1
|
Wang L, Huang N, Cai Q, Guo S, Ai H. Differences in physiology and behavior between male winner and loser mice in the tube test. Behav Processes 2024; 216:105013. [PMID: 38460912 DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2024.105013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Social hierarchy is a crucial element for survival, reproduction, fitness, and the maintenance of a stable social group in social animals. This study aimed to investigate the physiological indicators, nociception, unfamiliar female mice preference, spatial learning memory, and contextual fear memory of male mice with different social status in the same cage. Our findings revealed significant differences in the trunk temperature and contextual fear memory between winner and loser mice. However, there were no major discrepancies in body weight, random and fasting blood glucose levels, whisker number, frontal and perianal temperature, spleen size, mechanical and thermal pain thresholds, preference for unfamiliar female mice, and spatial memory. In conclusion, social status can affect mice in multiple ways, and, therefore, its influence should be considered when conducting studies using these animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Nan Huang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qian Cai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siyuan Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heng Ai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hu Y, Du Y, Qiu Z, Bai P, Bai Z, Zhu C, Wang J, Liang T, Da M. Construction of a Cuproptosis-Related Gene Signature for Predicting Prognosis in Gastric Cancer. Biochem Genet 2024; 62:40-58. [PMID: 37243753 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-023-10406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and validate a cuproptosis-related gene signature for the prognosis of gastric cancer. The data in TCGA GC TPM format from UCSC were extracted for analysis, and GC samples were randomly divided into training and validation groups. Pearson correlation analysis was used to obtain cuproptosis-related genes co-expressed with 19 Cuproptosis genes. Univariate Cox and Lasso regression analyses were used to obtain cuproptosis-related prognostic genes. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to construct the final prognostic risk model. The risk score curve, Kaplan-Meier survival curves, and ROC curve were used to evaluate the predictive ability of Cox risk model. Finally, the functional annotation of the risk model was obtained through enrichment analysis. Then, a six-gene signature was identified in the training cohort and verified among all cohorts using Cox regression analyses and Kaplan-Meier plots, demonstrating its independent prognostic significance for gastric cancer. In addition, ROC analysis confirmed the significant predictive potential of this signature for the prognosis of gastric cancer. Functional enrichment analysis was mainly related to cell-matrix function. Therefore, a new cuproptosis-related six-gene signature (ACLY, FGD6, SERPINE1, SPATA13, RANGAP1, and ADGRE5) was constructed for the prognosis of gastric cancer, allowing for tailored prediction of outcome and the formulation of novel therapeutics for gastric cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongli Hu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yan Du
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhisheng Qiu
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Pengwei Bai
- Clinical Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Zhaozhao Bai
- Clinical Medicine College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Chenglou Zhu
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Junhong Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tong Liang
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Mingxu Da
- The First Clinical Medical College of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.
- Department of Oncology Surgery, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Matta J, Dobrino D, Yeboah D, Howard S, EL-Manzalawy Y, Obafemi-Ajayi T. Connecting phenotype to genotype: PheWAS-inspired analysis of autism spectrum disorder. Front Hum Neurosci 2022; 16:960991. [PMID: 36310845 PMCID: PMC9605200 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.960991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is extremely heterogeneous clinically and genetically. There is a pressing need for a better understanding of the heterogeneity of ASD based on scientifically rigorous approaches centered on systematic evaluation of the clinical and research utility of both phenotype and genotype markers. This paper presents a holistic PheWAS-inspired method to identify meaningful associations between ASD phenotypes and genotypes. We generate two types of phenotype-phenotype (p-p) graphs: a direct graph that utilizes only phenotype data, and an indirect graph that incorporates genotype as well as phenotype data. We introduce a novel methodology for fusing the direct and indirect p-p networks in which the genotype data is incorporated into the phenotype data in varying degrees. The hypothesis is that the heterogeneity of ASD can be distinguished by clustering the p-p graph. The obtained graphs are clustered using network-oriented clustering techniques, and results are evaluated. The most promising clusterings are subsequently analyzed for biological and domain-based relevance. Clusters obtained delineated different aspects of ASD, including differentiating ASD-specific symptoms, cognitive, adaptive, language and communication functions, and behavioral problems. Some of the important genes associated with the clusters have previous known associations to ASD. We found that clusters based on integrated genetic and phenotype data were more effective at identifying relevant genes than clusters constructed from phenotype information alone. These genes included five with suggestive evidence of ASD association and one known to be a strong candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Matta
