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Ma L, Qin T, Chu D, Cheng X, Wang J, Wang X, Wang P, Han H, Ren L, Aitken R, Hammarström L, Li N, Zhao Y. Internal Duplications of DH, JH, and C Region Genes Create an Unusual IgH Gene Locus in Cattle. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4358-66. [PMID: 27053761 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been suspected for many years that cattle possess two functional IgH gene loci, located on Bos taurus autosome (BTA) 21 and BTA11, respectively. In this study, based on fluorescence in situ hybridization and additional experiments, we showed that all functional bovine IgH genes were located on BTA21, and only a truncated μCH2 exon was present on BTA11. By sequencing of seven bacterial artificial chromosome clones screened from a Hostein cow bacterial artificial chromosome library, we generated a 678-kb continuous genomic sequence covering the bovine IGHV, IGHD, IGHJ, and IGHC genes, which are organized as IGHVn-IGHDn-IGHJn-IGHM1-(IGHDP-IGHV3-IGHDn)3-IGHJn-IGHM2-IGHD-IGHG3-IGHG1-IGHG2-IGHE-IGHA. Although both of two functional IGHM genes, IGHM1 and IGHM2, can be expressed via independent VDJ recombinations, the IGHM2 can also be expressed through class switch recombination. Likely because more IGHD segments can be involved in the expression of IGHM2, the IGHM2 gene was shown to be dominantly expressed in most tissues throughout different developmental stages. Based on the length and identity of the coding sequence, the 23 IGHD segments identified in the locus could be divided into nine subgroups (termed IGHD1 to IGHD9). Except two members of IGHD9 (14 nt in size), all other functional IGHD segments are longer than 30 nt, with the IGHD8 gene (149 bp) to be the longest. These remarkably long germline IGHD segments play a pivotal role in generating the exceptionally great H chain CDR 3 length variability in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Qin
- Embryo Biotechnology and Reproduction Laboratory, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Liming Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Robert Aitken
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, York St John University, York YO31 7EX, United Kingdom; and
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, SE-141 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaofeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China;
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Abstract
The vision of Morris Soller was instrumental in launching the field of bovine genomics. This study is a review of the early years of bovine gene mapping leading up to the sequencing and assembly of the bovine genome in 2009. A historical perspective of parasexual, linkage and physical mapping is provided with a focus on the contribution of these maps to the eventual assignment and orientation of genes and sequence to cattle chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Womack
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4467, USA
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3
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Stafuzza NB, Abbey CA, Gill CA, Womack JE, Amaral MEJ. Construction and preliminary characterization of a river buffalo bacterial artificial chromosome library. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2012; 11:3013-9. [PMID: 22653673 DOI: 10.4238/2012.may.22.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
River buffalo genome analyses have advanced significantly in the last decade, and the genome sequence of Bubalus bubalis will be available shortly. Nonetheless, large-insert DNA library resources such as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) are still required for validation and accurate assembly of the genome sequence. We constructed a river buffalo BAC library containing 52,224 clones with an average insert size of 97 kb, representing 1.7 × coverage of the genome. This genomic resource for river buffalo will facilitate further studies in this economically important species allowing for instance, whole genome physical mapping and isolation of genes and gene clusters, contributing to the elucidation of gene organization and identification of regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- N B Stafuzza
- Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual de São Paulo "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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4
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Construction of a llama bacterial artificial chromosome library with approximately 9-fold genome equivalent coverage. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012; 2012:371414. [PMID: 22811594 PMCID: PMC3395300 DOI: 10.1155/2012/371414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ilama is an important agricultural livestock in much of South America. The llama is increasing in popularity in the United States as a companion animal. Little work has been done to improve llama production using modern technology. A paucity of information is available regarding the llama genome. We report the construction of a llama bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library of about 196,224 clones in the vector pECBAC1. Using flow cytometry and bovine, human, mouse, and chicken as controls, we determined the llama genome size to be 2.4 × 109 bp. The average insert size of the library is 137.8 kb corresponding to approximately 9-fold genome coverage. Further studies are needed to further characterize the library and llama genome. We anticipate that this new library will help facilitate future genomic studies in the llama.
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5
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Drögemüller C, Wöhlke A, Leeb T, Distl O. A 4 Mb high resolution BAC contig on bovine chromosome 1q12 and comparative analysis with human chromosome 21q22. Comp Funct Genomics 2010; 6:194-203. [PMID: 18629192 PMCID: PMC2447486 DOI: 10.1002/cfg.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2004] [Revised: 02/03/2005] [Accepted: 03/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The bovine RPCI-42 BAC library was screened to construct a sequence-ready ~4 Mb
single contig of 92 BAC clones on BTA 1q12. The contig covers the region between
the genes KRTAP8P1 and CLIC6. This genomic segment in cattle is of special interest
as it contains the dominant gene responsible for the hornless or polled phenotype in
cattle. The construction of the BAC contig was initiated by screening the bovine BAC
library with heterologous cDNA probes derived from 12 human genes of the syntenic
region on HSA 21q22. Contig building was facilitated by BAC end sequencing and
chromosome walking. During the construction of the contig, 165 BAC end sequences
and 109 single-copy STS markers were generated. For comparative mapping of 25
HSA 21q22 genes, genomic PCR primers were designed from bovine EST sequences
and the gene-associated STSs mapped on the contig. Furthermore, bovine BAC
end sequence comparisons against the human genome sequence revealed significant
matches to HSA 21q22 and allowed the in silico mapping of two new genes in cattle.
