant rise in milk production. In addition, a negative energy balance usually occurs, because the demand for nutrients to sustain milk production increases by more than the nutrient supply during the periparturient period. The immunity of dairy cattle is suppressed around parturition, which increases their susceptibility to infections. Special care regarding nutrition can reduce the risks of metabolism and immunity depression, which dairy cattle face during the periparturient span. Folic acid is relevant in this regard because of its critical role in the metabolism to maintain lactational performance and to improve health. Being a donor of one-carbon units, folic acid has a vital role in DNA and RNA biosynthesis. Generally, the folic acid requirements of dairy cattle can be met by the microbial synthesis in the rumen; however, in special cases, such as during the periparturient period, the requirement for this vitamin strictly increases. Vitamin B12 also has a critical role in the metabolism as a coenzyme of the enzyme methionine synthase for the transfer of a methyl group from folic acid to homocysteine for the regeneration of methionine. In the current review, we highlight the issues facing periparturient dairy cattle, and relevant knowledge and practices, and point out future research directions for utilization of the associated vitamins in ruminants, especially during the periparturient period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Adnan Khan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research, Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Jinhuan Dou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.D.); (L.L.)
| | - Lei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.D.); (L.L.)
- Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding, and Reproduction, Ministry of Agriculture & National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (M.Z.K.); (A.K.); (J.D.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-627324611
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8
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McFadden JW, Girard CL, Tao S, Zhou Z, Bernard JK, Duplessis M, White HM. Symposium review: One-carbon metabolism and methyl donor nutrition in the dairy cow. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:5668-5683. [PMID: 32278559 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The present review focuses on methyl donor metabolism and nutrition in the periparturient and lactating dairy cow. Methyl donors are involved in one-carbon metabolism, which includes the folate and Met cycles. These cycles work in unison to support lipid, nucleotide, and protein synthesis, as well as methylation reactions and the maintenance of redox status. A key feature of one-carbon metabolism is the multi-step conversion of tetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahyrofolate. Homocysteine and 5-methyltetrahyrofolate are utilized by vitamin B12-dependent Met synthase to couple the folate and Met cycles and generate Met. Methionine may also be remethylated from choline-derived betaine under the action of betaine hydroxymethyltransferase. Regardless, Met is converted within the Met cycle to S-adenosylmethionine, which is universally utilized in methyl-group transfer reactions including the synthesis of phosphatidylcholine. Homocysteine may also enter the transsulfuration pathway to generate glutathione or taurine for scavenging of reactive oxygen metabolites. In the transition cow, a high demand exists for compounds with a labile methyl group. Limited methyl group supply may contribute to inadequate hepatic phosphatidylcholine synthesis and hepatic triglyceride export, systemic oxidative stress, and compromised milk production. To minimize the perils associated with methyl donor deficiency, the peripartum cow relies on de novo methylneogenesis from tetrahydrofolate. In addition, dietary supplementation of rumen-protected folic acid, vitamin B12, Met, choline, and betaine are potential nutritional approaches to target one-carbon pools and improve methyl donor balance in transition cows. Such strategies have merit considering research demonstrating their ability to improve milk production efficiency, milk protein synthesis, hepatic health, and immune response. This review aims to summarize the current understanding of folic acid, vitamin B12, Met, choline, and betaine utilization in the dairy cow. Methyl donor co-supplementation, fatty acid feeding strategies that may optimize methyl donor supplementation efficacy, and potential epigenetic mechanisms are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- J W McFadden
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853.
