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Messikh C, Gauthier M, Armengaud C. Pirenzepine Binding Sites in the Brain of the Honeybee Apis mellifera: Localization and Involvement in Non-Associative Learning. INSECTS 2022; 13:806. [PMID: 36135508 PMCID: PMC9504565 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) play a central role in learning and memory in mammals as in honeybees. The results obtained in the honeybee Apis mellifera are based on the detrimental effects of the mAChR antagonists, atropine and scopolamine, on olfactory associative memory. Binding sites for the mAChR antagonist BODIPY® FL pirenzepine were localized in the brain of the honeybee forager. Pirenzepine binding sites were detected indifferently in several somata and neuropilar areas. The highest binding site densities were present in the central complex and in somata of the dorsomedial border of the antennal lobes. An additional binding pattern was found in somata of the subesophageal ganglion. By contrast, Kenyon cell (KC) somata were not stained. Pirenzepine (PZ) effects on non-associative learning were evaluated. Treated animals required more trials for the habituation of the proboscis extension reflex (PER) than controls, and the duration of the PER increased after PZ brain injection. These results suggest that the network mediating habituation of the PER involves PZ binding sites that are not necessarily present on the circuitry mediating olfactory conditioning of the PER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaïma Messikh
- Centre de Recherches sur le Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UMR 5174-CNRS, -IRD, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Monique Gauthier
- Centre de Recherches sur le Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UMR 5174-CNRS, -IRD, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Armengaud
- Centre de Recherches sur le Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UMR 5174-CNRS, -IRD, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique (EDB), Université de Toulouse, UMR 5174-CNRS, -IRD, UPS, 31062 Toulouse, France
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Li JF, Zhang XY, Bai X, Su HA, Liu YL, Lu YY, Qi YX. Identification of putative muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes in Bactrocera dorsalis and functional analysis of Bdor-mAChR-B. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 139:103657. [PMID: 34582990 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2021.103657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) play important roles in the insect nervous system. These receptors are G protein-coupled receptors, which are potential targets for insecticide development. While the investigation of pharmacological properties of insect mAChRs is growing, the physiological roles of the receptor subtype remain largely indeterminate. Here, we identified three mAChR genes in an important agricultural pest Bactrocera dorsalis. Phylogenetic analysis defined these genes as mAChR-A, -B, and -C. Transcripts of the three mAChRs are most prevalent in 1-d-old larvae and are more abundant in the brain than other body parts in adults. Functional assay of Bdor-mAChR-B transiently expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells showed that it was activated by acetylcholine (EC50, 205.11 nM) and the mAChR agonist oxotremorine M (EC50, 2.39 μM) in a dose-dependent manner. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 technique, we successfully obtained a Bdor-mAChR-B knockout strain based on wild-type (WT) strain. When compared with WT, the hatching and eclosion rate of Bdor-mAChR-B mutants are significantly lower. Moreover, the crawl speed of Bdor-mAChR-B knockout larvae was lower than that of WT, while climbing performance was enhanced in the mutant adults. Adults with loss of function of Bdor-mAChR-B showed declined copulation rates and egg numbers (by mated females). Our results indicate that Bdor-mAChR-B plays a key role in the development, locomotion, and mating behavior of B. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Fang Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Yuhangtang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Ai Su
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ya-Lan Liu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Yue Lu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yi-Xiang Qi
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.
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Motor flexibility in insects: adaptive coordination of limbs in locomotion and near-range exploration. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-017-2412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Harischandra N, Krause AF, Dürr V. Stable phase-shift despite quasi-rhythmic movements: a CPG-driven dynamic model of active tactile exploration in an insect. Front Comput Neurosci 2015; 9:107. [PMID: 26347644 PMCID: PMC4543877 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2015.00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
An essential component of autonomous and flexible behavior in animals is active exploration of the environment, allowing for perception-guided planning and control of actions. An important sensory system involved is active touch. Here, we introduce a general modeling framework of Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) for movement generation in active tactile exploration behavior. The CPG consists of two network levels: (i) phase-coupled Hopf oscillators for rhythm generation, and (ii) pattern formation networks for capturing the frequency and phase characteristics of individual joint oscillations. The model captured the natural, quasi-rhythmic joint kinematics as observed in coordinated antennal movements of walking stick insects. Moreover, it successfully produced tactile exploration behavior on a three-dimensional skeletal model of the insect antennal system with physically realistic parameters. The effect of proprioceptor ablations could be simulated by changing the amplitude and offset parameters of the joint oscillators, only. As in the animal, the movement of both antennal joints was coupled with a stable phase difference, despite the quasi-rhythmicity of the joint angle time courses. We found that the phase-lead of the distal scape-pedicel (SP) joint relative to the proximal head-scape (HS) joint was essential for producing the natural tactile exploration behavior and, thus, for tactile efficiency. For realistic movement patterns, the phase-lead could vary within a limited range of 10–30° only. Tests with artificial movement patterns strongly suggest that this phase sensitivity is not a matter of the frequency composition of the natural movement pattern. Based on our modeling results, we propose that a constant phase difference is coded into the CPG of the antennal motor system and that proprioceptors are acting locally to regulate the joint movement amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalin Harischandra