In total, 31 orthologues of human genes located on HSA 21q22 were directly mapped
within the bovine BAC contig, of which 16 genes have been cloned and mapped for the
first time in cattle. In contrast to the existing comparative bovine–human RH maps of
this region, these results provide a better alignment and reveal a completely conserved
gene order in this 4 Mb segment between cattle, human and mouse. The mapping of
known polled linked BTA 1q12 microsatellite markers allowed the integration of the
physical contig map with existing linkage maps of this region and also determined
the exact order of these markers for the first time. Our physical map and transcript
map may be useful for positional cloning of the putative polled gene in cattle. The
nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper have been submitted to EMBL and
have been assigned Accession Numbers AJ698510–AJ698674.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cord Drögemüller
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover 30559, Germany.
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6
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Matukumalli LK, Lawley CT, Schnabel RD, Taylor JF, Allan MF, Heaton MP, O'Connell J, Moore SS, Smith TPL, Sonstegard TS, Van Tassell CP. Development and characterization of a high density SNP genotyping assay for cattle. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5350. [PMID: 19390634 PMCID: PMC2669730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 656] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of genome-wide association (GWA) studies for the detection of sequence variation affecting complex traits in human has spurred interest in the use of large-scale high-density single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping for the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and for marker-assisted selection in model and agricultural species. A cost-effective and efficient approach for the development of a custom genotyping assay interrogating 54,001 SNP loci to support GWA applications in cattle is described. A novel algorithm for achieving a compressed inter-marker interval distribution proved remarkably successful, with median interval of 37 kb and maximum predicted gap of <350 kb. The assay was tested on a panel of 576 animals from 21 cattle breeds and six outgroup species and revealed that from 39,765 to 46,492 SNP are polymorphic within individual breeds (average minor allele frequency (MAF) ranging from 0.24 to 0.27). The assay also identified 79 putative copy number variants in cattle. Utility for GWA was demonstrated by localizing known variation for coat color and the presence/absence of horns to their correct genomic locations. The combination of SNP selection and the novel spacing algorithm allows an efficient approach for the development of high-density genotyping platforms in species having full or even moderate quality draft sequence. Aspects of the approach can be exploited in species which lack an available genome sequence. The BovineSNP50 assay described here is commercially available from Illumina and provides a robust platform for mapping disease genes and QTL in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lakshmi K Matukumalli
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, Virginia, United States of America
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7
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Ratnakumar A, Barris W, McWilliam S, Brauning R, McEwan JC, Snelling WM, Dalrymple BP. A multiway analysis for identifying high integrity bovine BACs. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:46. [PMID: 19166603 PMCID: PMC2660975 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Accepted: 01/23/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In large genomics projects involving many different types of analyses of bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs), such as fingerprinting, end sequencing (BES) and full BAC sequencing there are many opportunities for the identities of BACs to become confused. However, by comparing the results from the different analyses, inconsistencies can be identified and a set of high integrity BACs preferred for future research can be defined. RESULTS The location of each bovine BAC in the BAC fingerprint-based genome map and in the genome assembly were compared based on the reported BESs, and for a smaller number of BACs the full sequence. BACs with consistent positions in all three datasets, or if the full sequence was not available, for both the fingerprint map and BES-based alignments, were deemed to be correctly positioned. BACs with consistent BES-based and fingerprint-based locations, but with conflicting locations based on the fully sequenced BAC, appeared to have been misidentified during sequencing, and included a number of apparently swapped BACs. Inconsistencies between BES-based and fingerprint map positions identified thirty one plates from the CHORI-240 library that appear to have suffered substantial systematic problems during the end-sequencing of the BACs. No systematic problems were identified in the fingerprinting of the BACs. Analysis of BACs overlapping in the assembly identified a small overrepresentation of clones with substantial overlap in the library and a substantial enrichment of highly overlapping BACs on the same plate in the CHORI-240 library. More than half of these BACs appear to have been present as duplicates on the original BAC-library plates and thus should be avoided in subsequent projects. CONCLUSION Our analysis shows that approximately 95% of the bovine CHORI-240 library clones with both a BAC fingerprint and two BESs mapping to the genome in the expected orientations (approximately 27% of all BACs) have consistent locations in the BAC fingerprint map and the genome assembly. We have developed a broadly applicable methodology for checking the integrity of BAC-based datasets even where only incomplete and partially assembled genomic sequence is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhirami Ratnakumar
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, 306 Carmody Road, St. Lucia, QLD 4067, Australia.