- Department of Computer Science, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, United States
| | - Daniel Dobrino
- Department of Computer Science, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, United States
| | - Dacosta Yeboah
- Department of Computer Science, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, United States
| | - Swade Howard
- Department of Computer Science, Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, United States
| | - Yasser EL-Manzalawy
- Department of Translational Data Science and Informatics, Geisinger, Danville, PA, United States
| | - Tayo Obafemi-Ajayi
- Engineering Program, Missouri State University, Springfield, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhou N, Zhou M, Ding N, Li Q, Ren G. An 11-Gene Signature Risk-Prediction Model Based on Prognosis-Related miRNAs and Their Target Genes in Lung Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2021; 11:726742. [PMID: 34804921 PMCID: PMC8602086 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.726742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant expression of microRNAs may affect tumorigenesis and progression by regulating their target genes. This study aimed to construct a risk model for predicting the prognosis of patients with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) based on differentially expressed microRNA-regulated target genes. The miRNA sequencing data, RNA sequencing data, and patients’ LUAD clinical data were downloaded from the The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. Differentially expressed miRNAs and genes were screened out by combining differential analysis with LASSO regression analysis to further screen out miRNAs associated with patients’ prognosis, and target gene prediction was performed for these miRNAs using a target gene database. Overlapping gene screening was performed for target genes and differentially expressed genes. LASSO regression analysis and survival analysis were then used to identify key genes. Risk score equations for prognostic models were established using multifactorial COX regression analysis to construct survival prognostic models, and the accuracy of the models was evaluated using subject working characteristic curves. The groups were divided into high- and low-risk groups according to the median risk score, and the correlation with the clinicopathological characteristics of the patients was observed. A total of 123 up-regulated miRNAs and 22 down-regulated miRNAs were obtained in this study. Five prognosis-related miRNAs were screened using LASSO regression analysis and Kaplan-Meier method validation, and their target genes were screened with the overlap of differentially expressed genes before multifactorial COX analysis finally resulted in an 11-gene risk model for predicting patient prognosis. The area under the ROC curve proved that the model has high accuracy. The 11-gene risk-prediction model constructed in this study may be an effective predictor of prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Xuzhou City Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Xuzhou City Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Xuzhou City Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qinglin Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Xuzhou City Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Guangming Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The Affiliated Xuzhou City Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Transcriptome Analysis of Testis from HFD-Induced Obese Rats ( Rattus norvigicus) Indicated Predisposition for Male Infertility. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186493. [PMID: 32899471 PMCID: PMC7554891 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a worldwide life-threatening metabolic disorder, associated with various chronic diseases, including male infertility. Obesity was induced by high fat diet (HFD), and testis RNA was used for the transcriptome analysis using RNAseq via Illumina NovaSeq 6000 System and NovaSeq 6000 Kit. Gene expression level was estimated as FPKM (Fragments Per Kilobase of transcript per Million mapped reads). Differential expressed genes (DEGs) were annotated against gene ontology (GO) and KEGG databases. More than 63.66 million reads per sample were performed with 100 bp cutoff and 6 Gb sequencing depth. Results of this study revealed that 267 GO terms (245 biological processes (BP), 14 cellular components (CC), eight molecular functions (MF)), and 89 KEGG pathways were significantly enriched. Moreover, total numbers of 136 genes were differentially expressed (107 upregulated, 29 downregulated) with |FC| ≥ 2 and bh adjusted <0.05. Interesting DEGs were detected, including obesity and lipid metabolism-related genes, immune response-related genes, cytochrome P450 genes, including aromatase were upregulated, whereas genes related to male fertility and fertilization, cell adhesion, and olfactory receptors were downregulated. The combined expression pattern of the DEGs in obese animals indicated an increase in cholesterol metabolism. Furthermore, high aromatase activity enhances the testosterone turnover into estradiol and lowers the testosterone/estradiol (T/E) ratio, which ultimately reduces fertility. In addition, downregulation of cadherens junction components genes leads to the pre-mature release of sperm from Sertoli cells resulting in the reduction of fertility. Moreover, the downregulation of olfactory receptor genes reduces the chemotaxis capacity of sperms in tracking the oocyte for fertilization, which reduces male fertility. Furthermore, various obesity molecular markers were detected in our transcriptome. The results of this study will enhance our understanding of the molecular network of obesity development, development of obesity novel molecular diagnosis markers, molecular bases of obesity-induced infertility, and the development of anti-obesity drugs.
