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Zahran M, Larios H, Rosales V, Coulson A. Unilateral tongue atrophy as the initial clinical manifestation in a patient with prostate cancer. Clin Case Rep 2024; 12:e8615. [PMID: 38464579 PMCID: PMC10920314 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.8615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Key Clinical Message Unilateral tongue atrophy can be a rare and crucial early indicator of metastatic prostate cancer, highlighting the need for vigilant monitoring in clinical assessments. This case underscores the importance of considering cranial nerve involvement, especially the twelfth, for timely intervention and comprehensive patient care. Abstract Prostate cancer, ranking among the most prevalent cancers, often manifests with skeletal metastases. Cranial nerve involvement, particularly the twelfth cranial nerve (XII), as an initial presentation is exceptionally rare. This case report outlines a unique instance of unilateral tongue atrophy as the primary clinical manifestation in a patient diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer. A 54-year-old man presented with dysarthria and progressive weakness, later revealing signs of hypoglossal nerve paralysis, unilateral tongue atrophy, and skeletal metastases involving the base of the skull. Imaging studies, including CT and MRI, confirmed diffuse lytic lesions and cranial nerve entrapment. Further investigations identified elevated PSA levels, confirming acinar prostate adenocarcinoma. The patient underwent hormone therapy due to the poor prognosis. Prostate cancer's skeletal metastases are well-documented, but cranial nerve involvement remains rare, particularly with isolated XII nerve manifestation. The discussion emphasizes the diagnostic challenges, imaging techniques' roles, and the impact on prognosis and quality of life. This case underscores the rarity of unilateral XII nerve involvement as the initial presentation of metastatic prostate cancer. Clinicians should consider this manifestation, especially in men over 40, warranting a thorough diagnostic approach, including PSA measurement and referral for appropriate oncological and urological interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Zahran
- Neurology DepartmentManolo Morales Peralta HospitalManaguaNicaragua
| | - Henry Larios
- Pathology DepartmentManolo Morales Peralta HospitalManaguaNicaragua
| | - Victor Rosales
- Nuclear Medicine DepartmentNora Astorga HospitalManaguaNicaragua
| | - Adrian Coulson
- Neurology DepartmentManolo Morales Peralta HospitalManaguaNicaragua
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2
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Buskin A, Scott E, Nelson R, Gaughan L, Robson CN, Heer R, Hepburn AC. Engineering prostate cancer in vitro: what does it take? Oncogene 2023; 42:2417-2427. [PMID: 37438470 PMCID: PMC10403358 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-023-02776-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge in the clinical management and cause of treatment failure of prostate cancer (PCa) is its molecular, cellular and clinical heterogeneity. Modelling systems that fully recapitulate clinical diversity and resistant phenotypes are urgently required for the development of successful personalised PCa therapies. The advent of the three-dimensional (3D) organoid model has revolutionised preclinical cancer research through reflecting heterogeneity and offering genomic and environmental manipulation that has opened up unparalleled opportunities for applications in disease modelling, high-throughput drug screening and precision medicine. Despite these remarkable achievements of organoid technology, several shortcomings in emulating the complex tumor microenvironment and dynamic process of metastasis as well as the epigenome profile limit organoids achieving true in vivo functionality. Technological advances in tissue engineering have enabled the development of innovative tools to facilitate the design of improved 3D cancer models. In this review, we highlight the current in vitro 3D PCa models with a special focus on organoids and discuss engineering approaches to create more physiologically relevant PCa organoid models and maximise their translational relevance that ultimately will help to realise the transformational power of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Buskin
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Emma Scott
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Ryan Nelson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Luke Gaughan
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Craig N Robson
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK
| | - Rakesh Heer
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Anastasia C Hepburn
- Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4HH, UK.