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8
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Van Laere AS, Coppieters W, Georges M. Characterization of the bovine pseudoautosomal boundary: Documenting the evolutionary history of mammalian sex chromosomes. Genome Res 2008; 18:1884-95. [PMID: 18981267 DOI: 10.1101/gr.082487.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Here, we report the sequence characterization of the bovine pseudoautosomal boundary (PAB) and its neighborhood. We demonstrate that it maps to the 5' end of the GPR143 gene, which has concomitantly lost upstream noncoding exons on the Y chromosome. We show that the bovine PAB was created approximately 20.7 million years ago by illegitimate intrachromatid recombination between inverted, ruminant-specific Bov-tA repeats. Accordingly, we demonstrate that cattle share their PAB with all other examined ruminants including sheep, but not with cetaceans or more distantly related mammals. We provide evidence that, since its creation, the ancestral ruminant PAB has been displaced by attrition, which occurs at variable rates in different species, and that it is capable of retreat by attrition erasure. We have estimated the ratio of male to female mutation rates in the Bovidae family as approximately 1.7, and we provide evidence that the mutation rate is higher in the recombining pseudoautosomal region than in the adjacent, nonrecombining gonosome-specific sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Van Laere
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Belgium
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9
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Juling K, Schwarzenbacher H, Frankenberg U, Ziegler U, Groschup M, Williams JL, Fries R. Characterization of a 320-kb region containing the HEXA gene on bovine chromosome 10 and analysis of its association with BSE susceptibility. Anim Genet 2008; 39:400-6. [PMID: 18513278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2008.01743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) belongs to a group of neurodegenerative diseases known as transmissible prion diseases. Recently, variants in the promoter region of the prion protein (PRNP) gene have been shown to have a considerable effect on the susceptibility to BSE. However, a previous genome scan revealed other putative BSE-susceptibility loci. Here, we analysed such a region on BTA10, which contains the functional candidate gene HEXA. Three hundred and twenty kilobases that, besides HEXA, also contain ARIH1, BRUNOL6 and PARP6 were characterized and screened for polymorphisms. Genotyping of 38 SNPs in Holstein-Friesian animals from the UK (350 diseased and 270 controls) revealed two intronic SNPs that were associated with BSE incidence, with experiment-wise P-values of 3.5 x 10(-3) and 7.7 x 10(-3) respectively. Both SNPs were in strong linkage disequilibrium and the rare alleles had a protective effect. These alleles were contained in a haplotype dubbed 'UK-protective' that was significantly overrepresented in the controls with a permuted P-value of 2 x 10(-3). An association study in German Holstein animals (73 diseased and 627 controls) revealed an opposite effect of the 'UK-protective' haplotype in this population, i.e. it was overrepresented in the diseased animals, although not significant after correction for multiple testing. These findings indicate a causal variant for BSE susceptibility on BTA10 in linkage disequilibrium with the markers studied. Candidate gene analyses of the surrounding region and additional association studies will help to clarify the origin of the protective effects and to identify causal variants for BSE susceptibility on BTA10.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Juling
- Institute of Animal Breeding, Technical University of Munich, Hochfeldweg 1, 85354 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany.
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10
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Snelling WM, Chiu R, Schein JE, Hobbs M, Abbey CA, Adelson DL, Aerts J, Bennett GL, Bosdet IE, Boussaha M, Brauning R, Caetano AR, Costa MM, Crawford AM, Dalrymple BP, Eggen A, Everts-van der Wind A, Floriot S, Gautier M, Gill CA, Green RD, Holt R, Jann O, Jones SJM, Kappes SM, Keele JW, de Jong PJ, Larkin DM, Lewin HA, McEwan JC, McKay S, Marra MA, Mathewson CA, Matukumalli LK, Moore SS, Murdoch B, Nicholas FW, Osoegawa K, Roy A, Salih H, Schibler L, Schnabel RD, Silveri L, Skow LC, Smith TPL, Sonstegard TS, Taylor JF, Tellam R, Van Tassell CP, Williams JL, Womack JE, Wye NH, Yang G, Zhao S. A physical map of the bovine genome. Genome Biol 2008; 8:R165. [PMID: 17697342 PMCID: PMC2374996 DOI: 10.1186/gb-2007-8-8-r165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A new physical map of the bovine genome has been constructed by integrating data from genetic and radiation hybrid maps, and a new bovine BAC map, with the bovine genome draft assembly. Background Cattle are important agriculturally and relevant as a model organism. Previously described genetic and radiation hybrid (RH) maps of the bovine genome have been used to identify genomic regions and genes affecting specific traits. Application of these maps to identify influential genetic polymorphisms will be enhanced by integration with each other and with bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) libraries. The BAC libraries and clone maps are essential for the hybrid clone-by-clone/whole-genome shotgun sequencing approach taken by the bovine genome sequencing project. Results A bovine BAC map was constructed with HindIII restriction digest fragments of 290,797 BAC clones from animals of three different breeds. Comparative mapping of 422,522 BAC end sequences assisted with BAC map ordering and assembly. Genotypes and pedigree from two genetic maps and marker scores from three whole-genome RH panels were consolidated on a 17,254-marker composite map. Sequence similarity allowed integrating the BAC and composite maps with the bovine draft assembly (Btau3.1), establishing a comprehensive resource describing the bovine genome. Agreement between the marker and BAC maps and the draft assembly is high, although discrepancies exist. The composite and BAC maps are more similar than either is to the draft assembly. Conclusion Further refinement of the maps and greater integration into the genome assembly process may contribute to a high quality assembly. The maps provide resources to associate phenotypic variation with underlying genomic variation, and are crucial resources for understanding the biology underpinning this important ruminant species so closely associated with humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren M Snelling
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Readman Chiu
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jacqueline E Schein
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew Hobbs
- Cooperative Research Centre for Innovative Dairy Products, Reprogen, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | | - Jan Aerts
- Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Gary L Bennett
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Ian E Bosdet
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mekki Boussaha
- INRA, UR339 Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimique et de Cytogénétique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Alexandre R Caetano
- Embrapa Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estacao Biologica, Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasilia-DF, CP 02372 70770-900, Brasil
| | - Marcos M Costa
- Embrapa Recursos Geneticos e Biotecnologia, Parque Estacao Biologica, Final Av. W/5 Norte, Brasilia-DF, CP 02372 70770-900, Brasil
| | | | - Brian P Dalrymple
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | - André Eggen
- INRA, UR339 Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimique et de Cytogénétique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | | | - Sandrine Floriot