- Department of Biological Cybernetics, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University Bielefeld, Germany ; Cognitive Interaction Technology Center of Excellence (CITEC), Bielefeld University Bielefeld, Germany
| | - André F Krause
- Cognitive Interaction Technology Center of Excellence (CITEC), Bielefeld University Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker Dürr
- Department of Biological Cybernetics, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University Bielefeld, Germany ; Cognitive Interaction Technology Center of Excellence (CITEC), Bielefeld University Bielefeld, Germany
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Krause AF, Winkler A, Dürr V. Central drive and proprioceptive control of antennal movements in the walking stick insect. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 107:116-29. [PMID: 22728470 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In terrestrial locomotion, active touch sensing is an important source of near-range information. Walking stick insects show active tactile exploration behaviour by continuously sampling the ambient space with their antennae. Here, we identify central and proprioceptive contributions to the control of this behaviour. First, we investigate the potential role of synaptic drive to central neural networks using pilocarpine, an agonist of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. In an in situ preparation, pilocarpine induced rhythmic antennal movements with a persisting pattern of inter-joint coordination, matching that seen in intact walking animals, albeit with lower cycle frequency. After de-cerebration, stick insects were still able to walk but no longer moved their antennae during walking. Here, pilocarpine still induced antennal movement, suggesting that synaptic drive to central neural networks involved in antennal movement generation occurred in the brain and not in the suboesophageal ganglion. During intact walking, these networks are likely to receive activation by ascending input. Second, we show persistent coupling of both antennal joints during intact walking, with the distal scape-pedicel joint (SP) always leading the proximal head-scape joint (HS). Ablation of joint proprioceptors had no effect on this overall pattern of inter-joint coordination but could affect the magnitude of the phase-lag. Third, we revise the description of antennal hair fields and show that complete ablation of all seven hair fields strongly affects antennal movements. Ablating dorsal hair fields mainly affected the working-ranges of antennal joints: Ablation of the dorso-medial pedicellar hair plate caused a ventral shift of the SP working-range. Ablation of the dorsal scapal hair plate considerably expanded the dorsal HS working-range, and, in combination with ablation of pedicellar hair fields, increased the SP working-range, too. We conclude that the working-ranges of both joints are under proprioceptive control of dorsal antennal hair fields. Thus, both synaptic drive to central neural networks and proprioceptive feedback are involved in the control of active tactile exploration behaviour in stick insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- André F Krause
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Kybernetik, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany; Cognitive Interaction Technology, Center of Excellence, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Andrea Winkler
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Kybernetik, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Volker Dürr
- Lehrstuhl für Biologische Kybernetik, Fakultät für Biologie, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany; Cognitive Interaction Technology, Center of Excellence, Universität Bielefeld, Postfach 10 01 31, 33501 Bielefeld, Germany.
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Oliveira EE, Pippow A, Salgado VL, Büschges A, Schmidt J, Kloppenburg P. Cholinergic Currents in Leg Motoneurons of Carausius morosus. J Neurophysiol 2010; 103:2770-82. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00963.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We used patch-clamp recordings and fast optical Ca2+ imaging to characterize an acetylcholine-induced current ( IACh) in leg motoneurons of the stick insect Carausius morosus. Our long-term goal is to better understand the synaptic and integrative properties of the leg sensory-motor system, which has served extremely successfully as a model to study basic principles of walking and locomotion on the network level. The experiments were performed under biophysically controlled conditions on freshly dissociated leg motoneurons to avoid secondary effects from the network. To allow for unequivocal identification, the leg motoneurons were backfilled with a fluorescent label through the main leg nerve prior to cell dissociation. In 87% of the motoneurons, IACh consisted of a fast-desensitizing ( IACh1) and a slow-desensitizing component ( IACh2), both of which were concentration dependent, with EC50 values of 3.7 × 10−5 and 2.0 × 10−5 M, respectively. Ca2+ imaging revealed that a considerable portion of IACh (∼18%) is carried by Ca2+, suggesting that IACh, besides mediating fast synaptic transmission, could also induce Ca2+-dependent processes. Using specific nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor ligands, we showed that IACh was exclusively mediated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. Distinct concentration–response relations of IACh1 and IACh2 for these ligands indicated that they are mediated by different types of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugênio E. Oliveira
- Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, and
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and
| | - Andreas Pippow
- Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, and
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and
| | - Vincent L. Salgado
- BASF Agricultural Products, BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Peter Kloppenburg
- Institute for Zoology, Biocenter, and
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC) and Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; and
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