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3
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Di Donato M, Giovannelli P, Migliaccio A, Castoria G. The nerve growth factor-delivered signals in prostate cancer and its associated microenvironment: when the dialogue replaces the monologue. Cell Biosci 2023; 13:60. [PMID: 36941697 PMCID: PMC10029315 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-023-01008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PC) represents the most diagnosed and the second most lethal cancer in men worldwide. Its development and progression occur in concert with alterations in the surrounding tumor microenvironment (TME), made up of stromal cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) that dynamically interact with epithelial PC cells affecting their growth and invasiveness. PC cells, in turn, can functionally sculpt the TME through the secretion of various factors, including neurotrophins. Among them, the nerve growth factor (NGF) that is released by both epithelial PC cells and carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) triggers the activation of various intracellular signaling cascades, thereby promoting the acquisition of a metastatic phenotype. After many years of investigation, it is indeed well established that aberrations and/or derangement of NGF signaling are involved not only in neurological disorders, but also in the pathogenesis of human proliferative diseases, including PC. Another key feature of cancer progression is the nerve outgrowth in TME and the concept of nerve dependence related to perineural invasion is currently emerging. NGF released by cancer cells can be a driver of tumor neurogenesis and nerves infiltrated in TME release neurotransmitters, which might stimulate the growth and sustainment of tumor cells.In this review, we aim to provide a snapshot of NGF action in the interactions between TME, nerves and PC cells. Understanding the molecular basis of this dialogue might expand the arsenal of therapeutic strategies against this widespread disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzia Di Donato
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Pia Giovannelli
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antimo Migliaccio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Castoria
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "L.Vanvitelli", 80138, Naples, Italy
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4
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Mirmoeeni S, Azari Jafari A, Shah M, Salemi F, Hashemi SZ, Seifi A. The Clinical, Diagnostic, Therapeutic, and Prognostic Characteristics of Brain Metastases in Prostate Cancer: A Systematic Review. Prostate Cancer 2022; 2022:5324600. [PMID: 36474619 PMCID: PMC9719815 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5324600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most common nonskin malignancy and the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths in men. The most common site of metastasis in PCa is the axial skeleton which may lead to back pain or pathological fractures. Hematogenous spread to the brain and involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) are a rare occurrence. However, failed androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) may facilitate such a spread resulting in an advanced metastatic stage of PCa, which carries a poor prognosis. METHODS In this systematic review, we searched the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science online databases based on the PRISMA guideline and used all the medical subject headings (MeSH) in terms of the following search line: ("Brain Neoplasms" OR "Central Nervous System Neoplasms") and ("Prostatic Neoplasms" OR "Prostate"). Related studies were identified and reviewed. RESULTS A total of 59 eligible studies (902 patients) were included in this systematic review. In order to gain a deeper understanding, we extracted and presented the data from included articles based on clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, therapeutic approaches, and prognostic status of PCa patients having BMs. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated the current knowledge regarding the mechanism, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, therapeutic approaches, and prognosis of BMs in PCa. These data shed more light on the way to help clinicians and physicians to understand, diagnose, and manage BMs in PCa patients better.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muffaqam Shah
- Deccan College of Medical Sciences, P.O. Kanchanbagh, DMRL ‘X' Road, Santhosh Nagar, Hyderabad 500058, Telangana, India
| | - Fateme Salemi
- School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Zohreh Hashemi
- Researcher at the Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Department, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Seifi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Division of Neuro Critical Care, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio School of Medicine, San Antonio, TX, USA
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5
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Ma QF, Ou CY, Wang QH, Wang YN. Incidental finding of metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma of cerebellopontine angle presenting as acoustic neuroma: A case report and review of literature. Int J Surg Case Rep 2022; 98:107493. [PMID: 35969908 PMCID: PMC9399265 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijscr.2022.107493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Fang Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xu Zhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Chun-Ying Ou
- Department of Neurology, Xu Zhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qi-Hong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xu Zhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yong-Nan Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xu Zhou Central Hospital, Xuzhou Clinical School of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.