- INRA, UR339 Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimique et de Cytogénétique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Mathieu Gautier
- INRA, UR339 Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimique et de Cytogénétique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Clare A Gill
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ronnie D Green
- USDA-ARS - National Program Staff, Beltsville, MD 20705-5134, USA
| | - Robert Holt
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Oliver Jann
- Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK
| | - Steven JM Jones
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven M Kappes
- USDA-ARS - National Program Staff, Beltsville, MD 20705-5134, USA
| | - John W Keele
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Pieter J de Jong
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, USA
| | - Denis M Larkin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Harris A Lewin
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | - Stephanie McKay
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Marco A Marra
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Carrie A Mathewson
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Stephen S Moore
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Brenda Murdoch
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Frank W Nicholas
- Cooperative Research Centre for Innovative Dairy Products, Reprogen, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kazutoyo Osoegawa
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, California 94609, USA
| | - Alice Roy
- Genoscope, rue Gaston Cremieux, 91057 Evry, France
| | - Hanni Salih
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Laurent Schibler
- INRA, UR339 Laboratoire de Génétique Biochimique et de Cytogénétique, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Robert D Schnabel
- Animal Science Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Licia Silveri
- Istituto di Zootecnica Università Cattolica del S Cuore, via E Parmense, 84 29100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Loren C Skow
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Timothy PL Smith
- USDA, ARS, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Tad S Sonstegard
- USDA, ARS, BARC Bovine Functional Genomics Laboratory, Maryland, USA
| | - Jeremy F Taylor
- Animal Science Research Center, Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Ross Tellam
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Carmody Road, St Lucia, Queensland 4067, Australia
| | | | - John L Williams
- Roslin Institute, Roslin, Midlothian EH25 9PS, UK
- Current address: Parco Tecnologico Padano, Via Einstein, Polo Universitario, Lodi 26900, Italy
| | | | - Natasja H Wye
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - George Yang
- Genome Sciences Centre, British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Shaying Zhao
- The Institute for Genomic Research, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
- Current address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Green Street, Athens, GA 30602-7229, USA
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11
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Viitala S, Szyda J, Blott S, Schulman N, Lidauer M, Mäki-Tanila A, Georges M, Vilkki J. The role of the bovine growth hormone receptor and prolactin receptor genes in milk, fat and protein production in Finnish Ayrshire dairy cattle. Genetics 2006; 173:2151-64. [PMID: 16751675 PMCID: PMC1569692 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.105.046730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report new evidence that the QTL effect on chromosome 20 in Finnish Ayrshire can be explained by variation in two distinct genes, growth hormone receptor (GHR) and prolactin receptor (PRLR). In a previous study in Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle an F279Y polymorphism in the transmembrane domain of GHR was found to be associated with an effect on milk yield and composition. The result of our multimarker regression analysis suggests that in Finnish Ayrshire two QTL segregate on the chromosomal region including GHR and PRLR. By sequencing the coding sequences of GHR and PRLR and the sequence of three GHR promoters from the pooled samples of individuals of known QTL genotype, we identified two substitutions that were associated with milk production traits: the previously reported F-to-Y substitution in the transmembrane domain of GHR and an S-to-N substitution in the signal peptide of PRLR. The results provide strong evidence that the effect of PRLR S18N polymorphism is distinct from the GHR F279Y effect. In particular, the GHR F279Y has the highest influence on protein percentage and fat percentage while PRLR S18N markedly influences protein and fat yield. Furthermore, an interaction between the two loci is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirja Viitala
- MTT Agrifood Research Finland, Biotechnology and Food Research, Jokioinen, Finland.
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12
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Sugimoto M, Fujikawa A, Womack JE, Sugimoto Y. Evidence that bovine forebrain embryonic zinc finger-like gene influences immune response associated with mastitis resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:6454-9. [PMID: 16611727 PMCID: PMC1458905 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0601015103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis, a mammary gland inflammation in response to bacterial infection, is a major problem in the dairy industry. We found that cows susceptible to mastitis have a three-base insertion in a glycine-coding stretch of the gene for forebrain embryonic zinc finger-like (FEZL), a transcription factor with a role in neuronal development. Mastitis induces FEZL expression in mammary glands, and induced FEZL promotes expression of the axon-attracting molecule semaphorin 5A (SEMA5A) through a GCAG sequence. FEZL also induces SEMA5A expression in susceptible cattle but at a lower level than in resistant cattle. Enhanced SEMA5A induces expression of at least nine genes related to the host's immune response, including TNF-alpha and IL-8. We propose that susceptibility to mastitis results from an impaired immune response due to the lower transcription activity of susceptible FEZL. Our results provide an avenue to select for genetic improvement of resistance to mastitis and suggest that the FEZL-SEMA5A pathway might control both neuronal development and innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Sugimoto
- *National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Fukushima 961-8511, Japan
| | - Akira Fujikawa
- Hokkaido Animal Research Center, Shintoku, Hokkaido 081-0038, Japan
| | - James E. Womack
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Yoshikazu Sugimoto
- Shirakawa Institute of Animal Genetics, Nishigo, Fukushima 961-8061, Japan
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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13
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Cohen-Zinder M, Seroussi E, Larkin DM, Loor JJ, Everts-van der Wind A, Lee JH, Drackley JK, Band MR, Hernandez AG, Shani M, Lewin HA, Weller JI, Ron M. Identification of a missense mutation in the bovine ABCG2 gene with a major effect on the QTL on chromosome 6 affecting milk yield and composition in Holstein cattle. Genome Res 2005; 15:936-44. [PMID: 15998908 PMCID: PMC1172037 DOI: 10.1101/gr.3806705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