| | - C L Girard
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - S Tao
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - Z Zhou
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824
| | - J K Bernard
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Tifton 31793
| | - M Duplessis
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Sherbrooke Research and Development Centre, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada J1M 0C8
| | - H M White
- Department of Dairy Science, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706
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Rauner G, Ledet MM, Van de Walle GR. Conserved and variable: Understanding mammary stem cells across species. Cytometry A 2017; 93:125-136. [PMID: 28834173 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal mammary gland development requires the presence of mammary stem and progenitor cells (MaSC), which give rise to functional milk-secreting cells and regenerate the mammary epithelium with each cycle of lactation. These long-lived, tissue-resident MaSC are also targets for malignant transformation and may be cancer cells-of-origin. Consequently, MaSC are extensively researched in relation to their role and function in development, tissue regeneration, lactation, and breast cancer. The basic structure and function of the mammary gland are conserved among all mammalian species, from the most primitive to the most evolved. However, species vary greatly in their lactation strategies and mammary cancer incidence, making MaSC an interesting focus for comparative research. MaSC have been characterized in mice, to a lesser degree in humans, and to an even lesser degree in few additional mammals. They remain uncharacterized in most mammalian species, including "ancient" monotremes, marsupials, wild, and rare species, as well as in common and domestic species such as cats. Identification and comparison of MaSC across a large variety of species, particularly those with extreme lactational adaptations or low mammary cancer incidence, is expected to deepen our understanding of development and malignancy in the mammary gland. Here, we review the current status of MaSC characterization across species, and underline species variations in lactation and mammary cancer through which we may learn about the role of MaSC in these processes. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gat Rauner
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Melissa M Ledet
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, New York 14853
| | - Gerlinde R Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Hungerford Hill Road, Ithaca, New York 14853
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10
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Osorio JS, Lohakare J, Bionaz M. Biosynthesis of milk fat, protein, and lactose: roles of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation. Physiol Genomics 2016; 48:231-56. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00016.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for high-quality milk is increasing worldwide. The efficiency of milk synthesis can be improved by taking advantage of the accumulated knowledge of the transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of genes coding for proteins involved in the synthesis of fat, protein, and lactose in the mammary gland. Research in this area is relatively new, but data accumulated in the last 10 years provide a relatively clear picture. Milk fat synthesis appears to be regulated, at least in bovines, by an interactive network between SREBP1, PPARγ, and LXRα, with a potential role for other transcription factors, such as Spot14, ChREBP, and Sp1. Milk protein synthesis is highly regulated by insulin, amino acids, and amino acid transporters via transcriptional and posttranscriptional routes, with the insulin-mTOR pathway playing a central role. The transcriptional regulation of lactose synthesis is still poorly understood, but it is clear that glucose transporters play an important role. They can also cooperatively interact with amino acid transporters and the mTOR pathway. Recent data indicate the possibility of nutrigenomic interventions to increase milk fat synthesis by feeding long-chain fatty acids and milk protein synthesis by feeding amino acids. We propose a transcriptional network model to account for all available findings. This model encompasses a complex network of proteins that control milk synthesis with a cross talk between milk fat, protein, and lactose regulation, with mTOR functioning as a central hub.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jayant Lohakare
- Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon; and
- Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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11
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12
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Vander Jagt CJ, Whitley JC, Cocks BG, Goddard ME. Gene expression in the mammary gland of the tammar wallaby during the lactation cycle reveals conserved mechanisms regulating mammalian lactation. Reprod Fertil Dev 2015; 28:RD14210. [PMID: 25701950 DOI: 10.1071/rd14210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii), an Australian marsupial, has evolved a different lactation strategy compared with eutherian mammals, making it a valuable comparative model for lactation studies. The tammar mammary gland was investigated for changes in gene expression during key stages of the lactation cycle using microarrays. Differentially regulated genes were identified, annotated and subsequent gene ontologies, pathways and molecular networks analysed. Major milk-protein gene expression changes during lactation were in accord with changes in milk-protein secretion. However, other gene expression changes included changes in genes affecting mRNA stability, hormone and cytokine signalling and genes for transport and metabolism of amino acids and lipids. Some genes with large changes in expression have poorly known roles in lactation. For instance, SIM2 was upregulated at lactation initiation and may inhibit proliferation and involution of mammary epithelial cells, while FUT8 was upregulated in Phase 3 of lactation and may support the large increase in milk volume that occurs at this point in the lactation cycle. This pattern of regulation has not previously been reported and suggests that these genes may play a crucial regulatory role in marsupial milk production and are likely to play a related role in other mammals.