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Al-Salihi MM, Al-Jebur MS, Lozada-Martinez ID, Rahman MM, Rahman S. Brain metastasis from prostate cancer: A review of the literature with an illustrative case. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SURGERY OPEN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijso.2021.100419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Zhang DF, Yang ZC, Chen JQ, Jin XX, Qiu YD, Chen XJ, Shi HY, Liu ZG, Wang MS, Liang G, Zheng XH. Piperlongumine inhibits migration and proliferation of castration-resistant prostate cancer cells via triggering persistent DNA damage. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:195. [PMID: 34229670 PMCID: PMC8261967 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03369-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the leading cause of death among men diagnosed with prostate cancer. Piperlongumine (PL) is a novel potential anticancer agent that has been demonstrated to exhibit anticancer efficacy against prostate cancer cells. However, the effects of PL on DNA damage and repair against CRPC have remained unclear. The aim of this study was to further explore the anticancer activity and mechanisms of action of PL against CRPC in terms of DNA damage and repair processes. METHODS The effect of PL on CRPC was evaluated by MTT assay, long-term cell proliferation, reactive oxygen species assay, western blot assay, flow cytometry assay (annexin V/PI staining), β-gal staining assay and DAPI staining assay. The capacity of PL to inhibit the invasion and migration of CRPC cells was assessed by scratch-wound assay, cell adhesion assay, transwell assay and immunofluorescence (IF) assay. The effect of PL on DNA damage and repair was determined via IF assay and comet assay. RESULTS The results showed that PL exhibited stronger anticancer activity against CRPC compared to that of taxol, cisplatin (DDP), doxorubicin (Dox), or 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU), with fewer side effects in normal cells. Importantly, PL treatment significantly decreased cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix and inhibited the migration of CRPC cells through affecting the expression and distribution of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), leading to concentration-dependent inhibition of CRPC cell proliferation and concomitantly increased cell death. Moreover, PL treatment triggered persistent DNA damage and provoked strong DNA damage responses in CRPC cells. CONCLUSION Collectively, our findings demonstrate that PL potently inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of CRPC cells and that these potent anticancer effects were potentially achieved via triggering persistent DNA damage in CRPC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Fang Zhang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Chun Yang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Affiliated Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, The Central Hospital of Zhejiang Lishui, Lishui, 323000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Qiang Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Xiang Jin
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-da Qiu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jing Chen
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Yi Shi
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Guo Liu
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Min-Shan Wang
- The Affiliated Xiangshan Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
- Hospital of Chinese Medicine of Haishu District, Ningbo, 315000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guang Liang
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiao-Hui Zheng
- Chemical Biology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Combined Naïve Bayesian, Chemical Fingerprints and Molecular Docking Classifiers to Model and Predict Androgen Receptor Binding Data for Environmentally- and Health-Sensitive Substances. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136695. [PMID: 34206613 PMCID: PMC8267747 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many chemicals that enter the environment, food chain, and the human body can disrupt androgen-dependent pathways and mimic hormones and therefore, may be responsible for multiple diseases from reproductive to tumor. Thus, modeling and predicting androgen receptor activity is an important area of research. The aim of the current study was to find a method or combination of methods to predict compounds that can bind to and/or disrupt the androgen receptor, and thereby guide decision making and further analysis. A stepwise procedure proceeded from analysis of protein structures from human, chimp, and rat, followed by docking and subsequent ligand, and statistics based techniques that improved classification gradually. The best methods used multivariate logistic regression of combinations of chimpanzee protein structural docking scores, extended connectivity fingerprints, and naïve Bayesians of known binders and non-binders. Combination or consensus methods included data from a variety of procedures to improve the final model accuracy.