We previously localized a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 6 affecting milk fat and protein concentration to a 4-cM confidence interval, centered on the microsatellite BM143. We characterized the genes and sequence variation in this region and identified common haplotypes spanning five polymorphic sites in the genes IBSP, SPP1, PKD2, and ABCG2 for two sires heterozygous for this QTL. Expression of SPP1 and ABCG2 in the bovine mammary gland increased from parturition through lactation. SPP1 and all the coding exons of ABCG2 and PKD2 were sequenced for these two sires. The single nucleotide change capable of encoding a substitution of tyrosine-581 to serine (Y581S) in the ABCG2 transporter was the only polymorphism corresponding to the segregation status of all 3 heterozygous and 15 homozygous sires for the QTL in the Israeli and U.S. Holstein populations. The allele substitution fixed effects on the genetic evaluations of 335 Israeli sires were -341 kg milk, +0.16% fat, and +0.13% protein (F-value = 200). No other polymorphism gave significant effect for fat and protein concentration in models that also included Y581S. The allele substitution effects on the genetic evaluations of 670 cows, daughters of two heterozygous sires, were -226 kg milk, 0.09% fat, and 0.08% protein (F-value = 394), with partial dominance towards the 581S homozygotes. We therefore propose that Y581S in ABCG2 is the causative site for this QTL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miri Cohen-Zinder
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, Bet-Dagan 50250, Israel
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14
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Wöhlke A, Drögemüller C, Kuiper H, Leeb T, Distl O. Molecular characterization and chromosomal assignment of the bovine glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GART) gene on cattle chromosome 1q12.1-q12.2. Gene 2005; 348:73-81. [PMID: 15777723 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2004.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 12/22/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase (GART) genes encode a trifunctional polypeptide involved in the de novo purine biosynthesis. We isolated a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone containing the bovine GART gene and determined the complete DNA sequence of the BAC clone. Cloning and characterization of the bovine GART gene revealed that the bovine gene consists of 23 exons spanning approximately 27 kb. RT-PCR amplification of bovine GART in different organs showed the expression of two GART transcripts in cattle similar to human and mouse. The GART transcripts encode two proteins of 1010 and 433 amino acids, respectively. Eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in a mutation scan of 24 unrelated animals of three different cattle breeds, including one SNP that affects the amino acid sequence of GART. The chromosomal localization of the gene was determined by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Comparative genome analysis between cattle, human and mouse indicates that the chromosomal location of the bovine GART gene is in agreement with a previously published mapping report.
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MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cattle/genetics
- Chromosome Mapping
- Chromosomes, Mammalian/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA/chemistry
- DNA/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Exons
- Genes/genetics
- Hydroxymethyl and Formyl Transferases/genetics
- In Situ Hybridization, Fluorescence
- Introns
- Isoenzymes/genetics
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phosphoribosylglycinamide Formyltransferase
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Wöhlke
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17 p, 30559 Hannover, Germany.
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15
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Mömke S, Kuiper H, Spötter A, Drögemüller C, Distl O. A refined radiation hybrid map of the telomeric region of bovine chromosome 18q25-q26 compared with human chromosome 19q13. Anim Genet 2005; 36:141-5. [PMID: 15771725 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2005.01252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide scans have mapped economically important quantitative trait loci (QTL) for mastitis susceptibility in dairy cattle at the telomeric end of bovine chromosome 18 (BTA18). In order to increase the density of markers in this chromosomal region and to improve breakpoint resolution in the human-bovine comparative map, this study describes the chromosomal assignment of seven newly developed gene-associated markers and five microsatellites and eight previously mapped sequence tagged site markers near these QTL. The orientation of KCNJ14, BAX, CD37, NKG7, LIM2, PRKCG, TNNT1, MGC2705, RPL28, EPN1, ZNF582, ZIM2, STK13, ZNF132 and SLC27A5 on the 3000-rad radiation hybrid (RH) map of BTA18 is homologous to the organization found on the corresponding 10 Mbp of human chromosome 19q (HSA19q). The resulting bovine RH map with a length of 20.9 cR spans over about 11 cM on the bovine linkage map. The location of KCNJ14 and SLC27A5 flanking the RH map on BTA18q25-26 has been confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization. The data of this refined human-bovine comparative map should improve selection of candidate genes for mastitis susceptibility in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mömke
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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16
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Mömke S, Kuiper H, Spötter A, Drögemüller C, Williams JL, Distl O. Assignment of the PRPH gene to bovine chromosome 5q1.4 by FISH and confirmation by RH mapping. Anim Genet 2005; 35:477-8. [PMID: 15566479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Mömke
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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17
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Drögemüller C, Kuiper H, Spötter A, Williams JL, Distl O. Mapping of the bovine homologue of the human chromosome 14 open reading frame 4 (C14orf4) gene to BTA10q36. Anim Genet 2005; 35:498-9. [PMID: 15566486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01211.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Drögemüller
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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18
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Drögemüller C, Kuiper H, Spötter A, Williams JL, Distl O. Mapping of the ATP11B gene and refined localization of the SOX2 and FXR1 genes to BTA1q33. Anim Genet 2005; 35:499-501. [PMID: 15566487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01212.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Drögemüller
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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19
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Drögemüller C, Mömke S, Spötter A, Kuiper H, Williams JL, Distl O. Physical mapping of the KCNJ8 gene to bovine chromosome 5q3.2-q3.4. Anim Genet 2005; 35:476-7. [PMID: 15566478 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01198.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Drögemüller
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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20
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Drögemüller C, Kuiper H, Spötter A, Martins-Wess F, Williams JL, Lassnig C, Distl O, Müller M, Leeb T. Assignment of the bovine TYK2 and PDE4A genes to bovine chromosome 7q15 by fluorescence in situ hybridization and radiation hybrid mapping. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005; 108:363. [PMID: 15628036 DOI: 10.1159/000081540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Drögemüller
- Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany
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21
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Kuiper H, Mömke S, Drögemüller C, Spötter A, Williams J, Distl O. Assignment of the <i>MRPS35</i> gene to bovine chromosome 5q3.2→q3.4 by fluorescence in situ hybridization and confirmation by radiation hybrid mapping. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1159/000084215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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22