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13
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Kuruppath S, Bisana S, Sharp JA, Lefevre C, Kumar S, Nicholas KR. Monotremes and marsupials: comparative models to better understand the function of milk. J Biosci 2013; 37:581-8. [PMID: 22922184 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-012-9247-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Kuruppath
- Centre for Biotechnology, Chemistry and Systems Biology, Deakin University, Geelong 3217 VIC, Australia.
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14
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Comparative transcriptome analyses reveal conserved and distinct mechanisms in ovine and bovine lactation. Funct Integr Genomics 2013; 13:115-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-012-0307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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15
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Lefèvre CM, Sharp JA, Nicholas KR. Evolution of lactation: ancient origin and extreme adaptations of the lactation system. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2010; 11:219-38. [PMID: 20565255 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genom-082509-141806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Lactation, an important characteristic of mammalian reproduction, has evolved by exploiting a diversity of strategies across mammals. Comparative genomics and transcriptomics experiments have now allowed a more in-depth analysis of the molecular evolution of lactation. Milk cell and mammary gland genomic studies have started to reveal conserved milk proteins and other components of the lactation system of monotreme, marsupial, and eutherian lineages. These analyses confirm the ancient origin of the lactation system and provide useful insight into the function of specific milk proteins in the control of lactation. These studies also illuminate the role of milk in the regulation of growth and development of the young beyond simple nutritive aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe M Lefèvre
- Institute for Technology Research and Innovation, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC 3217, Australia.
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Patel OV, Casey T, Dover H, Plaut K. Homeorhetic adaptation to lactation: comparative transcriptome analysis of mammary, liver, and adipose tissue during the transition from pregnancy to lactation in rats. Funct Integr Genomics 2010; 11:193-202. [PMID: 20852911 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-010-0193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2010] [Revised: 07/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-specific shifts in a dam's metabolism to support fetal and neonatal growth during pregnancy and lactation are controlled by differential expression of regulatory genes. The goal of this study was to identify a more detailed cohort of genes in mammary, liver, and adipose tissue that are transcriptionally controlled during the pregnancy to lactation evolution and explore the relationship of these genes to core clock genes. Total RNA was isolated from mammary, liver and adipose tissues collected from rat dams on day 20 of pregnancy (P20) and day 1 of lactation (L1) and gene expression was measured using Rat 230 2.0 Affymetrix GeneChips. Gene functional analysis revealed that pathway associated metabolism (carbohydrate, amino acid, lipid, cholesterol, protein) were enriched (P < 0.001) in the mammary gland during P20 to L1 transition. Approximately 50% of the genes associated with solute transport, as well as lipogenesis were up-regulated in the mammary gland during P20 to L1 transition compared to 10% in liver and 15% in adipose tissue. Genes engaged in conveying glucose (INSR, GLUT1, GLUT4, SGLT1, and SGLT2), bicarbonate (SLC4), sodium (SLC9), zinc (SLC30), copper (SLC31), iron (SLC40) in tandem with rate-limiting lipogenic genes (ACACA, FASN, PRLR, SREBP2, THRSP) were specifically enriched in the mammary gland during the P20 to L1 evolution. Our results provide insight into a cross-tissue transcriptional repertoire that is associated with homeorhetic adaptation needed to support lactation, and at the onset of lactation the mammary gland becomes a factory for macromolecular biosynthesis through inducing genes participating in nutrient transfer and lipid biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osman V Patel
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, MI 49401, USA
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Insulin, a key regulator of hormone responsive milk protein synthesis during lactogenesis in murine mammary explants. Funct Integr Genomics 2009; 10:87-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-009-0140-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 08/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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