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9
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McBean R, Tatkovic A, Wong DC. Intracranial Metastasis from Prostate Cancer: Investigation, Incidence, and Imaging Findings in a Large Cohort of Australian Men. J Clin Imaging Sci 2021; 11:24. [PMID: 33948339 PMCID: PMC8088474 DOI: 10.25259/jcis_52_2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Prostate cancer metastasizing to the brain is remarkably uncommon, with the incidence never having been described in the modern setting. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and imaging pattern of intracranial metastasis from prostate cancer in a large cohort of Australian men with prostate cancer. Material and Methods: Retrospective review was undertaken of imaging reports for all known prostate cancer patients, who underwent an imaging examination inclusive of the brain, between July 1, 2014, and July 1, 2020. Once an intracranial lesion was identified, all available imaging and clinical notes were reviewed. Results: A total of 5644 imaging examinations which included the brain were identified in 4341 prostate cancer patients. The majority (92.1%) of examinations were 68-Gallium-labeled prostate-specific membrane antigen (68Ga-PSMA) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). Eight patients were identified as having an intracranial metastasis from prostate cancer, yielding an incidence of 0.18%. All patients had a Gleason score of 9 (where known), and the majority of patients (5/8) had a non-acinar variant of prostate cancer. At the time of diagnosis of intracranial metastasis, all patients had extensive metastatic disease. Imaging characteristics of the intracranial lesions were highly variable. Conclusion: The incidence of intracranial metastasis in prostate cancer patients has never been well-established. In this study, we determined the incidence as being 0.18%. Given the majority of metastasis constituted unexpected findings on routine restaging 68Ga-PSMA PET/CT, the incidence determined in our study is arguably the most accurate and clinically relevant described to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon McBean
- I-MED Radiology, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Annaleis Tatkovic
- I-MED Radiology, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - David Chee Wong
- I-MED Radiology, The Wesley Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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A choroid plexus metastasis of a prostatic adenocarcinoma mimicking a choroid plexus carcinoma: A case report. Neurochirurgie 2021; 68:113-116. [PMID: 33675842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2021.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A multicystic intraventricular tumour of the right ventricular atrium was incidentally diagnosed on follow-up imaging of a 61-year-old man with a history of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Surgical resection of the lesion was performed after a one-year radio-clinical follow-up due to progressive expansion of the lesion size and a rising prostate specific antigen blood-level. Morphological features with papillary pattern on pathological examination were compatible with malignant adenocarcinoma or choroid plexus carcinoma. The immunoprofile was conclusive for an exceptional choroid plexus metastasis (CPM) of a prostatic adenocarcinoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a proven prostatic origin of a CPM.
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Yin L, Hu P, Shi X, Qian W, Zhau HE, Pandol SJ, Lewis MS, Chung LWK, Wang R. Cancer cell's neuroendocrine feature can be acquired through cell-cell fusion during cancer-neural stem cell interaction. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1216. [PMID: 31988304 PMCID: PMC6985266 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58118-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced and therapy-resistant prostate tumors often display neural or neuroendocrine behavior. We assessed the consequences of prostate cancer cell interaction with neural cells, which are rich in the human prostate and resident of the prostate tumor. In 3-dimensional co-culture with neurospheres, red fluorescent human LNCaP cells formed agglomerates on the neurosphere surface. Upon induced neural differentiation, some red fluorescent cells showed morphology of fully differentiated neural cells, indicating fusion between the cancer and neural stem cells. These fusion hybrids survived for extended times in a quiescent state. A few eventually restarted cell division and propagated to form derivative hybrid progenies. Clones of the hybrid progenies were highly heterogeneous; most had lost prostatic and epithelial markers while some had acquired neural marker expression. These results indicate that cancer cells can fuse with bystander neural cells in the tumor microenvironment; and cancer cell fusion is a direct route to tumor cell heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Yin
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peizhen Hu
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Xianping Shi
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Weiping Qian
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Haiyen E Zhau
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Michael S Lewis
- Department of Pathology, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Health System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Leland W K Chung
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruoxiang Wang
- Uro-Oncology Research, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Greater Los Angeles Veterans Affairs Health System, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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