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Kuiper H, Spötter A, Williams J, Distl O, Drögemüller C. Physical mapping of <i>CHX10</i>, <i>ALDH6A1</i>, and <i>ABCD4</i> on bovine chromosome 10q34. Cytogenet Genome Res 2005. [DOI: 10.1159/000084217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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23
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Connor EE, Sonstegard TS, Ashwell MS, Bennett GL, Williams JL. An expanded comparative map of bovine chromosome 27 targeting dairy form QTL regions. Anim Genet 2004; 35:265-9. [PMID: 15265064 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01151.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
At present, the density of genes on the bovine maps is extremely limited and current resolution of the human-bovine comparative map is insufficient for selection of candidate genes controlling many economic traits of interest in dairy cattle. This study describes the chromosomal mapping of 10 selected gene-associated markers to bovine linkage and radiation hybrid maps to improve the breakpoint resolution in the human-bovine comparative map near two previously identified quantitative trait loci for the linear type trait, dairy form. Two regions of conserved synteny not previously described are reported between the telomeric region of bovine chromosome 27 (BTA27) and human chromosome 3 (HSA3) p24 region and between the HSA4q34.1 region and BTA8. These data increase the number of genes positioned on the bovine gene maps, refine the human-bovine comparative map, and should improve the efficiency of candidate gene selection for the dairy form trait in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E Connor
- U.S. Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, ARS, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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24
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Plis-Finarov A, Hudson H, Roe B, Ron M, Seroussi E. Mapping of the GATA4, NEIL2, FDFT1 genes and CTSB-associated microsatellites to the centromeric region of BTA8. Anim Genet 2004; 35:154-5. [PMID: 15025586 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2052.2004.01101.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Plis-Finarov
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel
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25
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Winter A, Alzinger A, Fries R. Assessment of the gene content of the chromosomal regions flanking bovine DGAT1. Genomics 2004; 83:172-80. [PMID: 14667821 DOI: 10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
As a first step towards verifying the candidate status of DGAT1 as the causal gene for milk fat percentage in cattle, we constructed a bovine BAC contig spanning 576 kb of the chromosomal region containing DGAT1. High content of NotI sites (21 within the contig) indicated that the region is gene-rich. Twenty-three genes neighboring DGAT1 were mapped, including two bovine cDNA sequences that have no orthologous sequences within the NCBI sequence databases. On average, 2015 bp for each of the 23 neighboring genes were sequenced and entered into EMBL. Likewise, 10 new STS markers were established by BAC-end sequencing. Within the genes and STS markers, 55 polymorphisms were discovered. These will form the basis of future linkage disequilibrium studies to test whether any genes neighboring DGAT1 are associated with variation in milk fat percentage, thereby testing the candidate status of DGAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Winter
- Lehrstuhl für Tierzucht der Technischen Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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26
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Page BT, Casas E, Heaton MP, Cullen NG, Hyndman DL, Morris CA, Crawford AM, Wheeler TL, Koohmaraie M, Keele JW, Smith TPL. Evaluation of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in CAPN1 for association with meat tenderness in cattle. J Anim Sci 2002; 80:3077-85. [PMID: 12542147 DOI: 10.2527/2002.80123077x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Micromolar calcium activated neutral protease (CAPN1) was evaluated as a candidate gene for a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on BTA29 affecting meat tenderness by characterization of nucleotide sequence variation in the gene. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified by sequencing all 22 exons and 19 of the 21 introns in two sires (Piedmontese x Angus located at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center in Clay Center, NE; Jersey x Limousin located at AgResearch in New Zealand) of independent resource populations previously shown to be segregating meat tenderness QTL on BTA29. The majority of the 38 SNP were found in introns or were synonymous substitutions in the coding regions, with two exceptions. Exons 14 and 9 contained SNP that were predicted to alter the protein sequence by the substitution of isoleucine for valine in Domain III of the protein, and alanine for glycine in Domain II of the protein. The resource populations were genotyped for these two SNP in addition to six intronic polymorphisms and two silent substitutions. Analysis of genotypes and shear force values in both populations revealed a difference between paternal CAPN1 alleles in which the allele encoding isoleucine at position 530 and glycine at position 316 associated with decreased meat tenderness (increased shear force values) relative to the allele encoding valine at position 530 and alanine at position 316 (P < 0.05). The association of maternal alleles with meat tenderness phenotypes is consistent with the hypothesis of CAPN1 as the gene underlying the QTL effect in two independent resource populations and presents the possibility of using these markers for selective breeding to reduce the numbers of animals with unfavorable meat tenderness traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Page
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA
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27
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Freking BA, Murphy SK, Wylie AA, Rhodes SJ, Keele JW, Leymaster KA, Jirtle RL, Smith TPL. Identification of the single base change causing the callipyge muscle hypertrophy phenotype, the only known example of polar overdominance in mammals. Genome Res 2002; 12:1496-506. [PMID: 12368241 PMCID: PMC187527 DOI: 10.1101/gr.571002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A small genetic region near the telomere of ovine chromosome 18 was previously shown to carry the mutation causing the callipyge muscle hypertrophy phenotype in sheep. Expression of this phenotype is the only known case in mammals of paternal polar overdominance gene action. A region surrounding two positional candidate genes was sequenced in animals of known genotype. Mutation detection focused on an inbred ram of callipyge phenotype postulated to have inherited chromosome segments identical-by-descent with exception of the mutated position. In support of this hypothesis, this inbred ram was homozygous over 210 Kb of sequence, except for a single heterozygous base position. This single polymorphism was genotyped in multiple families segregating the callipyge locus (CLPG), providing 100% concordance with animals of known CLPG genotype, and was unique to descendants of the founder animal. The mutation lies in a region of high homology among mouse, sheep, cattle, and humans, but not in any previously identified expressed transcript. A substantial open reading frame exists in the sheep sequence surrounding the mutation, although this frame is not conserved among species. Initial functional analysis indicates sequence encompassing the mutation is part of a novel transcript expressed in sheep fetal muscle we have named CLPG1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad A Freking
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska 68933-0166, USA.