Collapse
|
6
|
Banks GT, Guillaumin MCC, Heise I, Lau P, Yin M, Bourbia N, Aguilar C, Bowl MR, Esapa C, Brown LA, Hasan S, Tagliatti E, Nicholson E, Bains RS, Wells S, Vyazovskiy VV, Volynski K, Peirson SN, Nolan PM. Forward genetics identifies a novel sleep mutant with sleep state inertia and REM sleep deficits. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eabb3567. [PMID: 32851175 PMCID: PMC7423362 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb3567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Switches between global sleep and wakefulness states are believed to be dictated by top-down influences arising from subcortical nuclei. Using forward genetics and in vivo electrophysiology, we identified a recessive mouse mutant line characterized by a substantially reduced propensity to transition between wake and sleep states with an especially pronounced deficit in initiating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep episodes. The causative mutation, an Ile102Asn substitution in the synaptic vesicular protein, VAMP2, was associated with morphological synaptic changes and specific behavioral deficits, while in vitro electrophysiological investigations with fluorescence imaging revealed a markedly diminished probability of vesicular release in mutants. Our data show that global shifts in the synaptic efficiency across brain-wide networks leads to an altered probability of vigilance state transitions, possibly as a result of an altered excitability balance within local circuits controlling sleep-wake architecture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gareth T. Banks
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Mathilde C. C. Guillaumin
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ines Heise
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Petrina Lau
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Minghui Yin
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Nora Bourbia
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Carlos Aguilar
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Michael R. Bowl
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Chris Esapa
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Laurence A. Brown
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Sibah Hasan
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Erica Tagliatti
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Elizabeth Nicholson
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Rasneer Sonia Bains
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Vladyslav V. Vyazovskiy
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kirill Volynski
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart N. Peirson
- Sleep and Circadian Neuroscience Institute (SCNi), Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Patrick M. Nolan
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Oxfordshire, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Waseem NH, Low S, Shah AZ, Avisetti D, Ostergaard P, Simpson M, Niemiec KA, Martin-Martin B, Aldehlawi H, Usman S, Lee PS, Khawaja AP, Ruddle JB, Shah A, Sackey E, Day A, Jiang Y, Swinfield G, Viswanathan A, Alfano G, Chakarova C, Cordell HJ, Garway-Heath DF, Khaw PT, Bhattacharya SS, Waseem A, Foster PJ. Mutations in SPATA13/ASEF2 cause primary angle closure glaucoma. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008721. [PMID: 32339198 PMCID: PMC7233598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current estimates suggest 50% of glaucoma blindness worldwide is caused by primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG) but the causative gene is not known. We used genetic linkage and whole genome sequencing to identify Spermatogenesis Associated Protein 13, SPATA13 (NM_001166271; NP_001159743, SPATA13 isoform I), also known as ASEF2 (Adenomatous polyposis coli-stimulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor 2), as the causal gene for PACG in a large seven-generation white British family showing variable expression and incomplete penetrance. The 9 bp deletion, c.1432_1440del; p.478_480del was present in all affected individuals with angle-closure disease. We show ubiquitous expression of this transcript in cell lines derived from human tissues and in iris, retina, retinal pigment and ciliary epithelia, cornea and lens. We also identified eight additional mutations in SPATA13 in a cohort of 189 unrelated PACS/PAC/PACG samples. This gene encodes a 1277 residue protein which localises to the nucleus with partial co-localisation with nuclear speckles. In cells undergoing mitosis SPATA13 isoform I becomes part of the kinetochore complex co-localising with two kinetochore markers, polo like kinase 1 (PLK-1) and centrosome-associated protein E (CENP-E). The 9 bp deletion reported in this study increases the RAC1-dependent guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEF) activity. The increase in GEF activity was also observed in three other variants identified in this study. Taken together, our data suggest that SPATA13 is involved in the regulation of mitosis and the mutations dysregulate GEF activity affecting homeostasis in tissues where it is highly expressed, influencing PACG pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naushin H. Waseem
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sancy Low
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Ophthalmology, St. Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amna Z. Shah
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deepa Avisetti
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pia Ostergaard
- Medical Genetics Unit, St. George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Simpson
- Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, Great Maze Pond, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna A. Niemiec
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Belen Martin-Martin
- Blizard Advanced Light Microscopy, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hebah Aldehlawi
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Saima Usman
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pak Sang Lee
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony P. Khawaja
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan B. Ruddle
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ameet Shah
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Free Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Pond Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ege Sackey
- Medical Genetics Unit, St. George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Day
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Yuzhen Jiang
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Geoff Swinfield
- Society of Genealogists, Goswell Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ananth Viswanathan
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanna Alfano
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Heather J. Cordell
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - David F. Garway-Heath
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peng T. Khaw
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shomi S. Bhattacharya
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmad Waseem
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, City Road, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, Bath Street, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|