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28
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Drogemuller C, Kuiper H, Hauke G, Williams JL, Distl O. Fine mapping* of the bovine solute carrier family 25, member 4 (SLC25A4) gene to BTA27q14-q15 by fluorescence in situ hybridization and radiation hybrid mapping. Anim Genet 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.t01-15-00886.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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29
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Thomas JW, Prasad AB, Summers TJ, Lee-Lin SQ, Maduro VVB, Idol JR, Ryan JF, Thomas PJ, McDowell JC, Green ED. Parallel construction of orthologous sequence-ready clone contig maps in multiple species. Genome Res 2002; 12:1277-85. [PMID: 12176935 PMCID: PMC186643 DOI: 10.1101/gr.283202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Comparison is a fundamental tool for analyzing DNA sequence. Interspecies sequence comparison is particularly powerful for inferring genome function and is based on the simple premise that conserved sequences are likely to be important. Thus, the comparison of a genomic sequence with its orthologous counterpart from another species is increasingly becoming an integral component of genome analysis. In ideal situations, such comparisons are performed with orthologous sequences from multiple species. To facilitate multispecies comparative sequence analysis, a robust and scalable strategy for simultaneously constructing sequence-ready bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) contig maps from targeted genomic regions has been developed. Central to this approach is the generation and utilization of "universal" oligonucleotide-based hybridization probes ("overgo" probes), which are designed from sequences that are highly conserved between distantly related species. Large collections of these probes are used en masse to screen BAC libraries from multiple species in parallel, with the isolated clones assembled into physical contig maps. To validate the effectiveness of this strategy, efforts were focused on the construction of BAC-based physical maps from multiple mammalian species (chimpanzee, baboon, cat, dog, cow, and pig). Using available human and mouse genomic sequence and a newly developed computer program to design the requisite probes, sequence-ready maps were constructed in all species for a series of targeted regions totaling approximately 16 Mb in the human genome. The described approach can be used to facilitate the multispecies comparative sequencing of targeted genomic regions and can be adapted for constructing BAC contig maps in other vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Thomas
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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30
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Drögemüller C, Bader A, Wöhlke A, Kuiper H, Leeb T, Distl O. A high-resolution comparative RH map of the proximal part of bovine chromosome 1. Anim Genet 2002; 33:271-9. [PMID: 12139506 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00866.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Current comparative maps between human chromosome 21 and the proximal part of cattle chromosome 1 are insufficient to define chromosomal rearrangements because of the low density of mapped genes in the bovine genome. The recently completed sequence of human chromosome 21 facilitates the detailed comparative analysis of corresponding segments on BTA1. In this study eight bovine bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones containing bovine orthologues of human chromosome 21 genes, i.e. GRIK1, CLDN8, TIAM1, HUNK, SYNJ1, OLIG2, IL10RB, and KCNE2 were physically assigned by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to BTA1q12.1-q12.2. Sequence tagged site (STS) markers derived from these clones were mapped on the 3000 rad Roslin/Cambridge bovine radiation hybrid (RH) panel. In addition to these eight novel markers, 17 known markers from previously published BTA1 linkage or RH maps were also mapped on the Roslin/Cambridge bovine RH panel resulting in an integrated map with 25 markers of 355.4 cR(3000) length. The human-cattle genome comparison revealed the existence of three chromosomal breakpoints and two probable inversions in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Drögemüller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Germany.
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31
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Winter A, Krämer W, Werner FAO, Kollers S, Kata S, Durstewitz G, Buitkamp J, Womack JE, Thaller G, Fries R. Association of a lysine-232/alanine polymorphism in a bovine gene encoding acyl-CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1) with variation at a quantitative trait locus for milk fat content. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:9300-5. [PMID: 12077321 PMCID: PMC123135 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.142293799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DGAT1 encodes diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase (EC ), a microsomal enzyme that catalyzes the final step of triglyceride synthesis. It became a functional candidate gene for lactation traits after studies indicated that mice lacking both copies of DGAT1 are completely devoid of milk secretion, most likely because of deficient triglyceride synthesis in the mammary gland. Our mapping studies placed DGAT1 close to the region of a quantitative trait locus (QTL) on bovine chromosome 14 for variation in fat content of milk. Sequencing of DGAT1 from pooled DNA revealed significant frequency shifts at several variable positions between groups of animals with high and low breeding values for milk fat content in different breeds (Holstein-Friesian, Fleckvieh, and Braunvieh). Among the variants was a nonconservative substitution of lysine by alanine (K232A), with the lysine-encoding allele being associated with higher milk fat content. Haplotype analysis indicated the lysine variant to be ancestral. Two animals that were typed heterozygous (Qq) at the QTL based on marker-assisted QTL-genotyping were heterozygous for the K232A substitution, whereas 14 animals that are most likely qq at the QTL were homozygous for the alanine-encoding allele. An independent association study in Fleckvieh animals confirmed the positive effect of the lysine variant on milk fat content. We consider the nonconservative K232A substitution to be directly responsible for the QTL variation, although our genetic studies cannot provide formal proof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Winter
- Lehrstuhl für Tierzucht der Technischen Universität München, 85350 Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
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32
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Grisart B, Coppieters W, Farnir F, Karim L, Ford C, Berzi P, Cambisano N, Mni M, Reid S, Simon P, Spelman R, Georges M, Snell R. Positional candidate cloning of a QTL in dairy cattle: identification of a missense mutation in the bovine DGAT1 gene with major effect on milk yield and composition. Genome Res 2002; 12:222-31. [PMID: 11827942 DOI: 10.1101/gr.224202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 609] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We recently mapped a quantitative trait locus (QTL) with a major effect on milk composition--particularly fat content--to the centromeric end of bovine chromosome 14. We subsequently exploited linkage disequilibrium to refine the map position of this QTL to a 3-cM chromosome interval bounded by microsatellite markers BULGE13 and BULGE09. We herein report the positional candidate cloning of this QTL, involving (1) the construction of a BAC contig spanning the corresponding marker interval, (2) the demonstration that a very strong candidate gene, acylCoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase (DGAT1), maps to that contig, and (3) the identification of a nonconservative K232A substitution in the DGAT1 gene with a major effect on milk fat content and other milk characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Grisart
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège (B43), 4000-Liège, Belgium
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Kirkpatrick BW, Byla B, Kurar E, Warren WC. Development of microsatellite markers and comparative mapping for bovine chromosome 19. Anim Genet 2002; 33:65-8. [PMID: 11849140 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2002.00808.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has mapped an ovulation rate quantitative trait locus (QTL) to bovine chromosome 19. In an effort to enhance comparative mapping information and develop additional markers for refined QTL mapping, microsatellite markers were developed in a targeted approach. A bovine bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library was screened for loci with either known or predicted locations on bovine chromosome 19. An average of 6.4 positive BAC were identified per screened locus. A total of 10 microsatellite markers were developed for five targeted loci with heterozygosity of 7-83% in a sample of reference family parents. The newly developed markers were typed on reference families along with four previously mapped marker loci and used to create a linkage map. Comparison of locus order between human and cattle provides support for previously observed rearrangement. One of the mapped loci myotubularin related protein 4 (MTMR4) potentially extends the proximal boundary of a conserved linkage group.
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Affiliation(s)
- B W Kirkpatrick
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Abstract
The past several years have witnessed remarkable progress in mammalian cloning using nuclear transfer (NT). Until 1997 and the announcement of the successful cloning of sheep from adult mammary gland or fetal fibroblast cells, our working assumption was that cloning by NT could only be accomplished with relatively undifferentiated embryonic cells. Indeed, live offspring were first produced by NT over 15 years ago from totipotent, embryonic blastomeres derived from early cleavage-stage embryos. However, once begun, the progression to somatic cell cloning or NT employing differentiated cells as the source of donor nuclei was meteoric, initially involving differentiated embryonic cell cultures in sheep in 1996 and quickly thereafter, fetal or adult somatic cells in sheep, cow, mouse, goat, and pig. Several recent reviews provide a background for and discussion of these successes. Here we will focus on the potential uses of reproductive cloning along with recent activities in the field and a discussion concerning current interests in human reproductive and therapeutic cloning.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Wolf
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.
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Drögemüller C, Distl O, Leeb T. Partial deletion of the bovine ED1 gene causes anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in cattle. Genome Res 2001; 11:1699-705. [PMID: 11591646 PMCID: PMC311120 DOI: 10.1101/gr.182501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (ED1) is characterized by hypotrichosis, reduced number of sweat glands, and incisior anodontia in human, mouse, and cattle. In affected humans and mice, mutations in the ED1 gene coding for ectodysplasin 1 are found. Ectodysplasin 1 is a novel trimeric transmembrane protein with an extracellular TNF-like signaling domain that is believed to be involved in the formation of hair follicles and tooth buds during fetal development. We report the construction of a 480-kb BAC contig harboring the complete bovine ED1 gene on BTA Xq22-Xq24. Physical mapping and sequence analysis of the coding parts of the ED1 gene revealed that a large genomic region including exon 3 of the ED1 gene is deleted in cattle with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia in a family of German Holstein cattle with three affected maternal half sibs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Drögemüller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, 30559 Hannover, Germany
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36
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Ashwell MS, Ashwell CM, Garrett WM, Bennett GL. Isolation, characterization and mapping of the bovine signal peptidase subunit 18 gene. Anim Genet 2001; 32:232-3. [PMID: 11531706 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.0769b.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M S Ashwell
- USDA-ARS, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
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37
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Smith TP, Fahrenkrug SC, Rohrer GA, Simmen FA, Rexroad CE, Keele JW. Mapping of expressed sequence tags from a porcine early embryonic cDNA library. Anim Genet 2001; 32:66-72. [PMID: 11421940 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2052.2001.00739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify and map genes expressed during the elongation phase of embryogenesis in swine. Expressed sequence tags were analysed from a previously described porcine cDNA library prepared from elongating swine embryos. Average insert length of randomly selected clones was approximately 600 bp, with a range from < 100 to > 2500 bp. Single-pass, coding strand sequences from 1132 independent clones were compared with the GenBank non-redundant (nr) database via BLASTN analysis to identify potential porcine homologous of known genes. Among these sequences, 781 (69%) showed significant (score > 300) homology to non- mitochondrial sequences previously deposited in GenBank. Sequences matching interleucin 1 beta and thymosin beta 10 were most frequently observed (24 and 18 clones, respectively), in addition to matches with 310 other distinct genes. No significant match in the GenBank nr database was obtained for 303 sequences. Analysis demonstrated that 151 (50%) had open reading frames (ORF) extending at least 50 codons from the first base of the clone insert. Genetic markers were developed and used to map a subset of 17 genes, selected on the basis of function or of the ability to design primers that successfully amplified porcine genomic DNA, to 10 different porcine chromosomes, providing a set of mapped markers corresponding to genes expressed during conceptus elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Smith
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, US Meat Animal Research Center, Spur 18D, PO Box 166, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA. marc.usda.gov
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